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Effect of Roadway Size and Layout on Stability of Surrounding Rock

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Effect of Roadway Size and Layout on Stability of Surrounding Rock Effect of Roadway Size and Layout on Stability of Surrounding Rock Chengdong Tian Postgraduate Student, State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116 China; e-mail: [email protected] Haibo Bai * Professor, State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116 China; *Corresponding Author, e-mail: [email protected] Jing Qi Postgraduate Student, State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116 China; e-mail: [email protected] Yanmeng Wang Postgraduate Student, State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116 China; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT In order to study the surrounding rock stress, plastic zone and deformation characteristics under the influence of the size and layout of roadway, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are adopted to analyze the impact of different section sizes and angles between tunnel axis and the maximum horizontal principal stress direction on stress and deformation characteristics of surrounding rock. The results show that the roadway section size and the angle between the tunnel axis and the maximum horizontal principal stress have a great effect on stress and deformation characteristics of surrounding rock. The decrease of span-depth ratio has a more influence on the sides of roadway, making the stress concentration degree and range increase, which is the main concern; The increase of angle between tunnel axis and the maximum horizontal principal stress can cause horizontal principal stress asymmetric on both sides, increasing the stress concentration degree in roof-floor, which makes the roadway deformation become obvious. KEYWORDS: drift layout; span-depth ratio; maximum principal stress; FLAC3D - 2325 - Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. J 2326 INTRODUCTION For there are many kinds of factors that affect the stability of roadway surrounding rock, including not only the in-situ rock stress field, geological structure and physical and mechanical properties of rock mass, but also the size and layout. In recent years, with the shallow coal seam less and less, deeper underground space develops rapidly, leading to the roadway be in a high stress state, adding the influence of fault, collapse column and the complex geological conditions, such as groundwater, increasing the risk of disaster in underground engineering, and bringing a great difficulty in maintaining the stability of roadway surrounding rock. Currently, researchers in many countries have studied about the stability of roadway surrounding rock under the influence of the size and layout, and have achieved abundant results. Size and direction of horizontal stress are important factors which affect the stability of surrounding rock. Especially near the geological structure such as faults, with the mining depth increasing, there will be a strong connection between the deformation and failure of tunnel roof and floor and the direction of high horizontal stress[1-8]. Studies have shown that the maximum principal stress in surrounding rock will be greatly reduced, when the angle between tunnel axis direction and the maximum horizontal principal stress is less than 25°[9-10]. At the moment, the designers just have focused on support pattern and determination of parameters for maintaining the stability of roadway. For the section size and layout, research is inadequate. But the interplay of the two factors has a great influence on the stability of roadway surrounding rock in the process of digging. Only one of the factors taken into consideration, there will be a difference between the result and actual situation. Therefore, this paper mainly studies the stability of surrounding rock under the influence of the cooperation of roadway size and layout. MECHANICAL ANALYSIS Many researchers have shown that the span-depth ratio is an important factor which affects the stability of surrounding rock of roadway. Because the horizontal crustal stress is directional, it has a great influence on the mine safety. Based on the field measurement, it has shown that the horizontal stress is greater than the vertical stress in many cases, and the maximum horizontal principal stress is significantly greater than the minimum. What’s more, the maximum horizontal principal stress is 2 times bigger than the vertical stress[11-13]. So attention should be paid to the stability of surrounding rock of roadway caused by the angle between tunnel axis and the maximum horizontal principal stress. The maximum and minimum horizontal principal stress in the original rock stress q q q field are respectively designated as 1 and 2 , and the vertical principal stress is 3 . Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. J 2327 Analysis of Effect of Ground Stress Field on Roadway Roof and Floor The horizontal stress in original rock stress field is one of the important factors which influence the stability of the roadway in roof and floor. When horizontal stress is greater than vertical stress, q destruction tends to occur in roof and floor. If the maximum horizontal principal stress 1 is parallel to the tunnel axis, horizontal stress will have a minimal impact on roof and floor, thus its stability is q the best. As the angle between the maximum horizontal principal stress 1 and tunnel axis increases gradually, stress concentration will appear at one side of roof and floor, leading to deformation and q failure; When roadway axis is perpendicular to the maximum horizontal principal stress 1 , horizontal stress will have the most influence on roadway roof and floor, resulting in the stability of roof and floor being the worst. Analysis of Effect of Ground Stress Field on Surrounding Rock at Both Sides of Roadway Surrounding rock failure is mainly caused by shear stress and tensile stress. The smaller the q difference between horizontal normal stress v and vertical stress on both sides of the roadway’s borders, the better for maintaining the stability of the roadway will be. For different in-situ rock stress field, the optimum angle between tunnel axis and the maximum horizontal principal stress is different. qqq>> qq= When 123, only to make v 2 , that the roadway axis is parallel to the direction of q maximum principal stress 1 ，it’s the most appropriate axis direction, which is beneficial to qqq>> qq= maintain the stability of roadway on both sides. When 312, only to make v 1 , that the q roadway axis is perpendicular to the direction of maximum principal stress 1 , it’s the most appropriate axis direction in favor of maintaining the stability of roadway on both sides. When qqq>> α 132, based on the two-direction tress on horizontal plane, there is an angle 1 between the qq= maximum horizontal principal stress and tunnel axis to make v 3 , and the angle is: 1 qq+ -2 q α = arccos 13 2 1 2-qq 13 （1） Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. J 2328 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NUMERICAL MODEL Software Introduction and Principle FLAC3D is a three-dimensional Lagrange finite difference program. Combined with the mixed discrete method, taking the area of hexahedral element node for calculating object, by the virtual work principle, the calculation equation of motion will be solved in time domain from stress and external force, and the equations in the application of finite difference method are the following: （1）The node equation of motion is expressed as: ∂vl Ftl () i = i l ∂tm （2） where F is unbalanced force component of node at t time in i direction, deduced by virtual work principle, m is the lumped mass of l node. （2）Compatibility equation is deduced by the rate for unit strain increment of a time step, and it is given as follows: 1 ∆=eij() vv i,, j + j i ∆ t 2 （3） where v is the speed of one point in the medium. For the boundary condition, when the model is in different stress fields, the most suitable angle between roadway axis and the maximum horizontal principal stress to maintain the stability of roadway is different. Therefore, while using FLAC3D to simulate, it is needed to determine the angle between roadway axis and the maximum horizontal principal stress by changing the stress boundary conditions of model. Numeric Calculation Model Simplifying the other unnecessary interference factors, two factors are mainly considered in the establishment of numerical model, which are span-depth ratio and the angle between tunnel axis and the maximum horizontal principal stress. The rock formations are regarded as homogeneous and isotropic, regardless of the unevenness and discontinuity caused by crack, structural plane and weak interlayer. Considering the limitation of computer memory and Saint-Venant Principle, only a limited range is obviously influenced in rock excavation, so the roadway’s characteristics of force and displacement must be fully embodied in the process of modeling. What’s more, the running speed of computer is important. According to the principles, numerical simulation model is established. The geometric size is 40m×40m×40m (length×width×height).The buried depth is about 350 m. The Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion is used in calculation. The coal and rock physical mechanical parameters are shown in Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. J 2329 Table 1. Based on the analyze of horizontal ground stress status, the maximum and minimum horizontal principal
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