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A History of the Relationship Between the Western & Eastern Han, Wei SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 131 March, 2004 A History of the Relationship Between the Western & Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern & Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions by Taishan Yu Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc. Manuscripts should be submitted as electronic files, preferably in Microsoft Word format. You may wish to use our sample document template, available here: www.sino-platonic.org/spp.dot. Beginning with issue no. 171, Sino-Platonic Papers has been published electronically on the Web at www.sino-platonic.org. Issues 1–170, however, will continue to be sold as paper copies until our stock runs out, after which they too will be made available on the Web. Please note: When the editor goes on an expedition or research trip, all operations (including filling orders) may temporarily cease for up to three months at a time. In such circumstances, those who wish to purchase various issues of SPP are requested to wait patiently until he returns. If issues are urgently needed while the editor is away, they may be requested through Interlibrary Loan. You should also check our Web site at www.sino-platonic.org, as back issues are regularly rereleased for free as PDF editions. Sino-Platonic Papers is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 2.5 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 543 Howard Street, 5th Floor, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. A History of the Relationship Between the Western & Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern & Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions by Yu Taishan Chinese Academy of Social Sciences This is a slightly reformatted edition of issue no. 131 of Sino-Platonic Papers. As such, its pagination does not correspond exactly to that of the original release printed on paper. The wording, however, has not been altered. When citing this work, references to specific page numbers should note that this is the 2013 re- release, not the 2004 original. —the editor July 2013 Introduction “The Western Regions” is a geographical concept as seen in the “official history books” of the Western Han 漢, Eastern Han 漢, Wei 魏, Jin 晉, and Northern and Southern Dynasties, which refers to a vast region to the west of the Yumen 玉門 and Yang 陽 Barriers under most circumstances, but sometimes refers to the Tarim Basin and its surrounding area. In other words, it had both a broad sense and a narrow sense. In this book, “the Western Regions” is used in the broad sense, but the focal point of the study is located in the region which is called Central Asia today, especially to the east of the Pamirs. This was determined by the actual relationship between the Western Regions and the Western Han 漢, Eastern Han 漢, Wei 魏, Jin 晉, and Northern and Southern Dynasties. The study of the history of the relationship between the Western Han 漢, Eastern Han 漢, Wei 魏, Jin 晉, and Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions is an important topic in the study of ancient Chinese history; its significance is self-evident. The task of this book is to ascertain the related historical facts as far as possible. The facts can be summarized as follows: The purpose of the Western Han 漢, Eastern Han 漢, Wei 魏, Jin 晉, and Northern and Southern Dynasties in managing the Western Regions can be summed up with the statement “it would be possible to extend [Han 漢] territory for 10,000 li 里. With [the help of] a series of interpreters, those whose customs were strange could be brought to court, and imperial prestige could be exercised throughout the area within the four seas”. It is quite obvious that this purpose was mainly political. In contrast, the purpose of the various states of the Western Regions in contacting the Western Han 漢, Eastern Han 漢, Wei 魏, Jin 晉, and Northern and Southern Dynasties was primarily economical, namely the “wish to exchange their goods and conduct trade”. Of course, they were also the interested in absorbing the advanced culture of the latter, namely they “admired and took pleasure in the Middle Kingdom”. In addition, the various states to the east of the Pamirs also sought protection from the depredations of the nomadic tribes beyond the Great Wall. i Taishan Yu, “A History of the Relationship Between the Chinese Dynasties and the Western Regions” Sino-Platonic Papers, 131 (March 2004) The management of the Western Regions by the Western Han 漢, Eastern Han 漢, Wei 魏, Jin 晉, and Northern and Southern Dynasties often went hand in hand with the struggle with the nomadic tribes beyond the Great Wall. Sometimes management of the Western Regions was in order to defeat the latter, and sometimes defeating the latter was in order to manage the Western Regions. In fact, management of the Western Regions and defeating the nomadic tribes beyond the Great Wall were both components of “the task of subduing the various barbarian peoples”, hence the purpose of both was essentially the same. The management of the Western Regions by the Western Han 漢, Eastern Han 漢, Wei 魏, Jin 晉, and Northern and Southern Dynasties all aimed to make them into subjects “by the exercise of moral pressure”, and believed that “it would be possible to present them with gifts and hold out advantages with which to bring them to court”. Though sometimes armed strength was employed, it was usually only to threaten the states in the Western Regions, but generally not to plunder them. Li Guangli 李廣利 made an expedition against Dayuan 大宛, taking a period of over three years. As a result, the resources “within the four seas were spent and wasted”, but “the Han 漢 army selected some of the best horses, numbered by the tens”. This can be regarded as evidence. The exceptions were Lh Guang’s 呂光 attack on Qiuci 龜茲 and Wan Dugui’s 萬度歸 attack on Yanqi 焉耆. In contrast, the nomadic tribes beyond the Great Wall regarded the various states in the Western Regions as “slaves”, ceaselessly extorting young women and marten coats and so forth, and they often “took precautions to prevent any evasion of its exactions, raised their value, and were strict in regard to prompt payment”. This was determined by the nature of the power of the nomadic tribes beyond the Great Wall themselves at that time. It thus is certain that they were unpopular in the Western Regions. Therefore, the nomadic tribes beyond the Great Wall could dominate the Western Regions only when the dynasties in the Central Plain were just getting established, were in decline, or were divided. In other words, the blame for the relationship between the Western Han 漢, Eastern Han 漢, Wei 魏, Jin 晉, and Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions being weakened or even interrupted at times has to be imputed to the dynasties in the Central Plain themselves. In fact, only the Western and Eastern Han 漢 Dynasties really ruled over the Western ii Taishan Yu, “A History of the Relationship Between the Chinese Dynasties and the Western Regions” Sino-Platonic Papers, 131 (March 2004) Regions (to the east of the Pamirs) during the period of the Western Han 漢, Eastern Han 漢, Wei 魏, Jin 晉, and Northern and Southern Dynasties. This is because only the Western and Eastern Han 漢 Dynasties were powerful and unified for a sufficient time. At other times, the Western Regions were controlled by the powers of the nomadic tribes or some “large states” in the locality. However, the regions both east and west of the Pamirs yearned for the dynasties in the Central Plain all the while. Sending envoys to pay tribute, sending their sons to attend at court, or accepting the conferment of titles of nobility, they kept up contact as best they could and were not particular about form. These sporadic links were like small streams which, when the time comes, eventually become mighty rivers. During the period of the Northern Wei 魏, east-west communication eventually culminated in the situation “from the Cong 葱 (the Pamirs) Mountains westwards to Da Qin 大秦 one hundred states and one thousand towns all gladly attached themselves to us (the Northern Wei 魏 dynasty); foreign traders and merchants came hurrying in though the passes every day”.
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