DOCSLIB.ORG

UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Civil Laws and Civil Justice in Early China Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3mq614mv Author Zhang, Zhaoyang Publication Date 2010 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Civil Laws and Civil Justice in Early China By Zhaoyang Zhang A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History In the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Michael Nylan, Chair Professor David Johnson Professor David Cohen Fall 2010 Copyright 2010 by Zhang, Zhaoyang All rights reserved Abstract Civil Laws and Civil Justice in Early China by Zhaoyang Zhang Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Michael Nylan, Chair Civil laws and civil justice in early China have not received sufficient scholarly attention, because scholars tend to assume that laws in pre-modern China were merely criminal laws promulgated and enforced to maintain public order. This dissertation challenges that view by analyzing excavated evidence and reexamining transmitted evidence. Chapter One establishes the existence of civil laws in early China by examining non- criminal case reports preserved in the Juyan 居延 strips and by assessing the role of district bailiffs in handling civil disputes. Chapter Two further demonstrates the existence of civil laws and reveals the civil justice system by studying domestic statutes and how two cases of inheritance disputes preserved in the Comprehensive Discussion of Customs (Fengsu tongyi 風俗通義, comp. ca. 200) illustrate the application of these statutes. Chapter Three examines two important civil legal concepts: zhi 直 (a straight account of the facts) and mingfen 名分 (title and portion) to reveal the underlining notions that uniformly guided the application of the civil laws. Chapter Four, the concluding chapter, goes beyond the boundaries of civil laws to address larger issues, such as the legal ideal of reforming people’s morals to reduce lawsuits, the relationship between rituals and laws, and the Classics as a source of legal authority in litigations. Overall, I conclude that civil laws and civil justice existed in early China; and that this distinctive body of civil laws, while not systematically codified, were substantial, sophisticated, and empire-wide in application and authority. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract......................................................................................................................... 1 Table of Contents.............................……….................................................................. i Acknowledgements....................................................................................................... ii Introduction.................................................................................................................. iii Chapter One: The Existence of Civil Laws in Early China................….............…..... 1 Chapter Two: Chapter Two: Domestic Justice System.....................…................….. 37 Chapter Three: The Legal Concepts Zhi and Mingfen ...........…...........................… 72 Concluding Chapter: Beyond Civil Laws….........………………………………….106 Appendix 1: The Case of Li 栗 vs. Kou En 寇恩 (A.D. 28)...........................…….. 137 Appendix 2: A Survey on Juyan Legal Cases........................………………………141 Appendix 3: A Tentative Study on “Divine Trials”………….………….....……….146 Appendix 4: The Demand of Ordinary People for Justice……………………….…149 Bibliography.............................................................................................................. 155 i Acknowledgments Throughout the process of writing this dissertation, I have received invaluable help from many individuals: my advisors, fellow Ph.D. students, English tutors, and many others in various ways. I would like to take this opportunity to recognize my debts to all of them. I would like to thank all my advisors and teachers, and two of them, in particular. Professor Michael Nylan is always supportive of my research and encourages me to take up challenges. Without her encouragement and guidance, I couldn’t possibly have completed my Ph.D. studies and my dissertation project. Professor David Johnson has given me invaluable advice in helping me better shape my arguments and articulate my ideas in his seminars and during the process of my dissertation writing. Thanks to both of them for their help and support. I would also like to thank my fellow Ph.D. students, especially Amanda Buster, Luke Habberstad, and Xing Hang who have read pieces of my writing and given me their critiques. Xing Hang also helped me to relieve my anxieties and stress by introducing to me now my favorite frozen yogurt and the Bay Area’s great restaurants. I thank my two English tutors, Michael Rodriguez and his wife Janet who voluntarily helped me to improve my English skills. I should also thank Robert Litz, who helped me to polish my writing. I should thank all the staff at East Asian Library. In particular, Jianye He, Kaichun Guo, and Bruce Williams (and his wife Meiling). They greatly facilitated my research by helping me track down references and suggesting new books to me. At last, I am greatly grateful to my parents for their support and family education that have shaped my basic values and my belief in hard work. Zhang Zhaoyang September 1st, 2010 ii Introduction The nature, reach, and application of civil laws and civil justice in early China have not received the scholarly attention the subject deserves. To date, the general scholarly consensus has been to see the official legal apparatus for early China, and indeed, all of pre-modern China, as devoted exclusively to the administration of criminal justice. That same scholarly consensus until recently assumed that all civil matters were settled by custom or usage. For example, Ōba Osamu 大庭脩, in his influential work, Shin Kan hōseishi no kenkyū 秦漢法制史の研究 (Research regarding the Laws of the Qin and Han, 1982), quotes and agrees with his predecessor Tanaka Kaoru’s 田中薰 opinion that pre-modern China developed a unique legal system which Ōba and Tanaka designate as a statute-ordinance system (Lüling 律令). In this system, the laws could be divided into two parts: statutes (lü 律) and ordinances (ling 令). Statutes regulated the punishment of criminals, while ordinances comprised regulations similar to administrative laws.1 Such characterizations do not consider the possible existence of civil laws and civil justice in the legal system. Similarly, A. F. P. Hulsewé, concluded in 1986: It is characteristic for the whole of traditional Chinese law as embodied in the codes that it is solely concerned with public matters, being administrative and penal. Private law, pertaining to the family and to trade and commerce other than the state monopolies, remained outside the field of regimentation by public authorities and continued to be ruled by custom and usage.2 And, as recently as 2006, Michael Loewe wrote, The statutes and ordinances of Qin and Han did not set out to protect men and women from the oppression of officials, though such intentions are sometimes visible in their provisions. Their purpose was to maintain law and order and to control the people and their work on the land. Carefully regulated sanctions and punishments instructed officials how to eliminate crime.3 Understandably, these scholars, prior to the most recent excavations, drew their conclusions from the fact that the transmitted laws of pre-modern China and even the excavated Qin laws (dated 306-217 B.C.) from Shuihudi 睡虎地 in 19754 are 1 Ōba Osamu 大庭脩, Shin Kan hōseishi no kenkyū 秦漢法制史の研究 (Tōkyō: Sōbunsha, 1982), 5- 19. Ōba’s work was prior to the Zhangjiashan excavation. I will discuss how the effect of the Zhangjiashan excavation has had upon the legal history of early China in this introduction. 2 The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 1: The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.-A.D. 220, eds. Michael Loewe and Denis Twitchett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) [Hereafter CHC], 525. 3 Michael Loewe, The Government of the Qin and Han Empires (Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 2006), 120. 4 For the Shuihudi legal documents, See Shuihudi Qinmu zhujian 睡虎地秦墓竹簡, ed. Shuihudi Qinmu zhujian Zhengli xiaozu 睡虎地秦墓竹簡整理小組 (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 1990) [Hereafter, SHD]. The SHD documents are rich and detailed in content and diverse in types, and they iii apparently preoccupied with public matters. A cursory look at the excavated Qin laws or the better-known transmitted Tang Code illustrates their preoccupation with penal laws.5 Evidence excavated from Zhangjiashan 張家山, first published in 2001, however, offers an opportunity to reassess and revise this view.6 The Zhangjiashan strips were excavated from Tomb 247 at Jiangling 江陵, Hubei 湖北 by archaeologists from the Jingzhou 荊州 Museum in 1983. There are 1,236 strips in total, dated from 202 to 186 B.C.7 These finds were first reported in the Wenwu 文物 in 1985, with the full set of strips published in 2001 in the Zhangjiashan Hanmu zhujian 張家山漢墓竹簡 (Strips from a Han Tomb at Zhangjiashan), with a revised edition in 2006.8 The editors classified the strips into eight texts mostly under their original titles, of which the Zouyan shu 奏讞書 (Reports of Cases to Be Reviewed, 228 strips in total) and Ernian lü ling 二年律令 (The Statutes and Ordinances
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47926-4 — Rumor in the Early Chinese Empires Zongli Lu Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47926-4 — Rumor in the Early Chinese Empires Zongli Lu Index More Information Index abnormal/abnormalities The Blue Sky is dead; the Yellow Sky will decorations and writings, 201 stand, 84–85, 170, 289, 293, 309 disasters, 20–21, 31 Bo, Lady (Empress Dowager), 247–248 heading west, 35 Book of Changes, 50, 68, 103–105 physical characteristics, 181 Book of Documents,8–9, 11, 58, 118, 295 as portentous, 46–52 Book of Great Peace, with Green Headings,84 speech characteristics, 106, 286 Book of Odes, 17, 25–26, 58, 111 of state’s governance, 106 supernatural entities, 293–294 Cai Shu, 9, 11–16, 18, 43 weather, 217 Cai Yong, 85, 166 acceptance (of the people/by the people), Calendar of the Heavenly Official Scripture of 17–23, 283, 291 Great Peace with the Embodiment of the Accounts Clerks, 156, 302 Origin,79–84, 177–178 Ai, Emperor. see Liu Xin Cao Cao, 167–168, 214 Ai Zhang, 183–184, 188 Cao San, 112, 121–122 air currents, 173–176, 215, 217, 249–250, 252, central government supervision mechanism, 260–267, 290, 315 145–150 Allport, Gordon W., vii–viii, 306 Chao Fulin, 171 alternative historical truths, xii Chen Dan, 167–168 An, Emperor. see Liu Hu Chen Fan, 31, 226 apocryphal-prophetic texts. see chen Chen Hsueh-Ping, 8 prophecies Chen Jun, 158 archaic history, 279–281 Chen Ping, 89, 127 aristocratic gossip, 2 chen prophecies authorities’ response to portentous talk, 87, auto-suggestive, 45, 170 318–319 belief in, 206–218 coded chen prophecies, 190–195 Bai Juyi, 14 curses and, 185–186 Ban Biao, 205 defined,
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 9773
    Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 9773 Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science LNAI Series Editors Randy Goebel University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Yuzuru Tanaka Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Wolfgang Wahlster DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany LNAI Founding Series Editor Joerg Siekmann DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/1244 De-Shuang Huang • Kyungsook Han Abir Hussain (Eds.) Intelligent Computing Methodologies 12th International Conference, ICIC 2016 Lanzhou, China, August 2–5, 2016 Proceedings, Part III 123 Editors De-Shuang Huang Abir Hussain Tongji University Liverpool John Moores University Shanghai Liverpool China UK Kyungsook Han Inha University Incheon Korea (Republic of) ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence ISBN 978-3-319-42296-1 ISBN 978-3-319-42297-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42297-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016943870 LNCS Sublibrary: SL7 – Artificial Intelligence © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Program of CCC2020
    第三十九届中国控制会议 The 39th Chinese Control Conference 程序册 Final Program 主办单位 中国自动化学会控制理论专业委员会 中国自动化学会 中国系统工程学会 承办单位 东北大学 CCC2020 Sponsoring Organizations Technical Committee on Control Theory, Chinese Association of Automation Chinese Association of Automation Systems Engineering Society of China Northeastern University, China 2020 年 7 月 27-29 日，中国·沈阳 July 27-29, 2020, Shenyang, China Proceedings of CCC2020 IEEE Catalog Number: CFP2040A -USB ISBN: 978-988-15639-9-6 CCC2020 Copyright and Reprint Permission: This material is permitted for personal use. For any other copying, reprint, republication or redistribution permission, please contact TCCT Secretariat, No. 55 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. All rights reserved. Copyright@2020 by TCCT. 目录 (Contents) 目录 (Contents) ................................................................................................................................................... i 欢迎辞 (Welcome Address) ................................................................................................................................1 组织机构 (Conference Committees) ...................................................................................................................4 重要信息 (Important Information) ....................................................................................................................11 口头报告与张贴报告要求 (Instruction for Oral and Poster Presentations) .....................................................12 大会报告 (Plenary Lectures).............................................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • The Forbidden Classic of the Jade Hall: a Study of an Eleventh-Century Compendium on Calligraphic Technique
    forbidden classic of the jade hall pietro de laurentis The Forbidden Classic of the Jade Hall: A Study of an Eleventh-century Compendium on Calligraphic Technique pecific texts regarding the scripts of the Chinese writing system and S the art of calligraphy began appearing in China at the end of the first century ce.1 Since the Postface to the Discussion of Single Characters and Explanation of Compound Characters (Shuowen jiezi xu 說文解字序) by Xu Shen 許慎 (ca. 55–ca. 149),2 and the Description 3 of the Cursive Script I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Ms. Chin Ching Soo for having provided sharp comments to the text, for having polished my English, and for having made the pres- ent paper much more readable. I would also like to thank Howard L. Goodman for his help in rendering several tricky passages from Classical Chinese into English. 1 On the origin of calligraphic texts, see Zhang Tiangong 張天弓, “Gudai shulun de zhao- shi: cong Ban Chao dao Cui Yuan” 古 代 書 論 的 肇 始：從 班 超 到 崔 瑗 , Shufa yanjiu 書法研究 (2003.3), pp. 64–76. 2 Completed in 100 ce; postface included in the Anthology of the Calligraphy Garden (Shu yuan jinghua 書苑菁華), 20 juan, edited by Chen Si 陳思 (fl. 13th c.), preface by Wei Liaoweng 魏了翁 (1178–1237), reproduction of the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279) edition published in the series Zhonghua zaizao shanben 中華再造善本 (Beijing: Beijing tushuguan chubanshe, 2003), j. 16. English translation by Kenneth Thern, Postface of the Shuo-wen Chieh-tzu (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1966), pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Jinfan Zhang the Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law the Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law
    Jinfan Zhang The Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law The Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law Jinfan Zhang The Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law Chief translator Zhang Lixin Other translators Yan Chen Li Xing Zhang Ye Xu Hongfen Jinfan Zhang China University of Political Science and Law Beijing , People’s Republic of China Sponsored by Chinese Fund for the Humanities and Social Sciences (本书获中华社会科学基金中华外译项目资助) ISBN 978-3-642-23265-7 ISBN 978-3-642-23266-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-23266-4 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014931393 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center.
    [Show full text]
  • Text and Its Cultural Interpretation
    TEXT AND ITS CULTURAL INTERPRETATION I. Alimov MORE ABOUT SUN GUANG-XIAN AND BEI MENG SUO YAN1* There is very little information remaining about Sun “Generations [of the Song family] worked on the Guang-xian (孫光憲, 895?—968, second name land, but only Guang-xian began studying diligently Meng-wen 孟文, pen-name Baoguang-zi 葆光子); from a young age”, even his exact date of birth is not known [1]. His life- time came at the very end of the Tang rule, the period it is stated in Song dynastic history. Sun Guang-xian of the Five Dynasties and the first years of the Song was the first in his family who resolved to escape from dynasty. Information on where Sun came from is also poverty, and set his mind on science, book-learning, contradictory: well-known Song bibliophile Chen arts and achieved considerable results in these areas. Zheng-sun (陳振孫, 1190—1249) wrote in his bibliog- He followed the path of an official: he successfully raphy [2] that Sun Guang-xian was originally from passed the examinations and joined the public service Guiping in the region of Lingzhou (in the north-east and his first appointment the post of administrative part of what now is the Renshouxian district of assistant of his home region of Lingzhou [6]. The au- Sichuan province) [3], and the meagre biography of thor of “Springs and Autumns of the Ten Kingdoms”, Sun Guang-xian in Song dynastic history (j. 483) says Qing historian Wu Zhi-yi (吳志伊, second half of the same. Still, one of the most well-known works by 17th—first half of 18th century), says that it was at the him Bei meng suo yan (北夢瑣言, “Short Sayings from end of the rule of the Tang dynasty.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Luo Yin's Writings of Slandering Shiwei Zhou a Thesis
    Understanding “Slandering”: A Study of Luo Yin’s Writings of Slandering Shiwei Zhou A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Washington 2020 Committee: Ping Wang William G. Boltz Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Asian Languages and Literature ©Copyright 2020 Shiwei Zhou 2 University of Washington Abstract Understanding “Slandering”: A Study of Luo Yin’s Writings of Slandering Shiwei Zhou Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Ping Wang Department of Asian Languages and Literature This thesis is an attempt to study a collection of fifty-eight short essays-Writings of Slandering- written and compiled by the late Tang scholar Luo Yin. The research questions are who are slandered, why are the targets slandered, and how. The answering of the questions will primarily rely on textual studies, accompanied by an exploration of the tradition of “slandering” in the literati’s world, as well as a look at Luo Yin’s career and experience as a persistent imperial exam taker. The project will advance accordingly: In the introduction, I will examine the concept of “slandering” in terms of how the Chinese literati associate themselves with it and the implications of slandering or being slandered. Also, I will try to explain how Luo Yin fits into the picture. Chapter two will focus on the studies of the historical background of the mid-to-late Tang period and the themes of the essays. Specifically, it will spell out the individuals, the group of people, and the political and social phenomenon slandered in the essays.
    [Show full text]
  • Han Dynasty Classicism and the Making of Early Medieval Literati Culture
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2013 In Pursuit of the Great Peace: Han Dynasty Classicism and the Making of Early Medieval Literati Culture Lu Zhao University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Asian History Commons Recommended Citation Zhao, Lu, "In Pursuit of the Great Peace: Han Dynasty Classicism and the Making of Early Medieval Literati Culture" (2013). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 826. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/826 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/826 For more information, please contact [email protected]. In Pursuit of the Great Peace: Han Dynasty Classicism and the Making of Early Medieval Literati Culture Abstract This dissertation is focused on communities of people in the Han dynasty (205 B.C.-A.D. 220) who possessed the knowledge of a corpus of texts: the Five Classics. Previously scholars have understood the popularity of this corpus in the Han society as a result of stiff ideology and imperial propaganda. However, this approach fails to explain why the imperial government considered them effective to convey propaganda in the first place. It does not capture the diverse range of ideas in classicism. This dissertation concentrates on Han classicists and treats them as scholars who constantly competed for attention in intellectual communities and solved problems with innovative solutions that were plausible to their contemporaries. This approach explains the nature of the apocryphal texts, which scholars have previously referred to as shallow and pseudo-scientific.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil Laws and Civil Justice in Early China by Zhaoyang Zhang A
    Civil Laws and Civil Justice in Early China By Zhaoyang Zhang A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History In the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Michael Nylan, Chair Professor David Johnson Professor David Cohen Fall 2010 Copyright 2010 by Zhang, Zhaoyang All rights reserved Abstract Civil Laws and Civil Justice in Early China by Zhaoyang Zhang Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Michael Nylan, Chair Civil laws and civil justice in early China have not received sufficient scholarly attention, because scholars tend to assume that laws in pre-modern China were merely criminal laws promulgated and enforced to maintain public order. This dissertation challenges that view by analyzing excavated evidence and reexamining transmitted evidence. Chapter One establishes the existence of civil laws in early China by examining non- criminal case reports preserved in the Juyan 居延 strips and by assessing the role of district bailiffs in handling civil disputes. Chapter Two further demonstrates the existence of civil laws and reveals the civil justice system by studying domestic statutes and how two cases of inheritance disputes preserved in the Comprehensive Discussion of Customs (Fengsu tongyi 風俗通義, comp. ca. 200) illustrate the application of these statutes. Chapter Three examines two important civil legal concepts: zhi 直 (a straight account of the facts) and mingfen 名分 (title and portion) to reveal the underlining notions that uniformly guided the application of the civil laws. Chapter Four, the concluding chapter, goes beyond the boundaries of civil laws to address larger issues, such as the legal ideal of reforming people’s morals to reduce lawsuits, the relationship between rituals and laws, and the Classics as a source of legal authority in litigations.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Biographies of Eastern Han Women As Found in Hou Han Shu Lienü Zhuan
    Strong Minds, Creative Lives: A Study of the Biographies of Eastern Han Women as Found in Hou Han shu lienü zhuan Ana Teresa Sellés González Department of East Asian Studies McGill University, Montréal October, 2009 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree © Ana Teresa Sellés González Acknowledgments Writing this thesis has been a genuinely collective endeavor, whose completion has rested on the magnanimity of colleagues, friends and family. Since my first day at the Department of East Asian Studies at McGill University, Suan Ong has helped me navigate the subtleties of graduate school, keeping me on task and grounded. I am also grateful for the camaraderie of my colleagues Eavan Cully, Rongdao Lai, Margaret Ng, and Afra Tucker. I feel inestimable gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Griet Vankeerberghen, for her patient guidance and generous assistance with the very many drafts. I consider myself privileged to be surrounded by friends who cheerfully and selflessly dedicated their time and energies towards this project: Samia Aisha remains a constant source of encouragement; Dr.María Arrieta, Imane Essrifi, Haoua Mamoudou, Dr. Louai Razzouk, and Flore Saget simultaneously gifted me French translations of the abstract; Ugurgul Tunc tirelessly remained at my side during the decisive moments of the anchor leg. I am exceptionally indebted to M. Essam Hallak, who never fails to remind me every time I forget. Most importantly, I thank my mother, Rita González, whose limitless support makes possible all my endeavors and my brother Francisco Sellés for putting things in their due perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Roadway Size and Layout on Stability of Surrounding Rock
    Effect of Roadway Size and Layout on Stability of Surrounding Rock Chengdong Tian Postgraduate Student, State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116 China; e-mail: [email protected] Haibo Bai * Professor, State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116 China; *Corresponding Author, e-mail: [email protected] Jing Qi Postgraduate Student, State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116 China; e-mail: [email protected] Yanmeng Wang Postgraduate Student, State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116 China; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT In order to study the surrounding rock stress, plastic zone and deformation characteristics under the influence of the size and layout of roadway, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are adopted to analyze the impact of different section sizes and angles between tunnel axis and the maximum horizontal principal stress direction on stress and deformation characteristics of surrounding rock. The results show that the roadway section size and the angle between the tunnel axis and the maximum horizontal principal stress have a great effect on stress and deformation characteristics of surrounding rock. The decrease of span-depth ratio has a more influence on the sides of roadway, making the stress concentration degree and range increase, which is the main concern; The increase of angle between tunnel axis and the maximum horizontal principal stress can cause horizontal principal stress asymmetric on both sides, increasing the stress concentration degree in roof-floor, which makes the roadway deformation become obvious.
    [Show full text]
  • Intercity Migration in China: a Recurrent-Event Duration Analysis of Repeat Migration
    Manuscript Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society doi:10.1093/cjres/rsw025 Intercity migration in China: a recurrent-event duration analysis of repeat migration Ming Tiana, Zheng Tianb and Brian Cushingc Downloaded from aSchool of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China, [email protected] bInternational School of Economics and Management, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing 100070, China, [email protected] cDepartment of Economics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA, brian. http://cjres.oxfordjournals.org/ [email protected] Received on September 22, 2015; accepted on April 6, 2016 This paper focuses on repeat migration of migrant workers in China. We explore repeat migration from the perspective of the duration of each migration stage in one’s migration history. The main methodology is a recurrent-event Cox proportional hazard (PH) duration at Beijing Normal University Library on October 20, 2016 model that examines the effects of both time-independent and time-dependent variables on the potential for repeat migration. We also assess the PH assumption for time-independent variables. We find that the age of first migration, the accompaniment of family members and the types and location of destination cities have significant effects on the potential of migrants’ subsequent movements to other cities. Keywords: repeat migration, Chinese rural migrants, recurrent-event duration model JEL Classifications: R23, C41, O15 Introduction migration policies regarding the magnitude and Massive rural–urban migration in China is an direction of migration flows. This article focuses important feature of Chinese labour markets. on repeat migration of Chinese migrant work- The migration process is complex, involving ini- ers from the perspective of the duration of each tial movement outside a migrant’s place of ori- stage in one’s migration history.
    [Show full text]