DOCSLIB.ORG

ARF Annual Security Outlook 2020

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ARF Annual Security Outlook 2020 Table of Contents Foreword 5 Executive Summary 7 Australia 9 Brunei Darussalam 25 Cambodia 33 Canada 45 China 65 European Union 79 India 95 Indonesia 111 Japan 129 Lao PDR 143 Malaysia 153 Mongolia 171 Myanmar 179 New Zealand 183 The Philippines 195 Republic of Korea 219 Russia 231 Singapore 239 Sri Lanka 253 Thailand 259 United States 275 Viet Nam 305 ANNUAL SECURITY OUTLOOK 2020 ASEAN Regional Forum 4 ANNUAL SECURITY OUTLOOK 2020 ASEAN Regional Forum FOREWORD Complicated changes are taking place in the regional and global geostrategic landscape. Uncertainties and complexities have been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We are deeply saddened by the loss of lives and sufferings caused by this dreadful pandemic. Nevertheless, we are determined to enhance solidarity and cooperation towards effective efforts to respond to the pandemic as well as prevent future outbreaks of this kind. Since its founding in 1994, the ARF has become a key and inclusive Forum working towards peace, security and stability in the region. Through its activities, the ARF has made notable progress in fostering dialogue and cooperation as well as mutual trust and confidence among the Participants. In face of the difficulties and challenges brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, ARF Participants have exerted significant efforts to sustain the momentum of dialogue and cooperation, while moving forward with new proposals and initiatives to respond to existing and emerging challenges. At this juncture, it is all the more important to reaffirm the ARF as a key venue to strengthen dialogue, build strategic trust and enhance practical cooperation among its Participants. In that spirit, Viet Nam is pleased to publish the 21st edition of the Annual Security Outlook. I believe that the Outlook is an important contribution to promoting mutual understanding and confidence building through enhancing transparency and facilitating the exchange of views among the ARF Participants. And for that, I wish to thank all ARF Participants for their support and contribution to this year’s ASO. By constructively working together, we will overcome challenges and see the opportunity for lasting peace, stability, security, cooperation and prosperity in our region and beyond. Pham Binh Minh Chair of the 27th ASEAN Regional Forum Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs 5 Socialist Republic of Viet Nam ANNUAL SECURITY OUTLOOK 2020 ASEAN Regional Forum 6 ANNUAL SECURITY OUTLOOK 2020 ASEAN Regional Forum EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The 21st edition of the ASEAN Regional Forum to further practical cooperation to enhance Annual Security Outlook (ARF ASO) includes preparedness and response capacity. On 22 voluntary submissions from the ARF maritime security, the Participants underscore Participants. This is a record-high number of the importance of maintaining and promoting submissions to date. peace, security, stability, freedom of navigation and overflight in the region, at the same time This publication provides a compilation of the emphasising the importance of upholding Participants’ perspectives on the contemporary international law, particularly the 1982 UNCLOS. regional landscape as well as their expectations In addition, the Participants also acknowledge on the future role of the ARF. To promote the need to address other maritime challenges transparency and trust, the Participants share such as piracy, people smuggling, drug information on their respective national security trafficking and the protection of the marine and defence policies. And in highlighting their environment. On ICTs security, while recognising national contributions towards ARF activities, the opportunities brought about by ICTs in the Participants continue to reaffirm their terms of economic and social development, the commitment to enhance cooperation in the Participants also share their concern over the priority areas of cooperation, which include increasing cyber threats, which require closer counterterrorism and transnational crime, non- cooperation among countries to respond. proliferation and disarmament, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, maritime security On the future role of the ARF, the Participants and security in the use of information and express the hope that the ARF could do more to communication technology (ICT). reach its potential and become action-oriented, with more concrete activities implemented on In general, the Participants acknowledge the the ground. It is in this spirit that the Ha Noi Plan challenges and risks posed to the global and of Action II (2020-2025) has been developed, regional geostrategic landscape, particularly by which will guide the Forum’s cooperation, or under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, development and activities for the next 5 years. as well as the dynamics in major power relations. The Participants also reiterate their support Non-traditional challenges such as terrorism, for ASEAN to remain as the primary driving smuggling, natural disasters, and cybercrime, force in steering the ARF to develop further as which no single country can tackle and overcome a central pillar in the evolving regional security on its own, have also been widely mentioned architecture. as common concerns. On counterterrorism and transnational crime, the Participants stress the importance of preventive measures such as information sharing and capacity-building in countering these threats. On non-proliferation and disarmament, the Participants reaffirm their support for and continued participation in international efforts on non-proliferation and disarmament. On humanitarian and disaster 7 relief, the Participants underline the need ANNUAL SECURITY OUTLOOK 2020 ASEAN Regional Forum 8 ANNUAL SECURITY OUTLOOK 2020 ASEAN Regional Forum AUSTRALIA 1. Overview of the Regional Security Environment Australia remains committed to working with its Indo-Pacific partners to support an open and inclusive region of stable, prosperous, sovereign and resilient states that cooperate on shared interests and challenges. ASEAN, and the ASEAN-led architecture, has a central role in supporting the rules and norms that have underpinned regional security and prosperity for more than 50 years. Australia will continue to promote an open, inclusive and prosperous region defined by respect for international law, sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. ASEAN is a key partner for Australia in this regard, and we are committed to supporting the implementation of the 2019 ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific. The COVID-19 pandemic is now the overriding challenge for the region. Its humanitarian and economic impacts threaten to: reverse hard-won development gains; retard trade and investment flows; lead to instability in some countries; and increase vulnerability to other risks, such as natural disasters. The pandemic could add momentum to powerful drivers of change that were converging in the Indo- Pacific before COVID-19. Shifts in the distribution of power across the region could accelerate, and pressure on rules, norms and institutions could become more acute. The US-China relationship is under further strain. Meanwhile, the pandemic could exacerbate other challenges such as: territorial disputes; nuclear and missile proliferation; terrorism and returning foreign fighters; malicious cyber activity; people-smuggling and other transnational crime. Technological change, challenges to globalisation and climate change also continue to require both regional and global responses. The global nature of the COVID-19 pandemic means that no country in our region can overcome this unprecedented challenge alone. Even as Australia continues to address COVID-19 at home, we are committed to working with regional partners to mitigate the impacts of the crisis and to support regional recovery. Australia’s approach centres on: ensuring our domestic policy settings remain fit-for-purpose; strengthening bilateral cooperation with regional partners to coordinate our respective efforts and build resilience; pivoting our development assistance program to respond to the pandemic; and helping build a pathway toward regional economic recovery. Australia will work through regional and international forums to pursue comprehensive, balanced responses in accordance with international law and norms. We are committed to the central role of ASEAN in regional architecture, including as the convenor of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). ASEAN and the ASEAN-centred institutions sit at the heart of the Indo-Pacific, geographically, diplomatically and strategically. Through the ARF and other groupings, particularly the East Asia Summit (EAS), Australia seeks to ensure that all regional countries, large and small, have a voice on regional issues. With its well-established program of activities focused on confidence building 9 ANNUAL SECURITY OUTLOOK 2020 ASEAN Regional Forum measures and a growing preventive diplomacy agenda, the ARF can help manage tensions, set norms of acceptable behaviour, and bolster regional resilience. The Informal ASEAN-Australia Defence Ministers’ Meeting on 19 February 2020 and 32nd ASEAN- Australia Forum on 18 May 2020 reaffirmed Australia’s commitment to ASEAN and reinforced our Strategic Partnership. Our engagement with ASEAN and ASEAN-led frameworks - guided by the Plan of Action to Implement the ASEAN-Australia Strategic Partnership (2020-2024) - is focused on building trust, transparency and habits of cooperation across Southeast Asia and the wider Indo-Pacific. Australia’s 2020 Vision
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Brigade of Gurkha - Intake 1983 Souvenir
    BRIGADE OF GURKHA - INTAKE 1983 SOUVENIR [ A Numberee’s Organization ] -: 1 :- BRIGADE OF GURKHA - INTAKE 1983 SOUVENIR ;DkfbsLo !(*# O{G6]ssf] ofqf #% jif]{ ns]{hjfgaf6 #^ jif{ k|j]z cfhsf] @! cf} ztflAbdf ;dfhdf lzIff, ;jf:Yo, snf, ;:sf/, ;+:s[lt, ;dfrf/ / ;+u7gn] ljZjsf] ab\lnbf] kl/j]zdf ;+ul7t dfWodsf] e"ldsf ctL dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] ;+ul7t If]qnfO{ ljsf;sf] r'r'/f]df klxNofpg] ctL ;s[o dgf]efj /fvL ;dfhdf /x]sf ljz'4 xs / clwsf/ sf] ;+/If0f ;Da4{g ub}{, cfkm\gf] hGdynf] OG6]s ;d'bfodf cxf]/fq nflu/x]sf] !(*# O{G6]sn] #% jif{sf] uf}/jdo O{ltxf; kf/ u/]/ #^ jif{df k|j]z u/]sf] z'e–cj;/df ;j{k|yd xfd|f ;Dk"0f{ z'e]R5'sk|lt xfdL cfef/ JoQm ub{5f}+ . !(*# OG6]ssf] aRrfsf] h:t} afd] ;g]{ kfO{nf z'? ePsf] cfh #^ jif{ k|j]z ubf{;Dd ;+;f/el/ 5l/P/ a;f]af; ul//x]sf gDa/L kl/jf/ ;dIf o:tf] va/ k|:t't ug{ kfp“bf xfdL ;a}nfO{ v'zL nfUg' :jfefljs g} xf] . ljutsf] lbgnfO{ ;Dem]/ Nofpg] xf] eg] sxfnLnfUbf] cgL ;f]Rg} g;lsg] lyof], t/ Psk|sf/sf] /f]rs clg k|;+usf] :d/0f ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . ha g]kfndf a9f] d'l:sNn} etL{ eP/ cfdL{ gDa/ k|fKt ug{' eg]sf] ax't\ sl7g cgL r'gf}ltk"0f{ sfo{ lyof] . z'elrGtssf] dfof / gDa/Lx?sf] cys kl/>daf6 !(*# O{G6]ssf] Pstf lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9L/x]sf] 5, of] PstfnfO{ ;d[4 agfpg] sfo{df sld 5}g, To;}n] #^ jif{;Ddsf] lg/Gt/ ofqfnfO{ ;fy lbP/ O{G6]snfO{ cfkm\gf] 9's9'sL agfpg] tdfd dxfg'efjk|lt xfdL C0fL 5f}+ .
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing a Gurkha Diaspora
    Ethnic and Racial Studies ISSN: 0141-9870 (Print) 1466-4356 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rers20 Migrant warriors and transnational lives: constructing a Gurkha diaspora Kelvin E. Y. Low To cite this article: Kelvin E. Y. Low (2015): Migrant warriors and transnational lives: constructing a Gurkha diaspora, Ethnic and Racial Studies, DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2015.1080377 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1080377 Published online: 23 Sep 2015. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rers20 Download by: [NUS National University of Singapore] Date: 24 September 2015, At: 00:24 ETHNIC AND RACIAL STUDIES, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1080377 Migrant warriors and transnational lives: constructing a Gurkha diaspora Kelvin E. Y. Low Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ABSTRACT The Nepalese Gurkhas have often been regarded as brave warriors in the scheme of British military recruitment since the 1800s. Today, their descendants have settled in various parts of South East and South Asia. How can one conceive of a Gurkha diaspora, and what are the Gurkhas and their families’ experiences of belonging in relation to varied migratory routes? This paper locates Gurkhas as migrants by deliberating upon the connection between military service and migration paths. I employ the lens of methodological transnationalism to elucidate how the Gurkha diaspora is both constructed and experienced. Diasporic consciousness and formation undergo modification alongside subsequent cycles of migration for different members of a diaspora.
    [Show full text]
  • Burma: January 2018 by Jon Lunn and Daniel Harari Update
    BRIEFING PAPER Number 7901, 9 January 2018 Burma: January 2018 By Jon Lunn and Daniel Harari update Contents: 1. The Rohingya crisis gravely damages the reputation of Aung San Suu Kyi and the NLD Government 2. International responses to the crisis 3. The state of the economy www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 Burma: January 2018 update Contents Summary 4 1. The Rohingya crisis gravely damages the reputation of Aung San Suu Kyi and the NLD Government 6 1.1 The first few months in office: calm before the storm 6 1.2 October 2016: renewed upsurge in violence in northern Rakhine State 7 1.3 August 2017: another upsurge in violence 8 1.4 The ‘21st Century Panglong Conference’: a slow start 12 2. International responses to the crisis 15 2.1 Sanctions 15 2.2 UN action 16 2.3 UK responses 17 3. The state of the economy 20 3.1 History and background 20 3.2 Recent economic performance 20 Impact of Rohingya crisis 22 3.3 Long-term outlook 22 Potential 22 Challenges 24 Reform agenda 25 3.4 Trade partners 26 3.5 UK-Burma trade relationship 26 Trade in goods 26 UK goods exports 28 UK goods imports 28 Trade in services 28 Trade relations 29 3 Commons Library Briefing, 9 January 2018 Cover page image copyright: Ethnolinguistic map of Burma 1972 by Kf8 (Original author is U.S. Central Intelligence Agency). Licensed under CCO 1.0 4 Burma: January 2018 update Summary Many hoped that the November 2015 general election, in which the National League for Democracy (NLD), led by Aung San Suu Kyi, won an unexpectedly overwhelming victory, would be a tipping-point in Burma’s ‘democratic transition’, which began in 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Defence Acronyms and Abbreviations
    Acronym Long Title 1ACC No. 1 Air Control Centre 1SL First Sea Lord 200D Second OOD 200W Second 00W 2C Second Customer 2C (CL) Second Customer (Core Leadership) 2C (PM) Second Customer (Pivotal Management) 2CMG Customer 2 Management Group 2IC Second in Command 2Lt Second Lieutenant 2nd PUS Second Permanent Under Secretary of State 2SL Second Sea Lord 2SL/CNH Second Sea Lord Commander in Chief Naval Home Command 3GL Third Generation Language 3IC Third in Command 3PL Third Party Logistics 3PN Third Party Nationals 4C Co‐operation Co‐ordination Communication Control 4GL Fourth Generation Language A&A Alteration & Addition A&A Approval and Authorisation A&AEW Avionics And Air Electronic Warfare A&E Assurance and Evaluations A&ER Ammunition and Explosives Regulations A&F Assessment and Feedback A&RP Activity & Resource Planning A&SD Arms and Service Director A/AS Advanced/Advanced Supplementary A/D conv Analogue/ Digital Conversion A/G Air‐to‐Ground A/G/A Air Ground Air A/R As Required A/S Anti‐Submarine A/S or AS Anti Submarine A/WST Avionic/Weapons, Systems Trainer A3*G Acquisition 3‐Star Group A3I Accelerated Architecture Acquisition Initiative A3P Advanced Avionics Architectures and Packaging AA Acceptance Authority AA Active Adjunct AA Administering Authority AA Administrative Assistant AA Air Adviser AA Air Attache AA Air‐to‐Air AA Alternative Assumption AA Anti‐Aircraft AA Application Administrator AA Area Administrator AA Australian Army AAA Anti‐Aircraft Artillery AAA Automatic Anti‐Aircraft AAAD Airborne Anti‐Armour Defence Acronym
    [Show full text]
  • Hamish Adams Evidence 2
    IN THE ASYLUM AND IMMIGRATION TRIBUNAL BETWEEN: 1. GYANENDRA RAI 2. DEO PRAKASH LIMBU 3. CHAKRA PRASAD LIMBU 4. BHIM PRASAD GURUNG 5. GITA KUMARI MUKHIYA 6. BIRENDRA MAN SHRESTHA 7. SIBA KUMARI PUN (+2) 8. SAN BAHADUR GHALE 9. INDRA BAHADUR GURUNG 10. KUMARI GURUNG 11. SHANTI KALA RAI 12. LEKHNATH GURUNG 13. TIKA KUMARI TAMANG APPELLANTS -and- ECO KATHMANDU ECO HONG KONG SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE HOME DEPARTMENT RESPONDENTS STATEMENT OF LIEUTENANT COLONEL (RETIRED) HAMISH MAXWELL ADAMS MBE Lieutenant Colonel (Retired) Hamish Maxwell Adams MBE, of Tossy's General Store, Tabayon, Banga 5601, Aklan, Philippines will say as follows: 1. I am a retired British Army officer. I enlisted into the British Army on 10 December 1964 and attended the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst from 1965 to 1966. I was commissioned into the Royal Corps of Signals (Royal Signals) on 16 December 1966. During my 27 year’s Army service, I had three tours at regimental duty in Royal Signals units in Germany, three appointments as a staff officer; at Grade 3 in Headquarters British Gurkhas Nepal, at Grade 2 in Headquarters 4th Armoured Division, Herford, Germany and at Grade 1 in MOD Signals 36b. I was also seconded to the Brigade of Gurkhas for six tours with the Queen’s Gurkha Signals Regiment; initially as a Troop Commander in Hong Kong and in 17 Gurkha Signal Regiment in Malaysia, and as Signals Officer and MTO in Dharan, Nepal. My second tour was as Second-in-Command of the Jungle Warfare Wing of the School of Infantry in Malaysia.
    [Show full text]
  • Myanmar: Query Response
    Myanmar: Query Response The situation in Chin State and Sagaing Region March 2019 (COI between 1 January 2016 and 19 February 2019) Commissioned by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Division of International Protection. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author. © Asylum Research Centre, 2019 ARC publications are covered by the Creative Commons License allowing for limited use of ARC publications provided the work is properly credited to ARC, it is for non-commercial use and it is not used for derivative works. ARC does not hold the copyright to the content of third party material included in this report. Reproduction or any use of the images/maps/infographics included in this report is prohibited and permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder(s). Please direct any comments to [email protected] Cover photo: © Volina/shutterstock.com 2 Contents Explanatory Note ............................................................................................................................ 7 Sources and databases consulted ................................................................................................. 13 List of acronyms ............................................................................................................................ 17 Map of Myanmar .......................................................................................................................... 18 Map of Chin State ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Three Peaks Challenge 1 RGR - Ex ANNAPURNA KUKRI Gurkhas Officers Ride Across America the Army Reserves Are Recruiting Gurkhas Now
    www.gurkhabde.com/publication/parbate Vol 65 No 5: Sep 2013 The magazine for Gurkha Soldiers and their Families QGE - Three Peaks Challenge 1 RGR - Ex ANNAPURNA KUKRI Gurkhas Officers ride across America The Army Reserves are Recruiting Gurkhas NOW. Opportunity The Army Reserve is keen to recruit Gurkhas, if you are either retired or about to retire from the regular service. There are a range of opportunities, if you are still looking for a challenging and dynamic role then apply now to become a soldier again. The Army Reserve will give you the opportunity to do something different, get paid to train in your spare time and earn an annual tax free bounty. Commitment How much time you give depends on you and you can adjust according to your main employment. The average training requirement for most Army reservists will be about 40 days per year, depending on their role. Training is usually conducted in evenings and at weekends Support and during an annual camp of up to 16 days. The Government supports you and your employer so you don’t have to worry about Scheme putting your job at risk when you join the Army If you join the Army Reserve within 3 years of Reserve. discharge you will enjoy a number of callout liabilities, a reduced MATT and annual training A few bullets for your information: attendance requirement and potentially a Bounty of up to £1691 tax free. • A regular programme of instruction over 12 months Alternatively, if you commit to undertake • It is bounty earning the full range of Army Reserve training and call out liability, you may be eligible for a • Early commitment bonus payable Commitment Bonus of £5000 (tax payable) – • Individuals will receive travel costs paid over 4 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Politics of Southeast Asia Aurel Croissant • Philip Lorenz
    Comparative Politics of Southeast Asia Aurel Croissant • Philip Lorenz Comparative Politics of Southeast Asia An Introduction to Governments and Political Regimes Aurel Croissant Philip Lorenz Institute of Political Science Institute of Political Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg University Heidelberg, Germany Heidelberg, Germany ISBN 978-3-319-68181-8 ISBN 978-3-319-68182-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68182-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955823 # Springer International Publishing AG 2018 Translation from the German language edition: Die politischen Systeme Südostasiens by Aurel Croissant Copyright # Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH 2016. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH is part of Springer Science+Business Media. All Rights Reserved. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • (Gurkhas in the Service of the Crown).Pdf Satyagrah
    GURKHAS IN THE SERVICE OF THE CROWN CONTENTS Page No. Introduction Gurkhas In The Service of The Crown Rana Rulers In The Pockets Of The British How The ''Tripartite Agreement '' Came About How Have The British Abused The Spirit Of The So Called "Tripartite Agreement?" Sandhurst Commissioned Officers And The Nurses In The QARANC Pay Pension Roles Of British Army / Indian Army Other Discriminations: SCHOOL CHILDREN'S VISITS TO PARENTS OVERSEAS UNACCOMPANIED TOUR UNACCOMPANIED BAGGAGE ENTITLEMENT (MFO) The Unfairness Of The British LEAVE PAY THE INDIAN DOMICILED GURKHAS (INDOM) NEPALESE PASSPORT: TRAVEL DOCUMENTS NATURALIZATION AS BRITISH SUBJECTS Medals & Honours How The British Have Sold The Gurkhas To The Other Nations THE GURKHA RESERVE UNIT The Gurkha Welfare Fund Schooling Of Gurkha Children Resettlement The Brigade Of Gurkhas As A Peculiar Institution THE GURKHA MAJOR THE QUEEN'S GURKHA OFFICERS (QGO) COMMISSION Unsettled Environment Retention Of A Token Number Of Gurkhas Beyond 1997 British Overseas Aid Gurkhas As Financial Burden To The British Government Severing The Ties Why Do The Gurkhas Join The British Army? Gurkhas Are Equals In Any Field Gurkhas As Subsidized Commodities Conclusion INTRODUCTION The Johnny Gurkha thinks it is about time that he spoke out against the discrepancies in the implementation of the Tripartite Agreement and about the discrimination, the denigration, the unfairness and above all the humiliation he had to suffer under the service of the British Crown. The ''Tripartite Agreement'' signed half a century ago with the then Prime Minister/Maharaja of Nepal, Padma Shamsher Janga Bahadur Rana, has been manipulated by the British in their favour at each and every turn.
    [Show full text]
  • GOLDEN PAGODAS and PLATINUM ALBUMS: DEVELOPING and DECOLONIZING COPYRIGHT in MYANMAR D. Bondy Valdovinos Kaye BA, MS Submitted
    GOLDEN PAGODAS AND PLATINUM ALBUMS: DEVELOPING AND DECOLONIZING COPYRIGHT IN MYANMAR D. Bondy Valdovinos Kaye BA, MS Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Communication Creative Industries Faculty QUT 2021 Keywords Copyright, decolonizing, critical media industries studies, Myanmar, Burma, music industries, digital music, cultural labour, empirical law research ii | Page Abstract This thesis investigates copyright and musical artists in Myanmar. Theoretically framed by critical media industries studies and decolonizing methodologies and informed by in-depth qualitative interviews with informants in the Myanmar music industry (n=38), this thesis illustrates how a music recording industry can flourish in the relative absence of copyright. Further, findings demonstrate how cultural conceptions of copying and authorship can shift dramatically in the absence of or prior to copyright reform. The only copyright law in Myanmar was passed in 1914 and was used so seldomly many artists quoted in press and previous studies stated there was no copyright in Myanmar. Myanmar returned to the international stage after five decades of isolation under military rule in the 2010s. During the years of military rule, the Myanmar music recording industry developed informally with seldomly enforced copyright policy. By the time copyright reform was at hand in Myanmar in May 2019, many informants highlighted in this study were eager to welcome its arrival despite critiques levelled against dominant international copyright regimes. The central questions of this thesis are: 1) how do artists in Myanmar understand copyright; 2) how did the relative absence of copyright shape the Myanmar music recording industry; and 3) what do artists want from a copyright system in Myanmar? This thesis raises questions about the colonial legacy and power dynamics of international copyright regulation in the Global South.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Nepal's Military Diplomacy
    UNITY JOURNAL Assessing Nepal’s military diplomacy: Neighborhood and beyond Gaurav Bhattarai Abstract every externally-oriented military activity can be considered military diplomacy, as it would People often speculate that small countries constitute an extension of international policy hardly ever exercise military diplomacy since (Jaishankar, 2017). Precisely, military force the latter presume that hard power instruments, is a true political instrument, a continuation including security forces and coercion are the of political intercourse, carried on with apparatus of powerful countries. Because of other means (Clausewitz, 1976, p. 87).Still, its geopolitical location between two bigger military diplomacy can be defined as a set of countries, Nepal has been successfully activities in operation by the representatives exercising military diplomacy in the course of the defense department, as well as other of history. Owing to the same fact, this paper state institutions, aimed at pursuing the aims at assessing Nepal’s military diplomacy foreign policy interests of the state in the field towards its immediate neighbors—India and of security and defense policy, and whose China, and even beyond its neighborhood. actions are based on the use of negotiations In this paper, beyond neighborhood refers and other diplomatic instruments. Military to the Nepali Army’s role in United Nations diplomacy differs from gunboat diplomacy peacekeeping missions in different conflict- or coercive diplomacy (Pajtinka, 2016, p. 1). afflicted countries. Thus, the article concludes with a note that Nepali Army as Military diplomacy as such performs an established institution of the country several basic functions. First, gathering and has reposed its exceptional capability of analyzing information on the armed forces exercising the modern-day diplomacy at both and the security situation in the receiving levels—neighborhood and beyond.
    [Show full text]
  • Written Submission Satyagraha
    Written evidence submitted by: The United Struggle Committee – Lead Organisation (Gurkha Satyagraha - 2013) All Party Parliamentary Committee (APPC) On Gurkha Welfare Inquiry into Outstanding Gurkha Grievances on the part of the retired Gurkhas and the Gurkha community in the UK 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. This submission is with regards to the two hundred years of discrimination suffered by the Gurkha veterans of the British Army regarding their terms and conditions of service. This submission endeavors to highlight the main grievances and offers solutions/ recommendations for the consideration of the Committee of Inquiry. Gurkhas were made WELFARE cases by Britain by denying them equal pay, pension and facilities. International appeals are still being made to raise funds so that the Gurkhas live on charitable benefits rather than live a dignified life in their own right as the veterans of the British Armed Forces. Gurkha servicemen were underpaid during their periods of Long Leave, and millions of pounds were saved in the process, there is also an appalling double standard. The MOD used the Tripartite Agreement of 1947 to reduce the Gurkha pay while on long leave, but now they won't allow Gurkhas to use the TPA in their complaints, saying it is not justiciable in English law. In recent times older Gurkha veterans and their families have migrated to the UK in their hundreds seeking better living condition, but, are living in misery. Gurkha soldier remained separated from his wife for over 12 year period out of his 15 years of service with the British Army. Many Gurkha veterans and their dependents have died out of hunger, malnutrition and lack of medical care in the hills and villages due to lack of reward for their contribution to the British Crown.
    [Show full text]