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Marc Almodóvar Egipto Tras La Barricada Revolución Y Contrarrevolución Más Allá De Tahrir

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Marc Almodóvar Egipto Tras La Barricada Revolución Y Contrarrevolución Más Allá De Tahrir La majoria de llibres de Virus editorial es troben sota llicències lliures i per la seva lliure descàrrega. Però els projectes autoges- tionaris i alternatius, com Virus editorial, necessiten un impor- tant suport econòmic. En la mesura que oferim bona part del nostre treball pel comú, creiem important crear també formes de col·laboració en la sostenibilitat del projecte. Subscriu-t’hi!! La mayoría de libros de Virus editorial se encuentran bajo li- cencias libres y para su libre descarga. Pero los proyectos au- togestionarios y alternativos, como Virus editorial, necesitan de un importante apoyo económico. En la medida en que ofrecemos buena parte de nuestro trabajo para lo común, creemos impor- tante crear también formas de colaboración en la sostenibilidad del proyecto. ¡Subscríbete! https://www.viruseditorial.net/es/editorial/socios Marc Almodóvar Egipto tras la barricada Revolución y contrarrevolución más allá de Tahrir Virus editorial Creative Commons LICENCIA CREATIVE COMMONS autoría - no derivados - no comercial 1.0 - Esta licencia permite copiar, distribuir, exhibir e interpretar este texto, siempre y cuando Índice se cumplan las siguientes condiciones: Autoría-atribución: se deberá respetar la autoría del texto y de su traducción. Siem- pre habrá de constar el nombre del autor/a y del traductor/a. No comercial: no se puede utilizar este trabajo con fines comerciales. No derivados: no se puede alterar, transformar, modificar o reconstruir este texto. Prólogo 9 Los términos de esta licencia deberán constar de una manera clara para cualquier uso o distribución del texto. Estas conciciones sólo se podrán alterar con el permiso expreso del autor/a. La era Mubarak 19 Este libro tiene una licencia Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs-NonCommercial. • Antecedentes y contextualización 21 Para consultar las condiciones de esta licencia se puede visitar: http://creative com- · mons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/1.0/ o enviar una carta a Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbot Way, Stanford, California 94305, EEUU. Egipto visto desde el Nile City 21 © 2014 de la presente edición, Virus editorial · El mejor reformista del planeta 26 © 2014 del texto, Marc Almodóvar · El clan Gamal y el peligro hereditario 31 · La calles hablan 35 · Nace Kefaya 41 Primera edición: enero 2014 · El período electoral de 2005 43 Maquetación: Virus editorial · Mubarak y los Hermanos Musulmanes 49 · La lucha obrera 57 Cubierta: Silvio García-Aguirre López Gay · La intifada del 6 de abril 60 Imagen de la cubierta cedida por: Manu Brabo (http://manubrabo.22slides.com) · La represión enciende la mecha 64 · Un Estado policial 68 Traducción al castellano: Yolanda Hurtado · Armas blancas en la urnas 73 Revisión de la edición en castellano: Paula Monteiro y Pátric de San Pedro · Se acerca la insurrección 79 Lallevir SL / VIRUS editorial • Dieciocho días 83 C/ Junta de Comerç, 18 baixos, 08001 Barcelona · El 25 de enero 83 T. / Fax: 93 441 38 14 · El viernes de la ira 87 C/e.: [email protected] · La república de Tahrir 92 www.viruseditorial.net · La Batalla del Camello 95 Impreso en: · La caída de un faraón 97 Bookprint Botánica 176-178 La revolución después de Mubarak 103 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Tel.: 93 102 50 10 • Los militares: de «El pueblo y el Ejército Fax.: 93 102 50 11 de la mano» al Kazeboon 103 C/e.: [email protected] · La Junta Militar toma el poder 103 ISBN-13: 978-84-92559-50-3 · La República de los Generales 108 Depósito legal: B-1147-2014 · ¿Victoria popular o golpe de Estado silencioso? 113 · La amnistía al antiguo régimen 246 · El pacto de la transición 116 · El FMI es la solución 252 · Khairat Shater: el hombre de la transición 121 · La amarga pastilla de la reforma 259 · La rueda de la producción 127 • Golpe revolucionario o revolución golpista 267 · Doctrina del shock 131 · Se negocia el préstamo 134 · Tamarrod 271 · La mano de hierro de los juicios militares 136 · Se acerca el 30 de junio 274 · Crónica de una caída 280 · Violencia militar: palo sin zanahoria 139 · Fin del ultimátum 285 · La calle arde 142 · El Ejército rompe el pacto de transición 289 · Elecciones sobre un charco de sangre 146 · Un nuevo ejecutivo liberal 294 · Las urnas entre el caos 152 · Riad aplaude 297 · Militares kazeboon 157 · La Casa Blanca se ahoga 301 · El nuevo Parlamento 160 · El mubarakismo renace 304 · Un nuevo balance de poderes 164 · El mandato de El-Sisi 307 · Masacre en el campo de fútbol 166 · Rabaa Adaweya y la ruptura del hilo 212 · Impunidad ante todo 170 · Caza de brujas · Un régimen que se defiende 174 319 · El juicio del siglo 177 Epílogo • El circo de las presidenciales 185 Glosario 325 · Temas 325 · Una luna de miel en peligro 185 · Personalidades 326 · Aislamientos polémicos 190 · Instiruciones y organizaciones 328 · La Comisión Electoral dispone 194 · Cronología básica 330 · Una primera vuelta manchada por la duda 198 · El antiguo régimen y la Hermandad, cara a cara 200 Bibliografía 335 · Golpe de Estado por ley 204 · Tensión en las urnas 206 · Una semana al borde del precipicio 209 • Egipto bajo los Hermanos Musulmanes 217 · Un nuevo mapa 217 · Mursi jubila a Tantawi 221 · El ataque a Gaza y el decreto constitucional 226 · Una Constitución que se aprueba de madrugada 232 · La guerra por la Constitución 235 · Asimilando el antiguo régimen 241 A Hassan, Ebeid, Amr y Ezz, mis compañeros de revolución. Pero, sobre todo, a Nagui, Semsem y a las pequeñas Marwa y Mariam, quienes desde su frágil torre de olvido y silencio, donde las carreteras llevan a lugares impronunciables y las letras no son sino garabatos indescifrables, son las víctimas que alimentan esta montaña de avaricia, despotismo y esclavi- tud humana. Porque, como decía Galeano, «su hambre nos da de comer y su «Una revolución a medias desnudez nos viste». es la destrucción de un pueblo» Y agradecer a Andreu sus consejos, a Núria sus días de corrección y a Yolanda, Pancarta en la plaza Tahrir eso mismo, además de esas largas horas de charla fumando shisha, sin las cuales este libro quizá nunca se hubiera maquinado. Prólogo Santiago Alba Rico Dos acontecimientos marcaron, al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el destino del mundo árabe en el avispero geopolítico internacional del siglo xx. El primero tiene que ver, natural­ mente, con el petróleo. El 14 de febrero de 1945, el presidente estadounidense Franklin D. Roosevelt y el rey Abdelaziz Ibn Saud, fundador del actual Estado de Arabia Saudí, firmaron el llamado «pacto del Quincey», por el nombre del crucero mili­ tar donde se celebraron las conversaciones que llevaron a un acuerdo energético, aún vigente, en virtud del cual se garanti­ zaba a Estados Unidos el acceso privilegiado al combustible fósil del Golfo Pérsico. A cambio, la potencia estadounidense permitió a Arabia Saudí utilizar esta formidable fuente de ri­ queza para difundir en toda la región, no el bienestar social y el desarrollo económico sino la versión más reaccionaria, vio­ lenta y puritana del islam suní. El wahabismo, doctrina fun­ dada por Mohamed Abdel Wahab a mediados del siglo xviii y que hasta entonces sólo había merecido el desprecio y la con­ dena del mundo musulmán, se convirtió poco a poco, tras el pacto del Quincey, en una especie de «nueva ortodoxia» o al 9 Egipto tras la barricada ·· Marc Almodóvar Prólogo menos en una visión integrada, respetable y atractiva del islam. las fuerzas, pero no la relación entre ellas, en el tablero geopo­ El petróleo, que no ha dejado más que miseria y guerras en lítico regional. Mientras Occidente jugaba a aprendiz de brujo la zona, abortó además la renovación ilustrada y progresista alimentando a los regímenes más reaccionarios en defensa de del pensamiento musulmán (vinculada al movimiento Nahda sus intereses, el antiimperialismo se desplazaba de forma irre­ de las primeras décadas del siglo) para imponer o alimentar mediable desde la izquierda panarabista a la derecha panisla­ las formas de organización e interpretación más retrógradas y mista. La infame invasión de Irak por Estados Unidos comple­ antidemocráticas. tó paradójicamente este cuadro, entregando al enemigo iraní El segundo acontecimiento es la fundación en Palestina del un país destruido y dividido. Estado de Israel. En 1948, mientras el colonialismo retrocedía Atrapados en su propia importancia abstracta como piezas en todo el mundo como resultado del empuje de los pueblos y de ajedrez, los pueblos árabes fueron sometidos a las necesida­ de la refundación de las Naciones Unidas al servicio de un nue­ des de un paradójico equilibrio siempre acompañado de ma­ vo orden internacional, las potencias vencedoras de la Segunda tanzas, guerras, invasiones y pobreza, plagas encerradas en el Guerra Mundial apoyaron un anacrónico proyecto colonial cepo de feroces dictaduras congeladas en el tiempo. Si en algo en Palestina cuyas consecuencias se prolongan hasta nuestros coincidían por igual occidentales, islamistas y nacionalistas era días. Tras seis guerras, miles de muertos y millones de despla­ en el desprecio por la democracia y el Estado de derecho, in­ zados, la ocupación sionista de Palestina se ha convertido en el compatibles con la «lucha antiterrorista» y con la «lucha anti­ mayor catalizador de solidaridad panárabe y de inestabilidad imperialista». La tortura, la represión, el amordazamiento de mundial. la libertad de expresión, junto a la corrupción y el desprecio Toda la política occidental en la zona ha girado en torno a por la gente, eran funciones indispensables del mantenimiento la defensa de estos dos pilares: el petróleo del Golfo y el Es­ del statu quo. Ésa era la situación que describía el famoso in­ ta do colonialista de Israel. Frente al wahabismo petrolero y forme encargado, en abril de 2005, por el PNUD a un grupo de al sionismo israelí, en la década de los años cincuenta y sesenta intelectuales árabes: «De acuerdo con los estándares del siglo surgieron en el mundo árabe proyectos soberanistas que im­ xxi, los países árabes no han resuelto las aspiraciones de desa­ pug naban las divisiones geográficas heredadas de los acuer­ rrollo del pueblo árabe, la seguridad y la liberación, a pesar de dos Sykes­Picot.
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