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Aacl Bioflux Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Literature: “Literature as a Source of Wisdom”, July 11-13, 2019, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia ISBN: 978-623-7086-21-5 A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH OF LITERATURE IN SHORT STORY SENYUM YANG KEKAL BY KORRIE LAYUN RAMPAN Mursalim Indonesian Department, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia Email: [email protected] DOI: 10.24815/.v1i1.14439 Abstract Sociology is a social science which is the last result of knowledge development. Furthermore, the sociology of literature is applied in the research because it increases the understanding of literature in relation to society, explains that imagery is not contrary to reality although literary works are imaginatively consumed, but the imaginative framework cannot be understood outside the empirical framework and literary work is not merely an individual symptom but a social phenomenon. The objective of this study is to find out and to describe the elements of sociology of literature in short story Senyum yang Kekal created by Korrie Layun Rampan. Technically, this study discussed the relation between literature and sociology; also, this study used sociological methods by describing the facts and characteristics related to population or particular areas systematically and accurately. Hereafter, this paper explained several aspects such as: (1) introduction; (2) discussion and description which included (a) sociological aspects such as social facts, social history, social behavior and social event, and (b) literature aspects as a social condition such as jobs, residence, customs, and romance; and (3) closure. Keywords: Short story, sociological aspects, literature. 1. Introduction Sociology is a social science which is the latest result of knowledge development. Sociology appears later in knowledge development because sociology is based on the progress which is achieved by other sciences (Ratna, 2004, p. 1). Sociology of literature is applied in this study because it is able to increase the understanding of literature in relation to society, explain that imagery is not contrary to reality although literary works are imaginatively consumed, but the imaginative framework cannot be understood outside the empirical framework and literary work is not merely an individual symptom but a social phenomenon (Ratna, 2004, p. 1). If literary works are related to the sociology of literature, then it will have a very broad meaning. Sociology of literature talks about ways in which humans adapt to their 270 Mursalim environment. Literary works are related to people’s lives, even people are often able to determine the value in the literary work. Furthermore, Pradopo (2001, p. 113) added that literary works are created by authors who cannot be separated from his society and culture. It is often seen in Indonesian literature since 1970, although previously this socio-cultural background also appeared in Indonesian literature. One of the literary works that can be used as a media for self-expression is a short story. Short stories are short essays in the form of prose. Furthermore, the short story which is examined and presented in this paper is a short story entitled Senyum yang Kekal, by Korrie Layun Rampan. Korrie Layun Rampan is an Indonesian writer, born in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, August 17, 1953, from Dayak Benuaq ethnic. The works of Korrie Layun Rampan are very interesting to read and to study because his books always use daily language which makes it easy for readers to read, but sometimes the local language is also used to make it more interesting. In addition, the excellence from the content of short story Senyum yang Kekal is we can find out about the life of the inland tribes in Samarinda, and the setting of the events in this short story is using historical background in the past. With reference to the description above, the problems formulated in writing this paper are as follows: 1. What are the sociological aspects in short story literary works, Senyum yang Kekal by Korrie Layun Rampan in terms of social facts, social history, social behavior, and social events? 2. What are the socio-cultural conditions in the short story, Senyum yang Kekal by Korrie Layun Rampan in terms of jobs, residence, customs, and romance? 2. Literature Review Short stories are short essays in the form of prose. In short stories, the characters’ lives are presented, which are full of contentious events that are touching or pleasant, and contain an impression that is not easily forgotten (Kosasih, 2014, p. 431). Furthermore, Laurenson and Swingewood (1972) said that although sociology and literature have certain differences, they can actually provide an explanation of the meaning of literary texts. This can be understood because the object of sociology is about humans, and so is literature. Literature is an expression of human life that cannot be separated from the roots of society. Thus, although sociology and literature are two different things, but they can complement each other. Then, Wolff in Faruk (1994, p. 3) added that literary sociology is a formless discipline, not well defined, consists of a number of empirical studies and various experiments in the more general theory, in which they are similar on that they are dealt with the relationship of literature and society. Thus, Ratna (2004, p. 2) said in detail that there are a number of definitions regarding the sociology of literature that needs to be considered in order to find the objectivity of the relationship between literary work and society, among others, as follows: Understanding of literature in consideration of social aspects. Understanding of the totality of works accompanied by social aspects contained in them. Understanding of literary works as well as community relations which are the background of it. Sociology of literature is a two-way (dialectical) relationship between literature and society. Sociology of literature seeks to find interdependent quality between literature and society 271 Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Literature: “Literature as a Source of Wisdom”, July 11-13, 2019, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia ISBN: 978-623-7086-21-5 3. Research Methods 3.1 Operational Definition Giving the limitations to the study is very important. This aims to facilitate the determination of the direction and objective of the research. In addition, with certain limitations, the concentration of a problem can be done more effectively and efficiently. The operational definition in this study is to describe the short story Senyum yang Kekal by Korrie Layun Rampan in terms of the sociological aspects of literature. To clarify the objectives of this research, the following variables and indicators are described as parameters in this writing, they are (1) variables about the sociological aspects of literature with indicators: social facts, social history, social behavior, and social events, (2) variables background of socio-cultural conditions with indicators: jobs, residence, customs, and romance. 3.2 Types of Research This study used descriptive qualitative method. Amunuddin (in Sutri, 2009, p. 31) said that qualitative descriptive means that the data analyzed are not in the form of numbers or coefficients relationships between variables. Qualitative research contains quotes collections for illustrations and filling in field material. Data collected are meaningful vocabularies, sentences, and images. Therefore, this type of research is in the form of qualitative research which does not use objects with calculations, numbers, percentages or statistics, but emphasizes naturally in terms of quality through descriptive data in the form of words, notes relating to the meaning of values and understanding. 3.3 Data Source The data source of this research is a local short story from East Kalimantan. This short story tells about life in the inland of East Kalimantan, and its content tells a lot about culture, love, and life in the inland that is mingled with nature. 3.4 Data Collection Technique The technique used in collecting data is through library research by taking notes of the documents or archives related to the purpose of research such as the technique of reading the whole story and then analyzing and reviewing the social aspects. Then, taking note technique by noting down the data that is relevant to the object of research. 3.5 Data Analysis Technique In this study, the technique used in analyzing data is structural analysis technique that is an approach that examines the constructive elements to find the full meaning of the work, such as social facts, social history, social behavior, social events, and ethnography which is a way to understand the character of a society’s socio-cultural life. 4. Results and Discussion 4.1 Social Facts 4.1.1 Place facts The place where the short story Senyum yang Kekal, can be found in the following quote. “The clatter can also be heard like the edge of the music that slides in the night. I don’t usually hear the music like this in Balikpapan or Jakarta, not even in Yogyakarta. It sounds oddly rhythmic in a tight passage. There is a distinction between the tones of drumming, shrill sounds, like the 272 Mursalim sound of metal casting, guitar passages spreads in rhythm to an uneven beat” (Paragraph 1, p. 1). From the quotation above the author explains the existence of Balikpapan, Jakarta, and Yogyakarta, then a character named Inas had attended school or visited the mentioned places. 4.1.2 Facts of the names of people The fact of the name in the short story Senyum yang Kekal, can be found in the following quote. “He scooped up his clothes, and I scooped up my clothes. We both left the other friends in the opposite direction. The next day, at school I wrote a letter, “Forgive Inas, In?” Through Asnah I received a reply, “I’m sorry too, Ine, In?” Since then my heart has always trembled” (Paragraph 15, p.
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