Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47926-4 — Rumor in the Early Chinese Empires Zongli Lu Index More Information

Home , Ban Gu, Bao Xuan, Chen Ping (Han dynasty), Gan Ji, Huo Guang, Liu Bao

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abnormal/abnormalities The Blue Sky is dead; the Yellow Sky will decorations and writings, 201 stand, 84–85, 170, 289, 293, 309 disasters, 20–21, 31 Bo, Lady (Empress Dowager), 247–248 heading west, 35 Book of Changes, 50, 68, 103–105 physical characteristics, 181 Book of Documents,8–9, 11, 58, 118, 295 as portentous, 46–52 Book of Great Peace, with Green Headings,84 speech characteristics, 106, 286 Book of Odes, 17, 25–26, 58, 111 of state’s governance, 106 supernatural entities, 293–294 Cai Shu, 9, 11–16, 18, 43 weather, 217 Cai Yong, 85, 166 acceptance (of the people/by the people), Calendar of the Heavenly Ofﬁcial Scripture of 17–23, 283, 291 Great Peace with the Embodiment of the Accounts Clerks, 156, 302 Origin,79–84, 177–178 Ai, Emperor. see Liu Xin Cao Cao, 167–168, 214 Ai Zhang, 183–184, 188 Cao San, 112, 121–122 air currents, 173–176, 215, 217, 249–250, 252, central government supervision mechanism, 260–267, 290, 315 145–150 Allport, Gordon W., vii–viii, 306 Chao Fulin, 171 alternative historical truths, xii Chen Dan, 167–168 An, Emperor. see Liu Hu Chen Fan, 31, 226 apocryphal-prophetic texts. see chen Chen Hsueh-Ping, 8 prophecies Chen Jun, 158 archaic history, 279–281 Chen Ping, 89, 127 aristocratic gossip, 2 chen prophecies authorities’ response to portentous talk, 87, auto-suggestive, 45, 170 318–319 belief in, 206–218 coded chen prophecies, 190–195 Bai Juyi, 14 curses and, 185–186 Ban Biao, 205 deﬁned, 169–172 Ban Gu, 12, 17, 50, 77 ‘The Deity in Heaven Bestows the Augury Ban Zhi, 137 that Reveals the Talisman of Red Words ‘Banishment for Portentousness and Evil,’ on the Stone,’ 196–201 90–100 divine revelation-type, 186–188 Bao Xuan, 146–147 forgeries and, 188–190 baseless talk, 8 forms (spoken, written, pictoral), 173–184, ‘Basic Annals of the First Emperor of the Qin,’ 289–290 57–60 ‘The One Wins the Throne not by Deceit,’ behavior morphologies of humans, 204–206 51–52 origin of, 185–195 ‘Bewildering the People and Recklessly portentous talk and, 67–72, 79–80 Creating Portentous Talk,’ 61–65 prophetic rhymes and, 240–244 Biographies of Exemplary Women, 103 psychology of belief in, 208–218

364

Index 365

self-fulfilling, 45, 170, 314 Deng Sui (Empress Dowager Deng), 212 utilitarian strategic considerations, 206–208 Diagram of the Yellow River, 178–180, Chen Sheng, 173–175, 177 191–203 Cheng, Emperor. see Liu Ao Discourses of the States, 49, 170, 219 Cheng, King, 11–12 disseminated talk. see also liuyan Cheng Jin, 21–22 consensus-building during spread of rumors, Classic of Great Peace with the Embodiment of 292–296 the Origin, 177–178 of Guan and Cai, 11–16, 18, 43 climate abnormalities, 51 introduction to, 4, 8–11 Collected Commentaries on the Book of Odes, official policies toward, 41–45 10, 283–284 unverifiable talk and, 286 Collected Discussions at the White Tiger Hall, divination, 241–242 52, 56 Divination of Portents Appended to Book of Collection of Transcribed Diagrams and Changes,50–51, 103–104 Scripts, 177, 194 divine possession and prophetic rhyme, collective memory, 127, 263, 265 236–238 Commentary and Discussion on the Five divine revelations, 186–188, 233–234 Agents in the Great Plan, 104–105 Dong Fu, 214–215 Commentary of Gongyang,67–69, 200–201 Dong Xian, 20, 36 Commentary of Guliang, 102 Dong Xuan, 158 Commentary of Zuo: the Fifteenth Year of Dong Zhongshu, 104 Duke Xi,47 Dong Zhuo, 55–56, 213, 228–229, 306–307 Commentary of Zuo: the Fifteenth Year of Dou Rong, 216 Duke Xuan, 293–294 Dou Wu, 225 Commentary of Zuo: the Fifth Year of Duke Xi, Dou Ying, 42 236 Du Qin, 13, 319 Commentary of Zuo: the Fourteenth Year of Du Qiong, 217, 291 Duke Zhuang,49 Du Yannian, 17–18 Commentary of Zuo: the Twenty-sixth Year of Du Ye, 34–35 Duke Zhao,47 Du Yu, 236, 277–278 communication studies, theory of, 295–296 Duo Ying, 135–136 Comprehensive Meaning of Customs and dynastic change, 68, 78, 195–196, 217, 262 Habits, 38, 318 Confucianism, 11, 22, 58, 141–142, 151, 242, earth-power and unverifiable talk, 36–39 317 Eastern Library’s Records of Han, 211–212, Confucius, 106, 110, 235 308 consensus-building during spread of rumors, edict tokens, 31–36 292–296 Enlightenment era, 2 crimes of slander and portentous talk, 54–100, erroneous talk, 25–26 102 Essay on Governing and Security,54–101, 153 criminalization of expression, 87 esthetic preferences of historians, 48 Critical Essays (Wang Chong), 58, 236–240, eulogizing songs and rhymes, 123 265, 305–306. see also Wang Chong eunuch power struggles, 27 current affair commentary in prophetic rhyme, Exoteric Traditions of the Han Version of the 233 Odes, 102–103 curses, 185–186, 314 eyan. see unverifiable talk

Dai Changle, 74–76 facts and rumors, 306–310 decoding of chen prophecies, 314 Fan Pang, 166 deﬁant speech, 105–106 Fan Ye, 159, 205, 216 ‘The Deity in Heaven Bestows the Augury that Fan Zeng, 186 Reveals the Talisman of Red Words on fang,84 the Stone,’ 196–201 fangshi, 59, 79, 89, 177–178 delusion of people/masses, 4, 53, 57, 69–71, Farge, Arlette, 1–2 86, 90, 97–98, 190–202 Feng Li, 122

366 Index

Feng Meng, 213 Guliang School, 104–105 Feng Yewang, 122 Guo Pu, 27 First Emperor of Qing. see Ying Zheng Five Agents Theory, 36 Han Xin, 126 Five Powers, 36–37, 190–191, 196, 199–200. Han Yanshou, 124–125 see also Theory of the Rotational Changes heresy, 278, 286. see also portentous talk of the Five Powers historical narrative discourse strategy, 102–103 folk legends Historical Records of the Three Sovereigns and about Emperor Wen, 272–273 the Five Emperors, 280–281 about Liu An, 274 historical truth, meaning of, 279 correcting errors between stories and History of the Former Han, 12, 17, 27–28, 32, sayings, 270–274 51–52, 54, 73–77, 87–89, 112, 264, 277, Dongfang Shuo legend, 273–274 294 introduction to, 267 History of the Later Han,37–38, 48, 55, legends of deities and lords, 267–270 190–202, 215–216, 223–224, 227–228 ‘The Lord of the Dried Fish,’ 268–269 Hu Hai (Second emperor of Qin), 101 ‘The Lord of the Plum,’ 269 Huan, Emperor. see Liu Zhi myths and rumors, 275 Huo Guang, 12, 17–18, 69–72, 90, 219–220, public opinion perspective of folk songs and 293 rhymes, 300–301 Huoquan coin banning, 209 ‘Shrine of the Prefect of Ye,’ 270–272 ‘The Virtuous Stone Gentleman Deity,’ identity misplacements in society, 51 269–270 inappropriate talk, 53 folk rhymes, 49, 243 inauspicious words, 75–77 folk stories and folk sayings, 270–274 intellectual discourse in popular songs and folklore and conspiracy theories, 275 rhymes, 118–125 French Revolution, 1–2 ‘irrational’ narrative tendencies in historical Frye, Northrop, 279 texts, 278 Fu Su, 59–60 Fu Zhen, 80–81 Jia Yi, 54–102, 130–131, 153, 254–256 Jie, King, 102 Gan Ji, 55 Jing Fang, 103–104 Gan Zhongke, 79–84, 177–178, 185 Jing Ke, 111 gangmao charm, 199, 209 joke, 37–38, 217–218, 267, 270, 291 Gaozu, Emperor. see Liu Bang Garden of Tales, 103 Kapferer, Jean-Noël, 284, 309 ge,deﬁned, 107 Kong Yingda, 9 Ge Kuanrao, 73–77, 104 The Glory of Yue,56–57 legitimacy Golden Coffer, 9 abuse of power, 145 Gong Yu, 150 challenges to, 201–202 Gongsun Shu, 182–183, 190–191, 194–195, chen prophecies and, 70, 291, 315 212–213, 223, 308–309, 315 children’s rhymes and, 121 Gongsun Zan, 229–231 collective memory and, 263 Gongyang School (of the Spring and Autumn deluding of people for, 190–202 Annals), 104 justiﬁcation of, 79, 118, 120, 182–183, 197, The Grand Scribe’s Records,72–73, 113, 205–206 171–172, 174, 187, 253–256, 260–262, origin myths and, 275 264–265 people’s will and, 125, 300 Great Plan Theory of the Five Agents, political ethics, 43 45, 105 political myths, 54 Gu Yanwu, 42 political symbols, 245 Guan Fu, 135–136 political theories for rulers, 36 Guan Shu, 9, 11–16, 18, 43 of regular dynastic changes, 195–196 Guangwu, Emperor. see Liu Xiu transfer of power, 36–37, 217

Index 367

Letter to Sun Huizong,76–77 Liu Zhiji, 278 Li Si, 58, 86 Liu Zhuang (Emperor Ming), 55, 79–80 Li Xian, 31 liuyan, defined, 8–11, 17, 293. see also Li Xun, 30, 44–45, 170, 313–314 disseminated talk Lian Fan, 158–159 ‘The Lord of the Dried Fish,’ 268–269 Liang Ji, 143–144 ‘The Lord of the Plum,’ 269 Liang Yusheng, 259–260 Lu Jia, 256 Lin Yutang, 109 Lu Wenshu, 101–102 Ling, Emperor. see Liu Hong Lü Zhi (Empress Lü), 261–262 linguistic taboo, 233 Lulin rebels, 24 Liu An (King Huainan), 52–73, 274 Liu Ao (Emperor Cheng), 13, 115 Ma Juan, 20 Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu), 111–112, macabre talk, 26–27 126–127, 133–135, 175, 187, 246, 252, ‘Making Portentous Talk,’ 72–77 254–256, 262, 265–266, 315 Mandate of Heaven, 79–84, 217–218, 246, Liu Bao (Emperor Shun), 81–82, 231 262–263 Liu Bi, 175 Mao Commentary on Book of Odes, 123 Liu Bingyi (Liu Xun). see Liu Xun mass panic incident, 304 Liu Che (Emperor Wu), 11–12, 61–65, 175, Master Lü’s Spring and Autumn Annals, 46, 49 249 Master Nan, 186 Liu Da (Emperor Zhang), 40–41 Mencius, 119–121, 235 Liu Fuling (Emperor Zhao), 12 mentality of those who believe in and spread Liu Gu, 95 rumors, 304–315 Liu He (King of Changyi, deposed Emperor), Metal-Power, 191–202, 223 69–72 meteors as omens, 60 Liu Heng (Emperor Wen), 88–90, 262–263, misdemeanors, 44 272–273 ‘misleading the masses’ with rumors, Liu Hong (Emperor Ling), 21, 23, 223–231 292–296 Liu Hu (Emperor An), 41, 147, 318–319 moral offense, 11–16 Liu Jianming, 298–299 mysticism discourse strategy, 103–106 Liu Li (King of Bohai), 22–23 myths and folk legends, 275 Liu Piao (Senior Princess Guantao), 248 Liu Shi (Emperor Yuan), 13, 18–19, 73 natural disasters and unverifiable talk, 27–41 Liu Tao, 96 nature abnormalities, 51 Liu Xiang, 29, 78, 102–105, 259, 272–273 New Text, 9, 45, 50, 71, 105–106, 178–179, Liu Xie (Emperor Xian), 41, 55, 140, 227–231, 238 250–251 non-official channels/discourse, 99–100, 108, Liu Xin (Emperor Ai), 16, 33–34, 78–79, 105, 118, 125, 141, 275, 287–293, 300 178, 192, 247 nonsensical talk, 53 Liu Xiu, 21, 156–157, 159–163, 189, 211 Liu Xiu (Emperor Guangwu), 194–196, omens to punish evil, 45 202–204, 210, 246–247, 315 ‘One Chi of Cloth Song,’ 128–131 ‘Liu Xiu is to be Son of Heaven,’ 190–210 ‘The one who replaces the Han will be Dangtu ‘Liu Xiu Raises an Army to Seize the Gao,’ 190, 193–213, 216–217 Immoral,’ 202–204 ‘The one who will destroy Qin is Hu’, 177, 194 Liu Xun (Liu Bingyi) (Emperor Xuan), 69–71, ‘The One Wins the Throne not by Deceit,’ 101–102, 163–164, 249–250 204–206 Liu Yang, 188–189 oral forms of chen prophecies, 289–290 Liu Yin, 24 Liu Ying (King of Chu), 79–80 Pei Songzhi, 230, 288, 313–314 Liu Yu (Emperor Wu of the Song, Southern Pei Yin, 175 Dynasties), 259–260 people-oriented Confucian political thought, Liu Zhang (King of Huaian), 61, 128–131 151 Liu Zhi (Emperor Huan), 21–23, 38, 43, people’s will and legitimacy, 125, 300 95–96, 223–227 physical appearances, 181–182, 263

368 Index

pictorial form of chen prophecies, 179–184, ‘Making Portentous Talk,’ 72–77 290 mysticism discourse strategy, 103–106 Ping, Duke, 180–181 ‘Portentous Talk to Confuse the Masses,’ planet Mars theory, 236–238 57–60 political influence and limitations of popular Pre-Qin, Qin, and Han texts, 46–52 songs and rhymes, 137–144 Qin, and Han historical discourse, 52–57 political myths ‘Renewal of Mandate,’ 79–84 divine birth, 266 ‘Saying Inauspicious Words and Creating founding myths, 245–247 Portentous Talk with the Intention to introduction to, 245 Disturb the Order of the State,’ 65–67 successor rulers myths, 247–251 subversion discourse strategy, 100–102 of Western Han Dynasty, 251–267 ‘Portentous Talk to Confuse the Masses,’ political offense, 11–16 57–60 popular songs and rhymes portentous warlocks, 80–86 central government supervision mechanism, possession by spirits, 241 145–150 power-vs-power checks, 149 Confucian definition of, 121 pre-dated prophetic rhyme, 234 impact of rumors on, 297–299 Pre-Qin portentous talk, 46–52 importance in social and political Han propagating mysticism, 276–277 periods, 110–118 prophetic narratives, 6, 281 influence and limitations, 125–144 prophetic rhymes introduction to, 5, 107–110 chen prophecies and, 240–244 manipulating popular will with, 132–137 current affair commentary in, 233 ‘One Chi of Cloth Song,’ 128–131 curses and criticisms in, 232–233 political influence and limitations of, divine possession/planet Mars theory, 137–144 236–238 public opinion of commoners, 145–168 as divine revelations, 233–234 public opinion perspective, 300–301 between Han Dynasties, 222–223 rights-vs-power checks, 150–154 introduction to, 218 ‘Singing of Songs that Expressed the Desire origins of, 232–234 to Return to the East,’ 126–127 portentous poetry theory, 238–240 ‘Song of Pingcheng,’ 127–128 as pre-dated, 234 unique position of, 118–125 during reigns of Emperors Huan and Ling, ‘When the Capital Fancies Bouffant Hair, 223–227 Hair Rises by One Chi Elsewhere,’ during reigns of Emperors Ling and Xian, 131–132 227–231 portentous bandits, 80–86 during reigns of Emperors Yuan and Cheng, portentous poetry theory, 238–240 219–222 portentous rhymes, 125, 218, 244 sounds of nature theory in, 234–236 portentous talk psychology of belief in chen prophecies, 208–218 authorities’ response to, 87, 318–319 The Psychology of Chinese Songs and Rhymes, ‘Banishment for Portentousness and Evil,’ 235–236 90–100 public criticism (wuyi),18 ‘Bewildering the People and Recklessly public opinion Creating Portentous Talk,’ 61–65 of commoners, 145–168 case studies, 57–86 impact and limitations of rumors on, chen prophecy and, 67–72, 79–80 297–299 confusing masses with, 80–87 from perspective of folk songs and rhymes, crimes of slander and, 54–100, 102 300–301 draconian laws and punishments of Quin and in political practice, 125–144 Han authorities, 86–90 presentation of rumors in society, 296–297 heresy, 278, 286 rumor-type expressions and, 296–303 historical narrative discourse strategy, supervision by, 301–303 102–103 supervision of, 150–154 introduction to, 5, 46 unofficial, 145–168

Index 369

Qiao Xuan, 137, 214 Shentu Gang, 40 Queen Mother of the West, 31–36, 304 Shi Bao Chen Prophecy,56 Shi Dan, 19 Regional Governors, 154–168 Shi Xian, 18, 114 Regional Inspectors, 302–303 Shibutani, Tamotsu, viii–ix, 322 ‘Renewal of Mandate,’ 79–84 ‘Shrine of the Prefect of Ye,’ 270–272 ‘reporting matters heard in the wind,’ 168 Shun (ancient sage King), 81–82, 84, 96, Revel, Jacques, 1–2 120–121, 129, 154–167, 172, 199, 311 Rhapsody of the Goddess,47–48 Sima Qian, 72–73, 113, 136, 187, 253–254, ‘rhymes reporting,’ 154–168, 302–303 258 rhyming talk, 22, 286–287 Sima Zhen, 175–176 rights-vs-power checks, 150–154 ‘Singing of Songs that Expressed the Desire to rocks and portentous talk, 67–68 Return to the East,’ 126–127 roving talk, 25–26 six tasks of Regional Inspectors, 152 rumors (rumor-type expressions) slaying of snake, 54, 187, 252–253, 258–260, analysis of, 304–315 263–266 coming true, 313–315 social crises and unveriﬁable talk, 27–41 consensus-building during spread of, social unrest, 55 292–296 solar eclipse as omen, 76, 210–211 facts and, 306–310 Song Jun, 158 folk legends and, 275 ‘Song of Pingcheng,’ 127–128 forms of expression, 286–287 Song Yu, 47–48 historical value of, 276–283 Song Zhongzi, 180 impact and limitations on public, 297–299 sounds of nature theory in prophetic rhyme, importance of, 276 234–236 introduction to, 1–7 spoken form of chen prophecies, 173–176 mass expectations, 285 spontaneous singing of songs, 289 mass panic incident, 304 Spring and Autumn Annals of the Chu and offsetting negative effects of, 315–320 Han, 256–257, 311 origins of, 283–284 Stern, Louis William, 1 presentation in society, 296–297 Strategies of the Warring States, 235 prohibitions against, 42 subversion discourse strategy, 100–102 public opinion and, 296–303 successor rulers myths, 247–251 public opinion perspective of folk songs and Sui Hong, 67–69 rhymes, 300–301 Sun Jiazhou, 190 rational imaginations, 285 Sun Kuang-Teh, 245 speech information and expression, 305–306 supernatural beliefs, 47, 241 speech information to receiving group, superstition, 209 304–305 supervision of local administration (special spread and structure of, 287–292 emissary), 146, 149, 151 stop when they reach the wise, 310–313 Supreme Deity, 171–172 supervision by public opinion, 301–303 why start, why thrive, 284–285 Taichu Calendar, 65–67 by word-of-mouth, 282 talismanic writings, 198, 201, 210, 281 written rumors, 288–289 Tang Shuyu, 180–181 Theory of the Rotational Changes of the Five ‘Saying Inauspicious Words and Creating Powers, 36, 193, 195–196, 206, 258 Portentous Talk with the Intention to Tian Dan, 235 Disturb the Order of the State,’ 65–67 Tian Fen, 62–64, 135–136 Script of the Luo River, 178–179, 197 The Token of Red Secret, 263–264 Scripture of Great Peace with the Embodiment totalitarian politics, 298 of the Origin, 77, 84, 290 ‘Treatise on the Five Agents,’ 32, 37–38, self-fulﬁlling prophecies, 314 50–52, 105–106, 215, 219–222, 227–231, Shan Chen, 80–81 238–240, 267, 277, 294 Shan Yang, 214 trees and portentous talk, 67–68

370 Index

Truman, David Bicknell, 125–126 written rumors, 288–289 Truman, Harry S., 140 Wu (King of the Zhou), 121 Wu, Emperor. see Liu Che unique position of popular songs and rhymes, Wu Bei, 175–176 118–125 Wu Zixu, 56–57, 185 unusual physical traits and appearances, 182 Wulu Chongzong, 114 unverifiable talk (eyan) in chaotic world, 40–41 Xia Heliang, 78–79 disseminated talk and, 286 Xiahou Sheng, 71–72, 75 earth-power and, 36–39 Xiahou Shichang, 71, 104 edict tokens of Queen Mother of the West, Xian, Emperor. see Liu Xie 31–36 Xiang Yu, 111, 126–127, 133–134, 256–257 as fraudulent, erroneous, changing, and Xiao He, 121–122 roving, 25–26 Xiao Wangzhi, 13 great flood and, 27–31 Xie Xiao, 206 introduction to, 5 Xifu Gong, 33–34, 44 in natural disasters and social crises, 27–41 Xin Yuanping, 89 official policies toward, 41–45 Xiongnu, 74–75, 127–128, 194, as weird and macabre, 26–27 213–214, 289 urban legends, 3, 275 Xu Hualong, 235–236 utilitarian strategic considerations, 206–208 Xu Jing, 257 utilitarianism, 209 Xu Yu, 167 Xuan, Emperor. see Liu Xun ‘The Virtuous Stone Gentleman Deity,’ Xun Zi, 11–31, 310 269–270 Yan Shigu, 88–89, 153 Wang, Beautiful Lady, 250–251 Yang Bing, 42 Wang Chong, 54, 58, 305–306, 318 Yang element, 56, 66, 98, 106, 219, 238–239 Wang Feng, 13, 28, 319–320 Yang Hou, 212 Wang Fu, 22–23, 124 Yang Xu, 125 Wang Jia, 34, 44 Yang Yun, 72–77, 90 Wang Mang, 6, 13–16, 24–25, 33, 36–37, 85, Yao (ancient sage King), 21, 68, 77–78, 116, 137, 153–154, 178–179, 184, 120–121, 129, 193, 199, 205, 249, 264, 187–188, 195–207, 209–210, 246 278 Wang Shang, 28–29, 317 yáo,defined, 107 Wang Yu, 14 yâoniè,defined, 50 Wang Zhengjun (Empress Dowager Wang), yáoyán,defined, 107–110. see also portentous 33, 196–198, 206–207 talk Wang Zhi (Empress of Emperor Jing), 248 yellow dragon, 26, 37–38, 214, 267, 283–284, war rumors, 3 291, 293 Way of Great Peace, 83–85 Yen Keng-Wang, 152 Wei Qing, 114 Yin element, 56, 66, 98, 106, 219, 238 Wei Si, 97 Yin Min, 189, 200–208 Wei Xiao, 20, 202, 207 Yin Shang, 115 Wei Zifu, 114 Ying Shao, 38–39, 165 weird talk, 26–27 Ying Zheng (First Emperor of Qing), 9, 255 Wen, Duke, 258 Yinyang,29–31, 178–179, 186, 219, 239, 279, Wen, Emperor. see Liu Heng 294 ‘When the Capital Fancies Bouffant Hair, Hair Yu Yue, 257 Rises by One Chi Elsewhere,’ 131–132 Yuan, Emperor. see Liu Shi will, people’s, 125, 300 Yuan Shu, 212–213, 315 Witchcraft Calamity, 249 words in all children’s songs would come to Zang Gong, 80–81 pass, 230, 234, 313–314 Zhai Fangjin (Zhai Ziwei), 30, 116–117 written form of chen prophecies, 176–179 Zhai Yi, 24

Index 371

Zhang, Ai, 183–184 Zhao Xi, 158 Zhang, Emperor. see Liu Da Zhen Feng, 182 Zhang, Jiao, 84–85 Zhen Xun, 182 Zhang Anshi, 71 Zheng Qiao, 277–278 Zhang Ji, 167 Zheng Xing, 20–21 Zhang Kan, 157–158 Zheng Xuan, 9, 25–26, 216 Zhang Man, 213 Zhi Yun, 200–201 Zhang Renxi, 52–53, 86 Zhou, Duke of, 11–16 Zhang Shouwang, 65–67 Zhou Qun, 216–217 Zhang Tang, 63 Zhou Shu, 193–194 Zhang Xiu, 83 Zhou Ze, 139–140 Zhang Xuan, 202, 204 Zhou Zhang, 215 Zhao, Beauty, 248–249 Zhu Fu, 159–165 Zhao, Emperor. see Liu Fuling Zhu Maichen, 107 Zhao Feiyan, 221–222 Zhu Xi, 10, 283–284 Zhao Gao, 101 Zi Chan, 119–120 Zhao Gaunghan, 122 Zong Zi, 21–22