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MEDIEVAL WORLD from the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade W@ The History of the M E D I E V A L WORLD % Also by Susan Wise Bauer The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome (W. W. Norton, 2007) The Well-Educated Mind: A Guide to the Classical Education You Never Had (W. W. Norton, 2003) The Story of the World: History for the Classical Child (Peace Hill Press) Volume I: Ancient Times (rev. ed., 2006) Volume II: The Middle Ages (rev. ed. 2007) Volume III: Early Modern Times (2004) Volume IV: The Modern Age (2005) The Complete Writer:Writing with Ease (Peace Hill Press, 2008) The Art of the Public Grovel: Sexual Sina and Public Confession in America (Princeton University Press, 2008) With Jessie Wise The Well-Trained Mind: A Guide to Classical Education at Home (rev. ed., W. W. Norton, 2009) The History of the MEDIEVAL WORLD From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade W@ S u s a n W i s e B a u e r B W . W . Norton New York London Copyright © 2010 by Susan Wise Bauer All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First Edition For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to Permissions, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110. Maps designed by Susan Wise Bauer and Sarah Park and created by Sarah Park Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all the copyright notices, pages 000–000 constitute an extension of the copyright page. Manufacturing by Book Design by Margaret M. Wagner Page Makeup: Carole Desnoes Production Manager: Julia Druskin Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bauer, S. Wise Title / Susan Wise Bauer. — 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN- (hbk.) ISBN- (hbk.) W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110 W.W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T3QT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 For Ben Contents % List of Maps xv List of Illustrations xix Acknowledgments xxi Part One UNITY 1 One One Empire, Under God 4 The Roman empire, 312–330 3 Two Seeking the Mandate of Heaven 4 China, 313–402 12 Three An Empire of the Mind 4 India, 319–415 21 Four The Persian Threat 4 The Roman empire, the Persian empire, eastern Africa, and Arabia, 325–361 28 Five The Apostate 4 The Roman empire and the Persian empire, 361–364 36 Six Earthquake and Invasion 4 The Roman empire, the islands of Britain, and the Germanic territories, 364–376 41 Seven Refounding the Kingdom 4 The kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, 371–412 51 Eight The Catholic Church 4 The Roman empire, 378–382 56 Part T wo FRACTURES 61 Nine Excommunicated 4 The Roman empire, the islands of Britain, and the Persian empire, 383–392 63 Ten Cracked in Two 4 The Roman empire, 392–396 72 Eleven The Sack of Rome 4 The western Roman empire and the eastern Roman empire, 396–410 77 ix x Contents Twelve One Nature versus Two 4 The eastern Roman empire and the Persian empire, 408–431 85 Thirteen Seeking a Homeland 4 The western Roman empire and the Germanic territories, 410–418 91 Fourteen The Gupta Decline 4 India, 415–480 95 Fifteen Northern Ambitions 4 China, 420–464 100 Sixteen The Huns 4 The western Roman empire, the eastern Roman empire, the Germanic territories, the lands of the Huns, Hispania, and North Africa, 423–450 106 Seventeen Attila 4 The western Roman empire, the eastern Roman empire, the Germanic territories, and the lands of the Huns, 450–455 115 Eighteen Orthodoxy 4 The eastern Roman empire and the Persian empire, 451–454 120 Nineteen The High Kings 4 The islands of Britain, 451–470 125 Twenty The End of the Roman Myth 4 The western Roman empire and the Germanic territories, 454–476 132 Part T hree NEW POWERS 141 Twenty-One The Ostrogoths 4 The eastern Roman empire and Italy, 457–493 143 Twenty-Two Byzantium 4 The eastern Roman empire and the Persian empire, 471–518 150 Twenty-Three Aspirations 4 China and the kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, 471–527 159 Twenty-Four Resentment 4 China, 479–534 165 Twenty-Five Elected Kings 4 The kingdoms of the Franks, the Visigoths, the Vandals, the Ostrogoths, and the British, 481–531 172 Twenty-Six Invasion and Eruption 4 India and the southeastern islands of Sumatra and Java, 497–535 180 Twenty-Seven The Americas 4 Mesoamerica, c. 500–600 186 Twenty-Eight Great and Holy Majesty 4 Eastern Africa, Arabia, the Persian empire, and the Byzantine empire, 510–529 193 Twenty-Nine Pestilence 4 The Persian empire, the Byzantine empire, North Africa, and Italy, 532–544 203 Contents xi Thirty The Heavenly Sovereign 4 The kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla, and Yamato Japan, 536–602 215 Thirty-One Reunification 4 China and Goguryeo, 546–612 223 Thirty-Two The South Indian Kings 4 India, 543–620 231 Thirty-Three Two Emperors 4 Italy, the kingdom of the Visigoths, the eastern Roman empire, the Persian empire, and Arabia, 551–579 237 Thirty-Four The Mayors of the Palaces 4 The kingdom of the Franks, 558–656 246 Thirty-Five Gregory the Great 4 Italy and the islands of Britain, 572–604 255 Thirty-Six The Persian Crusade 4 The eastern Roman empire, the Persian empire, and various kingdoms of Slavs, Bulgars, Avars, and Khazars, 589–632 261 Thirty-Seven The Prophet 4 Arabia, 590–622 273 Thirty-Eight Tang Dominance 4 China, Japan, the Turkish Khaghanates, and the kingdoms of Tibet, Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla, 622–676 282 Thirty-Nine The Tribe of Faith 4 Arabia, 622–642 291 Forty Intersection 4 India and Sri Lanka, 640–684 302 Forty-One The Troubles of Empire 4 Arabia, 643–661 307 Part Four STATES AND KINGDOMS 317 Forty-Two Law and Language 4 Italy, the Byzantine empire, the First Bulgarian Empire, and the empire of the Umayyad caliphs, 643–702 319 Forty-Three Creating the Past 4 Japan, 661–714 327 Forty-Four The Days of the Empress 4 China, the kingdom of Tibet, and the Eastern Turkish Khaghanate, 683–712 333 Forty-Five Paths into Europe 4 The Byzantine empire, the Umayyad caliphate, the kingdoms of the Khazars, Bulgarians, and Visigoths, and the lands of the Franks, 705–732 341 Forty-Six The Kailasa of the South 4 The Umayyad caliphate and India, 712–780 351 Forty-Seven Purifications 4 The Umayyad caliphate, the Byzantine empire, and Italy, 718–741 357 Forty-Eight The Abbasids 4 The Umayyad caliphate, the kingdom of the Khazars, and al-Andalus, 724–763 363 xii Contents Forty-Nine Charlemagne 4 Italy, the kingdom of the Franks, the lands of the Saxons, and al-Andalus, 737–778 371 Fifty The An Lushan Rebellion 4 China, the nomadic north, and the kingdoms of Tibet, Nanzhao, Balhae, and Unified Silla, 751–779 380 Fifty-One Imperator et Augustus 4 The Byzantine and Abbasid empires, the First Bulgarian Empire, Italy, and the kingdom of the Franks, 775–802 387 Fifty-Two The New Sennacherib 4 The Byzantine and Abbasid empires, the First Bulgarian Empire, and the kingdom of the Franks, 786–814 396 Fifty-Three Castle Lords and Regents 4 Silla and Japan, 790–872 405 Fifty-Four The Triumph of the Outsiders 4 China and Silla, 806–918 413 Fifty-Five The Third Dynasty 4 The Abbasid empire, 809–833 423 Fifty-Six The Vikings 4 The kingdoms of the Franks, the Byzantine empire, al-Andalus, and the lands of the Rus, 813–862 427 Fifty-Seven Long-Lived Kings 4 India and the southeastern islands of Sumatra and Java, 814–900 437 Fifty-Eight Foreign and Domestic Relations 4 The Byzantine empire, the kingdom of Louis the German, Moravia, and Bulgaria, 856–886 442 Fifty-Nine The Second Caliphate 4 The Abbasid empire and North Africa, 861–909 450 Sixty The Great Army of the Vikings 4 The islands of Britain, 865–878 458 Sixty-One Struggle for the Iron Crown 4 Italy and the kingdoms of the Franks, 875–899 466 Sixty-Two Kampaku 4 Japan, 884–940 472 Sixty-Three Basileus 4 The Byzantine and Bulgarian empires, 886–927 479 Sixty-Four The Creation of Normandy 4 Italy and Western Francia, 902–911 488 Sixty-Five The Kingdom of Germany 4 Eastern Francia and Bohemia, 907– 935 492 Sixty-Six The Turn of the Wheel 4 India and Sri Lanka, 907–997 498 Sixty-Seven The Capture of Baghdad 4 Al-Andalus, the Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates, and the dynasties to the east of Baghdad, 912–945 504 Contents xiii Sixty-Eight Three Kingdoms 4 Goryeo and China, 918–979 511 Sixty-Nine Kings of England 4 The Scandinavian kingdoms and the islands of Britain, 924–1002 518 Seventy The Baptism of the Rus 4 The Byzantine empire, Bulgaria, and the lands of the Rus, 944–988 530 Part Five CRUSADES 539 Seventy-One The Holy Roman Emperor 4 Germany, Italy, and Western Francia, 950–996 541 Seventy-Two The Hardship of Sacred War 4 India, Sri Lanka, Srivijaya, and the dynasties east of Baghdad, 963–1044 550 Seventy-Three Basil the Bulgar-Slayer 4 The Byzantine, Abbasid, and Fatimid empires, Bulgaria, and the Rus, 976–1025 560 Seventy-Four Defending the Mandate 4 China, 979–1033 568 Seventy-Five The New Found Land 4 Greenland and the Americas, 985–1050 574 Seventy-Six Schism 4 Germany, Italy, Hungary, and the Byzantine empire, 1002– 1059 584 Seventy-Seven Danish Domination 4 England, Scotland, the Scandinavian kingdoms, Hungary, and Normandy, 1014–1042 596 Seventy-Eight The Norman Conquest 4 England, Norway, and Normandy, 1042–1066 604 Seventy-Nine The Kings of Spain 4 Spain and North Africa, 1016–1108 613 Eighty The Arrival of the Turks 4 The Byzantine empire and the lands of the Turks, 1025–1071 625 Eighty-One The Loss of the Song 4 China, Goryeo, and the peoples to the north and west, 1032–1172 634 Eighty-Two Repentance at Canossa 4 Germany, Western Francia, and Italy, 1060–1076 641 Eighty-Three The Call 4 The Byzantine empire, Italy, Germany, and the lands
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