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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47926-4 — Rumor in the Early Chinese Empires Zongli Lu Index More Information Index abnormal/abnormalities The Blue Sky is dead; the Yellow Sky will decorations and writings, 201 stand, 84–85, 170, 289, 293, 309 disasters, 20–21, 31 Bo, Lady (Empress Dowager), 247–248 heading west, 35 Book of Changes, 50, 68, 103–105 physical characteristics, 181 Book of Documents,8–9, 11, 58, 118, 295 as portentous, 46–52 Book of Great Peace, with Green Headings,84 speech characteristics, 106, 286 Book of Odes, 17, 25–26, 58, 111 of state’s governance, 106 supernatural entities, 293–294 Cai Shu, 9, 11–16, 18, 43 weather, 217 Cai Yong, 85, 166 acceptance (of the people/by the people), Calendar of the Heavenly Official Scripture of 17–23, 283, 291 Great Peace with the Embodiment of the Accounts Clerks, 156, 302 Origin,79–84, 177–178 Ai, Emperor. see Liu Xin Cao Cao, 167–168, 214 Ai Zhang, 183–184, 188 Cao San, 112, 121–122 air currents, 173–176, 215, 217, 249–250, 252, central government supervision mechanism, 260–267, 290, 315 145–150 Allport, Gordon W., vii–viii, 306 Chao Fulin, 171 alternative historical truths, xii Chen Dan, 167–168 An, Emperor. see Liu Hu Chen Fan, 31, 226 apocryphal-prophetic texts. see chen Chen Hsueh-Ping, 8 prophecies Chen Jun, 158 archaic history, 279–281 Chen Ping, 89, 127 aristocratic gossip, 2 chen prophecies authorities’ response to portentous talk, 87, auto-suggestive, 45, 170 318–319 belief in, 206–218 coded chen prophecies, 190–195 Bai Juyi, 14 curses and, 185–186 Ban Biao, 205 defined, 169–172 Ban Gu, 12, 17, 50, 77 ‘The Deity in Heaven Bestows the Augury Ban Zhi, 137 that Reveals the Talisman of Red Words ‘Banishment for Portentousness and Evil,’ on the Stone,’ 196–201 90–100 divine revelation-type, 186–188 Bao Xuan, 146–147 forgeries and, 188–190 baseless talk, 8 forms (spoken, written, pictoral), 173–184, ‘Basic Annals of the First Emperor of the Qin,’ 289–290 57–60 ‘The One Wins the Throne not by Deceit,’ behavior morphologies of humans, 204–206 51–52 origin of, 185–195 ‘Bewildering the People and Recklessly portentous talk and, 67–72, 79–80 Creating Portentous Talk,’ 61–65 prophetic rhymes and, 240–244 Biographies of Exemplary Women, 103 psychology of belief in, 208–218 364 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47926-4 — Rumor in the Early Chinese Empires Zongli Lu Index More Information Index 365 self-fulfilling, 45, 170, 314 Deng Sui (Empress Dowager Deng), 212 utilitarian strategic considerations, 206–208 Diagram of the Yellow River, 178–180, Chen Sheng, 173–175, 177 191–203 Cheng, Emperor. see Liu Ao Discourses of the States, 49, 170, 219 Cheng, King, 11–12 disseminated talk. see also liuyan Cheng Jin, 21–22 consensus-building during spread of rumors, Classic of Great Peace with the Embodiment of 292–296 the Origin, 177–178 of Guan and Cai, 11–16, 18, 43 climate abnormalities, 51 introduction to, 4, 8–11 Collected Commentaries on the Book of Odes, official policies toward, 41–45 10, 283–284 unverifiable talk and, 286 Collected Discussions at the White Tiger Hall, divination, 241–242 52, 56 Divination of Portents Appended to Book of Collection of Transcribed Diagrams and Changes,50–51, 103–104 Scripts, 177, 194 divine possession and prophetic rhyme, collective memory, 127, 263, 265 236–238 Commentary and Discussion on the Five divine revelations, 186–188, 233–234 Agents in the Great Plan, 104–105 Dong Fu, 214–215 Commentary of Gongyang,67–69, 200–201 Dong Xian, 20, 36 Commentary of Guliang, 102 Dong Xuan, 158 Commentary of Zuo: the Fifteenth Year of Dong Zhongshu, 104 Duke Xi,47 Dong Zhuo, 55–56, 213, 228–229, 306–307 Commentary of Zuo: the Fifteenth Year of Dou Rong, 216 Duke Xuan, 293–294 Dou Wu, 225 Commentary of Zuo: the Fifth Year of Duke Xi, Dou Ying, 42 236 Du Qin, 13, 319 Commentary of Zuo: the Fourteenth Year of Du Qiong, 217, 291 Duke Zhuang,49 Du Yannian, 17–18 Commentary of Zuo: the Twenty-sixth Year of Du Ye, 34–35 Duke Zhao,47 Du Yu, 236, 277–278 communication studies, theory of, 295–296 Duo Ying, 135–136 Comprehensive Meaning of Customs and dynastic change, 68, 78, 195–196, 217, 262 Habits, 38, 318 Confucianism, 11, 22, 58, 141–142, 151, 242, earth-power and unverifiable talk, 36–39 317 Eastern Library’s Records of Han, 211–212, Confucius, 106, 110, 235 308 consensus-building during spread of rumors, edict tokens, 31–36 292–296 Enlightenment era, 2 crimes of slander and portentous talk, 54–100, erroneous talk, 25–26 102 Essay on Governing and Security,54–101, 153 criminalization of expression, 87 esthetic preferences of historians, 48 Critical Essays (Wang Chong), 58, 236–240, eulogizing songs and rhymes, 123 265, 305–306. see also Wang Chong eunuch power struggles, 27 current affair commentary in prophetic rhyme, Exoteric Traditions of the Han Version of the 233 Odes, 102–103 curses, 185–186, 314 eyan. see unverifiable talk Dai Changle, 74–76 facts and rumors, 306–310 decoding of chen prophecies, 314 Fan Pang, 166 defiant speech, 105–106 Fan Ye, 159, 205, 216 ‘The Deity in Heaven Bestows the Augury that Fan Zeng, 186 Reveals the Talisman of Red Words on fang,84 the Stone,’ 196–201 fangshi, 59, 79, 89, 177–178 delusion of people/masses, 4, 53, 57, 69–71, Farge, Arlette, 1–2 86, 90, 97–98, 190–202 Feng Li, 122 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47926-4 — Rumor in the Early Chinese Empires Zongli Lu Index More Information 366 Index Feng Meng, 213 Guliang School, 104–105 Feng Yewang, 122 Guo Pu, 27 First Emperor of Qing. see Ying Zheng Five Agents Theory, 36 Han Xin, 126 Five Powers, 36–37, 190–191, 196, 199–200. Han Yanshou, 124–125 see also Theory of the Rotational Changes heresy, 278, 286. see also portentous talk of the Five Powers historical narrative discourse strategy, 102–103 folk legends Historical Records of the Three Sovereigns and about Emperor Wen, 272–273 the Five Emperors, 280–281 about Liu An, 274 historical truth, meaning of, 279 correcting errors between stories and History of the Former Han, 12, 17, 27–28, 32, sayings, 270–274 51–52, 54, 73–77, 87–89, 112, 264, 277, Dongfang Shuo legend, 273–274 294 introduction to, 267 History of the Later Han,37–38, 48, 55, legends of deities and lords, 267–270 190–202, 215–216, 223–224, 227–228 ‘The Lord of the Dried Fish,’ 268–269 Hu Hai (Second emperor of Qin), 101 ‘The Lord of the Plum,’ 269 Huan, Emperor. see Liu Zhi myths and rumors, 275 Huo Guang, 12, 17–18, 69–72, 90, 219–220, public opinion perspective of folk songs and 293 rhymes, 300–301 Huoquan coin banning, 209 ‘Shrine of the Prefect of Ye,’ 270–272 ‘The Virtuous Stone Gentleman Deity,’ identity misplacements in society, 51 269–270 inappropriate talk, 53 folk rhymes, 49, 243 inauspicious words, 75–77 folk stories and folk sayings, 270–274 intellectual discourse in popular songs and folklore and conspiracy theories, 275 rhymes, 118–125 French Revolution, 1–2 ‘irrational’ narrative tendencies in historical Frye, Northrop, 279 texts, 278 Fu Su, 59–60 Fu Zhen, 80–81 Jia Yi, 54–102, 130–131, 153, 254–256 Jie, King, 102 Gan Ji, 55 Jing Fang, 103–104 Gan Zhongke, 79–84, 177–178, 185 Jing Ke, 111 gangmao charm, 199, 209 joke, 37–38, 217–218, 267, 270, 291 Gaozu, Emperor. see Liu Bang Garden of Tales, 103 Kapferer, Jean-Noël, 284, 309 ge,defined, 107 Kong Yingda, 9 Ge Kuanrao, 73–77, 104 The Glory of Yue,56–57 legitimacy Golden Coffer, 9 abuse of power, 145 Gong Yu, 150 challenges to, 201–202 Gongsun Shu, 182–183, 190–191, 194–195, chen prophecies and, 70, 291, 315 212–213, 223, 308–309, 315 children’s rhymes and, 121 Gongsun Zan, 229–231 collective memory and, 263 Gongyang School (of the Spring and Autumn deluding of people for, 190–202 Annals), 104 justification of, 79, 118, 120, 182–183, 197, The Grand Scribe’s Records,72–73, 113, 205–206 171–172, 174, 187, 253–256, 260–262, origin myths and, 275 264–265 people’s will and, 125, 300 Great Plan Theory of the Five Agents, political ethics, 43 45, 105 political myths, 54 Gu Yanwu, 42 political symbols, 245 Guan Fu, 135–136 political theories for rulers, 36 Guan Shu, 9, 11–16, 18, 43 of regular dynastic changes, 195–196 Guangwu, Emperor. see Liu Xiu transfer of power, 36–37, 217 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47926-4 — Rumor in the Early Chinese Empires Zongli Lu Index More Information Index 367 Letter to Sun Huizong,76–77 Liu Zhiji, 278 Li Si, 58, 86 Liu Zhuang (Emperor Ming), 55, 79–80 Li Xian, 31 liuyan, defined, 8–11, 17, 293. see also Li Xun, 30, 44–45, 170, 313–314 disseminated talk Lian Fan, 158–159 ‘The Lord of the Dried Fish,’ 268–269 Liang Ji, 143–144 ‘The Lord of the Plum,’ 269 Liang Yusheng, 259–260 Lu Jia, 256 Lin Yutang, 109 Lu Wenshu, 101–102 Ling, Emperor.
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  • Depiction of Xiongnu in Chinese Historical Texts

    Depiction of Xiongnu in Chinese Historical Texts

    The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology ISSN 2616-7433 Vol. 3, Issue 1: 52-55, DOI: 10.25236/FSST.2021.030109 Choice by Pertinence: Depiction of Xiongnu in Chinese Historical Texts Liang Geng Shanghai Yan’an High School, Shanghai, 200336, China [email protected] Abstract: This paper aims to discuss the depiction of Xiongnu in Chinese historical texts. The Han historians tended to oversimplify the polity of Xiongnu in their records while overlooking some crucial parts of the sophisticated political system, but disagreement remains as to why such oversimplification occurs. The historians never reduce the entire polity to its leader, Chanyu, but to an idealized hierarchy made up of both Chanyu and the lesser kings, the latter being neglected more by modern researchers than by the authors of these records. On the basis of such revision, it will be argued that chroniclers’ ignorance of the lesser kings is far from sufficient to account for their rare, and often scattered, appearance in the records. Alternatively, less relevance of these local leaders to Han Dynasty, especially when compared with Chanyu or the Xiongnu as a whole, is considered a more credible explanation for their being less frequently mentioned. Keywords: Xiongnu, Han Dynasty, Chanyu, Shiji, Hanshu, Lesser King 1. Introduction Chinese historical narratives, mainly Shiji and Hanshu, have long been viewed as the authoritative source in the studies of Xiongnu and their relationship with their southern neighbours, the Han Empire. However, recent archaeological excavations increasingly reveal the flaws of these Chinese texts, among which oversimplification of Xiongnu’s political structure is much debated.
  • Rethinking Chinese Kinship in the Han and the Six Dynasties: a Preliminary Observation

    Rethinking Chinese Kinship in the Han and the Six Dynasties: a Preliminary Observation

    part 1 volume xxiii • academia sinica • taiwan • 2010 INSTITUTE OF HISTORY AND PHILOLOGY third series asia major • third series • volume xxiii • part 1 • 2010 rethinking chinese kinship hou xudong 侯旭東 translated and edited by howard l. goodman Rethinking Chinese Kinship in the Han and the Six Dynasties: A Preliminary Observation n the eyes of most sinologists and Chinese scholars generally, even I most everyday Chinese, the dominant social organization during imperial China was patrilineal descent groups (often called PDG; and in Chinese usually “zongzu 宗族”),1 whatever the regional differences between south and north China. Particularly after the systematization of Maurice Freedman in the 1950s and 1960s, this view, as a stereo- type concerning China, has greatly affected the West’s understanding of the Chinese past. Meanwhile, most Chinese also wear the same PDG- focused glasses, even if the background from which they arrive at this view differs from the West’s. Recently like Patricia B. Ebrey, P. Steven Sangren, and James L. Watson have tried to challenge the prevailing idea from diverse perspectives.2 Some have proven that PDG proper did not appear until the Song era (in other words, about the eleventh century). Although they have confirmed that PDG was a somewhat later institution, the actual underlying view remains the same as before. Ebrey and Watson, for example, indicate: “Many basic kinship prin- ciples and practices continued with only minor changes from the Han through the Ch’ing dynasties.”3 In other words, they assume a certain continuity of paternally linked descent before and after the Song, and insist that the Chinese possessed such a tradition at least from the Han 1 This article will use both “PDG” and “zongzu” rather than try to formalize one term or one English translation.