The original documents are located in Box 28, folder “State Visits - Sadat (2)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.

Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Ron Nessen donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 28 of The Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library

THE STATE VISIT OF HIS EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT OF THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT AND MRS. SADAT TO THE UNITED STATES

October 26-November 5, 1975

DETAILED SCENARIO MFMRERS OF THE OFFICIAL Ef,YPTIAN PARTY His Fxcellency Muhammad Pnwar Al-Sadat President of the Arab ~epublic of E~ypt Mrs. Jihan Al-Sadat His Excel1enc.v Ismail Fahmy Oeput.v Prime Minister and Minister of Foreian Affairs Mrs. Affaf Fahmy

His F.xcellency Mohmaed-Abdel ~aaboud ~ubeili Minister of Scientific Research and Atomic Energy Mrs. Gubeili Or. P1ohamed Zaki Shafa' i Minister of Economics for Economic Cooperation t-4rs. Shafa'i His Excellency Hassan Ahmed Kamel Chief of the Presidential Cabinet Dr. Ahmed Effat Head of the Joint Egyptian American Committee His Excellency Ashraf Ghorbal Pmbassador of the Arab Republic of Egypt to the United States

~~rs. ~horba 1

~1r. Faw~i Abd Al-Hafez Private Secretary to the President Dr. Ashraf Marwan Secretary to the President for External Communication Lt. General Mohamed Said Al-Mahy Chief of the A.D. C.'s

Delegation -1- ~~MREPS OF THE OFFICIAL EGYPTIAN PARTY

His Excellency Ahmed Fouad Teymour r,rand Chamberlain Dr. Mohamed Attia Private Physician to the President

Mrs. Lubna Al-Sadat Abd Al-~haffar Dauohter of the President

Mr. Abd ~1-Khalek Abd Al-Ghaffar Son-in-Law of the President

Mrs. ~oha Al-Sadat Marei Dauqhter of the President

~r. Hassan Marei Son-in-Law of the President

Mr. ~amal Al-Sadat Son of the President Miss Jihan Al-Sadat Dauahter of the President Mr. Mahmoud Osman Fiance of Miss Sadat Mrs. Kadriya Sadek Private Secretary to Mrs. Sadat

~1r. I. Teymour Friend of President's Son

Deleaation -?.- ACCOMPANYING MEMBERS OF THE EGYPTIAN PARTY Private Secretariat of the President: Dr. Mourad Cherif Private Physician Mr. Taha Zaki Director of Security Office Mr. Nabil Fahmi Sarwat Bodyguard Mr. Samir Afifi Nour Bodyguard Mr. Tewfik Riad Koura Bodyguard Mr. Abdou Mohamed El-Demerdache Head of the Administration Department Mr. Ahmed Mohamed Sarhan Bodyguard Mr. Abdel-Raoof Ismail Hatata Bodyguard Mr. Nabil Akel

Dr. Moustapha Bayoumi Private Physician Mr. Bahei Esmat Bodyguard Mr. Essameldine Hefzi Bodyguard Mr. Mahmoud Kha 1i 1 Bodyguard

Delegation -3- ACCOMPANYING MEMBERS OF THE EGYPTIAN PARTY Mr. Nabil Ragheb Administration Mr. Ahmed Fawzi Secretary to Mrs. Sadat for Press Mr. Adnan Reifaat Administration Mr. Abdel-Sattar Youssef Photographer Mr. Mohamed Rashwan Photographer Mr. Abdel-Azzim Hassan Administration Private Secretary Suite: Mr. Megahid El-Sayed Megahid Administration Mr. Marzouk Ali Gac Medical Servant Mr. Farouk Karam El-Dein Guard Mr. Mohamed Mahmoud Awad Attendant Mr. Hafez Ahmed Hafez Servant Mr. Mohamed Osman Ibrahim Cook Mr. Fathei Khalil Ibrahim Ironer Delegation -4- ACCOMPANYING MEMBERS OF THE EGYPTIAN PARTY Mr. Ghareib Mohamed Coiffeur

Mr. Hassan El~Banan Coiffeur Mr. Mohamed Shehata Mr. Abdel-Aziz Abou-El-Magd

The Office of the Head of the Presidential Cabinet: Mr. Zakaria Azmi Director of the Office (Washington) Dr. Moustapha Bahgat (Washington) Medical Service

~r. Moustapha Aziz Director of the Department for Security (Hill i amsburg) The Office of External Communication Mr. Mohamed Osman Off Director of the Office (Washington) Mr. Maher Sarhan Code (Washington) Mr. Hassan Ahmed Helmi Wireless (Washington) Mr. Said El-Fallal Wireless (Washington)

Delegation -5- ACCOMPANYING MEMBERS OF THE EGYPTIAN PARTY Republic Guard: Lt. Colonel Ahmed Farid Heidar Plane Service Crew (Washington) Major Moukhtar Youssef Plane Crew (Washington) Major Abdel-Rahman Mehana Plane Crew (Washington) Major Yehyia Saad Basha Plane Crew Information Delegation: Ambassador Tahsein Beshir Director of Press Department (Williamsburg) Mr. Mohamed Bayoumi Television Photographer Mr. Hassan Abdel-Nabi Light Technician Mr. Adel El-Badrawi Cinema Photographer Cinema Shooting: Mr. Mohamed Saleim (\·!ill iamsburg) Mr. Mohsen Nasser Senior Photographer (\Jill iamsburg) Mr. Mahmoud Fahmi Senior Photographer (Williamsburg) Mr. Ragai Attik Sound Technician Delegation -.6- ACCOMPANYING MEMBERS OF THE EGYPTIAN PARTY Chief Editors: Mr. Ali Hamdi El-Gamal Chief Editor of Al~Ahram (Journal} Mr. Mohsen Mohamed Chief Editor of El-Gomheria (Journal) Mr. Moussa Sabri Chief Editor of Al-Akhbar (Journal) Mr. Abdel-Rahman El-Sherkawi Chief Editor of Rosa El-Youssef (Magazine) Official Delegation Assistant: Mr. Ahmed Zaki Abou-El-Nazser Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Economic Cooperation (Washington) Ambassador Ossama El-Baz Director of Deputy Premier and Mini5ter of Fcreign Affairs (Williamsburg) Mr. Ali Saddik Hassan Suite and Deputy Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs (Williamsburg) Private Secretary to the President to be added (9 persons)

Delegation -7- ACCOMPANYING MEMBERS OF THE EGYPTIAN PARTY Administration: Mr. Ahmed Raouf Asaad Deputy Presidential Cabinet for Administation {Washington) Mr. Mohamed El-Leissi Administration (Washington} Mr. Abdel-Hamid Mohamed Ali Hassan Servant (Washington) Security: Mr. Khairy Mahrous (Washington) External Communication Mr. Mahmoud El-Behiri Typist (Washington) Mr. Nabil Abdel-Khalek Typist (Washington) Information Delegation Mr. Mohamed Abdel-Gawad Director of Middle East News Agency Mr. Selim Rizkallah English Interpreter Cinema Delegation: Mr. Mahmoud Sami (Wi 11 i amsburg) Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim Ismail (Williamsburg)

Delegation -8- ACCOMPANYING MEMBERS OF THE EGYPTIAN PARTY Suite of Official Delegation: Lt. Colonel Sabri Abdel-Meguid (Williamsburg) Eng. Mohamed Tefik Medyian (Washington) ADVANCE PARTY: Republican Guard and Presidency Police: Col. Ibrahim Ali Hassan Soliman Major Mohamed Fayek Shakeib Major Ibrahim Amri El-Beltagui Major Mohamed Kamal Allam Major Mohamed Anwar El-Zallaki Major Mohamed El-Kayatti Abdel-Moetti tviajor Yehia El-Sayed Abdel-Hafez Major Roshdi Abdalla Iman Major Karam Toreih Capt. Moettaz Mohamed Abdou Capt. Ramzi Mohamed El-Azab Col. Mohamed Samir Allam C~~t Hanni Said El-Bagouri Capt. Mohamed Taher Abdalla Press: Mr. Shawki El-Kilani, Interpreter Protocol: Mr. Ezzeddine Moukhtar, First Chamberlain t~r. Jl.bdel Kader Abbas, Deputy Chief cf Secretariat A.D.C. Col. Moustapha Sadek

Delegation -9- ACCOMPANYING MEMBERS OF THE EGYPTIAN PARTY Administration: Mr. Moettaz Nashaat Security: Mr. Shawki El-Sawi Mr. Moustapha Mountasser External Communications: Mr. Ekram El-Sadat Eng. Alla Awaddalla Mr. Mohamed Gargir Mr. Mohamed Tayei Mr. Ahmed Salama Mr. Fawzi El-Sherif Republican Guard and Presidency Police: Col. Mohamed Mahmoud Khatab Major Adel Hassan Sabet Majo Ahmed Medhat Mahmoud Mr. '~ohamed Kamel El-Bahei Major Ali Mohamed Selim Major Mohamed Abdel-Raouf Ibrahim Major Moustapha Mohamed Abdel-Rahman Major Emad Hassan Abdalla Major Adel Omar El-Sasyouni Capt. Mahmoud Hashem El-Kadi Capt. Abou Bakr Abdel Kader El-Badrawi Col. Mohamed Ibrahim Mansour Lt. Col. Mohamed Adel Khalil Capt. Ahmed Helmi Moustapha Ragab Private Secretary:

Surgeon Rear Admiral 14oustapha Ali El-Sheiati (~Jash.) WAFA WA A~~AL Society Delegation -10- ACCOMPANYING MEMBERS OF THE EGYPTIAN PARTY Major General Ahmed Ragheb El-Ayouty (Washington) WAFA WA AMMAL Society Dr. Ibrahim El-Batata Private Medical Doctor Mr. Wagdi Mousaad Private Bodyguard Mr. Abdel Fattah El-Mangouri Bodyguard Mr. Raouf El-Deghedy Bodyguard Mr. Mohamed Fayez Own El-Rafik Administration Mr. Mohamed Masoud Mohamed Bodyguard r."r. Zein hom Ahmed t,1ohamed Security Protocol: Mr. Ashraf Bekir Chamberlain A.D. C. Col. Mohamed Osman El-Guindi Administration: Mr. Salah Solieman Deputy Chief of the Administrative Department

Delegation -11- ACCOMPANYING MEMBERS OF THE EGYPTIAN PARTY Security: Mr. Adel El-Bahrawi External Communication: Eng. Nassr Rashed Telephone Engineer Eng. Refaat Mohamed Refaat Wireless Engineer Mr. Said Hassan El-Ganayni Technical Assistant Mr. Ali Abdel-Alim Teleprinter

Delegation -12- PMERICANS ACCOMPANYING EGYPTIAN PARTY

The Honorable Nelson A. Rockefeller (Houston Only) Vice President of the United States

Mr~. Henry A. Kissinger The Honorable Joseph J. Sisco IInder Secretary of State for Political Affairs Mrs. Sisco

The Honorable Henry E. Catto, Jr. Chief of Protocol of the United States t·1r:; • Cat to

The Honorab 1e Hermann F. Ei 1ts American Ambassador to the Arab Repub 1i c cf Es'YPt

~1rs. Eilts

~11. William R. Codus Assistant Chief of Prctocol

~1r. Benny W. Vlh i tehead, Jr. Assistant Chief of Protocol

~r. Richard Gookin Protocol Officer Mr. Roger W. Wallace Protocol Officer

~r. Christopher Jones Protocol Officer

'·'!' George Sherman Public Affairs Adviser, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs De1egation -13- AMERICANS ACCOMPANYING EGYPTIAN PARTY

Mrs. Rosemary Niehuss Staff, National Security Council Miss Mary A. Masserini Press Liaison Officer (Protocol) Mr. James T. Payne Logistics Officer Mr. Joseph Pinto Official Photographer Miss Judy Knowles Protocol Secretary Mrs. Candy Steeler Protocol Secretary

Delegation -14- SUMMARY SCHEDULE SUNDAY OCTOBER 26, 1975 4:00pm ARRIVE Patrick Henry International Airport, Newport News, Virginia. 4:10pm DEPART airfield enroute Colonial Williamsburg. 4:30pm ARRIVE the Lightfoot House (Presidential residence), Colonial Williamsburg. 7:50pm DEPART Williamsburg enroute Carter's Grove Plantation. 8:00pm Dinner at Carter's Grove Dress: Business Suit for Men Long Dress for Ladies

MONDAY OCTOBER 27, 1975 9:40am DEPART Lightfoot House enroute Williamsburg Inn Golf Course. 9:50am DEPART Virginia via U.S. Presidential Helicopters, enroute Washington, D.C. ll:OOam White House Arrival Ceremony. ll:30am Meeting with President Ford, at the '·'hite House. Coffee with Mrs. Ford, and tour of the l·!hite House. 12:50pm DEPART Blair House enroute the National Press Club. Summary Schedule -1- SUMMARY SCHEDULE MONDAY OCTOBER 27, 1975 1:00pm Address luncheon meetina at National Press Club. 12:50pm Mrs. Sadat attends meeting of Board of Faith and Hope Society at the Embassy Residence.

5:00pm Mrs~ Kissinger gives a tea in honor of Mrs. Sadat at Decatur House. 5:20pm DEPART Blair House enroute the Islamic Center. 5:30pm ARRIVE Islamic Center. 6:15pm Meeting with Vice President Rockefeller, at Blair House. 6:45pm Meeting with Secretary Kissinger, at Blair (Tent) House. 8:00pm White House State Dinner.

Dress: Business Suit for ~en Long Dress for Ladies Overnight: Blair House TUESDAY 0CTOBER 28, 1975 g:20am Mrs. Sadat attends meeting at National Institutes of Health. lO:OOpm Meeting with The Honorable James R. Schlesinger, Secretary of Defense at Blair House. Summary Schedule -2- SUMMARY SCHEDULE TUESDAY OCTOBER 28, 1975 10:25am DEPART Blair House enroute the White House. 10:30am Meeting with President Ford at the White House. ll:OOam Mrs. Sadat tours Childrens' Hospital. 11:30am Meeting with Editors and Columnists at Blair House.

12:00 Meeting with Arab Ambassadors at Blair House. 12:55pm DEPART Blair House enroute the Department of State. 1:00pm Luncheon with Secretary and t1rs. Kissinger at the Department of State. 3:15pm Meeting with The Honorable RobertS. McNamara, at Blair House. 4:30pm Mrs. Sadat receives Award from Rehabilitation International at Blair House. 4:45pm Receive Mayor Washington at Blair House. 5:00pm Press Conference at Blair House. 5:15pm Mrs. Sadat tours Kennedy Center. 6:00pm Meeting with distinguished Americans of Arab descent at Blair House. 8:15pm DEPART Blair House enroute Anderson House.

Summary Schedule -3~ SUMMARY SCHEDULE TUESDAY OCTOBER 28, 1975 8:25pm ARRIVE Anderson House. 8:30pm Dinner in honor of President and Mrs. Ford at Anderson House. Dress: Business Suit for Men Long Dresses for ladies Overnight: Blair House V/EDNESDAY OCTOBER 29, 1975 lO:l5am DEPART Blair House enroute Andrews Air Force Base. 10:40am ARRIVE Andrews Air Force Base. 10:45am DEPART Washington, D.C. via Presidential Aircraft enroute New York. 11:35am ARRIVE JFK International Airport, New York. ll:40am DEPART airfield enroute the United Nations. 12:15pm ARRIVE United Nations. 12:30pm President Sadat addresses United Nations General Assembly.

1:30pm Luncheon with Secretary Genera 1 Kurt I·' a 1dheim at United Nations. 1:30pm Mrs. Sadat attends luncheon at United Nations, given by Mrs. t•la 1dheim. Summary Schedule -4- SUMMARY SCHEDULE WEDNESDAY OCTOBER 29, 1975 3:00pm DEPART United Nations enroute the Waldorf Towers. 3:15pm Mrs. Sadat visits Rusk Institute. 5:00pm Mrs. Sadat visits the (Tent.) Metropolitan Museum of Art. 6:30pm Reception hosted by Time-Life at the \t/aldorf Astoria. 7:30pm Dinner hosted by New York City Economic Club at the Waldorf Astoria. 8:00pm Mrs. Sadat attends dinner at Residence of Ambassador of Egypt. 8:00pm Economic Club dinner at Waldorf Astoria. Dress: Dark Business Suit Overnight: Waldorf Towers THURSDAY OCTOBER 30, 1975 9:45am Meeting with Thomas Murphy at the Waldorf. 10:15am Receive Mayor Beame at Waldorf. 10:45am Receive Governor Carey at \tlaldorf. 11:15am DEPART Waldorf Towers enroute Pocantico Hills. 12:00 ARRIVE Pocantico Hills. Summary Schedule -5- SUMMARY SCHEDULE THURSDAY OCTOBER 30, 1975 1:00pm Luncheon at Pocantico Hills. 2:30pm DEPART Pocantico Hills enroute JFK International Airport. 3:15pm ARRIVE JFK International Airport. 3:20pm DEPART New York via U.S. Presidential Aircraft enroute O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois. 4:14pm ARRIVE O'Hare International Airport. 4:20pm DEPART airfield enroute the Drake Hotel. 4:50pm ARRIVE Drake Hotel. Private Afternoon 7:45pm DEPART Drake Hotel enroute the Conrad Hilton Hotel. 7:55pm ARRIVE the Conrad Hilton Hotel.

8:OOpm Dinner hosted by ~1ayor and Mrs. Da 1ey. Dress: Business Suit for Men Long Dress for Ladies Overnight: Drake Hotel FRIDAY OCTOBER 31, 1975 lO:OOam Mrs. Sadat visits Rehabilitation Center at Northwestern University. Summary Schedule -6- SUMMARY SCHEDULE FRIDAY OCTOBER 31, 1975 10:30am Press conference at the Drake Hotel. 12:00 DEPART Drake Hotel enroute O'Hare International Airport. 12:25pm ARRIVE O'Hare International Airport. 12:30pm DEPART Chicago via U.S. Presidential Aircraft enroute Houston, Texas. 2:40pm ARRIVE Ellington Air Force Base, Houston, Texas. 2:50pm DEPART airfield enroute NASA Space Center. 3:05pm ARRIVE NASA Space Center. 4:05pm DEPART NASA Space Center. d:30p~ ARRIVE Houston Oaks Hotel. 8:30pm Reception hosted by Houston Chamber of Commerce and Arab American Chamber of Commerce at the Houston Oaks Hotel. 9:00pm Dinner by same hosts at Houston Oaks Hotel. SATURDAY r:OVEMBER 1, 197~ 10:00am DEPART Houston Oaks Hotel enroute Douq Marshall's Gleann Lochs Farm. 10:40am ARRIVE Farm. 1?.:15pm DEPART Farm enroute Houston International Airport. Summary Schedule -7- SUMMARY SCHEDULE SATURDAY NOVEMBER 1, 1975 1?:30pm ARRIVE Houston International Airport. 12:35pm DEPART Houston International Airport. 3:25pm ARRIVE Jacksonville Naval Air Station. 3:35pm DEPART airfield enroute Epping Forest via private launch. 3:45pm ARRIVE Epping Forest. Private afternoon and evening. Overnight: Epping Forest SUNDAY NOVEMBER 2, 1975 11 :30am President Sadat meets·with President Ford. R:OOpm Dinner for President Sadat and President Ford hosted by Governor Askew. Overnight: Epping Forest MONDAY NOVEMBER 3, 1975 Private day. Overnight: Epping Forest TUESDAY NOVEMBER 4, 1975 10:45am DEPART via private launch enroute Jacksonville Naval Air Station. Summary Schedule -8- I

SUMMARY SCHEOtJlE TUESDAY NOVEMBER 4, 1975 10:55am ARRIVE airfield.

11 :OOam DEPART Jacksonville enroute ~Jashington,D.C. 12:40pm ARRIVE Andrews Air Force Base. 12:50pm DEPART Andrews Air Force Base enroute Camp David. 1:20pm ARRIVE Camp David Overnight: Camp David NEONESDAY NOVEMBER 5, 1975 lO:nnam DEPART Camp David enroute Washinoton, D.C. l0:1nam ARRIVE the Ellipse. l0:12am DEPART the Ellipse enroute Blair House. 10:55am DEPART Blair House enroute White House. ll:OOam Meeting with President Ford. 1?.:15pm DEPART Blair House enroute U.S. Capitol. 12:25pm ARRIVE U.S. Capitol. 12:30pm President Sadat addresses Joint Session of Congress. 1:30pm Luncheon hosted by Senator Sparkman and Representative Morgan and the Joint Committees on Foreign Affairs for the House and Senate. 1:30pm Mrs. Sadat lunches at Blair House. Summary Schedule -9- SUMMARY SCHEDULE WEDNESDAY NOVEMBER 5, 1975 7:00pm DEPART Blair House enroute Andrews Air Force Base. 7:25pm ARRIVE Andrews Air Force Base. Farewell Ceremony. 7:30pm DEPART the United States enroute London.

Summary Schedule -10¥ NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS SERVICE WITHDRAWAL SHEET (PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARIES)

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RESTRiCTION CODES (A) Closed by Executive Order 12356'governing access to national security information. (8) Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document. (C) Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in the donor's deed of gift.

GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION GSA FORM 71221REV. 5-82) NATIONAL· ARCHIVES AND RECORDS SERVICE WITHDRAWAL SHEET (PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARIES) FORM OF DOCUMENT COR RESPONDENTS OR TITLE DATE RESTRICTION

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RESTRICTION CODES

(A) Closed by Executive Order 12356' governing access to national security information. (B) Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document. ICI Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in the donor's deed of gift.

GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION GSA FORM 7122 '(REV. 5-82) b~round nolE---- Egypt department of state * september 1975

OFFICIAL NAME: Arab Republic of Egypt

GEOGRAPHY increase the cultivable area eventually parallel to below the Tropic of Cancer, to about 12,500 square miles. Egypt has a warm, arid climate. Winter Egypt is located in the northeastern Egypt is an almost rainless block of temperatures at Cairo normally range corner of the African Continent and is desert consisting mainly of high plains between 40° and 65°F; summer tem­ bounded on the north by the Mediter­ and some rugged hills and mountains peratures between 70° and l00°F. ranean Sea; on the west by Libya; on in the east along the Red Sea coast and Rainfall is almost entirely limited to the south by the Sudan; and on the along the valley of the Nile River. The the northern coastal area, where it east by the Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez, country's existence depends almost averages 8 inches a year .. South of and the State of Israel. Only about exclusively on the Nile River, which Cairo (where annual rainfall averages 1 l 0,000 square miles of the area-con­ rises in Ethiopia and Uganda and flows inch), precipitation drops to nearly sisting of the ribbon-like Nile Valley, northward through Sudan into Egypt, negligible amounts. The highest point the Nile delta north of Cairo, and a where it stretches almost 550 miles is Mt. Catherine in the southern Sinai- from Aswan to Cairo. few oases-are cultivated. Water from 1 8,600 feet above sea level. The lowest the Aswan High Dam is expected to Extending south from the 32d is the Qattara Depression, a basin in the western desert of about 10,000 PROFILE Court of Cassation, State Council. square miles, the floor of which is FLAG: Three horizontal stripes-red, some 400 feet below sea level. Geography white, and black from top to bottom-with a golden hawk in the center stripe. AREA: 386,000 sq. mi. (slightly la:rger than Calif., Nev., and Ariz. combined). Economy PEOPLE Includes the approx. 22,500-sq. mi. Israeli­ GDP: $9.2 billion (FY 1973). ANNUAL Egypt is the most populous country occupied area of the Sinai peninsula. CAPI­ GROWTH RATE: NA. PER CAPITA IN­ TAL: Cairo (pop. 8.4 million). OTHER in the Arab world and the second most COME: $240. populous on the African Continent OTIES: Alexandria (pop. 2.5 million), Port AGRICULTURE: Land 3%. Labor SO%. Said, Suez, lsmailia. Acres per capita 0.2%. Products-cotton, (after Nigeria). Ninety-nine percent of wheat, rice, com. the people are compressed into 3.5 People INDUSTRY: Labor 11%. Products­ percent of the country's area of the POPULATION: 38 million (1974 est.). textiles, processed foods, tobacco manufac­ Nile Valley and its delta, making a ANNUAL GROWTH RATE: 2.1%. tures, chemicals, fertilizer, and petroleum population density there of more than DENSITY: 95 per sq. mi. ETHNIC and petroleum products. 2,700 persons per square mile-one of GROUPS: Egyptians, Copts, Bedouins, TRADE (1973): Exports-$!.3 billion: the highest in the world. The propor­ Nubians. RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim cotton, rice, petroleum, manufactured tion of people living in rural areas is (90%), Christian. LANGUAGES: Arabic, goods. Partners-U.S.S.R., East European countries, Italy, Federal Republic of Ger­ decreasing as job opportunities in the English, French. LITERACY: 38%. LIFE urban centers are drawing more to the EXPECTANCY: 54 years. many, India. Impom-$1.8 billion: food­ stuffs, capital goods. Partnen-U.S.S.R., cities. The cities of Port Said, Suez, and lsmailia, which lie along the Suez Government Federal Republic of Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, U.S. Canal and had a combined population TYPE: Republic. DATE OF CONSTI· OFFICIAL EXCHANGE RATE: 1 of 700,000 before the 1967 war with TUTION: 1971. INDEPENDENCE: 1922. Egyptian pound=US$2.56. Israel, were largely evacuated as a BRANCHES: Executive-President MEMBERSHIP IN INTERNATIONAL result of the war. Many have now (Chief of State); Prime Minister (Head of ORGANIZATIONS: U.N., Arab League, returned. Government). Legislative-unicameral Peo· Organization of African Unity (OAU), Gen· pie's Assembly (350 elected members and eral Apeement on Tariffs and Trade Lying at the crossroads of Asia, 10 appointed by the President). Judickll- (GATT). Africa, and the Mediterranean basin, 2 3

HISTORY ises of aid in building the Aswan Under the leadership of Lt. Col. High Dam. The Suez crisis eventually Gamal Abdel Nasser, a group of mili­ Egypt has a continuous recorded led to war in October and November tary officers (the "Free Officers") Egypt history of 5 ,000 years, the longest in of that year, at which time Israel staged a coup d'etat on July 23, 1952, the world. The country has had peri­ invad~d the Sinai and was joined sub­ and exiled King Faruk, who had ods of strength, when neighboring --- International boundary sequently by the United Kingdom and ascended the throne on the death of ® National capital territories fell under its domination, France who attacked the Suez Canal King Fuad in 1936. The Free Officers ----...... Railroad and periods of weakness, when it came area. During this war the canal was declared Egypt a republic on June 18, ---Road under foreign rule. Egypt was a united blocked by sunken ships. It was re­ 195 3. They were motivated by a desire -+ International airport Mediterranean Sea kingdom from about 3200 B.C. until opened to international traffic 5 to remove elements tha·t traditionally II I sp 1<)0 1ji0 2q0Miles Alexander the Great conquered it in y 111 1 1 months later, and in July 1958 the had exploited the country. The regime 0 iiO 100 1!o mKilometeIslam to Egypt, which had been one of The final payments were made in July tian leadership. the first countries to adopt Christian­ 1963. Pursuit of these objectives at times ity), and the Turks. The last period of In June 1967 the canal was again has led Egypt into collision with the foreign rule began in 1882, when the closed as a result of war between West. Under Egyptian pressure, the British occupied that area; in 1914 it Egypt and Israel. Egypt, however, British in 1954 agreed to evacuate the became a British protectorate. received a subsidy from Saudi Arabia Suez Canal Zone. The year 1955 and Kuwait to cqmpensate for the loss found Egypt opposing the Baghdad Suez Canal in revenue. Pact. Four years later this was recre­ j In the mid-1800's, while Egypt was The canal remained closed during ated as the Central Treaty Organiza­ under nominal Turkish sovereignty the years when Israeli forces occupied tion (CENTO), a Western-supported and Europe was experiencing indus­ the eastern shores of the canal in Sinai. defense arrangement which included AI Bawili trial and commercial growth, the Following the October 1973 war and Iraq, Egypt's rival for leadership in the French took the initiative in providing the military disengagement agreement Arab world. Later in 1955 Egypt a link for a shorter trade route be­ concluded between Israel and Egypt accepted military assistance from the tween Europe and Asia. They obtained under U.S. auspices, the whole of the U.S.S.R., and in 1956 it accepted the a 99-year concession from the Egyp­ canal, including the eastern shore in Soviet offer of aid to construct the tian ruler to build and maintain a canal Sinai, came under Egyptian control. Aswan High Dam after the United between Egypt and the Sinai Penin­ Egypt declared its intention to reopen States withdrew its offer to help sula, thus providing a waterway be­ the canal as soon as possible. The finance the first stage. Egyptian-Soviet tween the Mediterranean and Red United States responded to an Egyp­ military and economic relations have Seas. With European capital the tian request for assistance in this en­ continued to grow over the years. French organized the Suez Canal Co., deavor by initiating mine clearance President Nasser's leadership and and construction on the canal began in and salvage operations, which began in identification with Arab nationalism April 1859- The Suez Canal was the late spring of 1974. The U.K. and and social aspirations acted as a power­ opened for. navigation on November France also provided a~istance. U.S. ful magnet during the early years of 17, 1869. naval vessels and aircraft, along with the regime. The union of Egypt and The British Government obtained U.S. Army ordnance experts, assisted Syria as the United Arab Republic was effective control of the canal in No­ and advised their Egyptian counter­ proclaimed on February l, 1958, and vember 1875 by purchasing more than parts during these operations. On June was subsequently ratified by ·plebi­ 150,000 shares of stock from the Suez 5, 1975, the strategic waterway was scite. The union was troubled by eco­ Canal Co. for about $20 million. This reopened to international traffic. nomic and political incompatibilities, purchase left France and the United however, and Syria seceded in Septem­ Independence and Revolution 22 Kingdom as the majority stockholders. ber 1961. Egypt nevertheless con­ The Convention of Constantinople of Although an Egyptian nationalist tinued to call itself the United Arab October 29, 1888, provided that the movement developed in the 1870's Republic. canal was to be open to vessels of all against British and French domination In April 1971 Egypt agreed to join • nations, although the Egyptians closed of the government, the country did Libya and Syria in a supranational 517825 9-75 the canal to Israeli shipping after 1948 not gain its independence until post­ federation to be called the Confedera­ by invoking article X (which author­ World War I. In 1922, Egypt became a tion of Arab Republics. Arrangements Egypt has developed a fairly homo­ groups from black Africa. However, than 3 million Copts, who have re­ ized closure if necessary for the. main­ monarchy under King Fuad I. The were made to draft a constitution and geneous population. Basically, Egyp­ the vast majority of Egyptians remain tained their historic Christian affilia­ tenance of public order). British, however, retained extensive submit the federation plan to plebi­ tians are of Hamitic origin, with some as they were when the pyramids were tion; 50,000 Bedouins, who are basic­ In 1956 the new Egyptian regime, powers as well as a major military scite in the three countries on Septem­ admixture in th~ north with people built--essentially a single people shar­ ally nomadic; and Nubians, in the headed by President Gamal Abdel presence in the Suez Canal Zone, ber l, 1971. On September 2, 1971, from the Mediterranean and Arab ing a common ancestry and culture. south, who originally came to the Nile Nasser, nationalized the canal in reac­ which was used as a major Allied base announced results showed that the areas and in the south with the Nubian Indigenous minorities include more Valley from Sudan. tion to withdrawal of Western prom- of operation during World War II. formation of the Federation of Arab 4 s Egyptian-Israel armistice line became of Egypt and other Arab countries. TRAVEL NOTES ( ( cargoes destined for, or coming from, dent of the Higher Constitutional the scene of armed hostilities launched After more than 6 years of what was Israel to transit the Suez Canal. Israel Court, provided that neither he nor READING LIST from both sides. In July 195 6 the called a "no peace, no war situation," agreed to withdraw its forces from the the Speaker are running for President These titles are provided as a general aimate and Oothing-Oothing should withdrawal of U.S. aid for the Aswan Egypt and Syria launched a surprise indication of the material published on be suitable for hot summers or cool Giddi and Mitla Passes in the Sinai, to at the same time. High Dam project, followed by Presi­ attack on Israel on October 6, 1973. The unicameral People's Assembly this country. The Department of State winters. enlarge the buffer zone between does not endorse the specific views in dent Nasser's nationalization of the Israeli forces eventually were able to Egyptian and Israeli forces and to has 360 members-350 elected from CUstoms-Visas are required and should unofficial publications as representing Suez Canal for the stated purpose of throw back the Syrian advance and to return to Egypt the Abu Rudeis oil the 175 parliamentary constituencies the position of the U.S. Government. be obtained before arrival. International and I 0 appointed by the President. An health cards bearing valid smaUpox cer­ using its revenues to finance the dam, establish a foothold on the western fields. The U.S. offered to man an American University. Area Hand- tificates are required. Immunizations for climaxed in the 1956 Suez war. Israel's shore of the Suez Canal. But Egyptian early warning system in the Sinai. This Assembly term isS years. At least half book for the United Arab Re­ typhoid, poliomyelitis, cholera, para­ invasion of the Sinai Peninsula at the military forces were able to hold on to proposal, which will result in the of the members must be workers or public (Egypt). Washington, typhoid, and gamma globulin should be end of October was followed by a thin perimeter along the eastern posting of up to 200 American civilian peasants (fellahin). Under the Consti­ D.C.: U.S. Government Printing kept current. British and French landings at Suez in shore of the canal gained when Egyp­ technicians in the Sinai, requires con­ tution the People's Assembly has the Office, 1970. Egypt, along with most Arab coun­ November, which were made with the tian forces successfully crossed the gressional approval. Implementation of sole authority to enact legislation Douglas-Home, Charles. The Arabs tries, forbids entry to anyone whose stated purpose of separating the canal and overran the Israeli-held Bar ( the agreement is currently underway. while it is in session. and Israel. Chester Springs, Pao: passport bears any indications of travel combatants and preserving the inter­ Lev Line. ( The agreement specifially calls for Egypt's judicial system is based on to or from Israel. Dufour, 1968. national character of the Suez Canal. U.S. diplomatic efforts during continued efforts to negotiate a final European (principally French) legal Kerr, Malcolm H. Egypt under Nas­ Health-Cairo has several well-equipped The canal was closed to all shipping as October and November in the capitals peace agreement within the framework concepts and methods. The highest ser. New York: Foreign Policy hospitals, and the practice of medicine a result of the hostilities. of the belligerents and at the United of the Geneva peace conference in court is the Court of Cassation, whose and surgery is excellent. Association, 1963. A cease-fire was quickly arranged, Nations brought an end to hostilities accordance with Security Council judges are appointed by the President. Nutting, Anthony. Nasser. New Telecommunications-Telephone service and British and French forces were on all fronts. An intense diplomatic Resolution 338. York: Dutton, 1972. Principal Government Officials on the whole is good, although delays replaced by the end of December with initiative led by the United States Shibl, Yusuf. The Aswan High may be encountered even oft calls to resulted in the introduction of U.N. forces of the United Nations Emer­ GOVERNMENT President-Anwar AI Sadat Dam. Beirut, 197 L towns near Cairo; service and reception gency Force (UNEF). The Suez Canal forces and observers to the cease-fire Vice President-Muhammad Husni vary with demand and atmospheric con­ Stewart, Desmond. Cairo: 5,500 was cleared and reopened in March zones. The parties directly concerned Egypt has a strong, presidential­ Mubarak: Years. New York: Crowell, ditions. Telegrams can be sent from the agreed to meet in Geneva in December main post office or from hotels (for an 1957, following withdrawal of Israeli type government. Under the Perma­ Prime Minister-Mamduh Salim 1968. 1973 for a peace conference under the additional ch~). forces. nent Constitution proclaimed on Sep­ Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Tignor, Robert L. Modernization Although the Egypt-Israel line cosponsorship of the United States Foreign Affairs-lsmail Fahmy and British Colonial Rule in Transportation-Both regional and tember ll, 1971, executive authority remained relatively quiet following the and the U.S.S.R. to seek a negotiated Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Egypt, 1882-1914. Princeton: worldwide airlines serve Cairo's Inter­ is vested in the President. He is popu­ 1957 settlement, in 1966 and 1967 settlement of the longstanding dispute. ( ( larly elected to a 6-year term and must War-Gen. Muhammad 'Abd al­ Princeton University Press, national Airport. Internal air service is But it was U.S. diplomacy during this available from Cairo to Luxor and incidents of terrorism and retaliation receive an absolute majority of the Ghani al-Gamasy 1966. critical period that led to a military Aswan. Rail service is available south to across the other armistice lines with votes cast. The President appoints the Ambassador to the U.S.-Ashraf Aswan and north to Alexandria from Israel became progressively more disengagement agreement, signed in Vice President, the Prime Minister, and Ghorbal upon as a leader among the Arab states Cairo. The capital has an abundance of serious. With the rise of tension in the January 1974 by Israel and Egypt. the Council of Ministers (Cabinet). Ambassador to the U.N.--Ahmad as well. Following Nasser's death, taxis. area, the arrangements with regard to Israeli forces withdrew from the en­ When the People's Assembly is not in Esmat Abdel Meguid Anwar Sadat, one of the 1952 revolu­ navigation in the Gulf of Aqaba and clave gained on the western shore of session he rules by decree, but any tionary group, was nominated Presi­ for the stationing of U.N. troops be­ the canal, and both sides agreed to the legislation so promulgated must be Egypt maintains an Embassy in the dent by the governmental and ASU Republics was approved in Egypt, tween Israel and Egypt came apart in establishment of a U.N. buffer zone submitted to the Assembly for ap­ U.S. at 2310 Decatur Place, NW., organs and elected by national plebi­ Libya, and Syria by some I 0 million May 1967. Egypt moved armaments separating the Egyptian forces along proval when it reconvenes. Nonsub­ Washington, D.C. 20008. There are scite. His term began in October 1970 voters-98 .l percent of those eligible and about 80,000 troops into the Sinai the eastern shore of the Suez Canal mission of decrees to, or their rejec­ also Consulates General in New York for a full 6 years. The last People's for the ballot. On the same day the Peninsula and asked the U.N. Secre­ from the Israeli forces concentrated tion by, the Assembly deprives them and San Francisco. Assembly elections were held in United Arab Republic became the tary General to withdraw the U.N. further east. A similar military dis­ of force of law. In normal circum­ October 1971. Arab Republic of forces from Sinai and the Gaza Strip. engagement agreement was later stances the President may veto a bill or POLITICAL CONDITIONS On September ll, 1971, Egypt's On May 22 President Nasser declared reached between Israel and Syria. The draft law and return it to the Assem­ Permanent Constitution, based on the Straits of Tiran closed, thereby way was thereby opened for further Wars With Israel ( ( bly within 30 days of its enactment. If Political parties in Egypt were out­ studies by the ASU and the People's blockading the Israeli port of Eilat. intensive U.S. diplomatic efforts to­ the specified time limitation is ex­ lawed in 1953. The regime has sought Assembly, was passed by general refer­ In 1948-49 Egypt played a major Hostilities broke out on June 5 ward progress on a negotiated settle­ ceeded or the Assembly again passes it to replace them with a single mass endum. It embodies the goals and role in a war between the Arab states between Israel and Egypt. Jordan and ment using the step-by-step approach. by a two-thirds majority, it becomes organization which would support the principles of the revolution and hence­ and the newly established State of Syria soon joined Egypt. After 6 days In August 1975 U.S. diplomacy law. Should a temporar.y event prevent regime and its policies. The first two forth serves as the basis of govern­ Israel. A truce was brought about of fighting, all parties had accepted the stimulated another attempt to achieve the President from exercising his func­ efforts, the National Liberation Rally ment. under U.N. auspices, and in 1949 four cease-fire called for by U.N. Security a second interim agreement between tions, the Vice President may act for and the National Union, were not The declared long-range objectives armistice agreements were negotiated Council resolutions. Israel was left in Egypt and Israel. This effort was suc­ him. If the President resigns, he successful. The present organization, of the Egyptian Government are to and signed at Rhodes,Greece, between control of the Sinai Peninsula, the cessful, and on September 1 an agree­ addresses his resignation to the Peo­ the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), was bring the benefits of education, repre­ Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights, and the ment was initialed; on September 4 it ple's Assembly. In case of a mid-term established in 1962 and was subse­ sentative government, and modernism and Syria. Egypt assumed the adminis­ West Bank. The Suez Canal was once was signed. The agreement notes that permanent vacancy in the position of quently reorganized in 1966 and in to all the people of Egypt. One of its tration of the Gaza Strip, a small area again closed to shipping. Egypt and Israel agree to resolve the the President by death or disability, 1971. major actions has been a restructuring of the original Palestine mandate bor­ Efforts to arrange a negotiated conflict between them by peaceful the Presidency is assumed by the President Gamal Abdel Nasser of the socioeconomic system. Through dering on the Sinai to which many of settlement based on Security Council means, to observe the cease-fire, and Speaker of the People's Assembly. If dominated virtually every aspect of a program of nationalization of major the Arab refugees had fled. Resolution 242 (November 1967) to abjure the threat or use of force or the Assembly is dissolved at that time, life in Egypt from 1952 until his death industrial and commercial companies, By 1955, however, the armistice were unsuccessful and led to growing military blockade against each other. power is then assumed by the Presi- in September 1970. He was looked sequestration of foreign-owned proper- had deteriorated seriously, and the frustration and bitterness on the part Egypt agreed to permit nonmilitary 6 7 ties, breaking up of large estates, and ucts. Thus, the majority of the popula­ foreign equity totaling more than $3 ( I' I total earnings. Rice, petroleum, and tian film industry, once the Arab successor, was developed gradually by manufactured goods, however, are as­ exclusion of traditional leaders from tion depends on some 6 million acres billion-are being discussed. These world's leading one, has become less the Nasser regime in response to the suming increasing importance. Food­ influential positions, the government of high fertility soil in the Nile Valley projects range in size from immense active but is still important. economic and social needs of the stuffs (especially wheat-almost 3 mil­ has largely displaced the old landown­ and delta areas for their means of petrochemical complexes, refineries, population. The Arab socialism of lion tons a year) and capital goods ing aristocracy. In its place there has support. and sponge iron plants to a variety of FOREIGN RELATIONS Egypt is not rigidly Marxist, rejects the emerged a new elite of technicians and have accounted for a substantial share The climate and availability of small manufacturing ventures in the doctrine of class struggle, and does not army officers. of Egypt's imports. In recent years Egypt is acknowledged as the water permit multiple cropping $2-$10 million range. oppose private ownership of property. Communist countries have taken leading state in the Arab world. Its (several crops a year on the same piece It is centered on state capitalism, ECONOMY Natural Resources about 50 percent of Egypt's exports population, industry, and armed forces of land) and almost doubles the actual raising living standards through indus­ and supplied about 35 percent of its are the largest of the Arab countries. Egypt's economic growth in recent crop area in any one year, but farming Egypt has few natural resources trialization, and bringing about a imports. The Egyptians are also Arab leaders in, years has been slow due in large part is . generally inefficient by modern other than the agricultural capacity of broader distribution of wealth. Nas­ The recent balance-of-payments dif­ among other spheres, the arts, litera­ to the 1967 war. As a consequence of standards. Production is for the mar­ the Nile Valley. The major minerals ser's propagation of Arab socialism ficulties have forced Egypt to maintain ture, publishing, and movie production. that war, canal earnings stopped, tour­ ket with very little subsistence agri­ found are phosphates, petroleum, and brought him into sharp ideological ist receipts declined, and the Sinai oil a substantial level of short-term bor­ Egypt is influential in various other culture. Cotton, wheat, rice, and corn iron ore. Petroleum production is conflict with the governments of more fields were lost, seriously limiting rowing. Added to its long- and medi­ international contexts. From the 19th are the principal commodities; cotton moderate from offshore fields in the conservative Arab countries in the imports of needed commodities and um-term debts, this burdens the econ­ and early 20th centuries, when France provides almost one-half of all export Gulf of Suez and some recent strikes period before the 1967 war. impairing repayment of foreign omy with a very substantial debt and the United Kingdom competed for earnings. in the Western Desert. Egypt has be­ The importance of the Arab-Israel indebtedness. With the reopening of service ratio. predominance and guided the building the canal, the return of the oil fields, To limit development of a one-crop come an exporter of small quantities of and managed the Suez Canal, Egypt dispute in Egyptian foreign policy has and increased foreign contributions to economy, the government restricts the of petroleum despite the loss, at least Until the June 1967 war, earnings varied over the years, depending on received from Suez Canal revenues and has retained a special importance for promote economic development, it is planting of cotton to one-third of each for the present, of its Sinai oil fields the extent of tensions with Israel and tourism covered a substantial propor­ those two nations. Following the 1967 expected Egypt's economic growth owner's land. Although wheat is less and has hopes that further petroleum the vicissitudes of Egypt's disagree­ tion of Egypt's trade deficit. In 1966 war, Egypt's relations with the will now accelerate. profitable than several other crops, the discoveries will be made in the future. ments with other Arab countries. Egypt's economic problems cover a Suez Canal earnings amounted to U.S.S.R. grew increasingly close. law requires most landowners to plant In the past year, 22 petroleum Since the 1967 war it has been Egypt's broad front. Severe import restrictions about $220 million. Despite the spe­ Egypt also plays an important role as a at least one-third of their land in companies, including about 15 Ameri­ all-encompassing external concern. and deflationary policies have had to cial subsidy payments from some Mediterranean state. It has been very wheat. Nevertheless, the annual short­ can firms, have signed petroleum Egypt accepted U.N. Security Council be imposed, creating a serious con­ other Arab states, Egypt is still de­ active as a third world nation and, fall between cereal production and exploration and development agree­ Resolution 242 of November 22 straint on economic production and pendent on substantial additional in­ through a special relationship which consumption averages 2.5 million tons. ments with the Egyptian General 1967, calling for a peaceful settlement growth. Due to shortages of raw ma­ flows of foreign capital to finance its evolved in the 1950's and 1960's with In 1947 half of the cultivable land Petroleum Co. Obligations have been terials and spare parts, Egypt's indus­ ( economic growth. Yugoslavia and India, is looked upon of the Arab-Israel conflict, but it never tries have been operating at consider­ was held by less than 2 percent of the made to spend several hundred million by many in Africa and Asia as a leader abandoned the option of attempting dollars on exploration in the next 2 Transportation and Communication ably less than full capacity. The lack land.owning population. Maximum of the nonaligned group of states. It to regain its territories occupied by of fertilizer imports has limited agri­ holdings have now been reduced to years. Transportation facilities in Egypt has developed its cultural ties as well Israel in 1967 through recourse to war. cultural productivity (about 80 per-. 100 acres per family, and some follow the pattern of settlement along Relations with the U.S.S.R. detericr Trade and Balance of Payments with the substantial Muslim popula­ cent of Egypt's exports, mainly cot­ 300,000 families (8 percent of the rated following the expulsion of Soviet ton, are processed agricultural the Nile. The major line of the nation's tion of sub-Sahara Africa and has products). rural population) have received land In recent years Egypt has had regu­ 4,000-mile railway network runs from extensive influence in that area. military advisers from Egypt in July Investment expenditures have been under agrarian reform distribution. lar and substantial deficits in its for­ Alexandria to Aswan. Other important The main themes of Egypt's foreign 1972. Relations between Moscow and low, and job opportunities have grown Since the per capita resources of eign trade-imports have exceeded ex­ lines run along the north coast to the policy are Arab nationalism, Arab Cairo are troubled, howeve·r, by Egyp­ more slowly than the labor force, water and cultivable land are limited, ports. With growing domestic demand libyan border and eastward to the socialism, and the championship of the tian complaints that the U.S.S.R., increasing underemployment. This has Egypt has concentrated on industrial­ for its export crops and the forced Suez Canal. More than 14,000 miles of Arab cause vis-a-vis Israel. President following a massive Soviet military been intensified- by the rapid popula­ ization as a means of raising productiv­ shift of its earnings away from con­ motor roads (5 ,000 miles of which are Nasser caught the imagination of many supply effort during the October 1973 tion growth and a need to expand ity. As the government h~s assumed vertible foreign exchange, Egypt has bard surfaced) cover the Nile Valley Arabs as the first important Arab war, has dragged its feet on military social services at the expense of invest­ larger and larger managerial responsi­ been required to set import limits that delta and Red Sea coast. The Nile supplies since the war and has turned a ment in productive enterprises. Migra­ leader in the post-World War II era to bilities, the role of the small entre­ severely hamper not only economic River system of approximately 1,000 deaf ear to Cairo's requests for a tion to the cities has increased the espouse anticolonialism, sharply re­ preneur class has dwindled. Since the development but the efficient use of rescheduling of Egypt's heavy debt urgent need for social and welfare miles, plus another 1,000 miles of duce foreign influences in Egypt, and ( burden. services. nationalization of the early 1960's, all existing agricultural and industrial navigable canals, are also extremely vitalize dreams of unification of the major industries and public utilities capacity. Lack of import capacity for important for inland transport. The The Egyptian economy is domi­ Arab world as a single nation. Through U.S.-EGYPT RELATIONS nated by the public sector. However, have been run by organs of the central pesticides and fertilizer has delayed major ports are Alexandria and Port dynamic leadership, the new Egyptjan government. Nevertheless, the princi­ the spread of the "Green Revolution" Egypt bas recently taken a number of Said. All major cities, except Alexan­ regime in the 195O's and early 1960's Before 1967, U.S. relations with significant steps to implement a new ple of private enterprise continues to to Egypt, and much industrial plant dria, have airports, of which Cairo became the personification for many Egypt went through several cycles. development strategy that envisages be recognized, and most agricultural lies idle or underutilized through lack International is the most important. Arabs of a movement for (a) Arab expansion of the private sector and the The United States attempted to co­ land, as well as a large proportion of of replacement machinery, spare parts, Radio Cairo, a government monop­ unity, (b) reduction of foreign influ­ operate with the new Egyptian regime encouragement of foreign private in­ trade, remains privately owned. and raw materials. In short, Egypt's oly, is the most important communica­ vestment. ence, and (c) modernization. For the when it came to power in 1952. The industrial sector currently ac­ ability to earn foreign exchange for tions facility in the Arab world and Egyptians, however, insistence on pan­ Relations were soon soured, however, counts for slightly over 20 percent of needed imports is circumscribed by its beams its broadcasts to all Middle East Arab nationalism has gone hand-in­ by differences over such matters as Agriculture and Industry GNP, 35 percent of total exports, and countries. Television was introduced in financial inability to import the neces­ hand with a strong sense of pride in U.S. friendship with Israel, U.S. refusal The Egyptian economy is basically about 13 percent of total employ­ sary inputs for export production. In 1960 and can be viewed in 95 percent their own Egyptian nationality, a to finance the Aswan High Dam, the agricultural, as it has been for cen­ ment. As a result of the Egyptian 1973 exports totaled about $1.015 ( of the Republic. The Cairo and stronger feeling of identity than is Baghdad Pact, and U.S. arms supplies turies. Half of the total labor force of Government's recent steps to encour­ billion, while imports were about Alexandria press are very active, and found in the other Arab countries. to other Middle East countries. Rela­ 10 million is engaged directly in this age participation by foreign capital in $1.600 billion. Cotton is the most Cairo newspapers and books are read Arab socialism, as espoused by tions between the two countries began sector, and many others are engaged in important export from Egypt, ac­ throughout the Arab world. The Egyp- the development effort, a number of President Nasser and adhered to by his to improve late in 195 8, and the processing or trading agricultural prod- projects-involving at least partial counting for more than 50 percent of 8

United States provided technical assist­ reestablished on February 18, 1974. A Principal U.S. Officials ance, development loans, and large close cooperative effort aimed at Ambassador-Hermann F. Eilts quantities of agricultural commodities working out a negotiated settlement of Deputy Chief of Mission-Frank E. to Egypt. In 1964 relations began to the Arab-Israeli dispute has been bol­ Maestrone deteriorate again, primarily over ques­ stered by efforts in the economic field. Counselor for Political Affairs-Arthur tions relating to third countries rather The United States launched a $250 Lowrie than to strictly bilateral problems. million AID program during FY 1975. Counselor for Economic/Commercial When the "6-day war" broke out in An intense effort is underway to fur­ Affairs-Edward L. Peck 1967, Egypt accused the United States ther deepen and broaden U.S.­ Counselor for Public Affairs-Howard of being actively involved in the hostil­ Egyptian relations in the economic, H. Russell, Jr. ities on the side of Israel and broke cultural, and scientific fields under the Counselor for Economic Devel­ relations on June 6, 1967. (President auspices of the Joint U.S.-Egyptian opment-Wilbert R. Templeton Nasser subsequently admitted that this Commission, established in June 1974 The U.S. Embassy in Egypt is lo­ charge was based on misinformation.) during former President Nixon's visit cated at 5 Sharia America AI Latiniy­ Formal diplomatic relations were to Egypt. yah, Garden City, Cairo.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 8152, Revised September 1975 Office of Media Services, Bureau of Public Affairs

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