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Democratización En Oriente Medio. El Caso De Egipto, Actores Y Dinámicas

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Democratización En Oriente Medio. El Caso De Egipto, Actores Y Dinámicas UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA Departamento de Derecho Internacional Público y Relaciones Internacionales TESIS DOCTORAL Democratización en Oriente Medio El caso de Egipto, actores y dinámicas (2005-2013) MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Konstantina Androniki Kostami Directora Paloma González del Miño Madrid, 2018 © Konstantina Androniki Kostami, 2017 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA Departamento de Derecho Internacional Público y Relaciones Internacionales DEMOCRATIZACIÓN EN ORIENTE MEDIO El CASO DE EGIPTO, ACTORES Y DINAMICAS (2005-2013) Trabajo de investigación que presenta Konstantina Androniki Kostami para la obtención del Grado de Doctor Bajo la dirección de la Doctora: Paloma González del Miño MADRID, 2017 A mi padre y a mi tío Panos 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS Esta tesis es el resultado de varios años de dedicación y persistencia, durante los cuales el apoyo de mi familia y mis amigos ha sido fundamental. Quiero especialmente dedicar la tesis a mi padre y a mi tío Panos, que recientemente y en un periodo tan corto de tiempo, no están conmigo. Fueron los que siempre me animaron a abrir mis horizontes y continuar mis estudios y serían muy orgullosos de verme en esta etapa. Quiero agradecer especialmente a mis padres quienes me ofrecieron una muy buena educación, la cual me hace la persona que soy. Quiero también dar las gracias a todos mis hermanos Dimitris, Anna, Vassiliki y Panayiota. Dimitris y Vasiliki, ambos doctores, han sido el ejemplo que quise seguir. Panayiota ha sido, no sólo mi hermana más querida, pero también la mejor amiga que he tenido. A mi compañero de vida Touraj Jafarieh que ha sido el apoyo más grande en todas las etapas de esta investigación. Sin él, no habría sido posible finalizar este proyecto. A Haykel Manai, quién me motivó hacer el Máster en la UCM y seguir mis estudios, realizando esta tesis doctoral. A mi directora de tesis Paloma González del Miño, por el interés que demostró en el proyecto, por confiar en mí, orientarme y apoyarme durante todos estos años. Quiero también mencionar a todos mis amigos tunecinos, que conocí en Túnez, durante mi estancia allí y durante el periodo difícil del régimen de Ben Ali. Las largas conversaciones que tuvimos sobre temas políticos fueron la razón de mi pasión y motivación sobre el tema de este estudio. Por último, no quiero olvidar a Daniela Valda y Daniel Grimaldi cuyos consejos fueron indispensables para la tesis. 3 ÍNDICE GENERAL Resumen en español ................................................................................................................... 10 Resumen en inglés ...................................................................................................................... 13 Siglas y abreviaturas utilizadas .............................................................................................. 17 INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................................ 19 1. Relevancia del tema y justificación ............................................................................................ 19 2. Hipótesis y objetivos de estudio .................................................................................................. 23 Hipótesis ................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Objetivos ................................................................................................................................................................... 30 3. Estructura del trabajo ..................................................................................................................... 33 4. Metodología ........................................................................................................................................ 36 Enfoque teórico aplicado ................................................................................................................................... 36 Métodos de investigación .................................................................................................................................. 41 Periodificación ....................................................................................................................................................... 41 5. Fases y fuentes de la investigación ............................................................................................. 42 PARTE I. ....................................................................................................................................... 45 DEMOCRATIZACIÓN EN ORIENTE MEDIO: FACTORES Y ACTORES INTERNOS Y EXTERNOS ................................................................................................. 45 CAPÍTULO 1. CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS Y SISTEMAS POLÍTICOS EN ORIENTE MEDIO ........................................................................................................................... 46 1.1. Evolución geopolítica de la región de Oriente Medio ....................................................... 46 1.2. Proceso de la formación de los Estados árabes postcoloniales ..................................... 50 1.3. Primeras estructuras modernas: repúblicas o monarquías .......................................... 52 1.4. Factores internos y externos que han configurado el mundo árabe ........................... 56 1.4.1. La Guerra Fría como factor determinante de durabilidad de los sistemas autoritarios ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 1.4.2. Importancia geopolítica y dependencia económica de la región ......................................... 57 1.4.3. Ascenso y caída del nacionalismo árabe ......................................................................................... 59 1.4.4. Primeros signos de liberalización política controlada ............................................................. 61 1.4.5. ¿Estructura económica insostenible? ............................................................................................... 64 1.5. Elementos principales de los Estados árabes modernos ................................................. 66 1.5.1. Estado militarizado y personalista .................................................................................................... 67 4 1.5.2. Tipología de los regímenes árabes: entre el autoritarismo absoluto y el semiautoritarismo ................................................................................................................................................ 70 1.5.3. Las élites y sus relaciones de poder .................................................................................................. 73 CAPÍTULO 2. ISLAM POLÍTICO, UN ACTOR TRANSCENDENTAL PARA LA DEMOCRATIZACIÓN ÁRABE ..................................................................................................... 77 2.1. El islam antes del Estado árabe ................................................................................................. 77 2.2. Islam Político: la respuesta a la crisis del modelo político, económico y cultural .. 78 2.2.1. Renacimiento del pensamiento político islámico con la fundación de los Ikwan ......... 81 2.2.2. La expansión de la ideología del islamismo .................................................................................. 84 2.2.3. Evolución y divisiones de los movimientos islamistas ............................................................. 85 2.3. Debate sobre la compatibilidad del islam con la esfera política ................................... 88 2.3.1 La tesis de la secularización: ¿reocupación del campo político por el religioso? .......... 88 2.3.2. Las zonas grises en el binomio islam-democracia ...................................................................... 90 2.4. Resultados electorales de los partidos islamistas ........................................................... 101 2.4.1 Las victorias electorales de movimientos islamistas como factor moderador ............ 117 2.5. Democratización en el contexto de nuevas corrientes del islam político ............... 119 CAPÍTULO 3. DEMOCRATIZACIÓN: EL GRAN DESAFÍO EN ORIENTE MEDIO ......... 123 3.1. Contextualización teórica de la democratización en el mundo árabe ...................... 123 3.1.1. ¿Democracia ligada al desarrollo? .................................................................................................. 123 3.1.2. La tesis culturalista de la excepción árabe ................................................................................. 125 3.1.3. Transición, democratización y consolidación de la democracia ....................................... 129 3.1.4. Multidimensionalidad de la democracia: ¿cómo se mide la calidad democrática? ... 132 3.1.5. Condiciones e instituciones en una transición democrática ............................................... 137 3.2. La longevidad de los regímenes autoritarios .................................................................... 142 3.2.1. Contexto geopolítico creado a la fuerza ....................................................................................... 143 3.2.2 Renta externa: medidas contra la eficiencia económica y la democracia
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