UNITY JOURNAL

VOLUME I

FEBRUARY 2020

Publisher Directorate of Public Relations & Information Nepali ljBfb]jL e08f/L /fi6«klt

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;]gf lbj;sf] cj;/df /fli6«o ;'/Iff / Pstf ;DaGwL ljifo ;dfj]z /x]sf n]v /rgfsf] ;+u|x Unity Journal k|sfzg x'g nfu]sf]df v';L JoQm ub{5' . g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / /fli6«o Pstf dha't agfpg g]kfnL ;]gfn] v]Nb} cfPsf] e"ldsf k|z+;gLo /x]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs dxŒjsf ljljw ljifox¿df lg/Gt/ vf]h, cg';Gwfg, cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f x'g' /fd|f] kIf xf] . g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 ePsf] o; k|of;n] /fli6«o ;'/Iff / PstfnfO{ dha't agfpg yk ;xof]u k'Ug]5 eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . g]kfnL ;]gfn] lnPsf] of] kxnsbdLsf] ;kmntfsf nflu z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' . cGTodf, ;fdl/s ljifodf cfwfl/t n]v /rgfx¿ ;dfj]z u/L k|sfzg x'g nfu]sf] o; hg{ndf k|fl1s JolQmŒjx¿, zf]wstf{x¿, k|fWofksx¿, gful/s ;dfh, ;'/Iffljb\x¿ tyf ;fdl/s ljifosf hfgsf/x¿sf] pT;fxk"0f{ ;xeflutf / d]xgt cfufdL lbgdf ;d]t /xL /xf];\ eGg] sfdgf ;lxt Unity Journal sf] ;kmntfsf] z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' . wGojfb † @)&^ kmfu'g )* ut] s]=kL= zdf{ cf]nL k|wfgdGqL z'esfdgf b]z / hgtfsf] ;'/Iffy{ ;b}j lqmoflzn uf}/jzfnL ;+:yf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] :yfkgf lbj; tyf dxflzj/fqLsf] cj;/df klxnf] k6s ;fdl/s n]v /rgfx¿sf] ;+u|x Unity Journal k|sfzg ug{ nfu]sf] hfgsf/L kfp“bf v';L nfu]sf] 5 . ;]gf lbj;–@)&^ tyf dxflzj/fqLsf] o; cj;/df ;d:t ;}lgs ;snbhf{ tyf kl/jf/hgdf z'esfdgf JoŒfm ub{5' . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fb]lv cfw'lgs g]kfn lgdf0f{;Ddsf] ofqfdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] v]n]sf] e"ldsf / of]ubfg g]kfnL Oltxf;df cld6 /x]sf 5g\ / /lx/xg] 5g\ . o; cy{df ;]gf lbj; ;d:t g]kfnL / /fi6«s} dxTjk"0f{ lbj; xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 . ;]gf lbj;sf] o; ;'vb\ cj;/df tkfO{x¿sf] ct'ngLo /fi6«elŒfm, lgi7f / st{Jok/fo0ftfsf] d k|z+;f ub{5' . olta]nf xfdL æ;d[4 g]kfn–;'vL g]kfnLÆsf] /fli6«o cfsfª\Iff lnP/ cu|;/ 5f}+ . /fi6«sf] o; cfsfª\IffnfO{ k"/f ug{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff / k|lt/Iffsf] uxgtd lhDd]jf/L jxg u/]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] pNn]vgLo e"ldsfk|lt d hfgsf/ 5' . g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / IfdtfnfO{ yk ljsf; ub}{ n}hfgsf nflu kxnsbdL lnO/x]sf] 5 . abln“bf] kl/l:yltdf ;'/Iff r'gf}tLx¿ gePsf xf]Ogg\, tL r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ lrb}{ cufl8 a9\gsf nflu r':t ;}lgs ;+u7g x'g' cfjZos 5 . xfn g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o k|lt/Iff ljZjljBfno :yfkgfnfO{ cfºgf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/L sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . o; ;fdl/s n]v /rgfx¿sf] ;+u|xdf ;+u|lxt ;fdu|Lx¿ /fli6«o /0fg}lts wf/0ff ljsf;df ;xof]uL x'g] d]/f] ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 . o;df ;+u|lxt /fli6«o ;'/Iff, ljsf;, /fli6«o Pstf, ;fdl/s dxŒj, gful/s ;}lgs ;DaGw, ;}lgs s'6gLlt nufotsf ;a} ljifox¿n] cGtTjuf]Tjf g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«o Pstf, :jfwLgtf / :jfledfgnfO{ ;b}j pRr / cIf'0f /fVgsf nflu 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng]df d ljZj:t 5' . To;}n] klg of] dxŒjk"0f{ kxnsbdLsf nflu g]kfnL ;]gfsf] jt{dfg g]t[Œj / ;du| g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ wGojfb tyf awfO{ ;d]t JoQm ub{5' . cGTodf, ;]gf lbj; @)&^ sf] cj;/df k|sfzg x'g nfu]sf] ;fdl/s n]v /rgfx¿sf] ;+u|x Unity Journal, ;fdl/s dxŒjsf ljljw ljifosf] vf]hd"ns / k|]/0ffd"ns 1fgnfO{ phfu/ ug]{ dfWod Pj+ g]kfnL ;]gf tyf /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf ljleGg cfofdx¿sf ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf k|f1 tyf af}l4s ju{sf nflu Ps k7gLo cWoog ;fdu|L aGg ;sf];\ eGg] z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' . wGojfb † @)&^ kmfu'g )* ut] s]=kL= zdf{ cf]nL O{Zj/ kf]v/]n pkk|wfgdGqL tyf /IffdGqL z'esfdgf b]z / hgtfsf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;]gf lbj;sf] z'e cj;/df ;'/Iffsf ljifo j:t'x¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ tof/ kf/]sf] n]v /rgfsf] ;+u|x Unity Journal k|sfzg ug{ nfu]sf]df Hofb} v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . b]zsf] :jflwgtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] /Iff ug{sf nflu :yfkgf ePsf] g]kfnL ;]gfn] cfkm\gf] st{Josf] kfngf lgi7f / OdfGbf/Ltfk"j{s ub{} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] Plss/0fb]lv jt{dfg;Dd cfO{k'Ubf o;n] w]/} cf/f]x cj/f]x kf/ u/]sf] 5 . h:tf] ;'s} sl7g / k|lts'n cj:yfdf klg b]z / b]zjf;Lsf] /Iffsf lglDt /ut / kl;gf aufP/ g]kfnL ;]gfn] uf}/jdo Oltxf; sfod u/]sf] 5 . o;/L Oltxf;sf] ljleGg sfnv08df g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] /Iffsf nflu cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] cfx'tL lbg] ;]gfsf jL/ jL/fËfgfx¿ k|lt xflb{s >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{5' . k|fs[lts ljkbsf j]nfdf tTsfn p4f/ / To;kl5 ljkb Joj:yfkgdf ul/g] r/0fj4 sfo{x¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 g]kfnL ;]gfn] cfkm\gf] pGgt Ifdtf k|bz{g u/L hgtfsf] dg lhTg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . kof{j/0f ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gdf o;n] k|z+;gLo sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . Hofb} sl7g e"–efudf k'u]/ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdx¿ ;DkGg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fv]sf] ljsf;sf nIox¿nfO{ k'/f ug{ 7'nf] d2t k'¥ofp“b} cfPsf] 5 . o;}u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo zflGt ;]gfsf] x}l;otn] g]kfnL ;]gfn] g]kfnsf] 5jLnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf pHHjn agfPsf] 5 . oL ;j} sfo{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pRr d'Nof+sg ;lxt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . g]kfnL ;]gfn] k|sfzg ug{ nfu]sf] of] Unity Journal n] ;'/Iff / ;fdl/s If]qsf] tYout tyf k|fl1s hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]5 eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . ;fy}, o;af6 ;fdl/s ljifodf ?rL /fVg] kf7sx¿nfO{ ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s ljifoaf/] yk hfgsf/L k|fKt k|fKt x'g]5 eGg] ljZjf; ln“b} æ;}lgs lbj;Æsf] z'e pknIodf g]kfnL ;]gf kl/jf/ k|lt xflb{s z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' . wGojfb † @)&^ kmfu'g )* ut]

O{Zj/ kf]v/]n pkk|wfgdGqL tyf /IffdGqL k|wfg ;]gfklt dxf/yL k"0f{rGb| yfkf z'esfdgf

;fdl/s / ;'/Iff ;Da4 ljifoj:t'x¿ ;d]6]/ klxnf] k6s Unity Journal k|sfzg x'g nfu]sf]df cToGt} v';L nfu]sf] 5 . cem, dxflzj/fqL tyf ;]gf lbj;sf] cj;/ kf/]/ o; k':ts ;fj{hlgs x'g nfu]sf]df o; sfo{df ;xefuL n]vs, ;Dkfbg ;d"x tyf ;Da4 ;a}df xflb{s wGojfb klg JoQm ub{5' . ;fdl/s ljifodf n]v /rgf k|sfzg ug{] sfo{sf] z'ef/De x'g' cfkm}+df ;'vb kIf xf] . emg\, /fli6«o ;'/Iff / k|lt/Iffsf] k|d'v zlQmsf ?kdf /x]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfn] pQm sfo{sf] yfngL ug'{ ;/fxgLo sfo{ xf] . u}/;}lgs If]qdf /xg'ePsf cu|h Oltxf;sf/, n]vs tyf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv g]kfnsf] e"– cjl:ylt, o;sf cj;/ / r'gf}tLx¿, ;fdl/s ljifoj:t'x¿ tyf Oltxf;sf ljleGg kf6f]x¿nfO{ ;d]6\b} n]v /rgf / k':tsx¿ k|sfzg ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] 5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff tyf ;fdl/s dxTjsf ljifox¿nfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;+:yfut ?kdf cl3 a9fpg ;fGble{s x'g] ePsf]n] ;fdl/s ljifoj:t'x¿ ;d]6]/ Unity Journal k|sfzgsf] z'ef/De ePsf] d}n] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . b]zsf] e"uf]n, o;sf] dxŒj / ;'/Iff, cfGtl/s tyf afëo ;'/Iff cj:yf, låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ;'/Iff ;/f]sf/ / ;DaGwx¿ tyf o;;“u} hf]l8P/ cfpg] cGo kf6fx¿sf af/]df b]zsf x/]s gful/s ;r]t, hfgsf/ / ;';"lrt x'g}kb{5 . o;sf] nflu ldlxg 9+un] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg cfjZos x'g hfG5 . o; lsl;dsf] uxgtd\ dxTj af]s]sf] ljifox¿df lj:t[t / oyfy{ cWoogsf nflu zf]w sfo{ cToGt} cfjZos 7flgG5 . o;}n] klg zf]wd"ns n]v/rgfx¿nfO{ o; k':tsdf :yfg lbOPsf] 7fGb5' . af}l4s ax; / dGygn] pTkfbg ug{] ;dfwfg tyf k|:t't ug{] dfu{/]vfx¿ kl/kSj, bL3{sfnLg lxt / /fli6«o :jfy{cg's"nsf] x'g] ub{5g\ . xfd|f ;fdl/s ljifox¿df klg ;f]xL lsl;dsf] ax;, cWoog / zf]w x'g' h?/L 5, h;sf] cfjZostf o; k':tsn] k"lt{ ug{] ck]Iff lnPsf] 5' . o; k':ts /fli6«o ;'/Iff tyf ;/f]sf/df rf;f] /fVg] x/]s gful/s, k|zf;g tx, k|ToIf ?kdf /Iff / ;'/Iffdf sfo{/t ;}lgs, cw{;}lgs an tyf k|x/L kmf}hnfO{ cToGt} pkof]uL x'g] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . ;fy}, s'6gLlt, k//fi6« gLlt Pj+ cGo ;Da4 ljifox¿df ;d]t cWoog/t ljBfyL{ / zf]wstf{x¿nfO{ ;d]t pko'Qm ;fdu|L aGg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . cGTodf, k':ts k|sfzg;“u ;Da4 ;a}df k'gM Psk6s ljz]if wGojfb lb“b} k':tssf] lgoldt k|sfzgsf nflu ;d]t z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' . wGojfb † hËL c•f k"0f{rGb| yfkf @)&^ kmfu'g )* ut] dxf/yL k|wfg ;]gfklt UNITY JOURNAL Volume I February 2020 ISSN: 2717-4751

Editorial Board Chief Editor Maj Gen Shashi Chandra Bahadur Singh

Editors Dr. Shambhu Ram Simkhada Prof. Dr. Triratna Manandhar Prof. Dr. Dayaram Shrestha Prof. Kamal Raj Singh Rathaur Prof. Dr. Dhruba Karki Dr. Rabindra Khanal Dr. Nischal Nath Brig Gen Prem Shahi Brig Gen Bigyan Dev Pandey Brig Gen Sahadev Khadka Brig Gen Shantosh Ballav Poudyal

Disclaimer While every effort has been made to ensure the quality and accuracy of the information contained in this publication, views expressed in the articles are of the contributors alone and in no way reflect the official views of the Directorate of Public Relations & Information or the .

Copyright The articles rest within the authority of the Nepali Army. Only with the Nepali Army's prior permission, any article in whole or in part from this journal shall be reproduced in any form.

Publication Co-ordinator T/ Bijay Raj Pandey

Layout Design T/WO1 Bishwo Nath Shrestha T/WO2 Dhana Bhatta

Printed at Press Section, Psy Ops, Nepali Army, Ph.No.: 01-4262162, Army HQ, Editorial The Nepali Army shares with avid readers research publication in the initiation of the the joy of publishing a peer–reviewed Nepali Army offers space to young scholars Unity Journal to feature research articles for their in–depth study, authentic research, in specific fields of national interests and knowledge production; while serving the and strategic importance. An established academic institutions, such as colleges and security body with strong credentials universities in their mission accomplishment and a high professional integrity, ’s processes. Military Institution has consistently been undertaking institutional responsibilities Unity Journal aims envisions serving the and accountabilities from the formation of nation and people by integrating ideas and a sovereign nation–state during the mid– values of the military and academia for the eighteenth century to the federation of the greater cause of the humanity. This research country early in the twenty–first century. journal aims to: • In the backdrop of inception of National prepare reading materials on issues Defense University (NDU), Federal and values in the military and academia Republic Nepal’s National Army’s annual for the groundwork of the proposed NDU publication presents articles both in Nepali in the country and English under the areas: national security • enhance the highest possible youth and development; nationality and national development programs responsible to unity; importance of geo–strategic position people and loyal to the nation of Nepal; civil–military relation; military diplomacy. On the one hand, research–based • promote the military–academic bond articles on topics of strategic and military with trained, disciplined and motivated studies and strong nation–state building youths, inculcating in them a high level from the elite and experienced researchers of civic sense and cultural awareness offer scholarships, subjects of humanities • reinforce the Nepali Army’s roles and social sciences, to expand readerships and responses to the world peace through and knowledge production to lead the credible and reliable information in the proposed university to right directions. process of knowledge production and On the other hand, the Nepali Army, with dessimination its regular publications of such scholarly works, underscores the university’s primary The Editorial Board highly appreciates objectives of producing knowledge while contributors to the journal with their inculcating in citizens civic sense and invaluable ideas and research design skills cultural awareness in the best interest of to support the COAS’s vision to strengthen nation building and institutional growth. the military institution with supports from the academia prior to the operation of NDU Publication of Unity Journal underscores in the near future. We also invite articles the incumbent Chief of the Army Staff based on your in-depth research and (COAS) Purna Chandra ’s investigation on various fields, including vision: promoting the Academia–Military military diplomacy, development, security reciprocal relationships for nation building and strategic studies for the next issue of and leadership preparation. The first ever Unity Journal. UNITY JOURNAL

CONTENTS

SN Title Author Page

1. and national unity in multi-ethnic Bihari Krishna 1 Nepal: Adopting integrative approach Shrestha for managing national affairs

2. Assessing geopolitics as Nepal's national Bikash Dhakal 14 security challenge 3. Discourse of civil military relations Chiranjibi Bhandari 21 in Nepal Rajendra Sharma 4. Dissonance in the discourse: A consumer’s Chiran Jung Thapa 33 lens to national security 5. Geo-strategic importance of Nepal Dharma Bahadur 39 Baniya 6. Assessing Nepal’s military diplomacy: Gaurav Bhattarai 48 Neighborhood and beyond 7. Geopolitical rivalry of global powers Geja Sharma Wagle 57 and its implications in Nepal 8. Managing national security interests Kosh Raj Koirala 66 amidst military major powers' military engagements

9. Building national security through Man Bahadur Khattri 74 human security: Seasonal migration from Upper Mustang

10. Reviewing the civil military Manoj Barakoti 89 relations in Nepal

11. Hybrid threats in the national security Padam Kumar Angbo 96 context of Nepal 12. Mainstreaming of climate change risks Pashupati Nepal 103 security through mitigation and adaptation strategies in Nepal

13. Sources of the Nepali Army’s military Phanindra Subba 114 effectiveness during the Anglo-Nepal war UNITY JOURNAL

14. Nepal's military diplomacy: Pragya Ghimire 120 Retrospect and prospect 15. Complex nature of humanitarian crisis: Ratindra Khatri 126 Unique dynamics of civil-military relations in Nepal

16. Security and development: Sonika Adhikari 135 Role of the Nepali Army in the nation building 17. Trajectories of social change in the Youba Raj Luintel 142 development of Nepal’s countryside: Some sociological refl ections 18. /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf ljsf;sf] kfZj{lrq c;kmn uf}td 152 19. gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwM jt{dfg cj:yf, c+u/fh ltldlN;gf 158 r'gf}tL / cj;/ 20. /fi6«lxtdf ;fdl/s dxŒjsf] ;fGble{stf cZj:yfdf eQm v/]n 165 21. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fli6««otf / /fli6««o Pstf emds k|;fb zdf{ 171 22. /fli6«o Pstfsf k|tLs k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx 7fs'/ k|;fb a/fn 179 23. gful/sd}qL g]kfnL ;]gf åfl/sf s'df/L clwsf/L 185 24. ;'/Iff / ljsf; M Ps /ysf b'O{ kfª\u|f kb\deQm v/]nf]kfWofo 191 25. cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lj:tf/df ;]gfsf] e"ldsf j;Gt v8\sf 196 26. g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ljsf;sf nflu ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg eljZj/ l3ld/] 201 27. xfd|f] ;'/IffM xfd|f] ;d[l4 dl0f/fd zdf{ 208 28. /fi6« lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gf /d]z cof{n 214 29. g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstf nIdL ljnf; sf]O/fnf 220 30. /fl{i6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;M cfwf/ tyf b[li6sf]0fx¿ ;'hg clwsf/L 227 31. /fHosf] Ifdtf clej[l4df e"/0fgLlts ;'/IffM z}n]Gb| axfb'/ yfkf 233 cj;/ / r'gf}tL 32. ;lxi0f'tfjfbL g]kfnL ;dfh / o;sf r'gf}tLx¿ 1fgaxfb'/ sfsL{ 239 UNITY JOURNAL

Nationalism and national unity in multi-ethnic Nepal: Adopting integrative approach for managing national affairs

Bihari Krishna Shrestha

Abstract Keywords: nationalism, national unity, external threat, ethnicity, integrative approach The birth of the concept of nationalism and national unity happened in Nepal, more Introduction or less at the same time as in Europe, by the second half of the Eighteenth century. Nepali nationalism and Nepali nation– Nationalism is seen as an ideology that state evolved almost along the advent of demands loyalty and devotion to the notion of nationhood in Europe and America. The birth authority from individuals or groups. While of the Nepali state and Nepali nationalism Nepal has come a long way in the process were nearly simultaneous and predated of growth of nationalism and national unity, by a few years in the eighteenth century they have been nurtured by significant nation American Revolution of 1779 and the French building measures at important junctures in Revolution of 1789 which are taken as "first Nepal's history. But recent events have shown powerful manifestations" of nationalism in that they remain vulnerable to external the world (Kohn, 2019), King Prithvi Narayan adversaries and influences and interventions. Shah had laid the foundation of the state of Indeed, the founding father of the modern Nepal in 1768 AD with his victory of the three Nepal, King 's dictum, states in the and defined it “Nepal as a yam between two boulders” as the "garden of four Varnas and 36 Jats" remains equally valid ever for Nepal’s foreign in his Dibya Upadesh (The Great Guidance), policy. A metaphor of “yam” in his maxim meaning, the new country belonged to all its connotes Nepal’s geo–strategic position people. However, given Nepal's limitations in which, like a soft edible starchy staple food academic advancement until in recent years, in tropical and subtropical areas, has to the subject of Nepalese nationalism as of many maintain its balanced relations with two big other subjects in such a multi-ethnic country powerful countries like boulders. Thus, this have been examined mostly by foreign paper argues that located in such an intricate scholars and researchers, prompting Prayag geographic position, Nepal has to protect Raj Sharma to observe that "Nepalese have its existence as a nation–state internally learnt about Nepal more through the writing through integrative, participatory and of these foreign researchers than through inclusive national development approach, works written by the Nepalese themselves" and externally, by balancing relations with (Sharma, 1997, p. 473). However, there is a the two big neighbors to forestall their undue danger to it, as observed by another Nepali pressures. scholar, Harka Gurung, in that " the ethnic minorities tend to view the printed exposition

1 UNITY JOURNAL of foreign researchers as more authentic" system (1960–1990) was marked by attempts even as such studies could suffer from what at cultural homogenization and restrictions to he called a "nexus between the outside and freedom of expression. However, following marginal perspectives" although there could the restoration of liberal democracy and be "divergence in perception"depending on multi-party system, Prithvi Narayan Shah’s "whether they (the researchers) subscribe to dictum of “Nepal a yam between two dominant or marginal aspect viewpoints (sic)" boulders" has received an ever –increasing (Gurung, 1997, p. 497). This weakness seems gravity and significance in Nepal’s foreign to manifest itself also in the discussion of policy. In such an escalating relevance of PN nationalism in Nepal when Oxford professor, Shah’s maxim, Nepal has been responding David Gellner criticized Prithvi Narayan new initiatives from both and , Shah for his "indifference to the question boulders in the Founder King’s metaphor. In of language" to which Sharma rebutted by such an intricate geo–strategic position, Nepal observing that "this sounds somewhat like should be able to maintain fair and balanced blaming Queen Elizabeth I for not allowing relations with these two immediate neighbors women to vote in her time in England" in line with the Founder King’s principle to (Sharma, 1997, p. 480). Similarly, Frederick protect its existence and sovereignty. These H. Gaige, a young man, restless and looking recent dynamics, thus, add new dimensions for adventure by his own admission, had to the discourse of nationalism particularly made into Nepal in 1966---that is, six years when it comes to an ethnically diverse, poor after King Mahendra's takeover of the reins and landlocked country like Nepal. This of government in 1960---and based on what paper, therefore, briefly examines the nature clearly was a rushed study of "selected and challenges of the new dynamics. villages" in the five districts stretching Conceptual overview from Jhapa to Kailali assisted by a "Mithila Kshyatriya interpreter" within a few months It is observed that "throughout the history between the "end of monsoon" and "before people have been attached to their native the hot weather set in" in 1967–68 examined soil, to the traditions of their parents, and King Mahendra's "leadership in formulating to established territorial authorities, it was and implementing domestic policies" as not until the end of the eighteenth century "neither forceful nor progressive" (Gaige, that nationalism began to be a generally 1975, p. 204). He was evidently oblivious recognized sentiment molding public of the larger picture of the nation at the time and life and one of the great, when many historic reforms propelled by the if not the greatest, single determining monarch. factors of modern history" (Kohn, 2019). The American and French revolutions Whereas much of Nepal's history until are taken for the “first powerful the breakdown of the Anglo-Nepal War in manifestations", and by the beginning of 1814 was characterized by conquests and the 20th century, nationalism flowered in expansions of the country, a century (1846– Asia and Africa too. (Kohn, 2019) 1951) under the Rana regime in Nepal was marked by isolationism and authoritarianism. Published in 1983, a couple of prominent Subsequently, the thirty years of the works, including Serious literature on the

2 UNITY JOURNAL subject of nationalism: Ernest Gellner’s In fact, all communities larger than Nations and Nationalism and Benedict primordial villages of face –to –face contact Anderson’s Imagined Communities: (and perhaps even there) are imagined Reflections on the Origin and Spread of communities are to be distinguished, not Nationalism explore issues of nationalism by their falsity/genuineness, but by the and nationhood. in which are imagined. Javanese villages have always known that they are Gellner, a British Czech philosopher, connected to the people they have never describes as "prolific and witty philosopher, seen, but these ties were once imagined anthropologist, sociologist and multi- particularistically–as indefinitely lingual polymath", nations and nationalism stretchable nets of kinship and clientship. are "products of modernity and have been (2016, p. 6) created as means to political and economic ends" (Gellner, 1983). According to him, "It Anderson opposes the idea of nationalism is nationalism which engenders nations." as an awakening of people of a particular Gellner postulates that "nationalism is territory or nation in a literal sense of the primarily a political principle that holds that term. Nor does he agree with the concept of the political and the national unit should be nationalism as a strong feeling of nationhood congruent". That is, the people in a state must of people living in a particular nation–state in share a common sense of nationalism and vice a conventional fashion. versa. From this perspective, "Nationalism appeared and became a sociological After the Second World War (1939–45), necessity only in the modern world (where) nations and citizens across the world started work becomes technical" necessitating" responding large corporate institutions, such impersonal, context-free communication and as World Bank and International Monetary a high degree of cultural standardization". Fund for their saviors and missions to connect Gellner's theory about nationalism has often themselves to the world communities. been critiqued. One such criticism pertinent Moreover, Europeans counties are connected to this paper has it that "The suggestion that with European Union, whereas the world nationalism cannot tolerate ethnic, racial citizens are connected through a process of or religious differences is refuted by the modernity and globalization. existence of multi-ethnic, multi-racial and Nationalism in Nepal: Some historical multi-religious nations" (Kakeyi, 2012). antecedents Anderson defines nation as an imagined In view of the international experience briefly political community. People of a community discussed above, the growth of nationalism in have their fellow members outside somewhere Nepal constitutes a category by itself even as their geographic locations. At the same time, it also shares parallels with the experiences of those people who do not live in physical the West. Firstly, in contrast to the countries proximity share much of their lifestyles and in Europe in particular where, as per Gellner, worldviews with citizens of different nations nationalism evolved as a necessary condition and communities. In Imagined Communities, of modernity, in Nepal, the birth of the state Anderson explicates: of Nepal and its nationalism had been more or less temporally co-terminus, and amidst

3 UNITY JOURNAL highly traditional context. As mentioned of Nepal as a nation state, and its sustained earlier, the Nepali nation was put together expansion by PN Shah’s successors, Queen by King Prithvi Narayan Shah in 1768 Rajendra Luxmi Devi from 1777 to 1786 AD through his conquest of numerous and her brother-in-law Bahadur Shah (1786 principalities, and just a few years thereafter to 1795), both working as regents to the then he had gone on toenunciate the making of infant king, (Sharma, the Nepali nationhood in his Dibya Upadesh 1951, pp. 198-321). (The Great Guidance) in which he envisioned the nation state as "the garden of four Varna In some ways, Nepal's nationalism has some and thirty six Jat". This definition not only parallels to that of the West in terms of its demanded unquestioned loyalty of all its external threats and people’s realization countrymen; it was also to be the place for of the power of unity to face any kind of prosperity for all of them, irrespective of intimidation. For instance, Prithvi Narayan their status. While King PN Shah has Shah's characterization of Nepal as the "yam since been immortalized as the Founding between two boulders" in his Divya Upadesh, Father of the Nation, he had also fired the just signifies this threat potentially posed by imagination of his successors who continued China on one side and the then British India to carry on his campaign of conquest and on the other. The dictum was prophetic. Not expansion for nearly another half a century too long thereafter, Nepal did fight vicious until Nepal'sdefeat in the Anglo-Nepal War wars with China in 1792 and with British of 1814-16. Even thereafter, its military India in 1814 that only consolidated the ambition towards the north into Tibet perception of continuing threat from either sustained and eventually resulted in the side. Ever since India became independent in acquisition of exclusive trading rights in 1947, the threat perception turns into a reality Tibet among others. in forms of several blockades and recurring interventions in the internal –domestic Although Nepal's unification as a nation affairs. In fact, it was to insulate this "yam" and its rise as military power in the lap of i.e. Nepal from possible mortal pressure the were attained in a span of from India that King Mahendra took over the less than half a century, it had also been reins of government from elected BP Koirala transformed into a nation state that formally government in 1960--to the widespread demanded Kohn's quote of "loyalty and criticism of the move internationally--and devotion" to the state, implicit in PN Shah's as his very first act as country's head of Divya UpadeshIt is interesting to note that government, went on to China to get that long before Gellner' and Anderson's seminal country's help to get a road built to the work on nationalism were written (in 1983) northern neighbor too, by opening up what the sixth chapter of one of the earliest Nepali- was seen in India as Fortress Himalayas in authored history books on Nepal, Nepalko the north. While that did not deter India from Aitihaasik Rooprekha (The historical shape creating problems for Nepal particularly in and contours of Nepal), first published trade and transit to the world beyond, the road in 1951,was titled Rastriyatako Bikas or precluded the loss of Nepal's sovereignty Growth of Nationalism, and dealt with the as happened to Nepal's next door neighbor, rise of and the establishment , that was annexed to India in 1975,

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Much of how India continued to interfere in (Onta, 2011). Besides, as mentioned above, Nepal's internal affairs till the recent times almost all of these caste/ethnic groups live has been well described in the seminal work, in ethnically mixed settlements, creating magnum opus, by Nepal's eminent journalist, over the centuries multiple institutions of Sudheer Sharma, in his recent publication cooperation and coexistence, including a fittingly called "The Nepal Nexus (Sharma, shared pantheon that comprised of more than 2019). Lately, Nepal has managed to work the known Hindu or Buddhist deities. Almost with China to open up alternative access to all village communities, while characterized third countries for international trade through by mutual inequities and cultural differences, Chinese ports, thus, ending Nepal's exclusive lived in harmony that was essential for eking dependence on India for the purpose. All out existence in their harsh environments. For these developments only show that on-going instance, the western terai district of Kailali has external threat perception remains a potent 43.3 percent ethnic Tharus who live alongside force in the making and managing of caste groups of (17.42%), Nepal's nationhood (10.73%) and (2.93%), Tibeto-Burman Magar (3.88%), and the External players in recent dynamics in of (6.81%) and Damai (2.10%) nationalism and national unity plus “others” (12.41%) (Kailali DDC, 2009). 1. Nepal's ethnic diversity Similarly, the central hill district of Dhading has 69 different caste ethnic groups in its total While Nepal remains a highly diverse country population of 173,000 (2001), of whom the ethnically, it is this attribute that has been numerically dominant ones are the Tibeto – at the centre of recent dynamics regarding Burman –Tamang (73,000), Newar (32,000), Nepal's sense of shared nationalism and Magar (29,000), Gurung (26,000), Chepang national unity. Nepal's cultural landscape is (11,000), and Kumal (4,000) and the Indo- comprised of some 100 plus ethnic and caste Aryan caste groups of Brahmin (57,000), groups living mostly in mixed multiethnic Chhetri (53,000), and the dalit caste groups settlements. According to the 2011 census, of Kami (11,000), Sarki (14,000), and Damai the total population numbered 26,494,505 (8,000) (Dhading DDC, 2002). which is comprised of 125 castes/ethnic groups of which only two (caste) groups Of the total population of 13,318,705 (2011) have double digit population namely, Chhetri in the 20 districts comprising the Terai belt, (16.6%) and Hill Brahman (12.2%). Of the people of hill origin, generically referred to ethnic (tribal) groups, the most populous are as pahari or pahadi represented 39.86%, traditionally-hill-dweling (7.1%) Madhesi caste groups 38.71%, Tharus and followed by Tarai-dwelling Tharu (6.6%), other Taraitribals 12.64 and 8.32%. hill dwelling Tamang (5.8%), Kanthmandu While the pahari population of the Terai valley dwelling Newar (5%) and so on. represented the kaleidoscope of 59 caste and While, according to the government sources, ethnic categories from the hills, the Madhesi there are 59 different ethnic groups, now population comprised of 49 high, middle and officially designated as Janajati groups in low caste groups, the latter two categories the country, another study in 2010 reported constituting the vast majority of the Madhesi the existence of more than 80 janajati groups population. Thus, both the hill and Terai

5 UNITY JOURNAL regions of Nepal represented a very vast ancestors being the first settlers in the state ethnic diversity, most settlements consisting but now displaced from their own land for of a large plurality of the caste and ethnic the last 4 (sic) centuries and "whose society groups. was traditionally erected on the principle of egalitarianism - rather than the hierarchy of 2. Primacy of external players in fomenting the Indo-Aryan caste system" and so on. But divisive dynamics since the leadership of the new movement But the yam between two boulders remains included social scientists too, they knew that a volatile entity. While there has been some these criteria were contrived more to qualify organizations along ethnic lines during the for the UN's "indigenous people" badge and early 50s and the restrictive Panchayat period its funding, as well as to gain some political (1960-90), they were either just welfare- clout in the libertarian atmosphere where oriented ethnic organization like Gurung political parties vied for support by fair Kalyan Sangh and Tharu Kalyankari Sabha means or foul. of 1956 or the post-referendum (1937) Then there were bilateral donor agencies Magurali informal coalition (Gurung, 1997, whose largely Western officials came mostly p. 526), conceived for some political leverage. with colonialism-generated experience of It was only after the restoration of the libertarian democracy and multi-party system segregation and conflict based on color and in 1990 that an ethnicity-based movement religious differences in their own societies. got under way in real earnest. The umbrella They sorely lacked any serious acquaintance organization of , the with the distinctive sociology of Nepalese life Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities and therefore, found it easy to identify with (NEFIN), composed of 59 distinct ethnic the contrived "indigenousness" and claim groups, recognized by the government, was of discrimination of the Janajati ensemble first established in 1991 as Nepal Federation and opened up their purse strings liberallyto of Nationalities, (NEFEN) representing 21 NEFIN to apply their newfound leverage as groups at the time, generically referred to political players of note too. They mainly as Janajati or "people castes". However, hounded the (Brahmin) who were after the General Assembly branded as immigrants from India and, given announced The International Decade of thelatter'srelative prosperity as a caste group, the World's Indigenous People (1995- were also termed as the main exploiters 2004) in December 1993, the then NEFEN responsible for keeping the Janajatis too organized a conference in 1994 and renamed themselves The Nepal Federation impoverished and powerless. There were of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN). academic voices that said that the ground Probably to be eligible for UN largesse, they reality completely differed from NEFIN defined the term, "indigenousness" as being claim but that did not make any difference to "in opposition to Hindus". Other labored their stance (e.g. Dahal, DR, 1995; Sharma, criteria included: possessing their own PR, 1997: 489; Shrestha, BK, 2012) for a original lingual and cultural tradition, faith long time. A British scholar even had gone to based on ancient animism, not , the extent of expressing his frustration thus:

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"there is a bitter irony in the fact that just when 3. The Madhes turmoil a scholarly and anthropological consensus is Until the fifties of the last century, the Terai emerging that a Hindu-tribe dichotomy was plains remained isolated from the rest of hopelessly flawed as a tool for understanding Nepal because of the malarial forest belt. Nepalese society, Nepalese intellectuals Inhabited by indigenous ethnic groups, such themselves should begin to take it up with a as Tharus and Majhis, the Madhes is isolated vengeance" (Gellner, 1997, p. 22). between lower hills to the North and the Terai to the South was also populated with Then came the Maoists, mostly based in India indigenous people from India during the (Sharma, 2019). While their earlier avatar as time of the Gorkha conquests This Madhesi a political party had only nine members in the community comprises mainly the Maithili newly elected parliament in 1991, they took speaking community in the eastern Tarai, violence for a fast track to resort to power. Bhojpuri in the mid-Terai and Awadhi in They too found it convenient to support and the western and is the spillovers into Nepal use the NEFIN demand for federalization of the vast population of similar linguistic of Nepal based on ethnicity and find favor background across India. As observed by with the Janajati organizations across the Claire Burkert regarding the Maithili culture, country. In the First Constituent Assembly who worked among these people: of 2008, there were many members who The culture of Maithil people extends sounded and behaved as die hard NEFIN from Nepal's eastern Tarai into representatives and tried to force the creation in India, and the region has unofficially of ethnicity-based federal provinces in the retained the name of Mithila. During the age of the Videhan kings, Mithila was a new constitution, such suggested provinces kingdom and (now in Nepal) its variously numbering 14, 12 or 11 at different capital. (Burkert, 1997, p. 241) times at the whim of mainly the Maoist and "Janajati" members. However, by the time This intercourse between the hills and the second constituent assembly (2013) was the Terai people, despite the control of ready to pronounce a new constitution, the malaria and development of road and other donor funding sources--that had come under communication network remains woefully severe criticism in the country--had dried up limited, creating its own problems of and consequently, these "ethnic rebels" too perception in the process. This problem is had gone out of steam with the major diehards most eloquently explained recently by a Terai intellectual and activist, Rajesh Ahiraj, who, quietly relinquishing NEFIN leadership. speaking to online new portal, Desh Sanchar While the new 2072 in February 2018 (Falgun 29, 3075) said (2015) federated the entire country into seven that 90 percent of the Madhesis die without provinces, they are not based on ethnicity, reaching the Himalayas and more than that except Province 2 in the Terai which is the proportion of the hill people die without ever product of another "ethnic strife" based on visiting the Janaki Temple in Janakpur. As a the purported differences of the "Madhesi" result, the Madhesi do not know sufferings of people. women in Humla and Jumla where they have

7 UNITY JOURNAL to spend some three hours just for fetching of Gaige's work in 2009, Arjun Guneratne a pitcher of water every day and that people (2009: xvi) observed, "Thirty years later, the sometime die for want of even one single situation is different, and the new republic table of citamol. He maintained that except faces the most difficult challenges in the for a handful of people on either side, there Terai". is absolutely no acquaintance between the people of the hills and the Madhes. Therefore, The challenge has been summed up by Sudheer along with the geographical unification, there Sharma recently in his aforementioned work, is also a compelling need for promoting The Nepal Nexus where he observed that emotional bond between the two people. "For years, the region had been seething Eventually, only the interests of the individual with concealed anger over the tendency of leaders of Madhes have been taken care of, Kathmandu to lump together the natives and the overall agenda of Madhes integration and Indian immigrants and treat them with remains undone. The people of the hills have disrespect and discrimination." While they to know that the dhoti wearing people too are also resented "the growing migration of the Nepali as well (Ahiraj, 2018) people from the hills" the Madhesi community "had been unhappy over difficulties in While much remains to be accomplished getting Nepali citizenship, prohibition on in the Madhesi-hill integration in Nepal, it the official use of local languages, minimal has turned out a seriously sensitive political representation in organs of the state and so on problem, often punctuated by calls for the (Sharma, 2019, pp. 276-77) Terai secession. Like the Janajati turmoil in the hills, the Terai remains a paradox. In the Despite the passions raised in regard to the sixties on the last century, the aforementioned Madhesi cause, the problem is much more American researcher, Frederick H. Gaige, enigmatic in content. For one thing, compared based on socio-economic study of the region, to the days of Fred Gaige, the Madhesi people, had written: who speak Nepali, are much more engaged in The process of acculturation did not the rest of the country. While there has been extend to the people of the Tarai, partly more arrival of Indian immigrants, so has the because of the country's geography. The influx from the hill region too. According Tarai people were isolated from the hill to 2011 census, the Terai represents 50.3 people by the dense and malarial forest percent of country’s population, a significant that separated the two regions of the increase from 36.4 percent in 1961 and country. (Gaige, 1975, p. 96) 48.4 percent in 1991. However, of the total He had gone on to add that "Despite population in 20 Terai districts (2011), the resentment with Nepal government's people of hill represent 39.86 %, whereas the economic policies in the rural areas of the corresponding proportion for the Madhesis is Terai and resentment against the government's 38.71% (19.5% in the country's population) efforts at Penalization in the urban centers, and the rest comprise of Tharus represent the Terai is not a sea of discontent, ready to 12.64%, Muslim 8.32% and others 0.48%. drown the government in the high tide of Besides, as reported Chandra Kishore, a revolution" (Gaige, 1975, p. 193). However, widely respected journalist from the Terai, while writing an Introduction to the reprint in 2012, the roti-beti based "south-oriented outlook' was undergoing change. The new

8 UNITY JOURNAL generation of Madhesis is now "more is not addressed in time, there may eventually inclined to embrace Kathmandu than the be a new conflict between high caste people traditional destinations like Darbhanga, and of the Terai (Dev, 2012). Madhuvani, Sitamadhi, and so on". Besides, “there was dissatisfaction over the hegemony If Frederick Gaige had not seen any possibility of the new arrivals from across the border of a revolution then, it should have been even who managed to acquire Nepali citizenship". less likely in what is now more of a propitious For him, the Madhes revolt (of 2007) itself situation in the Terai. But as Gunaratne (2009) was "a process of “abharatiyakaran” (de- put it, "Thirty years later…. the new republic Indianization). He concluded, “while living faces the most difficult challenges in the in Kathmandu continues to involve some Tarai". He added, "Why that should be the challenges”, for the most part, "it has now case is a story waiting to be told". become sajhasahayatra" or a shared voyage There are considerable answers to be found (Kishore, 2012). in the recent work by the aforementioned Then, there is an issue of severe stratification journalist, Sudheer Sharma (2019). While he among the Madhesis themselves. For too subscribed to the long-running "anger over instance, in the population given above, the the tendency of Kathmandu to lump together three high caste groups of MadhesiBahun, the natives and Indian migrants and treat them Kayastha and Rajputs together represent with disrespect and discrimination" (Sharma, only 4.2 % in the total Madhesi population. 2019, p. 276), we were told by Gaigesome But they remain dominant economically, three decades ago that it is not a sufficient socially and politically and appropriate condition for a revolution. While India has much of the government benefit meant for been known to stir up problems in the tarai the Madhesi people for themselves. In this all along, according to Sharma India's interest regard, a Madhesi professor complained in the Madhes "grew exponentially following that the high caste Madhesis have all along the appointment of Shyam Saran as Delhi's been getting appointments as Badahakim, ambassador in October 2002" who brought all judges and officers from the days of the the India-assisted major projects to the Terai, Rana and Panchayat regime, had become managed to spend up to NRs. 50 million ministers, chief justice, ambassadors and of development assistance directly in the zonal commissioners in 2012. In democratic Madhes, and opening of the Indian Consulate and republican structures, Machesis have Office "in the heart of Madhes, at " become ministers, legislators, ambassadors, that coincidentally "witnessed unanticipated and CEOs in various corporations. It is turmoil" in the Madhesh (Sharma, 2019, pp. these high caste people such as Maithili 280-81). Sharma went on to add that "Less , Bhumihar, Rajput and Kayastha than two months after the Gaur massacre, who appropriate the opportunities from on 27 May (2007), there was an attempt to the government reservations made for the assemble all the armed and unarmed forces in general. These same high of Madhes together at a meeting in Patna, caste people have most of the land in the Terai Bihar. Madhesi leaders of all hues, from whereas the lower caste people are virtually MJF (Madhesi Janadhikar Forum) Chairman landless the author warns that if this problem Upendra Yadav to Jwala Singh, the leader of an armed outfit that raised separatist slogans

9 UNITY JOURNAL and engaged in violence were present. The Conclusion unseen organizer of the meeting was the The preceding discussion lead to the newly opened Patna RAW station. The aim compelling conclusion that while the sense was to form a common front of all Terai forces, of shared nationalism among the people selecting a consensus leader of the front, and remain largely robust andthateven the start a campaign for an "independent Madhes" long alienated Madhesi people have come by seeking international support" (Sharma, around to share in and claim this common 2019, p. 289). Ram Raja Prasad Singh, nationhood, the recent events--the turmoil then a prominent republican leader from set forth by the Janajati activists, the Maoists' Saptari, was projected as the leader of the rise and rampage with India's support and campaign. … But when he himself remarked the Madhesi revolution of the last decade- at the meeting that he 'could not even imagine -show that nationalism as a binding force becoming the president of the Tarai by in Nepal remains fragile and vulnerable to external intervention, however unwitting disintegrating the nation', the Patna mission as in the case of the janajati activists' claim collapsed" (Sharma, 2019, p. 290). Sharma to indigenousness of Nepal's ethnic groups. further added that In India the Congress party, Nepal's nationalism needs to be nurtured with the Bharatiya Janata Party, the , utmost care. In a sense, Nepal's experience and domestic intelligence agency IB were with its nationalism project is comparable in favor of preserving Nepalese monarchy with that of Spain where, having made the in some form but the South Block, and problem of Basque separatists go away, the RAW were in favor of a republic. The then state is now struggling with the Catalonian Indian Ambassador Shiv Shankar Mukherjee separatists. A recent report in the Foreign himself--who had often felt disrespected Affairs magazine said, during the royal regime--also favoured a Compared with neighboring states such republic. When Pranab Mukerjee, a fellow as France, the Spanish nation-building Bengali, stood in favour of a republic,'the project was unusually weak, in part embassy was given instructions to carry because the state spent its resources less out policies and programmes accordingly" on the building blocks of a common (Sharma, 2019, p. 209). national identity, such as mass schooling, and more on maintaining a financially However, there has been some very significant ruinous empire abroad. That historical changes in India's approach to Nepal after weakness shapes Spanish national Nepal turned to China, particularly following consciousness to this day. It is evident in India's extended blockade of Nepal in 2015. the country’s deep distrust of subnational Today, China's presence in Nepal is significant diversity and the widely held belief that and, going by the writings in the Indian news distinct national identities threaten rather media India does view it with concern. Now than complement the Spanish state. that India's muscular diplomacy with Nepal (Ballcells, 2019) has become counterproductive for that In the case of Nepal, for many years, there country, lately, it has become much more has been no strident call for strengthened conciliatory towards Nepal, tending more nationhood other than Prithvi Narayan's towards a win-win relationship exhortation of the "Garden of all four Varnas and 36 castes" and his call for handling the

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"yam between two boulders" with utmost undue pressure on it. Nepal's own recent care. However, there has been significant experience should illuminate the proposition. moves for strengthening nationalism during While the 2015 blockade of Nepal, for King Mahendra's time in particular like instance, represented undue pressure being making Nepali currency the only legal tender exerted by the "boulder" to the south, the all over the country, introducing Nepali as country's recent determined move to get the medium of instruction and the abolition closer to the northern "boulder", China, of the discrimination based on the caste produced its own energy that seem to have system. However, the Janajati turmoil and deter the southern boulder from putting the Madhesi uprisings show that Nepalese's undue pressure on the squashy and delicate sense of shared nationalism can easily be "yam" in between, i.e. Nepal, thus, assuring destabilized through the spread of false the Nepalese that India will no longer be information designed to capitalize on the able to blockade Nepal again for one thing. inherent inability of the masses to discern the Similar policies will have to be adopted with sinister design largely due to lack of education. the wide variety of external agencies working This has been the situation capitalized by in Nepal, many of whom, through their the handful of Janajati activists, the Maoist power of purse and acquiescent counterparts insurgentsorthe Madhesirebels in their in and out of the government have learnt to mission of destabilization. take Nepal for granted and push their own sinister agenda with complete impunity. The There is a need for integrative approach to external support for the contrived Janajati national development and to foreign affairs case and Nepal's acquiescence to allow the for protecting and nurturing nationalism and then Indian ambassador to disburse direct national unity. grants of upto 50 million rupees resulting in This is where Prithvi Narayan Shah's dictum Madhes conflagration discussed above come of Nepal being the "yam between the two in handy as relevant lessons of experience in boulders" and "garden of four varnas and this regard. 36 castes" come in as a challenge to be Nationally, our approach to national continuously managed and nurtured. That can development must be integrative in character. be done through the adoption of integrative For one thing, Nepal has already made a very approaches to national development on the significant move to this end by changing one hand and managing Nepal's foreign its national anthem to one that is highly relations in a manner that would discourage integrative in its letter and spirit. Unlike the fomenting conflict and discord among the former one that extolled the magnificence of Nepalese themselves by foreign players in the king in throne, the new one specifically and outside Nepal. makes reference to three geographical regions In regard to foreign relations, Nepal must of Nepal, the Terai, hills and mountains as constantly bear in mind the "yam and well as to being a pluralist nation. But much boulders" analogy in that we have to manage more needs to be done in this direction such the two boulders in such a way that the health as making the list of national icons inclusive of the yam in between is not compromised too. with either of the two boulders leveraging

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However, it is the development process that chairmen are listening to the concerns of has to be made inclusive and participatory, so group members" and that "Participation in that all the citizens of the country can own up discussions and decision-making is increasing" and benefit from it, thus engendering a strong and so on (Britt, Charla Danelle, 2002, 204- sense of belonging and ownership. This can 205). While the World Future Council based happen only if the governance authority is in Hamburg, had recognized Nepal's devolved to the grassroots, so that it comes forest policy as "one of the best in the world" within reach of every single members living in 2011, the Nepal government itself had in those ethically mixed communities. officially offered to "share its successful Incidentally, such an approach is also very experience and expertise in community forest effective in delivering the intended benefits management" with the rest of the countries in and accelerating the pace of progress. in the 2016 Mini SAARC Summit Nepal already possesses such feathers of held in Nepal. Such approaches need to be success on its cap. These initiatives have adopted across all sectors of development so not only effective domestically but also that everybody effectively benefits irrespective remain applauded around the world. Nepal's of their difference in caste, ethnicity, gender or community forestry project is one such economic status. This requires a fundamental success story under which all the users of a reformulation to our national polity, sooner the given forest are legally empowered members better. of their Forest User Groups (FUG). To briefly dwell on its astounding success, Nepal's References forest wealth was nearly totally denuded Ahiraj, R. (2018). Interview given to the news to the point of near desertification by mid- portal Desh Sanchar on Fagun 29, 2075 BS 1980s due to its nationalization in 1957. Anderson, B. (2016). Imagined Communities: In 1988, Nepal introduced the FUGs and Reflections on the origin and spread of empowered them by special legislation to nationalism. : Verso. manage their own forest. The result was a miracle. With the vast nationwide network of Balcells, L. (2019). FOREIGN AFFAIRS 27, 2019, FUGs at work, both formal and informal, the latter awaiting official recognition by forest Britt, C. D. (2002). Changing the boundaries of authorities according to their convenience, forest politics; Community forestry, social mobilization and federation-building in Nepal Nepal was able to restore its forest wealth viewed through the lens of environmental in about a mere decade's time. To give some sociology and PAR, A Dissertation Presented insight in its participatory management to the Faculty of the Graduate School of system, an American researcher had observed Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of in her Ph D thesis in 2002 that 'many user the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy groups are equally distributing forest products and, in some instances, even incorporating Burkert, C. (1997). Defining maithili identity: concerns of equity by providing greater shares Who is in charge? In David N. Gellner to occupational and low caste members", et al (ed.) Nationalism and ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of culture "women's confidence and participation in in contemporary Nepal. The Netherlands: user groups and collective processes of Harwood Academic Publishers decision-making is increasing", "User group

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Dev, R. N. (2012). Tarai-Madheshma arakschyan Kohn, H. (2019). Nationalism. Encyclopedia nitikasto hunu parchha?Kantipur, Baisakh 26, Britannica 2019. 2069 (May 8, 2012) Onta, P. (2011). Advasi/janajati: definititonal Dhading DDC (District Development Committee) politics of the past and the future, Republica, (2002). District profile of Dhading district, July 29, 2011, Kathmandu Dhading Pradhan, R. (2002). Ethnicity, caste and a Gellner, D. N. (1997). Ethnicity and nationalism pluralist society, in state of Nepal, by Kanak in the world's only Hindu state. In David N. Mani Dixit and ShastriRamachandran (ed.), Gellner et al (ed.) Nationalism and ethnicity Lalitpur: Himal Books in a Hindu kingdom: The politics of culture in contemporary Nepal. The Netherlands: Sharma, B. (1951). Nepal ko Aitihasik Rooprekha, Harwood Academic Publishers : Guneratne, A. (2009). “Introduction”. Regionalism Sharma, P. R. (1997). Nation-Building, Multi- and National unity in Nepal by Federick H. ethnicity, and the Hindu state. In David N. Gaize, first published 1975, Reprint published G. ed. (1998). Nationalism and ethnicity in by Himal Books for Social Science Baha, a Hindu kingdom: The politics of culture Kathmandu. in contemporary Nepal. The Netherlands: Gurung, H. (1997). State and society in Nepal. In Harwood Academic Publishers David N. Gellner et al (ed.) Nationalism and Sharma, S. (2019). The Nepal Nexus: An inside ethnicity in a Hindu kingdom: The politics account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New of culture in contemporary Nepal. The Delhi: Penguin Random House Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers Shrestha, B. K. (2012). Federalising back to the Kailali DDC. (2009). District development plan, Baise Chaubise days: An anthropological 2009/10, Dhangadi perspective on ethnicity as the basis for state restructuring in Nepal, Ethnicity and Kishore, C. (2012). Wariparika Bachhita, Kantipur. federalisation in Nepal, Central Department August 16. of Sociology/Anthropology, , Kathmandu.

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Assessing geopolitics as Nepal's national security challenge

Bikash Dhakal

Abstract India. Moreover, China and India themselves are rivals because of differences on several The increased geo-strategic interests and fronts. With the economic and political rise concerns of great powers have posed serious of China, Nepal has ever–increasing regional challenges to national security of Nepal. and international interests. Due to its unique This article objectively analyzes the impacts geo-strategic location, the strategic intentions of geopolitics on Nepal's national security. of China, India and the US are deeply rooted It intends to examine the National security in Nepal. Unfortunately, Nepal has become a within the framework of geopolitical rivalry. gigantic area of triangular struggle for power. Geopolitics is rather a crucial external factor than the other internal factors of National Security Policy of Nepal 2016 insecurity. Thus, this article attempts to indicates to strategic interests of regional and justify how regional and global geopolitical global powers as major security challenge to developments challenge Nepal's national the country. Big powers geopolitical moves security. This article explains geopolitical have defiantly created challenges on national factors that can pose threat and challenge to security. Among others, geopolitics is one of national security. the major factors to challenge and threat to Nepal's national security. Keywords: geopolitics, national security challenge, geo-strategy, geo-economics The national security of any state can be presented from geopolitical strategic Introduction perspective. In addition to its power relations Security is one of the most important issues and global behaviors, geopolitical framework in both national and international politics, so is an integrated study of geography of a state. the governments of powerful states around This article discusses geopolitical aspects of the world spend a tremendous amount of Nepal’s national security in the following money on their national security. Yet, small sections. states like Nepal and South Korea cannot New creed on the national security just make attempts to ensure their national security. On the one hand, Nepal does not National security's primary purpose is to have capacity to deal with nuclear insider protect the state and its people from all sorts militarily and financially. On the other hand, of threats, both domestic and international. its geographical setting is another major Equally, it is an ability of state to protect factor in its "insecurity" in the global context. the internal values from the external threats or aggression. But, the concept of national Geographically, fact, Nepal is squeezed security in the modern era does not only between world's two rising powers: China and

14 UNITY JOURNAL denote conventional military-political perception of the country explicates Nepal’s approaches only. Under the domain of non- defensive strategy in the situation that Nepal conventional security approaches, many was facing external threats from the East other entities tend to contribute to broaden India Company along the powerful states the concepts of security. and principalities across India at that time. King PN Shah’s proclamation toward the last The conventional security approaches quarter of the eighteenth century has become applied exclusively to the military threat. a vital guideline to Nepal’s foreign policy. Nevertheless the non-conventional concepts are now at the fore-front of the economic, Despite Nepal’s defensive non –aligned environmental, socio-cultural, technological strategies of international relations, the and other challenges to national security. On offensive policy of great powers towards an issue of national security, the new power Nepal has great geopolitical implications competition does not necessarily focus on in Nepal. Nepal's geographic position has the direct territorial control, but on informal undoubtedly affected its foreign policies influence. And the tool of influence on the and external presence in the regional and international relations from the part of the global arena. In recent years, Nepal's position small states like Nepal and could has got to be deliberately more significant be the "soft power" rather than hard power than in the past primarily because of the rise or sharp power. In that case, a persuasive of the two Asian giants, including India and approach to international relations, typically China. Because of its geography, Nepal is involving the application of economic and suffering within the strategic rivalry of great cultural influence, can be the right strategy powers. In such a point in case, geopolitics to influence the global power. Scholars of has consistently become a crucial determinant international relations have long recognized to Nepal's foreign policy and international that differential rates of economic growth affairs. lead to structural changes in the balance of power (Gilpin, 1981 & Kennedy, 1989). In National security on geopolitical the context of changing strategic facts on framework this ground, there are various new creeds on The external threat and the problem of national security challenges. survival in the sense of national security are Geopolitical organism of Nepal closely related to the geopolitical objective and subjective effects. In this context, Geopolitically, states political power and geopolitics is such a structural framework security policy are determined by geographic that can provide ideas to identify external characteristics. Nepal's situations were threats to national security. fragile through the prism of geopolitics even from the days of formation of the modern Geopolitical study is simply an emphasis on nation –state around the mid–eighteenth the relationship between geographical facts century under the leadership of the Gorkha on the one hand and international politics King Prithvi Narayan Shah. Founder King on the other (Colin, 2013, p. 1). Geopolitics PN Shah, in his maxim, proclaimed that can, therefore, be defined as “the relation "Nepal is a yam between two boulders". His of international political power to the

15 UNITY JOURNAL geographical setting” (Cohen, 1973, p. 24). According to Joseph Nye (2015) "China’s Classical geopolitical analysis affirms that an size and its high rate of economic growth will "international system is a competitive arena bring it closer to the in terms of in which great powers play a disproportionate the basic resources for influence over the next role, struggling for security, resources, few decades" (Nye, 2015). Indeed, China is position and influence" (Colin, 2013, p. 3). upgrading its military, increasing its defense Whereas critical geopolitics emphasizes budget and improving its alliances. Although the ways images of the world are created, the US’s focus on China has reached a high transmitted and underpin geographies of point in recent years, this change reflects a power and conflict (O'Tuathail, 1996, p. 60). longer-term recognition of the need to shift America’s focus to Asia in general and China Traditionally, geopolitical perspectives are in particular (Anthea, Henrique & Victor, only characterized by the rivalry of powers 2018). The security policy and economic and global demarcation of powers. However, interests of the US is shifting towards Asia. geopolitics in recent decades incorporates The growing military and political stakes of analysis of non-political development the US and its mere presence in the area is and cooperation with strong emphasis on a reflection of offensive realism’s growing individual and community participation in the functioning (Khan & Amin, 2015, p. 15). changing geopolitical spheres. As China's economic and military power is Critical geopolitical discourse not only on rise, it is in the struggle for the new world analyzes traditional state and power centered order. Accordingly, Belt and Road Initiatives geopolitics but also applies social-scientific (BRI) initiated by Chinese President Xi critical thinking to inquire the power Jinping is a grand geopolitical strategy of dynamics. The geopolitical framework China. BRI is a large connectivity project should, therefore, be analyzed, and external designed to merge separate plans with a grand threats to non-conventional challenges to objective of connecting three continents Asia, national security should be identified. The Europe and Africa through land and maritime following discussion section responds to a routes. It is an ambitious project with genuine research question why geopolitics is geopolitical and geo-economic ambitions. vital to Nepal’s security. Under these circumstances, rise of China is Discussion a great threat to the established super power 1. The global strategic shift like the US and its liberal world order. Consequently, the US is revolving around Today's international politics on both global Chinese territories to encircle it. Therefore, and regional levels are very different from the US President Donald J. Trump's Indo- those of earlier centuries. International power Pacific Strategy (IPS) forwarded new major is shifting from the Pacific Ocean towards strategic plan, the composite iteration of Asia-Pacific gradually. Because of its all earlier government's strategy is deeply expanding economic power, Asia is expected rooted in its geo-strategic interests. IPS is the to play a prominent role in the twenty-first geo-strategic weapon to threat and counter- century. balance the Chinese influence in the Asia Pacific region.

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Hence, the US foreign policy towards Nepal territory, as in classical geopolitical analysis, reflects the border regional context. Since but also to commanding and manipulating Nepal is strategically important for the US. the economic ties that bind states together. Accordingly, China looks for the more Geo-economics provides a way for states to dynamic back of Nepal for its One China conduct power politics that does not refer to approach. What China believes is that Nepal military means (Scholvin & Wigell, 2018, p. is the guarantor of the Tibetan region's 74). As a foreign policy strategy, it refers to security and stability and its strategically the application of economic means of power important Belt and Road Initiatives. by states so as to realize strategic objectives. Against the 'One China Policy', the US and Nepal is the one among other Asian strategic its allies intend to contain China by pushing core where Geo-economic strategies of big it into inconvenience by supporting free powers are not separated from their security Tibet movement and human right issues. To policies. As weak infrastructures, less use this end, the US wishes to have a strategic of resources and regional imbalance in pact with Nepal, a strategically important terms of development are the major sources nation that sincerely endorses China’s official of conflict that may pose serious security recognition of its one sovereign state with threat to the small countries (Khanal, 2010, unalienable parts, including Tibet, Taiwan, p. 101). Geo-economics is such powerful Macau and Hong Kong. instrument through which big powers can easily influence small states, such as Nepal Apart from security and economic interests, and to change their patterns of China has interest in containing the US behaviors and international relations. Geo- influence in Nepal. Consequently, the economics can bring about disastrous shifts prospect of potential confrontation rather in the regional geopolitics. The inherent than possibility of cooperation in the global asymmetric contradictions and dependencies geopolitical climate pose a great challenge to in the international system make economic Nepal's national security. power an effective means of achieving 2. Convergence of geo-economics with strategic goals in Nepal. geopolitics China is using finance, investment and trade In the last couple of years, economic to build alliances and influence countries power developed as one of the biggest non- across Africa, Asia and Latin America (Yu, traditional challenges to national security. 2015, p. 1048). As in other areas of the region Economic power has been one among other , China has increased the volume of pledging asymmetric strategic tools that can easily grant assistance to Nepal government and trickle down, even the military power also. expenditure in strategic sectors in Nepal. Geo-economics is mainly ‘the geo-strategic In this state of affairs, not only China but use of economic power’ (Wigell, 2016, p. also India is increasing aid and investment in 137). various strategic sectors in Nepal. Nepal has Geo-economics proceeds from the been benefited from the economic assistance assumption that power and security are not of both India and China considering the simply coupled to the physical control of economic raise of both countries such

17 UNITY JOURNAL assistance could provide substantial benefits in , so if China wants to open up further to in the future (Thapa, 2012, p. 12). To take south Asia , Nepal is an important channel" geo-economic leverage and to compete with (Hunag, 2018). China, India is also in desire to expand further assistance and concessions. However, India's China looks towards Nepal first with its ledge is not being fulfilled because India security concerns. Whereas India is also an lacks strong economic backup as China does. ambitious and strong regional power, its major concern in Nepal lies on its domestic By forwarding geo-economics as their security sensitivity. As Nepal and India share foreign policy instruments, the US and open and absorptive borders, the former’s China are increasing assistance to Nepal political stability and security are the latter’s in the strategic sectors. But in promoting major concerns. Similarly, China primarily geo-economic movements on its spheres of intends to reduce Nepal's reliance on India influence areas, India is far behind because of and to maintain Nepal as a strong and its own limitations. independent neutral state. Nepal has a vital strategic importance to India, so it obviously Big external powers 'soft power' foreign feels worried about any foreign presence and policy instruments-economic policy that are interests in Nepal. Together with its political focused on achieving their strategic interests and security concerns, India has prominent has significant geo-economic implications in financial maneuvers in Nepal. Nepal. It refers to the use of economic power means to achieve strategic goals. So the new Despite their strong bonds over multiple trend of convergence of geo-economics with aspects, India and Nepal share concerns geopolitics poses threats to national security over the 1950 Treaty that places Nepal on of Nepal. a common defense framework with India. India barely responds to Nepal's voice on the 3. Immediate neighbors rivalry revision of the treaty. As a strong regional The interests of China and India in Nepal are power with an ever growing economy along mainly geo-strategic. Nepal is in the strategic with the military capability, India invariably needs for both of its immediate neighbors; sustains its hegemonic engagements in South China and India. Nepal's geographical Asian countries, including Nepal, Bhutan and uniqueness makes it vital for its neighbors' Bangladesh, which underlines 's security. inability to be a proactive shaper of regional security is the fact that it lacks a strategic The recent rivalry between China and India vision of its regional role (Thapa, 2012, p. in Nepal is aimed at minimizing China's 11). growing influence and keeping Nepal friendly to India in all areas of interest and China's The Indian and Chinese rivalry persists geo-economic strategy of enhancing strategic over decades because of their geographic alliance and partnership by increasing proximity as well as strong military economic clout. Professor Hunag argues capabilities. In this backdrop, Nepal should that "with Belt and Road Initiative going on, be able to maintain its neutrality in respect to South Asia is an area that China must engage its neighbors’ concerns in line with Manish Thapa’s argument:

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It is necessary for Nepal to understand leaders and diplomats need to have proactive the sensitivity of India and China in foreign policy and pragmatic diplomacy in terms of their security related issues and order to cope with geopolitical intricacy for adopt policies wisely, following a middle safeguarding national interests. path, that respects the interests of both neighbors without endangering its own National security is a complex and multi- sovereign and independent position. faceted topic. National security concerns (Thapa, 2012, p. 11) should be reviewed from broader perspectives. In Nepal’s case, new geopolitical situations Realizing these geopolitical strategies, are more complex today than in the past. Nepal can justify its strength in respective its neighbors’ security concerns. As a small Today's world is more interdependent and state, Nepal respects their sovereignty while intertwined in history than ever before. So, consistently cooperating with them to settle geopolitics has become one of the prominent issues on multiple fronts. phenomena that poses a great challenge to Nepal's national security. Geopolitics can Conclusion immensely affect Nepal’s national security. To defend its national interests and safeguard Geopolitics is not much of Nepal’s interest, the future, it is a high time to formulate but geopolitics definitely affects Nepal’s new perspectives on pragmatic diplomatic international relations and national security. strategy. Nepal must, therefore, reframe its Nepal's national security is in vulnerable mindset of small country syndrome and bring situation in terms of geopolitics, where the renaissance of proactive diplomacy. geopolitical rivalry between major powers obviously persist this small’s state’s References diplomacy and relationships with other Anthea, R., Henrique, C. M. & Victor, F. countries across the world. Competitive (2018). Geo-economics: The variable strategies in geopolitics do not rule out the relationship between economics and security, possibility of cooperation in geopolitical Retrieved from: https://www.lawfareblog. grappling rather they lead to a sharp increase com/geoeconomics-variable-relationship- in geopolitical challenges to the national between-economics-and-security security of small state Nepal. Cohen, S. (1973). Geography and politics in a divided world. New York: Oxford University Under these circumstances, geopolitics in its Press, p. 34. growing threats stands major national security Colin, D. (2013). Geopolitics reborn, challenge. In the meantime, internal balance foreign policy Research Institute. along with external cooperation is Nepal’s Retrieved from :https://www.fpri. major challenge. In response to the challenges org/docs/Dueck-Geopolitics_Reborn.pdf created by new geopolitical developments, Gilpin, R. (1981). War and change in world Nepal has to identify pragmatic strategies to politics. New York, NY: Cambridge University stabilize big powers. Press. Nepal's comprehensive national security Hunag, Z. (2018). Professor, Nepal Study Center strategy basically depends upon capacity Sichauwan University, China Personal Communication, December 18, 2018. of political leadership. Indeed, political

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Nye, J. (2015). Interview: Joseph Nye. Scholvin, S. & Mikael, W. (2018) Power politics The Diplomat, By Emanuel Pastreich. by economic means: Geo-economics as Retrieved from: https://thediplomat. an analytical approach and foreign policy com/2015/10/interview-joseph-nye-2/ practice, Comparative Strategy, 37:1, 73-84, Kennedy, P. (1987). The Rise and fall of the Great DOI:10.1080/01495933.2018.1419729 Powers. New York: NY: Random House. Thapa, M. (2012). The Great Himalayan Khan, Z & Amin, F. (2015). ‘Pivot’ & game: India and China rivalry in Nepal. ‘Rebalancing’: Implications for Asia- Contemporary South Asia, 1-14. Pacific region policy perspectives. Pluto Wigell, M. (2016). Conceptualizing regional Journals Stable 12 (2), 3-28. Retrieved from: powers geo-economic strategies: Neo http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/polipers imperialism, neo-mercantilism, hegemony, on 12 February 0003 and liberal institutionalism, Asia Europe Khanal, R. (2010). Security of small states. Journal 14.2: 135–51. Journal of Political Science, 12 (2). Central Yu, L. (2015). China’s strategic partnership with Department of Political Science Tribhuvan Latin America: A fulcrum in China’s rise. University, Kritipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. International Affairs 91.5: 1047–608. Ó Tuathail, G. (1996). Critical Geopolitics: The politics of writing global space. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. P. 60.

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Discourse of civil military relations in Nepal

Chiranjibi Bhandari Rajendra Sharma

Abstract Keywords: civil military relations, the Nepali Army, regime change, nation–state, A sovereign nation –state requires a strong dynamics military institution and the Nepali Army demands its personnel’s obedience, loyalty, Introduction sacrifice and discipline to maintain command It was commonly believed that the state army and control. However, as an established was established prior to the unification of principle, civilian control of the military is Nepal. King Prithivi Narayan (P.N.) Shah, the desirable to the military control of the state. founder of modern Nepali nation-state, had The concept of Civil Military Relations played a significant role in the establishment (CMR) is dynamic, evolutionary and country of the military and the modern Nepal and specific. Such a bond between an official named the army as ‘Tilanga’. It was changed security organization and the public in to the ‘Gorkhali Army’ after the Gorkha general change with regime shifts, external conquest of Nuwakot. Chandra Shumsher imperatives and technological innovations. named it ‘Nepal Army’ and the title “Royal The impact of regime changes and political Army’ was given by King Mahendra, later movements has been observed in various on King Birendra named it as ‘Royal Nepal aspects of politics, society in Nepal is not an Army’ (Acharya, 2009, p. 128). It was re- exception. In this line, this article deals on named ‘Nepal Army' after the proclamation the theoretical discourse of CMR, reviews of the House of Representatives (HoR), on 18 the constitutional and legal provisions and May 2006 (ASPECT, 2011, p. 8). examines the factors influencing CMR in Besides King, civilian leaders like Bhimsen Nepal from the period of modern nation- Thapa (1775-1839) and Jung Bahadur state formation to present days. Along with Rana (1816-1877) have made significant existing debates around the role of the contribution to modernize of the Nepali Army. Nepali Army in various non-military jobs, Thapa took remarkable measures this paper proposes multiple perspectives on to advance the military administration and how different entities, including bureaucrats, institutional organization. The Lal-Dhadda, politicians and military leaders perceive the systematic maintenance of military CMR. Likewise, the writers argue that records, was initiated under his instruction. sharing the responsibilities among the civil Then Prime Thapa also developed society, citizenry and military organizations a classified with is one of the most suitable approaches in designations, adding the post of General and response to balancing CMR in Nepal. (Adhikari, 2015, p. 102).The Prime

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Minister and Commander-in-Chief Jung The 12-point understanding, between then Bahadur Rana (1846-1856) and (1857-1877) mainstream political parties and then CPN placed all the male members of his family on (Maoist) signed in India on 22 November the rolls with military titles and the rank of 2005 paved the way to the Comprehensive Colonel. He further introduced Peace Accord 2006 along with subsequent a rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and adopted a political agreements. The Communist Party more inclusive recruitment policy (Adhikari, of Nepal–CPN (Maoist)’s with 220 out of 2015, p. 108). 575 seats, became the largest party in the Constituent Assembly Election I of 2008. The Interestingly, after each political change, Maoist–led incumbent Government created the Nepali Army was forced to transform turmoil in the Civil-Military Relations in to cope with the aspirations of the political Nepal. Then Prime Minister Puspa Kamal changes and leaderships in the military. In Dahal’s move to sack the Chief of the Army the 1950s, the –led struggle Staff (COAS) Rookmangud Katuwal and the was concluded with the tripartite agreement President’s intervention against the elected among the Ranas, the pro-democratic force Prime Minister's decision unfolded a new led by Nepali Congress and the King that was discourse in the Civil-Military Relations mediated by India. However, the military was in Nepal. The Constituent Assembly II then downsized in a process of modernization promulgated the constitution in September of the Nepali Army upon the recommendation 2015. The successful completion of three of the Indian military mission (Basnyat, tiers of election in 2017 and practices of three 2018, p. 48). forms of government at federal, provincial In 1960, then King Mahendra Shah imposed a and local level further unraveled the discourse state of emergency, which outlawed political in CMR in Nepal. parties and dissolved the parliament in the In this background, this article briefly backing of Royal Nepal Army (RNA). The examines the discourse of the Civil- Party-less Panchayat system continued till the Military Relations, its constitutional and 1990. With restoration of democracy in 1990, legal provision in Nepal along with factors the country became a multi-lingual, multi- influencing this bond during the different ethnic but a Hindu state and Constitutional regimes. This article is based on both primary Monarchy remained unchanged in the and secondary data from different sources. Constitution of Nepal (1990). In 1996, six For the primary information, interview were years after the restoration of the democracy, taken with 20 key individuals, including country entered into an armed conflict, led military personnel and civilian. Various by then -CPN resource materials, such as books, articles (Maoist). The Royal massacre of 2001 and and newspapers stories were used as the the king’s direct rule (2004-2005) contributed source of secondary information. to weaken the faith of Nepalese citizens on monarchy and nurtured the synergy between Discourses of CMR the then mainstream political parties: Seven Parties Alliances (SPA) and the Maoist. CMR is an interaction between the armed forces of a state as an institution, and the other sectors of the society the armed force

22 UNITY JOURNAL is rooted in. It is perceived as power sharing and the citizenry-on four issues; the social between the legitimate civil authority of composition of corps, the political a state and its security forces (Sharma & decision-making process, the method of Thapa, 2010, p. 970), encompassing the recruiting soldiers, and military style (Schiff, entire range of relationship between military 2001, pp. 32-33). and civilian society (Feaver, 2003, p. 54). Theoretically, the security forces in the Also, the rising ethno-national civil wars countries with liberal democracies are placed after the end of Cold War (1945-89) on the under the command of the civil government, one hand and the internationalization of the carry out orders and are accountable to it. military as peace keeping force on the other The evolution of CMR discourse dates back hand, ‘who controls who’ in the thesis of to 1950s. Institutional theory remains the civil-military relations is itself problematic. dominant paradigm for examining civil- It was clearly proposed to share roles military relations (Huntington, 1957, pp. 81- and responsibilities among civilians and 83). As civilian control of the military, Samuel the military society for an effective Civil P. Huntington’s subjective and objective Military Relations (Bland, 1999, pp. 7-26). control of the military seems antithetical with Similarly, in order to cover the full scope of themselves. Peter Feaver's agency theory CMR, six interdependent and interpenetrated stands on different position in Huntington’s dimensions have been proposed including notions of CMR. In objective civilian control, economy, finance, technology, culture, Huntington had prescribed for autonomous, society and politics (Kummel, 2002, p. 69). apolitical, neutral professional military, Therefore, the extent to which the civilian which is not possible in liberal democracy authorities actually exercise control on the (Feaver, 2003, pp. 16-18). military differs based on characters of states as well as forms of the regime. As alternative to Huntington’s institutional set up, Michael C. Desch described 'structural Constitutional and legal provisions related environment' as determinant for military to CMR organization (Desch, 2001, pp. 8-21). In The The history of documented legal provisions Professional Soldier, Morris Janowitz argues for CMR is fairly short in Nepal. It started for the civilianization of the military by in the late eighteenth century with Dibya converging civilian and the military society. Upadesh (Nepal Law Commission, 2018, Janowitz further claims that distinction p. 9). Dibya Upadesh prescribed certain between the civilian and military roles privileges and incentives to the military and (Janowitz, 1960, p. I) that lay at the heart of clearly differentiated the military and civilian Huntington’s theory had been blurred by the spheres, valorizing the importance of the emergence of nuclear weapons and limited military in Nepal. Prominently, monarchy had war. As an alternative, Rebecca L. Schiff played a key role in establishing the Army as offers a new theory—Concordance—in the well as national security related issues from Civil-Military Relations. The concordance the unification to 1990s. For instance, even theory has an argument in a similar line after the 1950s political change with the fall with a proposition of the partnership within of the Rana regime along with the transfer of a polity-the military, the political elite, the Bijuli Garat, guns and ammunitions from

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Singha Durbar (the residence of Rana Prime S. Documents Introduced/Enacted/ Minister) to the Narayanhiti Durbar (the N. Promulgated by residence of the King), the Army forces also shifted their loyalty back to the monarchy 1. Dibya King P. N. Shah and King Tribhuvan assumed the title of Upadesh (1742-1774) Supreme-Commander in Chief in April 1952 2. JangiAin PM Jung Bahadur (Kumar, 2009, p. 140). (Military Rana, 1854 Law) During the Panchayat regime (1960-1990), 3. Military Ain Interim Government, the relationship between the Army and the 1951 King was further consolidated with the 4. Military Act King Mahendra, 1959 adoption of the Military Act in 1959. It was 5. Constitution King Mahendra, 1959 further deepened with the Act on Right, 6. Act on King Mahendra, 1959 Duty, Function and Terms of the Service of Right, Duty, Commander-in- Chief 1969’ made the Chief Function and of the Army Staff (COAS) responsible and Terms of the accountable to His Majesty (Kumar, 2009, p. Service of 140). The Military Act 1959 was amended for Commander- the first time after a long gap in September in- Chief 2006 that unties the embryological cord of the 7. Constitution Constitution Drafting Army with the King. One of the key features of 1990 Committee, 1990 of the amendment was the severing of age old 8. Military Act Reinstated Parliament, ties between the Army and the King. Except 2006 for this, the amendment introduced no major 9. Interim Reinstated Parliament, changes in the structureor functions of the Constitution 2006 Army (Sharma and Thapa, 2010, p. 991). 10. Constitution Constituent Assembly, In new Military Act, chapter 3, ‘It mainly of Nepal 2015 2015 focuses on fiddling with the term of office 11. National , of senior officials.1 The 2006 amendments Security 2016 limit to four years, which could be extended Policy once for another three years’ (Government of 12. National Government of Nepal, Nepal, 2006, p. 10). Security 2019 (Unpublished) Policy Source: Compiled from various sources by the authors

The Constitution of Nepal (1990), article 118 and 119 provisioned that the King, 1 For example, the 1959 Act provided for the as the Supreme Commander of the Army, General’s term of office fixed at five years, which would mobilize the troops as per the could be extended first time for three years, then if necessary for another two years (Ibid). This way recommendation of the three-member a General of the Army could stay in office for 10 National Defense Council (NDC) consisting years. of the Prime Minister, the Defense Minister

24 UNITY JOURNAL and the Army Chief (p. 51). Until 2005, the armed forces on the basis of the principles of regime projected the King as a symbol of the equality and inclusiveness shall be insured by national unity, and any threat to institution laws' (Article 4A) (UNDP, 2009, p. 37). would ultimately means a threat to the security of the nation. Whatever directives the palace The IC (2007) had provision of an expanded decided were taken as guiding principles for National Defense Council (NDC) with the Army on security issues, and whatever Prime Minister as chairperson, and Defense policy the Army declared was considered to Minister, Home Minister and three nominees be national security policy (Wagle, 2009, p. of the Prime Minister as member (Article 76). The security and the military landscapes 145) (UNDP, 2009, p. 230). Interestingly, remain unchanged; however, national the Interim Constitution 2007 paid less security was still the exclusive domain of the attention to the roles and functions of the place and the elected government followed armed forces. Focused mainly on how they the same traditional security policy (Wagle, are controlled, mobilized and managed 2009, p. 77). and how the COAS would be appointed. Nowhere did it deal with the fact that the After the political change of 2006, Nepal's primary objectives of the armed forces are security system saw paradigm shifts. These to defend and protect the country, its citizens significant changes include the historical and its territorial integrity in accordance with proclamation of the then reinstated House principle of international law regulating the of Representatives on 18 May 2006 use of forces (Kumar, 2009, p. 149). Instead, and incorporation of the spirit of peace the Constitution had given responsibility to agreements in the Interim Constitution (IC) prepare a comprehensive program for the of 2007; the armed forces automatically democratization of the Nepali Army on the came under democratic control (UNDP, basis of political consensus to the Council 2009, pp. 228-230). Similarly, IC had a of Ministers and then recommendation to the robust provision for an action plan for acts parliament (in National Gazette 2007 as cited of right sizing the Nepali Army, building its in Kumar, 2009, pp. 145-150). democratic structures, national and inclusive character and imparting training to the Army In Constitution of Nepal 2015, part 28 is in accordance with the values of democracy related with ‘provision related to national and human rights (ibid).‘Article 144 also security’. The article 266 deals with the incorporated the provisions regarding the provision related to the National Security President as Supreme Commander of the Army Council (NSC). The provisions of NSCis with an authority of appointing the COAS, further clearer than the provision of controlling, mobilizing and managing the NDC in Constitution of Nepal 1990. The Army on the recommendation of the Council objective of NSC is being extended in the of Ministers (fourth amendment of Interim existing constitution, it can recommend to Constitution, 2007). The fifth amendment of government for the formulation of a policy IC introduced the provisions as 'in order to on overall national interest, security and give the Nepali Army a national Character defense, for mobilization and control of the and make it inclusive, enlisting of Madhesi, Nepali Army it had to recommend to the indigenous ethnic groups, Dalits, women, Council of Ministers (Government of Nepal, and people from backward regions into the 2015, p. 176).

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Principally, the National Security Policy has Force realized CMR as ‘an instrument or to be formulated by the National Security framework that clearly defines the position Council. In the context of Nepal, the of civilian, military and the government. We government of Nepal had formed a committee don’t have any defined position about these headed by the then Defense Minister which actors4’. designed and formulated the NSP in 2016. In order to adjust the federal set up, it was Also, the involvement of the Nepali army reported in media that the new security in infrastructures, construction of national policy was enacted in 2019 as well, but this pride projects, protecting forest, mines, document was concealed until then. Despite conservation areas etc. are the indicators its limitations in defining national goals, of good CMR for the spokesperson of the 5; objectives and vital national interest intersect. Ministry of Defense . Whereas a former It has different sections dealing with the roles defense secretary only mentions that, ‘CMR and responsibilities of the 's context deals with how civilian 6. agencies in line with the Constitution of 2015. and the military treat each other' Politicians The NSP has not precisely mentioned CMR from major political parties perceived CMR in any chapter. However, the terms civilian as a tool to control the military and stuck in control of the military and civilian supremacy rhetoric explanation of civilian control over have been used in the policy (Government of the armed forces. However, experts in the Nepal, 2016, pp. 49-55). field of security studies and CMR opined that CMR has lack of conceptual clarity in Different views on CMR Nepal, and proposed the understanding of CMR as enhancing the performance of the The uncommon understanding on the roles and military, military’s recognition, increment of responsibilities, and acute skepticism among military’s reputation. representatives of civilian and military was observed during the primary data collection It is visible that the understanding of the CMR process. For instance, bureaucrats shared that among the civilian and the military is distinct. ‘Government’ as the custodian of the security It is fair to highlight that the understanding of organizations, whereas the Nepali Army the CMR is distinct among the civilian and upheld ‘Constitution’ as their guardian. The the military. The bureaucratic setup enjoys spokesperson of the Nepali Army shared his with ‘civilian supremacy’, politician with understanding, ‘CMR means the relationship ‘democratic principle and civilian control’, between the civilian authority and the and many more. By and large, it depicts that military.2 Interestingly the spokesperson the Nepalese CMR is somehow familiar and of the Armed Police Force, one and only affiliate with the aforementioned discussed paramilitary force in Nepal, viewed ‘CMR Samuel P. Huntington’s popular notion of is more related to the Army, this is not our ‘Subjective Civilian Control’ of military, concern and I don’t have proper ideas on which simply mean 'minimizing the military this regards3. However, the retired Assistant Inspector General from the Paramilitary 4 Interview on 16 November, 2018 5 Interview on 21 November, 2018 2 Interview on 4 November, 2018 6 Interview on 21 November, 2018 3 Interview on 13 November,2018

26 UNITY JOURNAL power and maximizing of the power of military-civil polity and strength of national civilian groups in relation to the military' security. The robust patterns of the CMR in (Huntington, 1957, p. 80). a particular country determine the stability of that country, and vice-versa. Therefore, Even in the international practices, the it is important to focus on ‘who controls the CMR is lunacy; it is contextual and varies military and how, degree of military influence from state to state. The degree of interplay in national and foreign policy, appropriate between the civilian and military determines role of the military in a given polity, its equilibrium. These degrees were highly composition of the military, and impact influenced by the understanding of the CMR of the societal structures on the military itself. Based on these understanding, the effectiveness. Below mentioned table civilian visualizes the legal and institutional provides brief overview of who controlled set ups. These set ups in other are cemented the military, and how, degree of military by the international factors and the history of influences, role of military in given polity, the military itself. who served in military and effectiveness of Factors influencing CMR military instrument in different time period in Nepal. Theoretically, the functional CMR is the benchmark of a stable regime that balances

Questions Regime –different time period Unification 1846- 1950-1960 1960- 1990- 2001-2005 2007- 2015 1846 1950 1990 2001 2015 onwards Who Monarch Rana PM Monarch Civilian Civilian controlled (Shah (Military the military, Kings) leader) and how? Degree of High High Moderate High Moderate Moderate- Moderate Moderate Military High Influence in Nepali Society Role of the Royal Rana Semi- Constitutional military in a Decree PM’s Constituti- given polity Decree onal Who served Certain Shumsher Individuals from Shah, Rana, Kshetri and Inclusive- Inclusive- (Primarily) families and hill caste and other ethnic groups ness ness in military? Rana Kin Effective- Highly Highly Effective ness of effective effective Military? Source: The framework was customized from Mackubin Thomas Owens's Civil Military Relations. Oxford Research Encyclopedia, online publication date, 2017

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In addition to the information added in this was introduced in 1990. But in our practice, table, it is important to discuss other factors there is a lack of independent parliamentary influencing the CMR in Nepal. In the case of committee on defense; the State Affairs Nepal, Ministry of Defense is an important Committee (SAC) which is equivalent to structure to facilitate the role of the Nepali security committee oversees the multiple Army. However, regarding the effectiveness issues including the Prime Minister and of role of Ministry of Defense, questions Council of Ministers, Home Ministry, have been posed time and again. Many Defense Ministry, NA, , APF. of the analysts have dubbed that Nepal’s defense ministry simply as a powerless Beside these factors, the Nepali Army ‘post-box’ for the Army, with real power confronts with the military wing of the and responsibilities of the ministry vested regime or political party (whether it is Mukti in and exercised by the Principal Military Sena of Nepali Congress, PLA of CPN- Secretariat (PMS) at the Royal Palace until Maoist). Army was deployed by different mid-2006 (Sharma and Thapa, 2010, p. 985). regimes to repress the movement inside the The National Security Council can be a prop country. Later on the same faction, after for balancing the democratic civil-military getting the verdict of people, the government relations (Bruneau and Sakoda, 2009, p. 225) initiated working in line with the constitution. since it has an important role to play in terms This is one of the psychologically diverge of making security policy and analyzing experience of the civilian and the military. security dynamics and challenges, as the For instance, the downsizing of the then research oriented policy making body of the Nepali Army after the political change of 1950 government (Wagle, 2009, p. 85). on the recommendation of the Indian Military Mission, the military personnel always have Past track records show that, the NSC in Nepal the susceptibility over the political masters. was not constituted even during most of the The post 2006 agendas in security such as democratic period. It was finally constituted the democratization, right sizing, national in 2001 when the armed conflict was at its character in NA and the CoAS Katuwal Case height, but it didn’t work as effectively and of 2008 in particular are some of the examples independently as it should have done as of visible and invisible clashes of the civilian per the constitutional spirit. After NSC, the and the military culture. democratically elected representatives in a country’s legislature have an important As an established national institution, the role in controlling the military; formulating Nepali Army deserves great respect, faith and defense legislation, policy, and budgets; and trust from the civilians for its contribution monitoring their implementation (Giraldo, to the process of nation building and public 2006, p. 34). It is widely accepted that with security. Leaders and public have invariably the parliamentary involvement and debates, applauded the NA personnel’s roles to protect civilian oversight becomes democratic lives and property from natural and man- oversight (Born, Fluri and Lunn, 2010, p. made disasters, its contribution to the UN 5). In Article 64 of the 1990 Constitution mission is always exemplary. of Nepal, parliamentary committee system However, the engagement of the NA in non- military activities and its welfare fund has

28 UNITY JOURNAL generated controversy in the public. After Birendra’s proposal of 'Nepal as the Zone-of- 2001, different regimes have made the NA Peace'. However, the Indian establishment more ambitious by granting lucrative non- perceived this proposal as the unstated military programs and projects. For an purpose of the plan to extricate Nepal from instance, the government’s permission to its security obligations to India assumed the NA to open a commercial bank, operate under the treaty of 1950 (Garver, 1991, pp. industries, set up companies, and lunch projects 958-963). Thus, New Delhi not only failed to in partnership with national and international endorse the Zone-of-Peace proposal but also companies (Adhikari, 2015, p. 242) has made unofficially imposed the economic embargo the Nepali Army as a ‘corporate army”. The in 1989 in order to pressure King Birendra recent commercialization of Tri-Chandra Bikram Shah and his government to withdraw Military Hospital, issue of Tundikhel, and the arm purchase deal and to sign new treaty involvement in Fast Track road construction on trade and transit (ibid). This is the one projects are some of the NA’s engagements in representative instance of the geopolitical recent years. The NA’s involvements in such sensitivity of Nepal. fields which are not necessarily related to security have become some issues for serious After the abolition of the Monarchy, the discussions and critical speculations. These international regime has portrayed the NA issues are brought the NA to controversy on as one of the most stable states bearing grounds of overstepping its core mandate of institutions in Nepal because of which, the safeguarding territorial integrity, sovereignty, involvement of the foreign actors in the name national unity and independence. of military assistance is contending in Nepal. Among them, China, India and USA were Geo-strategic location: BRI and IPS seen in forefront. The recent engagement of international actors in other security agencies Nepal’s geostrategic location is sensitive. sounds interesting. Some of the representative The Founder King Prithvi Narayan Shah cases include Chinese government's had limited military as a defensive force, investment in APF Training Academy and the maintaining friendly relation with its two Indian government’s support in Nepal Police neighbors: India and China. He stated that Training Academy. 'Nepal is like a gourd between two rocks and advised to maintain a treaty of friendship with This global interest in Nepal certainly the Emperor of China and emphasized the influences its CMR on the one hand and the significance of a treaty of friendship with the national security on the other. Traditionally, Emperor of the southern sea (the British India the COAS of the NA is the Honorary General Company). He was clear in his advice that of the Indian Army, and the COAS of India Nepal should not launch military initiatives is that of Nepal. Further, the geopolitical against them. Its preparedness should only be interplay in Nepal can easily be analyzed for defensive wars’ (Nepal Law commission, by the recent dilemma on the participation 2018, pp. 9-10). Until 1989, India was the of the Nepali Army in the Bay of Bengal. primary armorer to Nepal but the 1988 Initiatives for Multi-Sectoral Technical and arms purchase issues with China, and King Economic Cooperation (BIMESTEC) level

29 UNITY JOURNAL military drill, hosted by India7. Likewise, the control, political leadership must be aware Indo Pacific Strategy Report of Department of its importance as core aspect of CMR of Defense, the US has included about the and national security, and military should defense partnership with Nepal along with cope with the aspiration of the peoples other South Asian countries, such as Maldives, simultaneously. But the unwillingness of the and Bangladesh in its Indo-Pacific political leadership to own the Nepali Army, strategy. It is clear that, geo-strategic location and their reluctance in demarcating the roles of Nepal is important and Nepal has to decide and responsibilities of law enforcement cautiously on Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI) agencies not only ruins the civil-military led by China and Indo-Pacific strategy led by relations but also deteriorates the national USA in the days to come. Otherwise, country security and national stability at large. may enter into other forms of instability. Furthermore, the geopolitical sensitiveness of Nepal demands the farsighted creative state Conclusion craft in terms of balancing CMR as well as CMR in Nepal is dynamic, not static, and foster national interests and national security. unique in terms of understanding and Therefore, the sharing of the responsibilities practices. It has direct impact of regime among the civilians and the military spheres changes and other subsequent political can be effective solution to balance the CMR movements. At some point, the Nepali in Nepal. Army was under the control of palace and it References was fully controlled by King ever since the modern nation –state formulation to 2005. Acharya, N. (2009). The Nepalese Army. In But after the 1990's political transformation, Sapkota, B. (Eds) (2009). The Nepali security civilian came up with the antagonistic sector: An almanac. Hungary: Brambauer Publishing. behavior towards the NA until 2008. After the Katuawal case in 2009, the Nepali Army Adhikari, I. (2015). Military & democracy in is commonly perceived as the ultimate Nepal. New Delhi: Routledge. guarantor of sovereignty, territorial integrity, Asian Study Center for Peace and Conflict national unity and independence. Reviewing Transformation (ASPECT) (2011). From the documents and interacting with people, it conflict to peace in Nepal: Peace agreements has clearly shown that military was always 2005- 2010. Kathmandu: ASPECT. under the control of civilian institutions in Nepal. However, to be effective civilian Basnyat, S. P. (2018). A soldier’s cry: Chronicles of vices against national security of Nepal. Kathmandu: Hisi Offset Printers. 7 Regarding this incidence, the spokesperson of NA highlighted that the army has to be abide by Bland, D. L. (1999). A Unified Theory of civil- the decision of the government. At first ministry of military relations. Armed Force and Society, defense has decided to participate in joint military 26 (1), 7-26. drill and three NA officers were already there meanwhile the government withdraws its decision and NA participated as observer, interview on 4 November, 2018

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Born, H., Fluri, P. & Lunn, S. (Ed.). (2010). Government of Nepal. (2015). The constitution Oversight and guidence: The relevance of of Nepal. Retrieved from http://www. parliamentary oversight for the security sector. lawcommission.gov.np/en/archives/category/ Geneva: Geneva Centrefor the Democratic documents/prevailing-law/constitution/ Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF). constitution -of-nepal, on 9 October, 2018.

Bruneau, T. C., Matei, F. C. & Sakoda, S. (2009). Government of Nepal. (2006). Military act. National security councils: Their potential Retrieved from http://www.lawcommission. functions in democratic civil-military gov.np/np/Military%20Act,%202006%20 relations. Defense and Security Analysis, 25 English.pdf, on 20 October, 2018. (3), 255-269. Government of Nepal (2007). Interim constitution Bruneau, T.C. & Tollefson, S. D. (Ed.). (2006). of Nepal. Retrieved from http://www. Who guards the guardians and how:democratic lawcommission.gov.np/np/archives/category/ civil military relations?Austin: University of documents/law-archives/constitution-law- Texas Press. archives, on 5 October, 2018.

Desch, M. C. (2001). Civilian control of the Government of Nepal. (1990). The constitution of military: The changing security environment. . Retrieved from http://www. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University lawcommission.gov.np/np/archives/category/ Press. documents/law on November, 2018.

Feaver, P. D. (2003). Armed servents: Agency, Huntington, S. P. (1957). The soldier and the oversight & civil military relations. state: The theory and politics of civil military Cambridge: Harvard University Press. relations. Boston: Harvard University Press.

Garver, J. W. (1991). China-India rivalry in Janowitz, M. (1960). The professional soldiers. Nepal: The clash over Chinese arms sales. New York: The Free Press. Asian Survey, 31 (10), 956-975. Kumar, D. (2009). Democratic control of security Gautam, K. C. (2009). The rehabilitation & forces. In Bhattarai, R, and Cave, R. (Ed.). integration of Maoist combatants as part of (2009). Changing security dynamics in Nepal: Nepal’s security sector reforms. In Bhattarai, A collection of essays. Kathmandu: Nepal R., & Cave, R. (Ed.). (2009). Changing Institute for Policy Studies and Saferworld. security dynamics in Nepal: A collection of essays. Kathmandu: Nepal Institute for Policy Kummel, G. (2002). The military and its civilian Studies and Saferworld. environment: Reflections on a theory of civil- military relations. Connections, 1(4), 63-82. Giraldo, J. K. (2006). Legislatures & national defense: Global comparisons. In Bruneau,T. Nepal Law Commission.. (2018). Celestial advice C and Tollefson, S.D. (Ed.) (2006). Who (Dibbaya Upadesh). Retrieved from http:// guards the guardians and how: Democratic www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/ civil-military relations? Austin: University of uploads/2018/09/dibbaya-upadesh-oprithivi Texas Press. narayan-shah.pdf on November, 2018.

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Sharma, S. (Ed.). (2010). Nepal Army: The Wagle, G. S. (2009). National security policy and challenges of civilian Ccontrol (Nepali Sena: role of national security council. In Bhattarai, Nagarik Niyantranka Chunauti). Kathmandu: R., and Cave, R. (Ed.). (2009). Changing Martin Chautari. security dynamics in Nepal: A collection of essays. Kathmandu: Nepal Institute for Policy Sharma, J. & Thapa, G. B. (2010). Democracy Studies and Saferworld. building and changing role of the Nepal Military. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 71(3), 969-994.

UNDP. (2009). The interim constitution of Nepal (2007). Second Edition. Retrieved from http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/ collections/rarebooks/downloads/Nepal_ Interim_Constitution_2007_first_to_sixth_ amendements.pdf on 5 October, 2018.

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Dissonance in the discourse: A consumer’s lens to national security

Chiran Jung Thapa

Abstract deemed as a state and regime centric. The end of the Cold War, however, ushered a new This paper attempts to demonstrate the comprehensive concept of national security. dissonance between the highlighted themes A rather idealistic and utopian concept placing people at the epicenter and yet labeled as “Human Security” was envisaged excluding the general public and their actual and widely peddled (UNDP, 2004). The security needs, examines national security concept of human security championed the from a consumer’s perspective. To underscore idea of a world devoid of “want and fear.” a dissonance in the discourse on national Then, Y2K episode that augurs the collapse security, the writer explores the paradigm of of the computer operating systems around the national security policy. Then, it illustrates world at the end of the millennium added a the discord between the public security whole new dimension to the national security needs in their everyday life and the outlined discourse. The September 11 terrorist attacks threats in the national security documents. To on the United States in the year 2001 and its validate the above argument, the paper offers subsequent actions totally altered the national a new avenue on the overlooked consumer security priority the world over. identity of human beings and demonstrates the probability and impact of threats to National security framework national security by means of the qualitative data analysis. The theoretical framework of national security is derived from an aggregate of two separate Keywords: dissonance, human existance, concepts: nation and security. The basis of national security, threats, consumer security what constitutes a nation in recent years is no longer confined to a traditional formulation. Introduction It has clearly transcended beyond the realm The paradigm of national security evolves of being just a social community with certain itself steadily. Such an evolution process has historical and cultural commonalities. "We been primarily influenced by the unyielding are a nation of Christians and Muslims, nature of national interests, changing nature of Jews and Hindus, and non-believers. We threats, the national and international context, are shaped by every language and culture, the varying national capacities, priorities drawn from every end of this Earth” (Phillips, accorded to threats and the exploitation of 2009). These afore-mentioned lines from the useful opportunities. During the Cold War President Barack Obama’s inaugural speech (1945-89), national security was calibrated best illustrate the evolving nature of a nation's primarily through military metrics because concept as it accommodates diversities. the martial realm dominated the national Likewise, the concept of security too has security outlook while security was highly expanded. In the past, security generally had

33 UNITY JOURNAL a military connotation and mostly entailed of dependencies through the relentless flow an element of force. Now, it encompasses of goods, services, information and people. various other elements as it transcends Even the major threats that afflict the nations beyond just protection and preservation of an are complex and transnational in nature. Such identity from physical harm. It now entails interdependency and inter-connectedness the ideas of economic, social, environmental and the trans-national nature of threats limits and even psychological well-being. the nations’ ability to unilaterally provide comprehensive security to its denizens. Even Another fundamental change stems from the the most endowed nations are unable to nature of threats. During the Cold War, the unilaterally tackle threats that are global in threats that dictated national security agenda nature. Therefore, it renders cooperation as an were primarily military in origin and it indispensable variable for threat mitigation. emanated from beyond the national borders. Therefore, it would not be an over statement Following the end of the Cold War, however, to postulate that the hallmark of national the threat of inter-state war with military security in now “coordination, cooperation confrontation particularly between two major and collaboration.” rivals diminished. Instead, other threats that are more nuanced, complex, asymmetric The formulation of a national security strategy and trans-national in nature became more comprises of several undertakings (Staal, palpable. National security discourse remains 2017). It involves a sober and dispassionate predominantly centered on the anticipation, appraisal of the internal and external context. prevention and mitigation of large-scale Threats and opportunities are identified. threats to the nation (The White House, National interests, priorities and objectives 2015). These threats are prioritized mainly are listed national (Security Concept of because the probability and the impact it , n.d). Means/resources to realize would have on the nation. These threats have those objectives in the most optimal manner the potential to cause significant disruption are outlined. Feasibility, affordability and and devastation on the nation and a national sustainability of the strategy are calibrated. All response is warranted to counter/mitigate of these are then intersected with the national these threats. A diverse range of threats like vision of the government while considering global warming, natural/manmade disasters, national interest, national power and national nuclear proliferation, health epidemics, will. Ultimately, a national security strategy resource depletion, terrorism, and cyber that is holistic in nature is engineered from intrusions, misuse of artificial intelligence the above. Since the objective of a national have now begun to dominate the national security is to strengthen the nation on all security agendas (The White House, 2017). possible realms and reduce vulnerabilities, it will comprise of all sectors. Education, Similarly, the notion that national security Environment, Economy, Energy, Health, can be attained unilaterally through national Diplomacy, Social, Information-Technology, ways and means is increasingly becoming a Agricultural, Defense and many other sectors less viable option. The world is now highly dovetail seamlessly to form the national interdependent and interconnected. The security composite. global fabric is woven by an intricate web

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Encompassing exclusionary exercise National Security Council. In addition, there are instances where the endorsement of the The first line in President Barack Obama’s parliament is imperative for accountability national security strategy of 2015 outlines: and acceptance purposes. “The United States government has no greater responsibility than protecting the American Due to these limited consultations, there is people” (The White House, 2015). Similarly, a clear disconnect in the National security under a different political dispensation, strategy formulation and the actual public President Donald Trump’s National Security sentiment. The national security formulation Strategy of 2017 explicitly mentions: “This process is an elitist and exclusionary affair National Security Strategy begins with the as most of the process is discreet. The only determination to protect the American people, those with access to power and educated can the American way of life, and American have access and can influence the discourse. interests” (The White House, 2017). These The U.S. Government Accountability Office sentiments reflect that the people are at core (GAO) report explicitly mentions that “to of the national security agenda and protecting identify long-range emerging threats, GAO the people from any kind of harm remains the administered a questionnaire to 45 government primary national goal. organizations that assess emerging threats across DOD, State, DHS, and ODNI, and had Is national security policy/strategy a true a 78-percent response rate (U.S. GAO, 2018). reflection of the priorities of the populace Even from a mathematical point of view, the belonging to a particular nation while the maximum majority of the populace will have people should be at the core of any national no say, no role but will have to shoulders the security agenda? Does the prioritization of burden and/or be impacted by the national threats and opportunities by the government security agenda. No such priority, however, align with that of the public sentiment? Is seems to be accorded to intimately connecting there is a process whereby a majority of public with the larger public to acquire their true viewpoints and priorities are duly assimilated security needs. On a topic that is so critical during the formulation of such policy? to every human’s existence, the national The prevailing approach to national security security framework remains critically posits the duly elected government as the deficient in accommodating the larger public true representatives of the people thereby requirements. The dissonance becomes rendering them the sole prerogative of apparent when an agrarian community formulating and enacting policies on behalf dwelling in the remote village is intersected of the people they serve. National Security with the threats outlined in the national Strategy formulation is most of countries security outlook. Most of the village dwellers reviewed appears to be an exclusive would most likely not even be acquainted affair. Only a handful of people from the to issues such as nuclear security, terrorism government and/or government ministries that are emphatically outlined as the gravest and departments, a few related outside national security threat. Most denizens will experts are consulted in the formulation neither have the aptitude, interest or the reach process (U.S. GAO, 2018). Generally, it is to influence in these affairs. spearheaded by the members and staff of the

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Consumer lens the ground turkey costing £ 36 million was recalled in the United States on the suspect The fundamental principle of security is the of contamination of a drug-resistant strain of protection and preservation of life. Aside salmonella (Reuters, 2011). Salmonellosis from exceptional cases where certain cause, is life threatening disease. Even considering belief or priority that may trump over the the minimalist threshold, with a consumption priority of life, the inception point for human rate of 10 pounds per person, those affected pursuit of security has exclusively remained would be 3.6 million people. Given this anchored in preservation of life. The other magnitude, the threat to national security is security imperatives, such as liberty and apparent. property follow thereafter. Besides, the example above we human Any human existence is contingent upon intersect with innumerable products on a three indispensable requisites. A human being daily basis. The probability, impact and requires air/oxygen, water, and food the most permutation analysis are sufficient to infer to sustain life. With rare exceptions aside, an the threats to humans on a daily basis. More average human being can survive without than the threats that are so dominant on the oxygen for up to a few minutes, without national security agenda such terrorism or water for a few days and without food for up cyber-attack, the likelihood of larger people to few weeks (Kane, 2016). This illustrates being impacted as a result of adulterated how human security is inextricably linked and/or sub-standard product is exponentially to the consumption of basic essentials. The higher. whole identity of a human ceases devoid of these basic life sustaining imperatives. Moreover, most of the security concepts envisaged have human consumption at the At the core, the purpose of any national core. Today nations are greatly engrossed in security strategy is to protect, preserve and the security themes, such as maritime security, perpetuate national identity. This essentially financial security, energy security, food means the protection of individuals that dwell security, cyber security and environmental in the nation. Currently, an innate identity of security. These themes are innately connected all humans regardless of nationality, race, with human consumption. These are all religion, class or age is the consumption geared towards ensuring the undisrupted pattern. All humans now are inextricably continuity of the national consumption cycle. consumers of goods and services. Any Even climate crisis that is now being labeled disruption, distortion or deficiency in the as an existential threat has its origins in consumption pattern would pose a serious human consumption. The alarming climate threat to most human beings. crisis is not a cause rather a consequence of One example suffices to underscore how voracious human consumption. significant consumption is to National Similarly, intersecting consumption with Security. The sheer magnitude of impact the capability of security agencies can andprobability can be weighed through shed enormous light on the significance of some of the food recalls that have been consumption perspective to national security. made in human history. On August 2011, National security entities are ordained with

36 UNITY JOURNAL the principal task of deterring and defending to duly incorporate the people’s actual against all hostile threats. All security desires and needs into the national security agencies currently are intrinsic consumers composite. of innumerable consumable products and References services. To fulfill the national security objective, security providers first need to be Collins, A. (2013). Contemporary security studies. physically strong, well trained, persistently in : Oxford University Press. high morale and equipped with the befitting wherewithal. Strength is derived from Government of Nepal Ministry of Defense. (2016). National security policy 2016. Retrieved from nutritious food intake and rigorous training. http://mod.gov.np//public/files/231574029- Personnel require the essentials which range National%20Security%20Policy,%202016. from personal items, such as uniforms, gear pdf on January 16, 2020, and service arms to transportation. The deficiency and/or downgrades of any of the Kane, S. (2016, June 9). Here's the longest vital consumable products will certainly have people have survived without air, food, an impact on the overall capacity to deliver water, sunshine, or sleep. Business Insider. Calfornia, Santa Monica: Rand National on the objective. Defense Research Institute

Conclusion Kugler, R. K. (1995). Towards a dangerous world U.S. national security strategy for the coming As postulated in the “Social Contract turbulence. Rand National Defense Research Theory,” every government derives the Institute. : Business Insider authority to govern based on the consent of the governed in return for security. Ideally, National Security Concept of Mongolia. Retrieved the primary obligation of every government from http://www.nsc.gov.mn/sites/default/ is to ensure security of the populace through files/images/National%20Security%20 the national security framework. No other Concept%20of%20Mongolia%20EN.pdf on obligation supersedes this responsibility. January 16, 2020 Although national security agenda the Phillips, M. (21 January 2009). President world over encapsulate the range of security Obama’s inaugural address. Retrieved from imperatives, there is an irrefutable dissonance https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ in the discourse. The discourse is deficient blog/2009/01/21/president-barack-obamas- because it limits greater public participation inaugural-address on 16 January 2020 which essentially means the public’s security Resolution by the Austrian parliament security priority may not always be accommodated. & defense doctrine. (2001). Retrieved Also, it omits the consumer security lens to from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/155910/ national security. The predominant variable Austria-2001.pdf on 16 January 2020 in every national security is not the deterrent deployed to neutralize the security threats, Reuters. (2011, August 4). Cargill recalls 36 million pounds of turkey over Salmonella. but the enduring will and the capacity of the Retrieved from https://www.reuters. people and their perpetual desire to remain com/article/us-salmonella-turkey-recall- secure. The people serve a dual purpose: they idUSTRE77301020110804 on January 16, are both the benefactors and the beneficiaries 2020, of national security. It is, therefore, imperative

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Staal, T. (2017, January). The national security UNDP. (1994). Human development report 1994. strategy formulation process. Retrieved New York: Oxford University Press. from https://issat.dcaf.ch/Learn/Resource- Library2/Videos/The-National-Security- United Kingdom Office. (July 2019). Strategy-Formulation-Process on 15 January National Sscurity strategy & strategic 2020 defense & security Review 2015. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov. The White House.(February 2015). National uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ security strategy 2015. Retrieved from https:// attachment_data/file/819613/NSS_and_ obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/ SDSR_2015_Third_Annual_Report_-_ files/docs/2015_national_security_strategy_2. FINAL__2_.pdf on 16 January 2020 pdf on January 17, 2020 US Government Accountability Office. The White House. (December 2017). National (December 2018). Long range emerging security strategy of the United States of threats facing the United States as identified America. Retrieved from https://www. by federal agencies. Retrieved from https:// whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/ www.gao.gov/assets/700/695981.pdf on 17 NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf on 16 January 2020 January 2020

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Geo-strategic importance of Nepal

Dharma Bahadur Baniya

If you know a country’s geography, you can understand and predict its foreign policy. Napoleon Bonaparte

Abstract strength as well as opportunities to avail. When a state learns to exploit its geography The destiny of a country, to a great extent, to the best of its strategic interests, then it depends upon its geo-strategic position in will be able to ensure enduring survivability. the world. Nepal’s unique geo-strategic Geo-strategy can direct how foreign policy of position has contributed to expand its roles a state is shaped by its geography. Strategy is and enhance its strategic significance in the interconnected with geography as geography regional as well as the global affairs. Our is with nationhood. Hence, geography is the neighbors are taking interest in Nepal mainly mother of strategy (Gray & Sloan, 1999, because of its connectivity potential, natural p. 3). Geography is the most fundamental resources and their security concerns. By conditioning factor in the foreign policy realizing our geo-strategic importance, of states because it is the most permanent immediate neighbors and some established (Spykeman, 1944, p. 7). powers are trying to expand their influences in various forms, over Nepal. With this As proclaimed by King Prithvi Narayan background, this article forwards relevant Shah, Nepal is a “Yam between two recommendations to exploit maximum Boulders”. Nepal is well known for its geo- benefits by analyzing the importance of geo- strategic position and natural resources in the strategic position of Nepal. world. Our immediate neighbors as well as established powers have taken keen interest Keywords: balance, connectivity, foreign in expanding their sphere of influence in policy, geo-strategic, linked state, security Nepal. Geo-strategic significance has always Introduction been an important factor in shaping foreign policy, security and development of Nepal. Geo-strategy, a subfield of geopolitics (Couto, 1988) demonstrates the importance of a Geographical description country or a region by virtue of its geographical Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal is location. It is concerned with matching means situated in South Asia between two oversized, to ends — in this case, a country's resources economically and militarily mighty neighbors, with its geopolitical objectives (Garafano, China and India. It has an area of 1, 47, 181sq July 2004). Geographical factors of a state km (fourty-fifth biggest country in the world) bring both, some risks to evade and some with 29 million populations (Sigdel, 03 Oct

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2018). With average length and width of 885 that China is willing to play a dynamic role km and 193 km, it is 65 times and 22 times in Nepal. smaller than China and India, respectively (Kumar, 2017, pp. 30-31). Nepal shares Indian hegemonic behavior along with the 1414 km border (15 districts) with China’s number of problemsin Indo-Nepal relations (TAR) from north such as unequal treaties (1950 India-Nepal and 1880 km border (23 districts) with Treaty of Peace and Friendship), border India (, & Bihar, encroachments (Limpiadhura, Kalapani, and Sikkim) from West, South Lipulek, Susta…) and other controversial and East. There are few land connectivity issues (political insecurity in Terai /Madesh, passes towards China due to the high altitude Trade and Commerce, water resources – terrain configuration, whereas southern Koshi, Gandaki, Mahakali…) has created an border enjoys with a number of all seasoned opportunity in the rise of Chinese influence transportation infrastructures. Nepal’s geo- over Nepal (Kavita, 2016, p. 12). This situation strategic orientation is approximately north- could undermine both India’s influence and west to the south-east with a rectangular its strategic equations with Nepal and the shape having limited strategic depth with SAR. This kind of competition has made abrupt altitude variation. Nepal as an indispensable component of their strategic interests, and thus, enhancing our Geo-strategic importance of Nepal values not only within SAR but also in the Indo-Pacific region. Nepal, with its strong geo-strategic position between two Asian giants, constitutes an Nepal is also immensely important for the integral part in their strategic interests in strategic interests of the United States of South Asian Region (SAR). The analysis America (US) and wants to keep on its of the important geo-strategic factors is radar by helping in its socio-economic presented in subsequent paragraphs. development, democracy and security. The US security interpretation is highlighted as Geopolitical competition a result of Chinese investment to build deep In bilateral political relations, regional affairs sea ports along the rim of Indian Ocean from and international forums… China treats Gwadar (Pakistan, China-Pakistan Economic Nepal as its closest neighbor and best friend Corridor-CPEC) through Kyaukpyu (Dahal, 2018, p. 50). Enduring cordial Sino- (), Chittagong (Bangladesh) to Nepal relation has provided an opportunity Hambantota (Sri Lanka), also referred as to China to expand its multi-faceted ‘String of Pearls’. The US anticipates the engagements in Nepal; those were earlier ‘String of Pearls’ as a strategic alliance of enjoyed by southern neighbor. Nepal with its China for the containment of the US along limited strategic depth also provides shortest Indo–Pacific region. Therefore, the US has China – SAR gateway, particularly to a large offered a dominant role to India in Indo– Indian market of Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Pacific Strategy (IPS) and ‘Quad’ consisting Bihar. President Xi Jinping’s commitment of Australia, India, Japan and the US. during his recent visit to fully support Nepal Further, India’s Act East Policy and Modi’s becoming a “land-linked” also demonstrates visualization of ‘security and growth for the entire region (SAGAR)’ also reveals a strong

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Indo–US strategic alignment (Bhardwaj, Himalayas, where there are no / negligible 23 Jan 2020). In this emerging strategic security threats to India from Nepal. environment, Nepal’s strategic significance has been further enhanced by the US–led China’s main concern in Nepal is primarily West’s efforts to include Nepal, so that it the US not India. China suspects that the US could be used as a lever in the IPS targeting and its allies are trying to use Nepal in their Chinese influence including belt and road larger strategy of encircling China. This has initiative (BRI). led China to be more active in Nepal in recent years. Security concerns Balance of power considerations The primary concern of China and India in Nepal is that any security problems in Nepal Nepal always supported China’s admission would have spillover effects to their security. to the United Nations, other international China understands any instability in Nepal agencies and “One China policy”. might strengthen anti-China elements and China perceives that Nepal provides an seeks supports in controlling Tibetan exiles opportunity of balancing India within the in Nepal (Rajagopalan, 17 Oct 2019). China SAR itself. India’s unpredictable relations perceives that cordial and friendly Sino- with Nepal make an attractive partner Nepal relations could support them resolve for China. Being the gateway to China’s genuine problems in the future in TAR, problematic SAR, a viable bridge connecting including the Indo–US’s potential threat in TAR and a BRI partner, Nepal is strategically the region. Nepal’s geo-strategic position important in the Chinese South Asian policy. comes in the front in these equations where Nepal wants to reduce over dependency China respects Nepal as a reliable neighbor. on India by building connectivity linkages Next to Pakistan, Nepal receives the second with China. Acloser Sino-Nepal relationship priority in China’s strategic calculation in the compels India to be more careful to Nepali region. concerns, asserts India to be more attentive Nepal has an immense strategic relevance to in alienating Nepal, pays more attention the Indian security as well. India’s anxiety is to Nepali connectivity requirements and that any overwhelming foreign interests have hydroelectric exploration. China’s role in the possibility of Nepalese territory to be Nepal has had positive results, forcing India used in anti–India activities, including their to deliver more, as the recent completion of security and strategic interests (Dorji, 17 an oil pipeline ahead of schedule.India, to Oct 2019). India also visualizes that Chinese its credit, is realizing that it can no longer influence in Nepal and deep Sino-Pak relations treat Nepal and other states like colonial would threaten India and provide greater dependencies (Stone, 2019). concealment to Pakistani terrors aiming India India perceives a growing Chinese influence through weakly regulated Indo–Nepal border. in SAR, particularly in Nepal, as a part of Further, Nepal shares a 1414 km long border Chinese larger strategy to encircle India. India with TAR, where Nepal is virtually helping wants to maintain its influence in Nepal while India not to deploy substantial border security China endeavors to increase its influence and forces. Perhaps this is the only section in the space to make stronger foothold.

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North–South connectivity Over the past decades, the volume of Sino- Indian bilateral trade has increased by many Nepal’s participation in the BRI on May folds. But, there are no all seasoned trade 12, 2017, includes connectivity with the routes to connect their geography (Sinha, overarching framework of trans-Himalayan 2005, pp. 27 -30). The Nathu La Pass Multi-Dimensional Connectivity Network (Sikkim) located at an altitude of 4400 meter of ideas, trade, energy, people, finance and closed after the 1962 Sino-Indian war and the whole spectrum of connectivity (Singh, reopened in 2006, is the only operational 23 April 2019). The strategic agreement will land route between them. It is mostly give rights to Nepal’s access to the Chinese snowbound, risky, far from major industrial seaports. If implemented cautiously, the BRI bases and not operational in all seasons. can potentially project Nepal to a strategic India also have unsettled border problem force in the region. in the north–east (Arunachal Pradesh) and The Qinghai–Tibet railways extension north-west frontiers (Ladakh). Now, China from -Sighatse (253 Km), the closest is concentrating its development activities Tibetan city to Nepal, has been completed in TAR and Xinjiang and India on north– by 2014. China has agreed to extend 72 east and the north-west frontiers, which km railway from Sighatse–Kathmandu and are relatively backward. Having unfeasible then to and Lumbini. The proposed Nathu La Pass, unsettled territorial disputes Sigatse–Kerung–Kathmandu railway as a and dependency on expensive air / maritime part of BRI is considered a game changer in transportations, Nepal corridor provides Nepal's aspiration for economic prosperity as tremendous connectivity opportunity of trade it will end India’s monopoly in Nepal’s sea between these new growth centers (Mitra & transportations. Roy, 2005, pp. 286-303) of China and India. To prevent Nepal’s inclination towards Bridging South Asia and Central Asia China, India also has announced to construct Raxual-Kathmandu and east-west China is making big investment on its western railway (Kakarvitta, Jhapa – Gaddachauki, region as well as into the Central Asian Kanchanpur, 924.80 km) lines parallel to Republics (CAR). Its plan of connecting the east-west highway (Shah, 18 Dec 2019). its trouble ridden Xinjiang to Lhasa by With 72 km between Sighatse–Kathmandu High speed train within 2020 opens up the and 200 km between Kathmandu – Birgunj, opportunity of linking resources laden CAR the road distance between the northern to with resources deficit SAR through Nepal. southern borders is not more than 300 km. Nepal corridor will open up a new landscape Hence, Nepal can comfortably link two for inter-regional economic cooperation. giant economies through its land territory. China from its western border, India via Iran – At present, Sino-Indian trade is taking place Afghanistan and the US via Pak-Afghan land by over 5000 km of rails / roads plus sea corridor, are having geopolitical competition transportations. This connectivity through in SAR. Since China and India are the two Nepal would create wonders to all the rising trade partners, Nepal’s connectivity countries involved. corridor could provide transit link to fulfill

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India’s ambition in Central Asian investment, its negligible contribution of the greenhouse trade, energy, security and geopolitics (Nepal, gases. Our mountains are becoming 2006, p. 22). more vulnerable due to increased carbon emissionand extreme altitude variation over Hydroelectric potential: Nepal’s small distances. Nepal's central location in hydroelectric potential is estimated to be as the Himalayas with altitude variation from high as 83,000 MW, out of which 42,000 MW 52 – 8848 meter within the average width of is considered technically feasible. Nepal’s 193 Km between two industrial giants could hydroelectricity can support the Sino-Indian be an ideal location for global climate change industrialization and economic growth. experiments. Recent discussions reveal that India and Bangladesh plan to buy 15600 MW by 2034 Mountain economy: Most of the large and 9000 MW by 2040 respectively from rivers in the SAARC/BBIN/BIMSTEC region Nepal. Sri Lanka also has shown interest in originate from the Himalayas and mountains. our hydroelectricity via India. China would Mountains, with their tremendous sources need energy for the development of TAR of hydroelectricity and vital ecosystem, play and in the implementation of BRI in Nepal. significant roles in economic development, If our diplomacy takes proper directives, environmental protection, ecological possibilities are there of integrating our sustainability and human wellbeing. Like hydroelectricity not only within SAARC and “blue economy” for maritime nations, BBIN countries, but also to TAR, BIMSTEC mountains of Nepal possess remarkable and ASEAN countries with land connectivity. potential for “mountain economy” and benefit lowland nations in the region. Tourism: Nepal has a tremendous potential to become a top destination for tourists as Recommendations the nation is famous for its snowcapped No nation can be regarded as truly independent mountains with eight of 10 highest mountains if is not economically independent. No nation of the world including Mt. Everest, abundant can be really sovereign if it is not able to solve flora and fauna, exciting trekking routes and its problems on its own. Nepal’s independence rich cultural and religious diversity. Nepal is and sovereignty have been challenged by the located between the most populous countries economic realities and political conditions China and India 1.42 and 1.35 billion (Acharya, 2008, p. 15). Economic independence respectively, totaling 2.8 billion, together is not possible without development, which, in comprises of 36 percent of world population. turn, is impossible without mobilizing internal Even if just 0.50 percent (14 million) of them human and natural resources. Therefore, Nepal visit Nepal every year, it will give wonders must endeavor to be economically sound and to Nepalese economy. This has been possible politically stable if we are really going to take only because of our unique geo-strategic maximum advantages from our unique geo- position. strategic position. Experimental place for global climate Nepal’s global image has been enhanced with change: There is a common agreement the participation in BRI and the US appeal that climate change is impacting Nepal into its IPS. Nepal needs its engagement disproportionately compared to its size and

43 UNITY JOURNAL with the US without harming the interests One’partnership. However, Prime Minister of immediate neighbors. Our geo-strategic KP Sharma Oli has made clear on Nepal’s position demands that Nepal cannot be a stand on equal partnership of ‘Three’ instead part of any strategic alliance / bloc which of ‘Two plus One concept’. The future of the ultimately destabilizes equi-proximity Sino-Nepal relation will depend on Nepal’s relations with immediate neighbors (Giri, 11 foreign policy skills and the nature of Sino- Sept 2019) and cordial relations with other Indian relations. Neither can we move too nations. far from India nor should we irritate China. Nepal must assure India that its engagement Our foreign policy starts with China, India with China is purely on the dimension of and the neighborhood but it continues further. economics and development. If India wants “Active involvement in the United Nations to keep goodwill and influence in Nepal, we and its instruments, multilateralism, non- have to take advantage of the socio-cultural alignment and equi-proximity relations with and religious similarities between two immediate neighbors” are the fundamental countries. aspects of Nepal’s foreign policy (Baral, 29 June 2018, pp. 37-38). We must develop Nepal is an important partner in the BRI. this nation with the goodwill, support and Feasibility study for the construction Kerung cooperation of neighbors and established –Kathmandu railway (US $ 3 - 3.5 billion powers. in 9 years) is on the process. There is a growing anxiety in Nepal on the possibility Nepal must put an end to the diplomatic card of being victim of debt-trap. Debt trap is play of using one neighbor against the other. real, but could be minimized by aligning We must have balanced diplomacy with both infrastructure development along BRI plans neighbors, a strategy severely constrained and proactive diplomacy. We must compare by a weak Ministry of Foreign External the consequences of over-dependency on Affairs. This is further aggravated with the one neighbor with likely dividends from our appointment of party indoctrinated diplomatic north-south land connectivity potential. cadres with no or limited diplomatic exposer. Since the US led IPS being the alliance Nepal must make strategic maneuver to comprising of quad and other militaries of bring giant economies into its confidence by the greater Indo-Pacific region, Nepal has demonstrating diplomatic agility. Nepal has diplomatically rejected to be its party just never believed in alliance and bloc politics because it violates our non-aligned foreign and it should not. We should maintain policy. Similarly, the US government’s our neutrality, compliant, trustworthy and Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) bigness values (Acharya, 2018). Sino-Indian compact is offering US $ 500 million in competition in diplomacy, economy, trade and grants to Nepal for building electricity connectivity here shows the bigness of Nepal. transmission lines and roads. We should not BRI is gaining wider acceptance in Nepal forget the US assistance in the field of our and the region in spite of India’s anxiety development, security and democracy since and its non-membership. China along the establishment of Nepal–US diplomatic with India wants Nepal into the ‘Two plus relations on 25 April 1947. The US being a P5 member and largest fund provider

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(contributes 22% of the United Nations Spearheaded by China and India, Asia is general budget and 28% of the peacekeeping emerging as the dominant global economy in budget), can help Nepal in various platforms the twenty–first Century. Land connectivity of the United Nations as well. The MCC between these countries is central to the compact being solely a development package development of intra-Asian trade networks. (not like the quad arrangement), it will not There is also a possibility of inter-regional be wise to lose MCC grant by US. If Nepal trade and commerce between SAR, ASEAN rejects MCC support now, our diplomacy and CAR. The India-Nepal-China corridor with the US as well as international credibility becomes an integral part of this larger will be damaged. The donors will doubt the strategic space. ability of government and the leaders before providing any kind of assistance to Nepal. The geopolitical risks for Nepal due to its By carefully evaluating the opportunities and geo-strategic position are high. In the New threats, we should accept MCC grants by World Order, it is extremely difficult for small ensuring that it respects our sovereign status states to remain distant, non-committal, non- and does not violate our non-alignedforeign aligned or neutral to the gravitational pull policy goals. On the other hand for the sake of of powerful states. Therefore, we must soon development and security, neither we should transform our dynamic geo-strategic position be the member of any military alliance nor into asoft power asset and avoid possibilities allow any foreign military presence/bases in of being the victim of great power politics by our territory. means of smart diplomacy and cooperative partnership in regional as well as global Sino–Indian trade and commerce is relying affairs. on time-consuming sea transportation Networks. Having unfeasible Nathu La India has realized not to interfere to its smaller Pass due to high altitude ruggedness and neighbors. Nepal has also learnt the danger of unresolved Sino-Indian territorial disputes, depending too much on one neighbor. China land connectivity via Nepal would economize has become a reality in SAR. It would be a their transportations and turn Nepal from a great mistake if we ignore this reality. “land-locked to land-linked status”. Our abundant natural resources have Nepal’s dream of becoming a transit/linked drawn immense strategic relevance to our state cannot be significantly affected by neighbors demanding collective efforts for its the Sino-Indian political differences. It will utilization. Therefore, economic diplomacy open South Asia door to China and support must go together with political and security India to expand their reach to TAR and CAR diplomacy for our prosperity. by significantly reducing transportation We must exploit tourism and huge costs. To achieve this goal, we should hydroelectric potential gifted by our unique coordinate to bring giant neighbors together geo-strategic position. It will contribute to the to forge trilateral cooperation in a mutually transit aspiration of Nepal. constructive manner (Adhikari, Chaulagain, Dahal & Subedi, 2070, p. 48). BBIN and BIMSTEC are not the substitutes of the SAARC. Nepal must put effort to make the SAARC more effective. Nepal also being

45 UNITY JOURNAL the dialogue partner (Baral, 14 June 2019) References bordering with founding member (China) of Acharya, G.P. (2018). The bigness of smallness Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), published in Nepal Niti. Available at joining the SCO will further enhance our https://www.nepalniti.com/2019/04/17843/. strategic importance beyond the region. Again, we should be careful not to be the Acharya, J. (2008). Nepal’s foreign policy: A geopolitical reflection. Available at victim of any military alliance. http://www.iids.org.np/sites/default/files/doc_ Conclusion events/Dr.%20Jayaraj%20Acharya_Nepal%27s%20 Foreign%20Policy%20A%20Reflection.pdf. Nepal’s unique geo-strategic position as its Adhikari, R. & Chaulagain, Y. P. & Dhakal, T. P. soft power asset has become strategically & Subedi, S. B. (2070). From buffer towards important due to the rise of China and India a bridge, Nepal’s new foreign policy agenda. with their global power ambitions. By active Kathmandu: IFA. participation in the United Nations and its Baral, B. (29 June, 2018). Journal of Political instruments, maintaining equi-proximity Science, Volume XVIII. relations with immediate neighbors and Baral, B. (14 June, 2019). Shanghai Cooperation cordial relations with established powers, we Organization and Nepal published in The must exploit our bigness values presented by Express. Available at available at our geo-strategic position in the regional as https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/sco- well as in the global affairs. and-nepal-part-ii-1628. Our geo-strategic position has offered greater Bhardwaj, N. (23 Jan, 2020). BRI and Indo- possibilities of closer China-Nepal-India Pacific Strategy published in The Rising cooperation by means of trans-Himalayan Nepal. Available athttp://therisingnepal.org. Multi-Dimensional Connectivity potential. np/news/31219. This would not only benefit to these nations Couto, C. A. (1988). Elementos de Estratégia. Vol but also enhance inter / intra-regional trade I. Instituto Altos EstudosMilitares, Lisbon. and commerce. We are no more land-locked Dahal, G. (2018). Foreign relation of Nepal country now rather; we are a vibrant bridge with China and India. Journal of Political between two emerging economies. We must Science, Volume XVIII, 2018. Available endeavor to take maximum advantages at file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/20439- from our geo-strategic position by means Article%20Text-64786-1-10-20180626%20 (2).pdf. of political consensus, stability, economic development, good governance and smart Dorji, P. (17 October 2019). Political geography diplomacy. of India–Nepal–China ties in Nepali Times. Available at https://www.nepalitimes. com/latest/political-geography-of-india- nepal-china-ties/. Garafano, J. (05–09 July 2004). Alternate security strategies: The strategic feasibility of various notions of security" (PDF). International Peace Research Foundation.

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Giri, A. (11 Sept 2019). Nepal disapproves Mitra, A. & Roy, A. (2005). An overview of of Washington's Indo-Pacific strategy, India-China trade and investments in C.V. Beijing says published in Kathmandu Ranganathan ed. Panchasheel and the Future: Post. Available at https://kathmandupost. perspectives on India China relations. New com/national/2019/09/11/nepal-disapproves- Delhi: Institute of Chinese Studies, Centre for of-indo-pacific-strategy-china-s-foreign- the Study of Developing Societies. ministry-says. Nepal, V. N. (2006). Golden bridge between India Gopalan, R. (17 Oct 2019). Xi’s visit exposes the and China. Kathmandu: Telegraphnepal limits of China-Nepal strategic convergence weekly. Available at https://ifa.org.np/wp- published in The Diplomat. Available at content/uploads/2014/01/From-a-Buffer-for- https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/xis-visit- Mail.pdf. exposes-the-limits-of-china-nepal-strategic- Shah, D. N. (18 Dec 2019).The Kantipur Daily. convergence/. Sigdel, A. (03 Oct 2018). China’s growing footprint Gray, C. S. & Sloan, G. (1999). Geopolitics, in Nepal: Challenges and opportunities for geography and strategy. London, Portland, India. Washington, D. C.: Observer Research Oregon: Frank Cass. Forum. Available at https://www.orfonline. Kavita, K. K. (2016). The changing paradigm org/research/chinas-growing-footprint-in- of India- Nepal relations: Problems and nepal-challenges-and-opportunities-for-india/. prospects. Sree Kerala Varma College, Singh, S. M. (23 April 2019). Belt and road Thrissur, Kerala: PG & Research initiative: Nepal’s concern and commitment, Department of Political Science, Volume published in The Himalayan Times. 4. Available at http://www.questjournals. Available athttps://thehimalayantimes. org/jrbm/papers/vol4-issue5/B451015.pdf. com/opinion/belt-and-road-initiative-nepals- Website: www.questjournals.org. concern-and-commitment/. Kumar, R. (2017). Geo-strategic status of Nepal Sinha, A. C. (2005). Trading in uncertainty. between India and China: A security perspective. Kathmandu: Institute of Foreign Affairs (IFA) Gandhinagar, Gujarat: Centre for International Politics, School of International Studies, Spykeman, N. J. (1944). The geography of the Central University of Gujarat. Available at peace. New York: Harcourt Brace. http://www.isca.in/IJSS/Archive/v6/i11/4. Stone, R. (21 Oct 2019). China’s silent foray in ISCA-IRJSS-2017-100.pdf. Available online Nepal published in TRT World. Available at at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me. https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/china-s- silent-foray-into-nepal-30727.

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Assessing Nepal’s military diplomacy: Neighborhood and beyond

Gaurav Bhattarai

Abstract every externally-oriented military activity can be considered military diplomacy, as it would People often speculate that small countries constitute an extension of international policy hardly ever exercise military diplomacy since (Jaishankar, 2017). Precisely, military force the latter presume that hard power instruments, is a true political instrument, a continuation including security forces and coercion are the of political intercourse, carried on with apparatus of powerful countries. Because of other means (Clausewitz, 1976, p. 87).Still, its geopolitical location between two bigger military diplomacy can be defined as a set of countries, Nepal has been successfully activities in operation by the representatives exercising military diplomacy in the course of the defense department, as well as other of history. Owing to the same fact, this paper state institutions, aimed at pursuing the aims at assessing Nepal’s military diplomacy foreign policy interests of the state in the field towards its immediate neighbors—India and of security and defense policy, and whose China, and even beyond its neighborhood. actions are based on the use of negotiations In this paper, beyond neighborhood refers and other diplomatic instruments. Military to the Nepali Army’s role in United Nations diplomacy differs from gunboat diplomacy peacekeeping missions in different conflict- or coercive diplomacy (Pajtinka, 2016, p. 1). afflicted countries. Thus, the article concludes with a note that Nepali Army as Military diplomacy as such performs an established institution of the country several basic functions. First, gathering and has reposed its exceptional capability of analyzing information on the armed forces exercising the modern-day diplomacy at both and the security situation in the receiving levels—neighborhood and beyond. state. Secondly, promotion of cooperation, communication and mutual relations Keywords: military diplomacy, India, China, between the armed forces of the sending UN Peacekeeping, neighbourhood and the receiving state. Thirdly, organization Introduction of working visits of representatives of the defense authorities and of peaceful stay of Diplomacy is all about managing relations the military units of the sending state in the among states. It is the communication receiving state. Fourthly, support of business systems of the international society, as an contracts with arms and military equipment attempt to promote international negotiations, between the sending and the receiving state. whether concerning inter- or intra-state Lastly, representation of the sending state and conflicts (Berridge, 2000, pp.1-3). But, there its armed forces at official ceremonies and is no universally accepted definition of what other events in the receiving state (Pajtinka, constitutes military diplomacy or defense 2016, p. 1). diplomacy. By its broadest definition, almost

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Military diplomacy is a specific field of months ago, and now the government has diplomacy, which focuses primarily on the accepted his offer” (Adhikari, 2015). pursuit of foreign policy interests of the state. Still, in the theory of international Later, Nepal aided the Young husband relations, and specifically within diplomatic expedition to Tibet in 1903-1904. Chandra science, military diplomacy has received Shumsher, who had recognized British much inadequate attention in comparison supremacy in much the way Jung Bahadur to public diplomacy, economic diplomacy, had, understood Nepal’s relationship with Mega-diplomacy, among others. Equally, in Tibet no longer had the same importance as it the domain of security studies, the military did earlier. Thus, he offered Lord Curzon, the diplomacy is not a widely studied subject. Nepali troops for the 1904 Young husband In practice, the field of military diplomacy expedition. A year before the Young husband often tends to be closely linked with the expedition, Chandra Shumsher had met intelligence activities of military intelligence. Curzon at the Coronation Durbar. A few days In many cases, there are a limited scholarship after the meeting, Curzon reveals that: in military diplomacy, because the concerned We believe that the policy of frank authorities would maintain restricted to the discussion and co-operation with classified materials in the field (Pajtinka, the Nepalese Durbar would find 2016, p. 1). them prepared most cordially to Military diplomacy of Nepal: Retrospect assist our plans [in Tibet]. Not the and prospect slightest anxiety has been evinced at our recent forward operations on For centuries, Nepal, has been diligently the Sikkim frontier; and we think involved in military diplomacy. The Rana that, with judicious management, regime, which lasted in Nepal from 1846- useful assistance may confidently be 1951, had strong bonds with the British. expected from the side of Nepal…the During the Indian Mutiny of 1857–58, Maharaja is prepared to co-operate Nepal’s Prime Minister with the in himself commanded a contingent of Nepali whatever way may be thought most soldiers to assist the British, eventually desirable. (Mulmi, 2017) commencing a tradition of Nepali military assistance to the . During the Unforgettably, Nepal assisted the British Rana regime, the Nepali Army (NA) remained government during the World Wars. This strategically vital to the British Empire. It long history established military diplomacy was very hard for forces as a major technique for Nepal’s diplomatic to tackle the rebellion in the beginning. A relations. Also, have a long history Nepalese soldier at the front has been quoted of engaging in foreign battles. In particular, as saying: "This war will soon be over. Jung the Nepali Army is renowned for their martial Bahadur is going to march down to Lucknow culture around the world (Amatya, 2018). with his army….He is our prime minister and More than 200,000 Nepali men participated commander-in-chief in Nepal. He offered to in the Second World War on various fronts, bring an army down to help you English two at a time when the call for total independence

49 UNITY JOURNAL in the subcontinent had reached far and wide Nepal signed an agreement with the US, (Mulmi, 2017). under which the Americans agreed to provide logistic support to the then Royal Nepali Historically, Nepal’s relations with its Army. Subsequently, the UK also started neighbors were determined by war and providing some military assistance to Nepal. military affairs (Amatya, 2018). Now, there India was already a major defense supplier is a shift in Nepal’s military diplomacy. At to Nepal. Since 1950, Nepal and India have present, Nepal is increasing its military also been awarding the Army chiefs of outreach to China. Even in 1989, when each other the honorary rank of General in India had imposed a blockade on Nepal, recognition of the harmonious relationship the real reason for the blockade was that the between the two . Three countries— government of Nepal had purchased weapons India, the US and the UK—have long been from China. Within a few years the Panchayat Nepal’s major defense partners, in terms of regime fell apart and multiparty democracy grant and sale, and have helped meet the was installed in Nepal. In 2005, Nepal’s King requirements of the Nepali Army. But in the Gyanendra had also purchased weapons from last three decades, there have been many China — a few years later he was deposed changes in Nepal’s defense cooperation. and Nepal was turned into a republic. Clearly, China has emerged as another major defense Nepal’s efforts to enhance military relations partner. Recent engagements between the with China have always sparked India’s two countries suggest China is all set to concerns, as New Delhi resents to the 1962 overtake Nepal’s traditional defense partners Sino-Indian War (Amatya, 2018). Nepal still (Bhattarai, 2019). Since the establishment continues to conduct joint military drills of diplomatic relations between Nepal and with India, with the latest being Surya Kiran China in 1955, the armies of the two countries XIII, which was held in June 2018. However, have had cordial ties. Although Nepal and Nepal has also started military drills with China signed an understanding on military China, with gives an entirely new image to cooperation in 1988, bilateral defense Nepal’s military diplomacy. In fact, Nepal cooperation gained momentum mainly after recently backed out from a new joint military King Gyanendra’s royal takeover in 2005, exercise in India planned for BIMSTEC states and particularly after the abolition of the but continued its military drill with China, in monarchy in 2008. For instance, on 24 Oct Sichuan province (Amatya, 2018). 2005, China pledged military assistance Military diplomacy: Neighborhood and worth $989,000 to Nepal, primarily to curb beyond the Maoist insurgency. Between 2001 and 2005, the Nepal government also purchased Initiating Nepal’s entry into different military hardware from India, the US, the UK multilateral forums, King Mahendra, and to fight the rebels. But after the particularly after the 1962 India-China War, 2005 royal takeover, India, the US and the started reaching out to western countries UK suspended their military aid to Nepal, for military assistance (Bhattarai, 2019). demanding the restoration of democracy. The Western countries, mainly the US and the NA faced a shortage of military hardware UK, responded positively to Mahendra’s to be sent to its peace missions abroad. In request for military assistance, and in 1964, order to address its security interest in Nepal

50 UNITY JOURNAL after the abolition of the monarchy, China signed an agreement adopted a policy of accelerating collaboration with China on military assistance worth $ 2.6 with Nepal’s security forces. Officials from million for the modernization of the NA in China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA) December 2008. After that, Chinese military started cultivating relations with Nepal’s officials, including the PLA chief, have defense minister and army chief—something continued to visit Kathmandu. A close analysis which continues to date. In June 2017, China of trends shows that soon after the formation handed over the National Armed Police of a new government in Nepal, either China Force Academy, which it built, to the Nepal invites our defense minister for a visit or high government. In the handover ceremony, then level Chinese officials come to Kathmandu. Chinese Ambassador to Nepal Yu Hong said, In the case of the NA chief, there is a “China is always willing to conduct pragmatic tradition of visiting India first after assuming cooperation with Nepal in the field of talents, office. Another turning point, according to development and national security.” Even observers, is the Indian blockade in 2015- before 1990, both Nepal and China had made 16. General Rajendra Chettri reportedly was efforts to enhance military collaboration, in a great quandary prior to his maiden visit but those moves were opposed by India. In as Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) to India. 1989, Nepal bought various military weapons In line with a long tradition, he was invited from China—much to the chagrin of India, to receive the title of the Honorary General which argued that the purchase goes against of the Indian Army. But, since India had laid the spirit of the 1950 Peace and Friendship a siege on Nepal by imposing an economic Treaty. After the restoration of democracy blockade at that time, visiting India then in 1990, during the visit of interim Prime was excruciatingly difficult to justify back Minister to New home. General Chhetri however, saw it Delhi, Indian officials asked him why the as a rare opportunity to hold direct talks Nepal government purchased weapons from with various constituencies in India to end China. “Because we got them cheap and Nepal’s predicament. He consulted the then India did not meet all our requirements” Nepali Prime Minister, who gave him a (Bhattarai, 2019). Bhattarai reportedly told nod to proceed. It was, of course, a genuine the Indian officials. After 1990, the defense undertaking from the part of COAS but collaboration between Nepal and China did that was ultimately paid off. The economic not gain much momentum. However, Nepal sanctions were still in effect for which he had continued to convince. India that it has the embarked on a national mission but it was right to purchase military hardware from eventually lifted just a day before his arrival third countries. Along with regular military back in Kathmandu. According to some of assistance from China, it would be worthwhile the reports, prior to his visit, General Chettri to discuss some vital developments that had already quietly dispatched his military contributed to increased military cooperation emissary to Delhi. A team comprising of between the two countries in the past decade two of his most trusted aides, including NA’s (Bhattarai, 2019). Director General of Military Operations accompanied by one of the , in After the first Constituent Assembly (CA) efforts to persuade their Indian counterparts elections in 2008, then Defense Minister towards a propitious resolution, reportedly

51 UNITY JOURNAL set up a camp in the Indian capital for ten operation in military training, hardware in days and met with civilians and military humanitarian and disaster management, brass and apprised them of dire consequences and medical equipment and peace-keeping of the Indian economic embargo. Reportedly, operations, and requested for Chinese support the Indian Army was very receptive to NA’s in establishing Defense University in Nepal,” reasoning and rendered unequivocal support reads a press release issued by the Nepali to the two senior Nepali officers in their Embassy in Beijing after the visit (Bhattarai, mission. The Indian Army facilitated all the 2019). In respect to the agreement, China dialogues with other civilian counterparts in increased its military support to Nepal by 50 the Indian establishment and buttressed the percent to strengthen Nepali Army’s capability NA’s position. When the political realms of in disaster management and to better equip both countries collided, it was the militaries Nepal’s UN Peacekeeping missions. China that were conciliatory and played a uniting also announced an assistance worth RMB role (Thapa, 2016). In the same way, 150 million (Rs 2.53 billion) for the NA for relationship with the government of China, is the next five years (Bhattarai, 2019). But the another significant endeavor that the Nepali Chinese military influence should be taken Army has made in recent years. for larger context of the Science of Military Strategy unveiled by China in 2013, which is Two vital developments in 2017 deepened directed to developing a modern and capable the military cooperation between Nepal military. China has since been assertive in and China. After a long hiatus, Chinese all areas of foreign policy, including military Defense Minister and State Councilor Chang diplomacy. Wanquan paid a three-day visit to Kathmandu in March. He announced a grant assistance Between Nepal and China, bilateral military of $ 32.3 million to Nepal, to be spent on cooperation started in 1988. Nepal purchased building Nepal’s capacity to deal with natural military hardware, such as anti-aircraft guns, calamities and purchasing equipment for medium range SSM, among others in 1989. Nepali Army peacekeepers deployed in Soon after the royal takeover in 2005, China conflict-affected areas. In the same year, the pledged military assistance of $989,000 armies of the two countries conducted the to Nepal to fight the Maoist insurgency. In first-ever joint military drill, paving the way December 2008, Nepal and China signed for further collaboration. After the formation an agreement on military assistance­ worth of the new government led by Nepal $ 2.6 million for the modern­ization of the Communist Party (NCP) Chair KP Sharma Nepali Army. In 2009, China agreed to Oli, and Minister for provide military aids worth 20.8 million Foreign Affairs Ishwor Pokhrel visited China Yuan (approximately Rs 220 million). In in October 2018. During the visit, Pokhrel 2011, during his visit to Nepal, then Chinese and Chinese State Councilor and Defense Army Chief Chen Bingde announced military Minister Wei Fenghe signed a Memorandum aid of $7.7 million for the Nepali Army. of Understanding (MoU) to consolidate In June 2013, Nepal and China agreed to relationships between two countries through construct the National Armed Police Force their military institutions. “Minister Pokhrel Academy during Chinese State Councilor mentioned the importance of military co- Yang Jiechi’s visit to Kathmandu. In 2017,

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China pledged an assistance of $32.3 million General Chen Bingde made his visit to Nepal to the Nepali Army Also, in 2017, Nepal and in 2011. Besides financial assistance, the PLA China began the first ever joint military drill, has also increased the number of war college which was a major turning point in bilateral seats and National Defence Course (NDC) defense cooperation. In October 2018, quotas for the NA officers. The current ratio China announced to provide an assistance of Chinese to the NA personnel in China’s worth RMB 150 million (Rs 2.53 billion) War College short term training programmes to the Nepali Army for the next five years is around 4:1 (Khatri, 2017). The military (Bhattarai, 2019). assistance has become a strategic step of military/defense diplomacy between any Acceptance of military assistance from two countries. Recently, during the official friendly neighboring countries to the Nepali visit of China by Chief of Army Staff Purna Army has played a significant role in keeping Chandra Thapa, a protocol of signing was bilateral and military-to-military relations held on June 19 to receive an assistance of intact and active (Khatri, 2017). The level and RMB 150 million over a period of next five volume of military assistance from neighbors years for humanitarian and disaster relief along with the UK and the, especially after equipment. The protocol signing was held the post-Monarchy period in 2008 and post- as per the agreement reached on October earthquake of 2015 in Nepal. The level 27, 2018 during Deputy Prime Minister and of military assistances from the People’s Defense Minister Ishwor Pokharel’s official Liberation Army (PLA) of China has gone up visit to China. The agreement was inked after the Chinese and Sate between Chinese State Councilor Wei Fenghe Councilor General Chang Wanquan paid a and DPM Pokharel. The PLA had provided three-day official visit to Kathmandu during a total of 118 million RMB assistance to 23-25 March, 2017. General Chang’s was the Nepal during the time of earthquake in first defense ministerial visit since the two 2015. The Chinese supports to Nepal and countries established diplomatic relations the earthquake victims include medical in 1955 (Khatri, 2017). Chang’s visit to equipment, mobile field hospitals, and tents. Kathmandu saw PLA extending a grant There was no any military assistance from assistance of USD 32.3 million to the NA China in the year 2016. In the year 2017, for strengthening NA’s capacity to deal with China had agreed to provide 230 million natural calamities and providing equipment RMB, which the NA would have received by for the United Nations peacekeeping missions. the end of 2019 (Khatri, 2017). Similarly, in The grant assistance was 10 times higher than the year 2018, China had provided materials the China’s previous military assistance to and equipment worth 150 million RMB that the NA before the post-Monarchy period. The include mechanic bridges, vehicles, rescue visit of Chang had taken place on the eve of kits and explosive ordnance disposal (EOD). the first ever joint military exercise entitled, Nepal has also been receiving supports from ‘Sagarmatha Friendship’ which was held friendly countries beyond the immediate on 16 April 2017 in Kathmandu. In 2011, neighbors. China had signed an agreement for providing military aid to the tune of USD 7.7 million The U.S had provided mainly four Acrow to the NA when the Chinese Army Chief bridges in the year 2014 that continues to date

53 UNITY JOURNAL in Jitpur of Bara, Jure of Sindhupalchowk, around Rs. 10 million to NA for sending its Thankot bordering Kathmandu and Dhading one officer to attend and complete the NDC districts (Khatri, 2017). Subsequently, in course abroad (Khatri, 2017). the year of earthquake in 2015, the U.S. government had provided mainly heavy Most importantly, the Nepali Army is one of vehicles, generators worth USD 3.67 million, the vital contributors to the UN peacekeeping radio sets worth USD 1.6 million, disaster missions. Apart from serving in Britain, related rafts and motorboats worth USD India and in the UN missions, the 245,000 and USD 1 million assistance for of Nepal till this day serve in the Singapore constructing one hospital for Birendra Peace Police as the Contingent and in Operation Training Centre of Dhulikhel in as the . Today, 2016 and explosive ordnance disposal worth Nepal’s military diplomacy with China may USD 82,845 in 2018. Similarly, India’s strain Indo-Nepal relations. If China supports military assistance to Nepal is based on both Nepal in increasing its presence in UN loans and grants in a ratio of 60-40. If India peacekeeping missions and continues to assist provides any arm logistics, the NA has to bear Nepal in upgrading its security forces while 40 per cent of its total cost. NA had to pay Rs. providing training to the military as well 3.21 billion of loans to the Indian government as police officials, this may indeed deepen or Indian Army as per the record of 2010 the relationship between the two countries (Khatri, 2017). But usually, such due amount (Amatya, 2018). As of 13 January 2020, the has a trend of receiving waivers from India Nepali Army has deployed across 12 missions based upon two nation’s bilateral talks and around the world. As one of the imperative agreements (Khatri, 2017). India’s military troop contributors, Nepal ranks fifth in assistance level and its mode of assistance are the world. Currently, the Nepali Army has different from that of China and the U.S. As around 5095 soldiers, including 170 female mentioned in the 1950 India-Nepal Treaty of armed forces serving in 12 different missions Peace and Friendship, the Nepal government around the globe. Nepal has a commitment to has been purchasing arms and ammunition provide up to 5000 peacekeepers should the only from India till date. In 2015, Nepal UN so request (NA Peacekeeping Mission, had purchased and received some military 2020). weapons, including binoculars from India. Nepal became a member of the United Nations Nepal purchased and received grants in in 1955 and since then, has been an active the forms of weapons and ammunition and participant of most UN peace operations. military vehicles in 2017 and 2018. In 2019, The participation of the Nepali Army in NA got over 50 light vehicles from the Indian the UN peace support operations spans a government (Khatri, 2017). Annually, the period of over a half century covering some level of Chinese military assistance to NA is 43 UN missions, in which over 1, 29, 890 on rise by over 50 per cent. China is the only personnel have participated. The army’s country which has been providing the highest long association with the UN peace support number of quota (five) to NA for conducting operations began with a modest deployment National Defense Course (NDC) every year, of five military observers in Lebanon (United whereas the India provides only one quota Nations Observer Group in Lebanon) in every year to NA for the same course. It costs 1958. The first Nepali contingent, Purano

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Gorakh Battalion was deployed in Egypt devotion to duty and excellent performance in 1974. The Nepali Army has contributed have been widely acclaimed. The to senior appointments at UNDPKO and Nepali Army has always accepted challenges Force Headquarters while deploying military and participated in most difficult operations. contingents, military observers and staff This has had a heavy toll on its personnel, and officers. The Nepali Army has also rendered to date, 65 personnel have made the ultimate tremendous services to the provision of niche sacrifice at the altar of world peace and another capabilities, such as engineers, medical 66 have been disabled (NA Peacekeeping teams and Special Forces contingents. Their Mission, 2020).

Source: https://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/

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Conclusion Bhattarai, K. D. (May 19, 2019). A brief -China defense ties. Annapurna Different states use diverse channels of Express. https://theannapurnaexpress.com/ diplomacy. Quintessential and valued to news/ a-brief-history-of-nepal-china-defense- enhance country’s image and security, ties-1560 however, is the military diplomacy. Clausewitz, C. V. (1976). On War., trans. Michael Besides safeguarding the national border Howard and Peter Paret. Princeton: Princeton and shielding the national sovereignty, University Press, p. 87. the modern-day military institutions are exercising diplomacy as well. Thus, when it Jaishankar, D. (January 12, 2017). India's military comes to Nepal’s military diplomacy towards diplomacy. https://www.brookings.edu/ the neighborhood and beyond, it’s better to opinions/-military-diplomacy-taking- acknowledge the fact that Nepali Army has the-leap/ been conducting joint military drills with Khatri, P. (July 7, 2017). Aid keeps relation different countries, most importantly with between NA, foreign army afloat. The Rising the United States, India, and China for many Nepal. http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/ years. Essentially, Nepal’s vibrant role in 32769 exercising the military diplomacy with the Mulmi, A. R. M. (October 1, 2017). Why did the great and emerging powers, is immensely British not colonize Nepal? Record Nepal. triggered by neutrality and non-alignment, https://www.recordnepal.com/wire/features/ which are also the foreign policy objectives why-did-the-british-not-colonize-nepal of Nepal. Unforgettably, having almost six decades of experience in peacekeeping NA Peacekeeping Mission. (2020). The Nepal operations around the world, Nepali Army Army in UN Peace Support Operation. https:// www.nepalarmy.mil.np/ has effectively enhanced the image of Nepal through the UN Peacekeepers.Thus, it Pajtinka, E. (2016). Military diplomacy and its indicates that as one of theoldest institution of present functions. Security Dimensions. the country, Nepali Army has demonstrated Issue 20 (20), p. 1. ISSN: 2353-7000 | ICV: 100,00 its competence to exercise the modern-day | MNiSW: 20. https://securitydimensions. diplomacy at the global stage, of course, not publisherspanel.com/resources/html/article/ being limited to immediate neighborhood. details?id=177139&language=en

References Thapa, C. (November 11, 2016). Nepal-India relations in the military realm. SouthAsia.com. Adhikari, B. (April 9, 2015). Gurkhas in the au. http://www.southasia.com.au/2016/11/11/ Indian mutiny. Spotlight Nepal https://www. nepal-india-relations-military-realm/ spotlightnepal.com/

Amatya, K. (September 25, 2018). Nepal's military diplomacy. The Diplomat. https:// thediplomat.com/2018/09/nepals-military- diplomacy/

Berridge, G. R. (2002). Diplomacy, theory and practice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan: New York, pp. 2 – 3.

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Geopolitical rivalry of global powers and its implications in Nepal

Geja Sharma Wagle

Abstract Keywords: national security, strategic rivalry, geopolitical, geostrategic, Indo- National unity and independence, territorial Pacific strategy, belt and road initiatives, integrity, people's sovereignty and national diplomatic balance security are the supreme priority for any sovereign and independent country across Understanding security the world. The essence of national unity and security is the most important and highly Security is ‘essentially a contested concept’ sensitive issue for Nepal in account of its and it does not have a universally accepted geopolitical sensitivities and geostrategic definition (Galle, 1962, pp. 121-123). balance as Nepal is located between two Security scholars agree that there is not even giant nuclear countries and rising global an agreement as to what 'security' means powers – India and China. Analyzing the (Terriff, 2001, p. 1). The term ‘security’ national interests and national security has proved too complex and abstract, and policy of all three countries – India, China there is much dispute about its meaning and and the US, it is open secret that they have definition. Writing as early as 1952 about direct strategic, defense and security interests the concept of security, a prominent security in Nepal. They, therefore, have strategic scholar Arnold Wolfer (1952) even argued rivalry to extend their political, diplomatic, that 'it may not have any precise meaning economic, strategic, defense and security at all' (p. 149). Another noted security and cultural influence in Nepal because of thinker Barry Buzan (1991) claims that the its geopolitical importance and geostrategic nature of security defies pursuit of agreed sensitivity. The emerging triangular strategic definition. It, therefore, is an underdeveloped rivalry may undermine Nepal’s national and contested concept (pp. 3-5). The idea of interests and national security in the future security is defined through in terms of the as their rivalry gets intensified. It is a grave state and the military-centric approach rather situation for Nepal which will have significant than people’s perspective, so it has acquired a immediate as well as long-term implications. heavy military emphasis and domination. Nepal, therefore, should thoughtfully study to Scholars like Hedley Bull, Bernard Brodie, analyze the emerging global powers’ defense, Frank Trager, Frank Simonie, Hugh military, security and foreign policies and Macdonald, E. H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau strategies and should protect and preserve have broadened its definition. Scholars, in Nepal’s national interests and national particular, E. H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau, security maintaining diplomatic and strategic who were the proponents of realist school balance among them. of thought, were dominant after the Second World War and defined security as a derivative

57 UNITY JOURNAL of power. They define security in terms of is secure, then those who live within it are protecting territorial integrity and core values secure (Bajpai, 2002, pp. 4-5). The national of states against foreign intervention. independence and territorial integrity are the most important requirements for a nation Concept of national security and these two values must be protected. In social sciences, national security is If any state is attacked on these two values ‘more controversial than the term ‘security’ with violence, it must be responded with without its specific authoritative definitions. violence. There was a domination of the In fact, national security is a ‘recent notion realist and the neo-realist schools of thought and under-developed concept’. In line with in the post-war fragile environment that have Buzan’s argument, Baldwin and Milner been advocating a state and military centric (1992) consider national security ambiguous, policy emphasizing on territorial integrity sensitive and value-laden terms in social and military power. science (p. 29). But national security is a Following the end of World War II, the concept quite important and sensitive issue that is of national security brought significant directly inter-related to protecting national changes. In fact, the concept of national unity, territorial integrity and sovereignty security developed following World War II of nation-states (Buzan, 1991, pp. 3-5). when national security was emerging as the The theme of national security, therefore, is main challenge to the small and developing guided by a range of unique and traditional countries. However, security scholars have perceptions and realities, which are rooted divergent thoughts regarding the changes. in the history of an evolutionary process According to one of the prominent thinkers, of nationhood. National security in its David Baldwin (1995), there are three conceptual framework cannot be observed important elements for the change: 'First, it independently since it is closely related to the is the decline of the military power in the concept of national interest, national power international politics. Second, it is the concept and national stability (Sheeham, 2006, pp. of international relations and national security 6-7). Howsoever, controversial, ambiguous which needs to be reexamined. Third, it is the and abstract it may be, it is a very important national security, which appears to be viewed notion in social science because it studies in broader terms’ (pp. 117-18). the national unity, territorial integrity and political independence of a nation and the The implications of globalization and sovereignty and safety of its people. emerging multi-dimensional challenges of national security in the post-Cold War era Given the gravity and sensitivity of the issue have widened and broadened the definition that is related to sovereignty and independence of national security. There are many new of nation-states, security scholars had focused dimensions, which have now become on state and military-centric approach. critical issues in security studies. Scholars Defining from the traditional perspective of have redefined security as a broader term national security, some scholars who belong that includes the citizens’ security. Scholars to the realist school of thought argue that the belonging to Copenhagen school of thought referent of security is the state and that it is contributed to broadening security studies. the primary provider of security. If the state

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National security, therefore, moved ‘beyond Moreover, Nepal shares an open border with a narrow agenda, which focused on military- its southern neighbor, India, and there are centric concept’ (Huysman, 1998, pp. 229-30). several border disputes between them. Nepal doesn’t share open border with its northern The Human Development Report of 1994 neighbor, China, but has an equally important prepared by Mahbub Ul Haq urged that the and sensitive relation. Nepal never became definition of security should be changed from a colonial country, even during the adverse the state-centric security to human security. situations of the World War and the Cold According to the report, the concept of War, and safeguarded its sovereignty and security should change in two ways: from territorial integrity. But given its geostrategic an exclusive stress on territorial security to importance and geopolitical sensitivity, much greater stress on peoples' security, and national security is the most important and from security through armaments to security sensitive issue since Nepal’s inception for through sustainable human development centuries. The geostrategic dimensions and (UNDP, 1994). The threats to human security the relations with India and China are the were synthesized in the report under seven crucial factors of national security of Nepal broad categories – economic security, food (Bhattarai, 2005, pp. 6-7). security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community Considering its geostrategic location, King security and political security. Considering Prithvi Narayan Shah, the founder of modern people's right to live, the United Nations Nepal who laid the strong foundation for developed an alternative concept that is national unity and security, defined Nepal as human security. The concept of security has a 'gourd between two rocks' and advocated a transformed into human security from state- defensive strategy as the best way for Nepal centric approaches. In fact, national security to protect its territorial integrity and people’s is not only safety and security of the country sovereignty in the DibyaUpades. He defined and its citizens, but also is a universal process national security policy as a defensive policy of safeguarding national values and interests that has been the guiding principle of security against both internal and external threats that policy. It has been so long since King Shah have the potential to undermine the security defined the security policy and political, of the state and citizens. military and international contexts have significantly changed. Nepal has hitherto been National security in the Nepali context following the very defensive policy as defined National unity and independence, territorial by Prithvi Narayan Shah. The Shah Dynasty integrity, people's sovereignty and national and Rana regime followed the same theory security are the most important priorities for as guiding principles for national security any sovereign and independent country. The and followed state and military-centric policy essence of national unity and security is the regardless of changing political, social, most important and highly sensitive issue for economic and military context. In fact, they Nepal considering its geopolitical sensitivities used the state and military-centric security and geostrategic balance as Nepal is located policy to protect their regime rather than between two giant nuclear countries and territorial integrity and sovereignty (Acharya, rising global powers – India and China. 2019, pp. 6-7).

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Following the establishment of democracy Given the urgency of policy, the then in 1950, Nepal emerged as a real nation-state government led by and maintained good diplomatic relations constituted a five-member Cabinet Committee with neighboring countries. Nepal became under the leadership of then Defense Minister the member-state of the UN on 15 December Bidhya Devi Bhandari in December 2009 1955 and established diplomatic relations to draft policy papers on national security with the US, India, China, Germany, the policy, democratization of the army and USSR, Pakistan, Japan, France etc. Nepal's strengthening and reforming law enforcement sovereignty, national unity and territorial agencies under the . integrity thus became more secure during The members of the committee were then the democratic era between 1950 and 1960. Home Minister Bhim Rawal, Culture At that time, King Mahendra abolished Minister Dr. MinendraRijal, Law Minister multiparty democracy and dissolved the Prem Bahadur Singh and Minister without people's elected government in 1960, took portfolio Laxman Lal Karna. The committee power, and imposed the partyless despotic submitted its reports in August 2010. Panchayat system in the name of nationalism (Kumar, 2003, pp. 321-323). Following the promulgation of the constitution in 2015, the government promulgated a National security policy of Nepal written national security policy for the first time in the history of Nepal in 2016 (Ministry National security and people’s security are so of Defense, 2016). Promulgating a new critical and challenging issues for Nepal. But national security policy was seen as a positive unfortunately, Nepal did not have a written step for ensuring national security and comprehensive national security policy until citizens’ security but was also abstract and 2016. If Nepal had a well-defined, written incomplete. Therefore, the first-ever security and appropriate security policy, Nepal might policy could not address the emerging internal have been able to protect its national interests and external security challenges of Nepal. and citizens’ security. The successive The government did not consult with political governments and political parties did not parties, security agencies, security experts pay heed to the national security policy even and concern stakeholders with regards to after the restoration of democracy in 1990. security policy, so the policy is dominated by But they merely beat the drum of ultra- the government’s perspective. The new policy nationalism and national independence for should have been redefined in line with the public consumption and political interests. changed political and security contexts for In fact, in the absence of a written security three reasons. First, Nepal is in the process policy, successive governments have been of transforming into a federal republic state misusing the security agencies for their own from a feudal and unitary kingdom, and political interests and convenience. Had the security threats for these two systems are government promulgated a security policy fundamentally different. Second, the new clearly defining the roles and responsibilities constitution has defined human security of the security agencies, then there would as a guiding principle of national security, have been fewer chances to misuse and abuse according to which, the role of the state is security agencies in the past. not only limited to defending its territory,

60 UNITY JOURNAL but also to ensure freedom, human rights, security policy public without further delay peace and security of its citizens. Third, the under any pretext. internal and external threats to Nepal seem to be more complicated and challenging than Triangular geostrategic rivalry before so that the new policy should have Given Nepal’s geopolitical sensitivity and clearly identified both threats and outlined geostrategic importance, the super power strategies to address them. But the policy did – the US – and emerging global power and not address these serious issues. immediate neighbors – India and China – Following the formulation of the government have been giving a high priority to Nepal for under the leadership of K P Oli in February a couple of decades to extend their political, 2018, the government promulgated a new diplomatic, strategic, security, economic and national security policy in March 2019 taking cultural influence in Nepal as per their own into consideration the emerging internal and national interests. In fact, they have not only external security threats of Nepal (Ghimire, given a high priority, but also have increased 2019). Analyzing both traditional and non- their financial assistance, and development traditional security challenges, the new policy and military budget to Nepal. They, therefore, has identified foreign interference, open have been promulgating a number of policies border, blockade, and border encroachment, and strategies focusing on Nepal and Asia, cross border crime, terrorism and strategic and have declared some financial support and rivalry of super powers and emerging global development projects for Nepal for obvious powers and others as the serious external reasons. threats of Nepal. But the government has not The US promulgated the much-media hyped been made public the new policy, terming strategy – Indo-Pacific Strategy (IPS) in it a confidential and secret document. The June 2018 in order to extend its political, security policy is not a secret and confidential diplomatic, economic, defense and strategic document and it should make public like influence in the entire Indo-Pacific region other policies of the government. Even the including Nepal in line with the American earlier security policy was made public by interests as stated in their national security and the government. If the previous one was foreign policy. Following the promulgation made public, why not the new one? Unlike of the IPS, it has been a much-debated issue communist countries like China, North in Nepal because the report has mentioned Korea, Cuba, every democratic country Nepal as an emerging defense partner for the makes public their national security policy. first time. The IPS report (2019) mentions on Anybody can find on internet the national Nepal – security strategies of countries like the US and the UK. Transparency and accountability The United States seeks to expand our ensuring the participation of people in defense relationship with Nepal, focused law making process are the fundamental on HA/DR, peacekeeping operations, practice of democratic system so keeping defense professionalization, ground force any law confidential is against the democratic capacity, and counter-terrorism. Our principles and spirit of the constitution. The growing defense partnership can be seen government, therefore, should make the new in the establishment of the U.S. Army

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Pacific-led Land Forces Talks in June Not only has the US, China also significantly 2018, our senior-most military dialogue given a high priority to extend its influence with Nepal. This year has already seen in Nepal in line with the Chinese interests. several senior-level visits to Nepal by President Xi Jinping visited Nepal this year the USINDOPACOM Commander and and announced a significant policy outline Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense during his visit. Nepal and China decided to for South and Southeast Asia to further upgrade its comprehensive partnership to a advance our defense relationship. (p. 36) strategic partnership that depicts the strategy of China and priority of Nepal (Giri, 2019). The US have also promulgated a new law In fact, Nepal has upgraded the much-hyped –Asia Reassurance Initiative Act (ARIA) strategic partnership with China for the first – in 2019 focusing on the growing security time in the history of Nepal. According to challenges such as North Korea, the South the definition and objective of international China Sea, terrorism in Southeast Asia, relations, the strategic partnership is a human rights situation, and refugee issues broader and multi-dimensional cooperation of Tibet that will have direct security and in strategic, defense and security affairs in strategic implications in Nepal. Likewise, addition to social, economic and cultural the US has already agreed to provide $500 dimensions. President Xi announced the million as grant as part of Millennium substantial financial support to Nepal Challenge Corporation (MCC) for Nepal’s including rail and road connectivity as infrastructure development as requested requested by Nepal. He had emphasized by the Government of Nepal. The much- security and defense cooperation with Nepal debated MCC compact was signed between during his visit so that Nepal and China Nepal and the US government in September signed on the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty 2017 in Washington DC. Likewise, the US (MLAT) and agreed to sign an extradition government had officially invited Nepal’s treaty in the near future. President Xi had even highlighted the defense and security in Washington in December 2018 and urged cooperation with Nepal in his article that was Nepal to play a central role in Indo-Pacific published in The Kathmandu Post on the eve region that reflects the policy and priority of of his visit. the US toward Nepal. The US has given such a high priority to Nepal for the first time in In 2017, Nepal has already signed the Belt the history of Nepal-US diplomatic relations. and Road Initiatives (BRI) – the highly Likewise, the US is the traditional supporter ambitious and signature project of President of the Nepali Army to make it well-trained, Xi Jinping for infrastructure development and well-equipped, and professional; hence the connectivity (Giri, 2017). According to the US has been increasing its military budget official document of BRI, it aims at enhancing to support the Nepali Army. The US had policy coordination, connectivity, unimpeded also significantly supported the Nepali Army trade, financial integration and people-to- during the decade-long armed insurgency people contact. The BRI is considered the in Nepal to control the then Maoist party’s mega project for infrastructure development armed activities. and connectivity for and between Asia and Europe that has the potential to change the

62 UNITY JOURNAL traditional geopolitical and geo-economics of higher stake in Nepal compared to China and the world. It, therefore, is both an opportunity the US, given its centuries-old close, cordial and a challenge for Nepal. But Nepal needs to and special political, diplomatic, economic, transform those challenges into opportunities social, religious and cultural relations with and should implement the BRI projects in line Nepal. Nepal-India share an 1,800 km long with the national interest and national priority open border and both countries have equally of Nepal to achieve its dream of development high security concerns and threats. India’s and prosperity maintaining good relations concerns are not just limited to the strategic, with India and the US. defense and security affairs, but equally have important political, diplomatic, economic, Like the US, China has also promulgated social, religious and cultural interests in some policies and strategies focusing on the Nepal. India, therefore, wants to further Asia-Pacific region taking into consideration extend its influence in Nepal and wants to the US’s growing strategic interests in the control or minimize the growing influence Indo-Pacific region. China analyses the of China and the US in Nepal. Given India’s increasing interests and influence of the national interests and national security, Nepal US in the Asia-Pacific region as threats is in the high priority of India and Prime for China hence China wants to control or Minister himself has visited minimize the US’s interests and influence. Nepal four times during his five-year tenure. Taking into consideration the US’s growing Prime Minister Modi has been reiterating, interests and influence, China promulgated time and again, that he will further deepen and a comprehensive security policy focusing widen the special and unique relations with particularly on the Asia-Pacific region for the Nepal for the best interests of two countries. first time in January 2017, ‘China’s policies on Asia Pacific security cooperation’, which Prominent international relations thinker and is similar to the IPS for the US (Ministry Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Henry Kissinger of Foreign Affairs, 2017). Likewise, China (2014), has opined that India and China are has also issued another important security the center of gravity of the emerging new document ‘China's National Defense in the multipolar world order, which will have New Era’ following the promulgation of the significant implications in global politics (pp. IPS (Hui, 2019). China has been establishing 178-790). Likewise, noted geopolitical and a close military and security cooperation with strategic affairs scholar, Robert D Kaplan Nepal’s security agencies – Nepali Army, (2012), has highlighted heightening strategic Armed Police Force and Nepal Police – and and geopolitical gravity of Asia, and its has been increasing its military assistance implications in Nepal as Nepal is the epicenter to Nepal every year. Until few years ago, of the emerging geopolitical rivalry of global China was far behind with regards to military power (pp. 252-53). Nepal, therefore, should assistance to Nepal with India and the US, understand the serious geostrategic and but today China has become the top donor of geopolitical realities of Nepal and should military assistance to Nepal. plan accordingly to ensure national unity, territorial integrity, people’s sovereignty and India claims that it has the traditional sphere independence of Nepal in the emerging world of influence in Nepal, therefore India has order.

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Analyzing the national interests and national and national interests based on national security policy of all three countries – India, consensus. The policy should embrace the China and the US –it is obvious that they fundamental principles of democracy, rule have direct strategic, defense and security of law, human rights, and protect the long interests in Nepal. They, therefore, have cherished identity, values and cultures of strategic rivalry to extend their influence in Nepal. The policy should also recognize the Nepal because of its geopolitical importance diversity and plurality of Nepali society. The and geostrategic sensitivity. The emerging policy should objectively assess the global triangular strategic rivalry may undermine context of peace, security and conflict in order Nepal’s national interests and national security to make it capable of dealing with emerging in the future as their rivalry gets intensified. internal and external security threats. It is a critical issue for Nepal which will have significant immediate as well as long- The security agencies should be apolitical, term implications (Wagle, 2012, pp. 268-69). professional and competent so that they Nepal, therefore, should thoughtfully study can ensure the security of the nation and its and objectively analyze the emerging global people. They should be more accountable to power’s strategic, defense, military, security the people, effective and impartial to perform and foreign policies and strategies and should their roles and responsibilities following the protect and preserve Nepal’s national interests sound principles of good governance, the and national security maintaining diplomatic rule of law, human rights, transparency and and strategic balance in the given context. accountability ensuring democratic control of security agencies. The security agencies Conclusion should follow inclusive, people-friendly, rights-friendly and gender-friendly policies Analyzing the evolving global and regional and should implement them accordingly. context, there is a geopolitical power play Democratic control of security agencies is a among the global powers. Against this fundamental principle of democratic systems backdrop of the triangular strategic rivalry, but security agencies should not be politicized Nepal should maintain the diplomatic and on the pretext of democratic control as the strategic balance among the super powers government and political parties did in the and emerging global powers taking into past. consideration its national interests and national security. Otherwise, Nepal will References turn into a geopolitical and geostrategic Acharya, M. R. (2019). Nepal worldview. Adroit playground of the global powers undermining Publishers. New Delhi. Nepal’s national interests. Bajpai, K. (2002). Beyond comprehensive The national security policy of Nepal should security: Human security. Comprehensive be comprehensively reviewed and revised Security: Perspectives from India’s Regions. taking into consideration the emerging New Delhi: New India Foundation. internal and external security threats. The government must make public the new policy Banerjee, D. (Ed.). (2000). Security studies in South Asia: Change and challenges. New that aims to safeguarding national unity, Delhi: Manohar Publishers. territorial integrity, people’s sovereignty

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Bhattarai, R. (2005). Geopolitics of Nepal Indo-Pacific Report (2019). Department of and international responses to conflict defense. Pentagon. Washington DC. transformation. Friends for Peace. Kathmandu. Kaplan, R. D. (2012). The revenge of geography. Bienen, H. (Ed). (1992). Power, economics and New York: Random House. security. Bulder co. West View Press. Kissinger, H. (2014). World order. Penguin Black, M. (1962). The importance of language. Books. Eaglewood Cliffs, Princeton Hall. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2017). China's Buzan, B. (1991). People, states and fear: An policies on Asia-Pacific security co-operation. agenda for international security studies in Retrieved from https://www.fmprc.gov. the Post-Cold War era. Harvester Wheatsheaf. cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1429771.shtml

Ghimire, B. (2019, March 29). Government’s Ministry of Defense. (2016). National security intent to keep security policy secret policy 2016. Retrieved from http://mod.gov. raises concerns. Kathmandu Post. np//public/files/231574029-National%20 Retrieved from https://kathmandupost. Security%20Policy,%202016.pdf com/national/2019/03/29/governments-intent- to-keep-security-policy-secret-raises-concerns Sheeham, M. (2006). International security: An analytical survey. Viva Books. New Delhi. Giri, A. (2019, October 15). Nepal and China elevate bilateral ties to a ‘strategic partnership’ but no Terriff, T. et al. (2001). Security studies today. one’s certain what that entails. Kathmandu Institute of Defense Studies and Analysis. Post. Retrieved from https://kathmandupost. The Human Development Report. (1994). the com/national/2019/10/15/nepal-and- United Nations. New York. china-elevate-bilateral-ties-to-a-strategic- partnership-but-no-one-s-certain-what-that- Wagle, G. S. & Bhattarai, R., (Eds.). (2010). entails Emerging security challenges of Nepal. Nepal Institute for Policy Studies. Giri, S. (May 14 2017). Nepal, China sign deal on OBOR. Kathmandu Post. Wagle, G. S. et al. (Eds). (2013). Human security Retrieved from https://kathmandupost. in Nepal: Concepts, issues and challenges. com/national/2017/05/12/nepal-china-sign- Nepal Institute for Policy Studies and South framework-deal-on-obor Asia Regional Coordination office of NCCR.

Hui, L. (2019, July 24). China issues white Wolfers, A. (1952). ‘National security’ as paper on national defense in new era. Xinhue. an ambiguous symbol. Political science Retrieved from http://www.xinhuanet. quarterly, 67(4), 481-502. com/english/2019-07/24/c_138253180.htm

Huysman, J. (1998). Revisit Copenhagen: or, on the creative development of a security studies agenda in Europe. European Journal of International Relations l4 (4).

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Managing national security interests amidst military major powers' military engagements

Kosh Raj Koirala

Abstract Introduction Existing literatures on the strategic Because of its geographic location, Nepal competition between India, China and maintains geostrategic and geopolitical the US have largely focused on general importance for its immediate neighbors – patterns and trends of their cooperation and India and China – as well as the world major engagements in Nepal, including on how powers. The importance of Nepal in the China has made its forays in Nepal with geopolitical and geostrategic landscape has its assertive foreign policy overtures since only increased further in recent years, with the 2008. What has been overlooked, however, Rise of China and its assertive foreign policy is how these three countries are quietly overtures in its immediate neighborhood competing with each other to enhance their and beyond. While the US appears to engagement with the national army. The be responding to the growing Chinese growing competition among these countries assertiveness in the entire Asia Pacific region, is likely to pose serious challenge to the including Nepal under its broader cooperation national army as an institution to exercise framework of Indo-Pacific Strategy, India its strategic autonomy in its decision making surges to influence Nepal in all spheres process if some cautions are not exercised in for the past several decades. Likewise, the advance. This paper highlights on competing southern neighbor maneuvers both its soft and conflicting interests of major powers and hard power resources at its disposal to to enhance their engagements with the maintain its influence in this Himalayan national army in Nepal, and the ways to nation. As the peace process that paved the overcome potential challenges, such military way for the then underground Maoist rebels engagements may entail in the future. It also to join mainstream politics in Nepal remains offers a context of the discussion with a brief still incomplete and major political forces in overview of changing strategic environment the country are stuck in internal squabbles. in the Asia Pacific in the past 10 years and In such a fragile political situation, Nepal’s how Nepal has transformed from a backwater immediate neighbors, India and China along to strategic epicenter for major powers. with the US are persistently heightening their engagements with the national army in an Keywords: military engagement, national apparent bid to secure their vital interests in security, Indo-Pacific strategy, geopolitical Nepal. But this appears to have given rise competition, major powers, competing and to a quiet competition among China, India conflicting interests and the US in their military engagements, transforming Nepal from a backwater to a

66 UNITY JOURNAL strategic epicenter in the changed strategic With President Donald Trump assuming his landscape. office in 2017, the US unveiled an Indo– Pacific Strategy with the primary objective to Changing strategic environment in Asia ensure “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” (FOIP), Pacific apparently to challenge China's claim over The rise of China as an economic superpower entire South China Sea. According to the along with its massive military modernization Pentagon’s report published in June last year, after 2008 is one of the main factors behind the the Indo –Pacific Strategy revolves around changed strategic environment in the Asia– simultaneous enhancement of long –standing Pacific. While all other major economies objectives on economic engagement, security in the West were heavily affected by the cooperation and strengthened governance economic recession that started from the US, — a balance of priorities that aligns with China became a strong exception to this global the approaches of key partners like Japan, financial crisis that started in 2008 (Morrison, Australia and India. The US unveiled several 2009, p. 3). This boosted confidence of China other initiatives such as Indo-Pacific Security that experienced centuries of humiliation Initiatives in which it allocated $300 million at the hands of colonial powers to increase to “reinforce security cooperation” in the its influence through the use of hard and Indo-Pacific region (Scott, 2018. p. 36). soft power resources. Despite its perennial Toward the end of December, 2018, the struggle to recover from the financial crisis, US also came up with Asia Reassurance the US was then forced to respond to the Initiative Act to assure its partners and allies growing Chinese assertiveness in various that US was still committed to help them in parts of the Asia Pacific, including South view of rising Chinese influence. This Act China Sea. Then US President Barack Obama also formally recognized India as its major unveiled ‘Pivot to Asia’ or 'Rebalancing Asia' defense partner, paving way for New Delhi in 2012 to put additional focus on the Asia to obtain state of the art technology from Pacific region in view of China's assertive Washington to achieve self-sufficiency in foreign policy overtures. The purpose of this defense manufacturing (Chaudhary, 2018). strategy was to deepen U.S. credibility in the The US’s proactive presence in the Asia region at a time of fiscal constraint (Manyin. Pacific region along with military partnership et. al., 2012, p. 1) that the US was facing at with different major powers is widely the time as a result of economic recession. perceived as an attempt to contain China. The key areas of actions of this strategy Beijing under Xi Jinping in particular also included "strengthening bilateral security began responding to the US overtures alliances; deepening working relationships through increased engagements with with emerging powers, including China; countries in its neighborhood and beyond in engaging with regional multilateral the following years. Chinese foreign policy institutions; expanding trade and investment; after 2008 witnessed changes mainly in forging a broad-based military presence; and three fronts that include enhanced regional advancing democracy and human rights” cooperation, deviation from non-interference (Clinton, 2011). policy in internal affairs of other countries, and increased assertiveness (Qi et. al., 2013).

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China has been increasingly influencing countries until 2008. China's policy of limited in India's small neighbors through various interaction with Nepal also witnessed a major measures: grant assistance, investment political change that brought Maoist rebels in major infrastructure projects, such as into mainstream politics, and subsequently hydropower plants and port city development, abolished the 240–year old institution of scholarship to students, military aid as well monarchy in 2008. as training to security personnel, military exchange, and high level visits (Curtis, China’s foreign policy departure coincided 2016). Formulation of new periphery with anti–China protests of the Tibetan diplomacy, setting the goal of building two refugees in Kathmandu streets just ahead “Silk Roads” under Belt and Road Initiatives of the Beijing Olympics 2008, and India’s (BRI), increasing great power responsibility strategic alignment with the US. China's including through the participation in the UN increased engagements in Nepal can be seen peacekeeping and, adopting more flexible mainly after the fall of monarchy, which pragmatism in its foreign policy, combining many scholars in Nepal argue that Beijing a “carrot and stick” approach, (Yizhou, 2014) considered a reliable political force to protect are some of President Xi's foreign policy its vital interests in Nepal in 2008. Nepal innovations. was then undergoing a critical political transition when the United Nations Mission The strategic competitions between the in Nepal was initiating to facilitate the peace US and China in the Asia Pacific region in process. Although the Chinese leadership recent years have brought profound changes never reacted explicitly in public, they had in Nepal's geopolitical and geostrategic a concern that western powers could incite landscape, prompting Nepal’s immediate anti–China elements in Nepal. During his neighbors India and the US to increase their meeting with Prime Minister Khadga Prasad assertiveness. Nepal's southern neighbor Oli in Kathmandu in October 2019, Chinese has been continuously influencing Nepal President Xi Jinping did not hesitate to say in its politics and military since the 1950s, that some western forces were using Nepal to while the US also had its modest presence in destabilize parts of China [Reuters, 2019]. All Nepal, especially after the Tibetan uprising of these events reflect Nepal’s transformation in 1959. Further, the US continues its itself from backwater to a strategic epicenter organized engagements after an exodus of a for major powers that have linked their large number of Tibetans to Nepal and India strategic interests in Nepal. after their failed uprising against China's takeover of Tibet. Although the mass exodus Military engagements of major powers of Tibetan protestors and the rebellion against As the peace process that started in 2006 the Chinese presence in Tibet from Nepali prolonged for years amid deepening political soil heightened the Chinese concern, the uncertainty and the country's main political interaction between the two countries were forces were caught up in internal wrangles, confined largely to the Chinese economic major international powers-- mainly China, and technical assistance to a few key pride the US and India -- seem to have increased projects and the occasional exchange of their engagements with security agencies, high level political visits between the two mainly the Nepali Army (NA). The NA

68 UNITY JOURNAL and Indian Army have a unique tradition Defense Minister Ishwar Pokharel in October, to recognize each other's army chief as 2018, Beijing further agreed to provide Rs their honorary chief. There is a special 2.47 billion worth military logistics to the arrangement in place with Indian Army army (Pandey, 2020). that allows the NA to buy arms from India in 60 percent of their cost, while remaining On the one hand, China has clearly expressed 40 percent cost of such arms is borne by in its Defense White Paper released in Indian government under grant. Nepal has 2019 that it aims to build close military ties been obtaining military hardware including with neighboring countries with exchange arms and ammunitions, vehicles and training of visits of chief of army and through opportunities from India. Since Nepal and enhanced military cooperation (State Council India share open border regime, the primary Information Office of the People’s Republic interests of India to cultivate relations with of China, 2019. p. 33). While China has also the NA is to address its traditional security significantly increased training opportunities concerns and check the growing influence to the NA officials, all Defense Ministers and of the US and China in Nepal. The position top leadership of army are regularly making maintained by India against the decision of visit to the northern neighbor after 2008. This then Prime Minister in seems to have been made not at Nepal's will 2009 to sack then Army Chief Rookmangud alone, but in the interest of China since Beijing Katawal in Nepal exposes the Indian interest has been deepening military engagements in the NA (IANS, 2009). with all small neighbors of India to increase its influence (Chapagain, 2019). The fact that The Chinese engagement with the NA also China extended Rs 12 billion worth military unfolds a sharp rise, mainly after the political assistances as compared to Rs 5 billion worth change in Nepal followed by the abolition military assistance provided by the US in of the 240-year old institution of monarchy the past five years to the NA (Pandey, 2020) in 2008. China, which initially provided speaks how much importance Beijing has non-lethal military logistics to NA, now attached to Nepal's national army to meet its has expressed willingness to extend any security interests. supports that the NA asks for and the volume of military aid China has been providing to On the one hand, the US has significantly the army has only increased further in recent increased its engagements with Nepal's years. For instance, China provided medical national army in line with its foreign policy equipment worth Rs 800 million to the NA to give priority to the Asia Pacific Region in in the year 2072 BS. The army also received response to China's assertive foreign policy Rs 9.7 million worth mobile field hospital in the region. While Obama administration and Rs 1.31 billion worth Armored Personnel began to focus more on Asia Pacific region Carriers, tents and communication equipment under Pivot Asia or Asia Rebalancing that are primarily used in peacekeeping policy, Trump administration continued with operations in the following year and vehicles, similar policy with Indo-Pacific Strategy radio sets and water tankers, among others, that primarily seeks to maintain its influence worth Rs 3.80 billion in the year 2074 BS. and reassure its allies and partners that US During the visit of Deputy Prime Minister and is there in the times of need. The NA has

69 UNITY JOURNAL been working together with the US Army in amounts to Rs 5.23 billion. The fact that six different areas including joint military US Mike Pompeo during exercises and capacity enhancement trainings his meeting with Foreign Minister Pradeep (Koirala, 2019). As a part of its Indo-Pacific Gyawali in Washington in December 2018 Strategy, the US has increased its assistance solicited Nepal's 'central role' in the Indo- and engagements for what it describes to help Pacific Strategy speaks in volume as to Nepal to defend its sovereignty and counter how much importance US attaches to Nepal any foreign aggression. A report of Indo- (Koirala, 2018). Pacific Strategy released by US Department of Defense in June, 2019 states that US Competing and conflicting security seeks to expand defense relations with interests Nepal focused on HA/DR, peacekeeping There is no denying that the support the operations, defense professionalization, national army has been receiving from India, ground force capacity and counter-terrorism. China and the US has helped the national The growing defense partnership can be seen army in a number of ways. But it would be in the establishment of the US Army Pacific- wise on our part to exercise some caution led Land Forces Talks—senior most military as these assistances do not come without dialogue of the US -- held in June 2018 (p.36). any strings attached. We should be cautious While the US is working to operationalize of the fact that the major powers deepening Major Defense Partnership with India, it is their engagements with the army. At times, pursuing emerging military partnership with conflicting concerns in Nepal safeguard those four South Asian nations including Nepal interests by bringing army--a reliable force in (p. 21). Most recently, the US handed over the country—into their confidence. There is two M28 sky trucks to the NA, while two a general understanding among experts and others are in the pipeline as a part of its US$ scholars in Nepal that political instability 15 million grant assistance to the army (US and lack of consistency in the stances held Embassy in Nepal, 2019). by major political parties on crucial issues Besides, the US has also launched a Global have made both neighbors as well as major Peace Operation Initiatives with a view to outside powers increasingly look for national promote military partnership with various army to secure their vital interests. A section 14 countries including Nepal in Asia Pacific of scholars also argue that the growing region. Discussions are underway at the level bonhomie between ruling Nepal Communist of government between the two countries to Party (NCP) and Communist Party of China include Nepal in State Partnership Program, (CPC) have equally made India and the US which works in partnership with the army in apprehensive, giving them an imperative to the field of humanitarian service and disaster further increase their engagement with the management involving US National Guards. national army to maintain their influence Among other things, the US has shown (Kaphle, 2019). interests in providing technical and financial One of the primary foreign policy objectives assistance to Nepali Army to establish of India and the US in Nepal has been to Defense University. The military assistance strengthen democratic system in Nepal. US provided to Nepal in the last five years

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This is reflected in the speeches of the top monetary as well as logistical aid that the army leaders of these countries. The ideological has been receiving from countries that have proximity that is seen between the NCP and conflicting and competing strategic interests, the CPC in recent years, with CPC leaders the national army as an institution could face landing in Kathmandu in September 2019 an insurmountable challenge to balance their for orientation on Xi Jinping Thoughts to interests and maintain strategic autonomy in the ruling NCP leaders appears to have made the days ahead. The military assistances these them further apprehensive over the NCP's three major powers have been extending to potential ideological shift (Giri, 2019). India the NA are vitally important for promoting considers Nepal as its traditional sphere of professionalization and enhancing work influence. The last thing, therefore, India efficiency of the army personnel with wants is growing influence of China-- its availability of required logistics. But given strategic rival power in the region-- in Nepal. their competing and conflicting interests, it All the engagements of India in Nepal are is important to exercise some cautions. Both aimed at offsetting growing influence of political and army leadership should make China, if not of the US. But as the influence sure that any such support do not compromise of India has waned significantly in recent the army's ability to take independent years, the US seems to have chipped in to decisions that do not in any way jeopardize play that role, given that these two countries national security interests. The government share common interests to neutralize, if not should also allocate adequate defense budget offset the influence of China and use their to fulfill basic needs of army in order to leverage to avoid Nepal from deviating gradually reduce dependency of army to from the current democratic political course. foreign donors even to meet its requirements Growing engagements of US with the army of basic logistics. can also be seen in view of the fact that the US has increasingly started looking Nepal With the rise of China and its assertive through its own lens – rather than through the foreign policy in recent years, the whole lens of New Delhi -- in recent years in view of Asia Pacific has become a strategic of of growing engagements of China. High- strategic competition among major world level visits of army and defense officials powers. Given its unique geostrategic from both the US and China to Nepal in location between emerging economic and recent years invariably in every next month military superpowers -- China and India--, and their statements during their meetings Nepal has also transformed into a strategic with their Nepali counterparts and with the epicenter for major world powers in recent media persons reveal their competing and years. The growing interest of these major conflicting security and strategic interests in powers to deepen their engagements with Nepal. the national army through various means is nothing but manifestation of their conflicting Conclusion and competing strategic interests in Nepal. It is, therefore, important to set a Red Line on While diplomacy is the first line, the national the part of the government and the army while army serves as the last line of national defense receiving military assistances offered by any of any country. With the increasing volume of of these countries. These assistances should

71 UNITY JOURNAL be in line with Nepal's principled foreign Giri, A. (2019, September 24). Training program policy goal to have "Amity with all, Enmity on Xi Jinping thought raises concerns with None." The army as an institution should among opposition leaders. Kathmandu Post. be able to keep itself free from any foreign Retrieved from: https://kathmandupost. influence, so that it can exercise its strategic com/national/2019/09/24/training- programme-on-xi-jinping-thought-raises- autonomy in decision making process and concern-among-opposition-leaders act in the best interests of Nepal and Nepali people. IANS. (2009, April 26). India asks Nepal not to meddle with army. References Times. Retrieved from: https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/india- Chapagain, K. (2019, July 1). Chinako gahirido asks-nepal-not-to-meddle-with-army/story- sainya kutniti i.e. Deepening military g18CfOiP0ME2bLB6aoR20O.html diplomacy of China. Himal Khabar. Retrieved from: https://www.himalkhabar. Kaphle, P. (2019, December 8). Senama Kina com/news/13267 Badhdaichha Shakti Rastrako Chaso i.e. Why are major powers increasing their interests Chaudhary, D. R. (2018, July 12). US in army? Naya Patrika. Retrieved from: recognizes India as 'major defense https://www.nayapatrikadaily.com/news- partner' Economic Times. Retrieved details/30745/2019-12-08?fbclid=IwAR3zwE from: https://economictimes.indiatimes. fHk2_8hQNpJO0d2ZT4NiBUSbeglZSKp9Dj com/news/defence/us-recognises-india-as- YdPAKDlsxNDdryYLbJ4 major-defence-partner/articleshow/52645652. cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_ Koirala, K. R. (2018, December 20). US medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst seeks key role for Nepal in Indo-Pacific as China ups forays. Republica. Retrieved Clinton, H. (2011, October 11). America’s from: https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork. Pacific century. foreign policy. com/news/us-seeks-key-role-for-nepal-in- Retrieved from: https://foreignpolicy. indo-pacific-as-china-ups-forays/ com/2011/10/11/americas-pacific-century/ Koirala, K. R. (2019, February 26). US seeks Curtis, L. (2016, March 17) China's South to further deepen military cooperation Asia strategy. The heritage foundation. with Nepal. Republica. Retrieved from: Retrieved from http://www.heritage. https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork. org/research/testimony/chinas-south-asia- com/news/visiting-us-defense-secy-felter- strategy seeks-to-further-deepen-military-cooperation- Department of defense. 2019. Indo- with-nepal/ Pacific strategy report: Preparedness, Manyin, M. E. , Daggett, S., Dolven, B., partnerships, and promoting a networked Lawrence, S. V., Martin, M. F., O' Rourke, region. Retrieved from: https://media. R. and Vaughn, B. (2012, March 28). Pivot defense.gov/2019/Jul/01/2002152311/-1/- to the Pacific? The Obama Administration’s 1/1/DEPARTMENT-OF-DEFENSE-INDO- “Rebalancing” Toward Asia. Congressional PACIFIC-STRATEGY-REPORT-2019.PDF Research Service. Retrieved from: https://fas. org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42448.pdf

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Morrison, W. M. (2009, June 3). China in the Qi, C., Haenle, P., Cronin, P. & Ratner, E. (2013, global financial crisis: Implications for the November 4). China's evolving foreign United States. Congressional Research Service. policy and implications for US-China Retrieved from: https://www.searchnewworld. relations. Carnegie Tsinghua. Retrieved from: com/search/search2.artid=rolbng&p= http://carnegietsinghua.org/2013/11/04/china- China%27s+morale+was+boosted s-evolving-foreign-policy-and-implications- +after+the+economic+recession for-u.s.-china-relations/gvud. +did+not+hit+it+in+ 2008 &subid=004 Pandey, J. (2020, January 2). Sainya sahayog Reuters. (2019, October 13). China's Xi warns America bhanda chinko badhi i.e. China tops attempts to divide China will end in 'shattered US in military assistances. Kantipur. Retrieved bones'. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters. from:https://ekantipur.com/news/2020/01/02/157 com/article/us-china-politics-xi/chinas-xi- 792881484031427.html?fbclid=IwAR1tjFSc- warns-attempts-to-divide-china-will-end-in- lMnE8wEh3M1Qvf-AlwkFIVya8GIHyCfri4 shuttered-bones-idUSKBN1WS07W RzLWWq6XgB5Iz43Y

Scott, D. (2018). The "Indo-Pacific" in US Yizhou, W. (2014, March 21). China’s new strategy: Responding to power shift. Rising foreign policy: Transformations and Powers Quarterly. 3 (2), pp. 19-43. challenges reflected in changing discourse. The Asan Forum. Retrieved from:http://www. State Council Information Office of the theasanforum.org/chinas-new-foreign-policy- People’s Republic of China. (2019). transformations-and-challenges-reflected-in- China's national defense in the new era. changing-discourse Retrieved from: http://english.www.gov. cn/archive/whitepaper/201907/24/content_ WS5d3941ddc6d08408f502283d.html

US Embassy in Nepal. (2019, December 18). U.S. Hands Over Skytrucks to the Nepali Army. Retrieved from: https://np.usembassy. gov/hands-over-skytrucks/

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Building national security through human security: Seasonal migration from Upper Mustang

Man Bahadur Khattri

Abstract Keywords: the Loba, Upper Mustang, migration, seasonal migration, food security Migration is one of the essential social- cultural phenomena of human being around Introduction the world. Seasonal migration is one of the human security dimensions directly related The primary objective of this paper is to the national security of a country. This to explore the causes, processes, and paper explores the human security dimension destinations of seasonal migration adopted closely related to seasonal migration by the Loba of Upper Mustang, Nepal. and national security which has reasons, Upper Mustang covers a vast area of 2071 processes, and destinations of the Lobas of sq km. The restructuring of the local unit has Upper Mustang, Nepal. The survey, interview, divided into two rural municipalities (Lo- and field observation (Upper Mustang, manthang and Dalame rural Municipality). Western Hills of Nepal and Vanarashi, 3322 is the total population of these two India) were the principal methods of data rural Municipalities (http://lomanthangmun. collection. The findings of the research are gov.np/ & http://dalomemun.gov.np/) Upper that both married males and females having Mustang belongs to Alpine climate (3000- agriculture and livestock occupations of the 4500 masl) and Tundra climate (4500 large family go for seasonal migration from masl and above). This area covers by snow Upper Mustang, Nepal. The dominant age during the winter (DDC Mustang, 2068 group of migrants is 20-50 years. The level BS). The Upper-Mustang is among the of , language efficiency, and social sparest populated regions of Nepal having network plays a determining role in choosing a density of 1.49 persons per km2. The the destination and period of stay out. They population and household of Lobas have usually migrate to a group and use multiple decreased by a decadal ratio of 1.40% and modes of transportation for their travel. For 1.14%, respectively (CBS, 2012). This sort business, they use the social network. They of negative population dynamics can be rent a room to live in. For business investment, associated with out-migration. Suwal (2014) they use mostly their own money and some presented that the rate of migration from the they borrow from moneylenders. They not mountain region of Nepal is 19 percent. only work themselves also employ Nepali Lobas of Upper-Mustang are of Tibetan speaking youths in Vanarashi. Their property origin, and their identities are observed in Upper Mustang is taken care of mostly by regarding their socio-economic, cultural, their family members. They bring cash and linguistic, historical, and geographical kind as their earning while returning home.

74 UNITY JOURNAL context. The Lobas are the inhabitant of Lo for the survey. The sample size was 78 tsho-dhun. In Loba etymology, ‘Lo tsho-dhun’ households from those who migrate out refers to seven local councils or municipalities for winter seasons and 67 households who of , namely: Lo-manthang, stay in Upper Mustang during winter. A Chhoser, Chonhup, Tsharang, Ghami, checklist for the semi-structured interview Surkhang, and part of Chhuksang, which is was used to facilitate the interviews and the also called the gate of Upper Mustang. Upper key informant interviews to collect in-depth Mustang is also known as “Mustangbhot” in information on the topic. Field observation Nepal (Jackson, 1978, p. 196). The Lobas in Upper Mustang, Western Hills of Nepal, are well-known people of “salt and grain and in Vanarashi, Utter Pradesh India was trade” in the Kaligandaki river basin, which conducted. Quantitative data were analyzed passes from China-Tibet to India. The Lobas using SPSS 20. Searching patterns in data heavily engaged in seasonal migration and was the main tool of qualitative data analysis. trade until salt and grain trade closed. During The reviews of the literature on the themes the winter, they traded in the low land area was another strategy to collect secondary and during the summer season, they traded information and that was applied in to to Tibet. Now their past trading heritage is formulate a research question data analysis followed to winter trade and only occasional and interpretation. summer trade in Tibet as they participate in the trade fare organized in boarding areas Migration of Lo-manthang rural Municipality. This Food is a fundamental need for people living research is about present-day winter season in any corner of the world. As data provided by migration. Loba term Ghungha means winter the government of Nepal, 38 districts of Nepal and the Loba use conch cell as the symbolic are most vulnerable for food security and 24 metaphor for the color of the surrounding. percent of the people are under the poverty The climate becomes cold at that season. The line. The mountain region of Nepal is the minimum temperature during winter goes most food-insecure region (Bhandari, 2018). 0 up to -20 C., and the maximum temperature Gurung (2001) has mentioned employment, 0 during summer goes up to 26 C. After they marriage, trade, agriculture, educations as the harvest the most valued singled seasonal significant causes of migration. The lacking crops in autumn and the Loba commence food sufficiency as the cause of migration their seasonal migration for trade-in Nepali was highlighted by Tulachan (2001). Gurung Hills and Indian cities particularly Varanasi. (1988) pointed out, the regional imbalance This paper mainly focuses on the reasons, as the cause and consequences of migration processes, and destinations of seasonal as the tendency of migration or pull factors migration of Lobas of Upper Mustang. are usually sparse resources region to Methods and data abundant resources region and employment opportunities. Pandey (2016) has clearly This paper is based on qualitative and stated that food security in Upper Mustang quantitative data from primary and secondary from the perspective of self-production is the sources. For primary data sampling, poorest one. Chhetri (1986) studied changes interview and observation methods were of the Thakali migrant of Pokhara, have used. An accidental sampling was adopted found the adoption of a new form of culture

75 UNITY JOURNAL as no eating yak meat, adopting Kanyadan working in different capacities. Almost every instead capture marriage and modification household, there are people who have been mourning days of death which were to a foreign country. They started to go to practiced in Mustang. Seasonal migration Japan, the USA, and other high earning was described and documented concerning countries. This also supported migration in resource use by the pastoralist among the a different part of the country especially to Sherpa of Nepal by Furer-Haimendorf (1975) Pokhara, Kathmandu. There are many Lobas and among the Tarangapurian of Dolpa have settled in different parts of India, USA. by James Fisher (1987). Fisher (1987) has In some households have sent two to three focused on seasonal migration to Tibet and members of the family in order to work in the mid-western region of Nepal in which foreign countries. To imagine the volume of Tarangapurian are interconnected with international migration of Loba, Craig (2011) their identity, language, trade, social and estimated that more than 1,000 people from economic relations. Tulachan (2001) has Tibetan-speaking areas of Upper Mustang actually documented seasonal migration live in New York. Similarly, this estimated in relation to trade of Loba as a strategy population constitutes 25 % of able-bodied for survival merely economic perspective. of 20–40-year-old out of their villages are This study lacks current development such currently in New York (Craig, 2011, p. 197). as road access to Upper Mustang and food availability and changes in the mode of The focus of the paper is the human security transportation. Similarly have no attention to dimension from the perspective of food the socio-cultural systems like reme ghaypkin security which is fundamental rights of (rotational or turn of sharing of power, Nepali citizens. If the food security is not privilege and responsibilities among the guaranteed, it might result in the national members (individual/household/community) security threat in Nepal. It is worth to mention and nechang or ista, fictive kin relation that the Upper Mustang is the most sensitive especially with outside their community area for a national security point of view. relation. Nechang is used for the rest, selling Social status of winter migrants goods and trust-building. No attention is paid to religious, educational and health and In this sense, migration is not only maintains social networks among friends and economical; it contains multiple aspects relatives. of people's socio-cultural, environmental, health, education, trade, and religious. The The Lobas of Upper Mustang also migrates study has reflected multiple reasons for as migrant workers in foreign countries. migration, such as escaping from winter, Young Loba started international labor temporary employment, pilgrimage, meeting migration since the 1990s. Foreign family and relatives. employment or remittance has become one of the primary income sources of the Loba. The main target of the winter migration is Many have been to the United States of trade in India and the mid-hill region of the America, Japan, Korea, Canada, Germany, western development region of Nepal. But France, the United Kingdom, and some these days Lobas have extended their spheres Middle Eastern countries in which they are of trade up to and Narayanghad,

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Chitwan districts. The places of seasonal Table 2: Sex and marital status of the migration and their activities and pattern of respondents return and connectivity to Upper Mustang is clearly said in the interview: S Sex Marital status Total % N All Loba who go to Varanasi return their Marr- Unm- home, but many Lobas who have been % % doing business in other towns of India ied arried such as Simla, Dibrigarh of Asham, 1 Male 41 87.2 6 12.7 47 60.2 2 Female 16 51.6 15 48.3 31 39.7 , Jaypur usually staying more Total 57 73.8 21 26.9 78 100 permanently, but they have close contact Source: Field Survey, 2015 with their family and share their profits and loss. Male and female participation in seasonal migration is very significant; however, Pema Chiring Loba (36) from Lo-manthang, dominants are married male and married females usually join with their husbands if not Age, sex and marital status of seasonal their relatives. Married women's participation migrants is meaningful among female respondents, The age and sex of an individual are vital 51.61 % were married. In the case of male for roles and responsibilities to cope with respondents, 87.23% were married. During the socio-economic of any social setting. the observation, mainly females were the Age has much significant role in migration, ones who actually sell goods usually clothes which is presented in table 5.1. Similarly, in Varanasi. which sex and their marital status have much Family size, education, and occupation significance in migration in general and winter trade migration in particular. Family size allows or creates the opportunity to migrate and restrict people’s movement. Table 1: Age of respondent Similarly, educational status and main SN Age group No. of % occupation have some restrictions and (years) respondents privileges on people’s movement. Table 3 1 21-30 25 32.1 presents the number of the family. 2 31-40 28 35.9 3 41-50 12 15.4 Table 3: The family size of respondents 4 51-60 8 10.3 No. of family No. of 5 61 and above 5 6.4 SN % Total 78 100 member respondents Source: Field Survey, 2015 1 Two members 9 11.5 2 Three to five 26 33.3 Table 1 presents that 21-40 years old age members group represents 68%. Economically active 3 Six to seven 26 33.3 energetic youth and some old people of high members experience participate. The old one paly role 4 Eight and above 17 21.8 of guide to the young in trade. Total 78 100 Source: Field Survey, 2015

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Table 3 The majority of the migrant Over 85.9% of migrants had agriculture as respondent were from 3-7 members. It can their primary occupation. Even the minimum be concluded that neither the small family number of people of the occupational size nor the big family is adopting seasonal background of service also migrate. These migration. Family size and the nature of service holders usually travel for other family are the obstacles and opportunities. purposes such as pilgrimage and visiting The large family was usually supporting to relatives. look after property at their place of origin. Table 6: Monthly income of the respondents Table 4: Educational background of the Monthly respondents S No. of income % N respondents S Educational No. of (NPR) % N background respon-dents 1 Up to 5000 27 34.6 1 No formal education 14 17.9 2 6000-10000 32 41.0 2 Studied up to class 5 47 60.3 3 11000-15000 17 21.8 Class 6 to SLC & 4 16,000 and 2 2.6 3 17 21.8 above above Total 78 100 Total 78 100 Source: Field Survey, 2015 Source: Field Survey, 2015

The literacy level of seasonal migrants is 75.6% of the respondents were average essential for economic, social and business middle-class people who earn less than 10,000 points of view. Over 60 % of respondents per month migrate out for winter seasonal have educational backgrounds up to class 5. trade. The rich people are the investors and It means they have limited formal school, but the poor ones are dependent workers. they are able to handle business. Only 21.8% Process and destination of migration of respondents were who have been school from 6 grade up to SLC and above. The The Lobas of Upper Mustang migrate low level of educational attainment is also because they need to migrate in order to supportive in Nepal and India due to langue avoid cold, they would like to manage their and group assistant. economic life with some source of income, visiting their relatives who have been outside Table 5: The main occupation of the of their homeland, and some go for Buddhist respondents pilgrimage sites like Pokara, Shoyambhunath, SN Occupation Respondents Percent Bhoudha Nath, Lumbini, Sarnath Gaya. For 1 Agriculture 67 85.9 this reason, they need to travel for some days and livestock and they follow the traders. These days they 2 Trade 4 5.1 travel a few days because of road construction 3 Tourism 4 5.1 to Upper Mustang and road linking to the 4 Services 3 3.8 neighboring district such as Myagdi, , Total 78 100 Parbat and . The transportation Source: Field Survey, 2015

78 UNITY JOURNAL facility also hindered their business. The cost the traders is very important, in which of travel has increased. These days they use a Loba do reme gyapken that is taking a different mode of transportation such as jeep, turn as responsibility. bus, plane etc. Tamtin Chhiring (44) from Lo-manthang, They usually travel in the group and in several This interview is providing ideas about the waves after harvesting their valuable single experience of trading, co-operation in trade, seasonal crops. They plan to return back in expenditure, possible profits and pain and the spring season at the time of the beginning hope of being seasonal migrants in Upper of agriculture activity in Upper Mustang. Mustang. Tamtin Chhiring was interviewed when he Time and cost was traveling to India with several Ladies and a few men. Everyone looked happy and Economic and environmental reasons are the they were laughing. First, he hesitated to tell most prominent causes of migration during something about his journey but he shared winter the Lobas of Upper Mustang. Many information very openly as: respondents have responded that they have I have been to India for winter trade for multiple reasons to migrate during winter 28 years. At first, I started to work as a from Upper Mustang, such reasons include vendor, and later I went to Ludhiana, cold, religious, health treatment, meeting Panjab, India to give the order for a with family and friends, arrangements of sweater at the factory to bring and sell in goods and services for trade during summer. Varanasi. Nowadays, I spend about six Table 7: Reasons for migration months in total to order a sweater, bring No. of to Varanasi and sell in 3 months and S Reasons Per- respon- return home. The reason why I do this N for migration cent dents winter migration and trade there is no job 1 Very cold in Upper 7 9.0 during the winter in Lo-manthang. I must Mustang leave behind my wife and other family 2 In search of additional 19 24.4 members at home and spend the cold income winter in India. I have to earn to my family 3 To visit relatives and 1 1.3 members for summer. The margin of the family members selling goods is about 25-30%. We sell 4 Multiple reasons 51 65.4 a sweater with a maximum price which including pilgrimage costs 7-800 IC, and the cheapest one cost and medical treatment Total 78 100 100-150 IC. There is no harassment from Source: Field Survey, 2015 Indian security and other people, but we must be cleaver that there are some people Table 7 shown that multiple reasons who prefer to steal our things. We hire for migration. The winter season is the government land for shopkeeping and opportunity for many activities outside their pay collectively about 1500,000 IC for homeland. They usually travel up to 8 days three months. The co-operation among to reach their destination.

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Table 8: Days to reach the destination place Table 9: Accompany during travel

S No. of days No. of Accompany No. of % SN % N used to travel respondents during travel respondents 1 Three days 10 12.8 1 Alone 6 7.7 2 Four days 30 38.5 Along with 2 18 23.1 3 Five days 25 32.1 family members 4 Six days 5 6.4 3 Neighbors 1 1.3 5 Seven days 8 10.3 4 Relatives 9 11.5 Total 78 100 5 Friends 12 15.4 Source: Field Survey, 2015 6 Multiple 32 41.0 Total 78 100 Table 8 shows that 38.5% of respondents Source: Field Survey, 2015 have responded that they reach in 4 days. 32.1% has replied for 5 days. I can conclude They mainly use multiple means of that 4-5 days needed to reach the destination. transportation such as jeep, bus, airplane, The required days to travel differs by train, taxi for travel. Some people also travel destination and means of transportation used. with a helicopter but it is not the ordinary In the past, before road access to Upper means of travel. Travel cost also depend upon Mustang to Pokhara, they needed to walk at the means of travel food and drink and the least 15 days to reach only to Pokhara. People types of the hotel they stay in. They mostly from Chhoser and Chhonhup would need travel in a group and mixture of their own more days than Ghami and Surkhang, but family, relatives, neighbors, and friends. these days due to jeep and bus service from While traveling to India and returning back upper Mustang only difference would be the from India most people from Lo-manthang, number of hours. In the past, people stayed Charang, Ghami, Chhonhup, Surkhang at the house of Nychang in Loba language usually stay in Pokhari, and Nagin tole or ista in Nepali or fictive kin relatives, but in Amarsigh Chhock in Pokhara. The Lobas, these people stay usually at the hotel, but especially from Chhoser lives in Dule Gauda their preferences are to those hotels run by of Tanahun district, where people displaced their relatives or people from their regions. by GLOF from Chhoser have been living. Travel usually takes place in the group, Another group of people who do not travel married and unmarried, relative, and India, but travel with horse lives in and neighborhood for their own security while around Pame, nearby lakeside Pokhara. The traveling to India. It is safer for ladies to living arrangement is usually taking place on travel in a group. Table 8 has shown that 41% the basis of relationship and familiarity with of respondents travel with multiple relations the people, which are mainly concentrated that constitute family members as well as around the religious heritage centers. This with friends. happens while traveling to India and hill regions and their return. Some stay in nearby Pema Tshal monastery, Amchi School in Yamdi, Pokhara. These people do small

80 UNITY JOURNAL trade like Jimbu, hing, birenun in and around go for wage working, and adult people Pokhara. They advertise their jimbhu as such are real traders. They usually go two or that Chhimekiko nak mitho, aafno bhancha three times to visit Ludhiyana to get their mitho; it means when you cook it tasty trading goods when they have good sell. smells even outside of the house or neighbors Those who trade and tourism business know by smell and taste good when you eat. during the summer in Lo-manthang they Similarly, winter season schools are dispersed usually like to take holidays, having fun, according to their stay such as Deep Jyoti meeting with family and relatives. High School from Chhoser is located nearby and they need to calculate their business. Kaji Pokhari. Chhodea monastery is built for Local money lenders give money with the winter season in Bouddha. Many people interest, 12%, 18%, up to 24% depending live in and around Bouddha and Shoyambhu upon the time they borrow money. Risk in Kathmandu. is those who sell sheep and goat; they earn in a large amount and loss in the Table 10: Financial cost of travel large number as well. Those who go for Financial cost No. of wages, the first time they manage travel SN % of travel respondents cost themselves. The new ones are paid 1 Up to 10,000 7 9.0 less than those of experience. Those who 2 11000-15000 31 39.7 are more matured the rate is about 15000 per month including food and shelter. 3 16000 and 40 51.3 Usually, they are paid in a lump sum for above three months. Those who have better Total 78 100 experience get more money to bring Source: Field Survey, 2015 home around 50,000 NRs. The cost of travel reaches above NRs. 16000 Sankha Lal Gurung (60) Chhoser responded by 51.3 % of respondents as Property and caring in Upper Mustang shown in table 9. The destination of seasonal migrants as interviewed to: Ownership of property is closely related with People from Chhoser and Chonhup the security dimension of the Lobas. The prefer mostly go to the hill region of types of property, safeguarding property and mid-hills such as Baglung, Myagdi, security of resources have genuine issues Parbat, Syangja, Kaski, Lamjung, when people migrate from place to another. Tanahun, Gorkha, Dhading. They speak Moreover, some pertinent concerns include fluent . They have how they get information about their houses, built relationships with the local people. the wages or gifts given to those people People from Lo-manthang, Charang, who take care of the property, types of work Ghami they usually go to India. People undertaken who live in the Upper Mustang. from Samar, Ghiling, and Muktinath The other relevant social and cultural usually go and stay in Assam. Their categories are: 96.2% of respondents own business follows networking with the property in Upper Mustang. Among those local people, their own neighborhood. property owners, 70% of respondents own Nepali, Hindi, and English speakers go to land, house, livestock (see table 11). India. They love Hindi film songs. Young

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Table 11: Types of property Some people who asked to do work during S Types of No. of Percent their absence are paid wages. They are paid N property respondents in a Lump sum, Sankha Lal Gurung one of 1 House 3 3.8 the Key informants says: 2 Land 1 1.3 Those who stay in Upper Mustang and 3 Hotel 1 1.3 take care of property especially house 4 Land, house and 70 93.3 they get a lump sum from 5-10,000 (for 5 livestock months), if the work to be done more than 5 Missing (Who do 3 3.8 expected then the property owner offers not own Property) extra money. In a rich family almost every household, one person in a family Total 78 100 stays back. Source: Field Survey, 2015 Sankha Lal Gurung (60), social worker, and Table 11 shows that 76.9% of respondent’s former teacher from Chhoser VDC. property is taking care of their own family Those people who stay and take care of members. Similarly, 21.8% of respondents the property in Upper Mustang do perform have responded that their property is looked feed livestock clear snow when it falls, after by their relatives and neighbors. Those occasionally lightening light at home. Those people who have migrated seasonally get who take care of the property are paid in cash information mainly by mobile phone. and kind. Table 12: Taking care of the property Economic activities at the destination S Taking care of No. of % N the property respondents Where Loba go and live; what arrangement Own family is done for the living where they trade, why 1 60 76.9 members usually they go there, how they manage their investment, if they work for others, 2 Neighbors 9 11.5 how much they save or not, goods sold 3 Relatives 9 11.5 from wholesalers, or retailers, amount of Total 78 100 Source: Field Survey, 2015 investment, loss and profit, benefits, and challenges are most important questions. Table 13: Wages for the person or family who What others activities such as pilgrimage, takes care of the property health treatment, recreation, education, and Wages for S No. of others are carried out while being at the taking care of % N respondents place. The situation who has been to mid-Hill the property regions of Nepal is quite different from those 1 Turn by turn 18 23.1 who have been to India. This trade-in Nepali (reme ghypkin) 2 Cash 3 3.8 Hills is called rigu and the traders are called 3 Goods 8 10.3 rigura. One interview was taken with rigura 4 Gift 43 55.1 for his experience. 5 Multiple 6 7.7 I buy goods in Kathmandu and Pokhara. Total 78 100 I went to sell items such as jimbu, Source: Field Survey, 2015

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(Himalayan herbal spices) nirmasi, In trade, investment is one of the essential pakhanbed, jethimadhu, yarsa gumba components, whether someone has their own (medicine), bire nun, phitkiri, necklace, resource or arranged using different social- for Gurung dress, kantha mala, moti cultural mechanisms. 35.9% of respondents mala, lockets, women’s cosmetic goods. have said that they use their own resources. I went together with my nephew (sister’s Similarly, 30 % borrowed from local money son) around Gorkha, Lamjung. I also lenders. The interest depends on 12-24% per brought to sell socks, trousers, and a cap. year. Some of them work for wages. I invested only around 45, 000 NRs. and I earned more than 50,000 NRs. I just I visited Vanarashi for the business around roamed different villages for a month. I mid of Asoj, 2072 BS. First, I went to was able to buy some foodstuffs, such as Ludhiyana by train from Gorakhpur. I ordered sweaters at the Factory, it needs , lentil/pulse, beaten rice, sugar, tea, around two weeks for clearing demanded LPG, clothes to children, wife, and sister. goods. I invested in the 700,000 IC. I got They are happy. goods for 1,000,000 IC and I will pay Funjok Gurung (40) - Chhoser-5 before I go back to Nepal. They need The interview of Funjok gives the idea to pay sales tax, around 12-13,000 IC. of roaming trade in Nepal which is quite This time many goods will be remaining different than in India. With a short time, which worth about 4-500,000 IC, which and small investment people can earn good will be sold next year. The rate of profit amount of money and arrange household is up to 50%. I have two stalls. I pay wages 40-50,000 for each worker. My consumption. They go with relatives not in husband did not come with me, he has a big group because their customers are few. to look after the hotel in Kagbeni and he Sell varieties of items. They have fewer risks. is not educated for winter trade. I have Maximum people stay in a rental house which two children (one daughter 8 years old constitutes 62.8%. 7.7% of respondents have and one son of 7 years ). I come with my said that they stayed at their own house. The daughter. I feel secure. In the past, people reasons are given as familiarity of the place, steal clothes and we needed a big effort people, environmentally comfortable and to convince customers but these days we secure. have a fixed price and we do not need to bargain. If anyone interested to buy they Table 14: Living arrangement of respondents buy otherwise, it is OK. We have to pay S Living No. of Percent rent for a room for a year. We need room N arrangement respondents for next year as well as to store remaining 1 Own house 6 7.7 sweaters and our other belongings. So, 2 Rent 49 62.8 we need to pay rent in advance. We 3 Friend’s house 6 7.7 usually travel in a group in order to avoid 4 Relative’s house 3 3.8 trouble in Indian cities. In Biyanyak Park, 5 Others 8 10.3 we need to pay rent in a group. We have a 6 Missing 6 7.7 committee to look after. Total 78 100 Lhohacho Gurung (35) Chhoser but currently Source: Field Survey, 2015 in Kagbeni

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This is an ample example of the independent In order to understand the problems, strategy, status of the women among the Loba. and trust which is expressed in the interview Women have decision making power even of Tamange Bista that is in detail as below: in the economic sectors and mobility outside without any barrier. Another interview gives I come from Lo-manthang bit earlier than the situation of the handing of business in others because I need to go to Ludhiyana Vanarasi, especially in Binayak Park. There to order goods. In Ludhiyana, the Panjabi are other places as well where Loba trade, factory owner speaks Tibetan or Loba such place includes just in front of the railway language fluently. Mostly they are station and Panjabi. There are few Muslims as well. They have kept banner of Tibetan exiled There are 28 stalls in Binayak park. Dalai Lama under their factory hoarding These stalls are used mostly by board. We face difficulties to carry traders from Chhoser, Lo-manthang, money from Nepal. Nepali police trouble Ghami (Dhakmar), Tcharang, Ghiling, us to carry money with us even 50,000 Chhuksang. They need to pay the toilet IC which is not enough; it is enough for separately 5 and 3 Indian Currency (IC) traveling to India. These days everything for long and short toilets respectively is expensive, but the factory owner in each time. I am paying 3500 IC for a room Panjab gives us goods in credits. Even separate in Maidakini. I need to pay 20 a new person who is not familiar with IC for travel to the room each way. This factory owners if introduced by a familiar year's chairperson of the management one trusted and given goods. One sack committee is Kunga Sangbu; this change cost around 300,000 IC if I bought 4 sacks for next year. There is a rotation of it cost around 1,200,000 IC. I do not have leadership Tcharang-Ghami one year that much money; maybe I give 100000 and Lo-manthang, Chhoser, Chhonhup IC so they give us others on credit, and another year. They followed this reme we should give back after selling. The ghyapkin strictly. They sell a jacket, factory owner sends a person to collect sweater, Maflar, cap all are winter goods. money in Vanarashi. If they are unable to People steal during the pick period of the sell and payback in such conditions they season. These days local people respect agree to pay next year after selling. us. Women are highly respected. To bring a sweater from Ludhiyana and buy from Tamange Bista (54), Lo-manthang local whole sellers differs by 100-150 IC The migrants not only traders themselves but per item, and the quality is also better also work for wages and learn for the future. if bought in Ludhiyana. We use Parcel Table 15 shows the details. Carrier Van (PCV) train to deliver our goods, which is arranged mostly through middle persons. A maximum 30-40% margin is made to sell each item. Interview with Chhewang Norbu Gurung (28)

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Table 15: Nature of work business for 25 years. My mother comes from Chhetri caste from Kathmandu, but S Nature of No. of % my father is Lamichane Gurung. I have N work respondents no difficulties in selling because there is Own a fixed rate. I speak Nepali, Hindi and 1 53 67.9 investment English very well. I enjoyed being with 2 Work for lords 15 19.2 Nepali. Himachal is very cold. I can travel to Himachal in a day by train. I Missing 10 12.82 earn 7,000 IC each month. I get food and Total 78 100 shelter form, my master. Source: Field Survey, 2015 Abhilasha Gurung (21) Table 15 shows that most of the winter People from Upper Mustang also do business migrants (67.9%) respondents are investing in co-operation with Tibetan refugees. In the their own money and among them, 19.2% Tibetan refugee managed area, there were at are working for others. 41% of respondents least six Loba stalls (stall no. 2, 10, 17, 19, directly buy from leading whole sellers or 21, and 22). producers or carried mostly from Ludhiyana, but 33.3% of respondents buy with local Table 16: Management of capital resources whole sellers. The Loba trader even hires people from India who speak Nepali and S Management of No. of % Hindi fluent and trusted. They also have an N capital respondents ancestral relation to Nepal. The following 1 Own saving 28 35.9 two interviews are significant in this regard. 2 borrow 24 30.8 I come from Aasham as a wage worker Loan from for selling a sweater. I have a mother, 3 financial 1 1.28 three sisters, one big brother (all siblings institution are married to Nepali speaking Indians 4 Multiple 10 12.82 in Aasham). My mother is a widow and Missing single. My family member speaks Nepali 5 15 19.23 (workers) at home. We have Nepali speaking community in Aasham. I come every year Total 78 100 in November for 4 months to Vanarashi. Source: Field Survey, 2015 I come to contact because my master’s daughter is living in Aasham, and she The trade is somehow the individual capacity arranges my travel and job. I stay with to bargain and influence the customers. One my master. They provide me food and of the most important factors would be the shelter. They give me 6000 IC per month. elasticity of the price of goods. The informants said about fixed price controls anarchy in the Interview with Reshma Sunar (18) pricing and bad relationship among the traders. I am a student for BBA final year in The rate of profit and price is determined by Himachal Pradesh. I came here in the committee. The committee is led in turn October and I stay until February. I am system which called Reme Ghyapkin. They working since last year. My mother had a have a fixed price which is stamped by the

85 UNITY JOURNAL committee. The profit might take 50-100%, Table 17: Benefits of winter migration it is not sure it can range up to 30% as the most common margin. The rate of profit S No. of Benefits % and loss are not accurate since many did not N respondents respond appropriately. The loss was difficult 1 Employment 1 1.28 to document. The trade was one thing when 2 Income 5 6.41 they are in the hill and different parts of India, 3 Saving grain 6 7.69 and there are a number of other activities Comfortable such as pilgrimage, education, entertainment. 4 2 2.6 When they return almost everyone, they bring living goods which are useful, such as clothes, grain, 5 Health treatment 1 1.28 medicine, solar equipment. These things are 5 Multiple benefits 55 70.51 bought either in Pokhara or in Kathmandu. 6 Missing 8 10.3 Such goods are brought to sell by 41% of Total 78 100 respondents, but 52.6% of respondents use for Source: Field Survey, 2015 self-consumption. Very few numbers of youth stay in Upper In order to evaluate the explicit and implicit Mustang. They need to take care of their costs and benefits of winter migration, it is property, and some take care of others too. a complicated thing to do, but many people They get paid when they look after other’s think that it provides employment, income, houses, feeding livestock and clearing snow saving grain at home, health treatment, on the rooftop. Those who have a large comfortable living, and others. number of livestock such as cows, sheep, Those people who visit the mid-hill region and goats. Those who do not speak other of Nepal usually take herbal spices as part languages than Loba language stay in Upper of their trading. 41% of respondents reported Mustang. that they carry items from Upper Mustang to sell; however, 52.6% do not bring anything for When people come to know that someone selling except their own consumption. They not going out from Upper Mustang, those carry back home usually readymade clothes, people who have planned to go out ask to food, medicine, drink many other essential look after the property. Those people who materials, mostly for home consumption. look after property get money as wage it can be fixed, such as 5000 NRs., but others pay Lobas enjoy multiple immediate benefits on the basis of how much work is carried of winter migration, such as temporary out during winter, the nature and frequency employment, limited source of income, of snowfall are one of the main phenomena saving grain, and fuel, health accessibility, which determine the rate and amount of comfortable living in a warmer climatic wages. The winter seasonal migration with condition. a is also represented that 67.9% of trade has become very popular even Drokpa respondents have responded that they enjoy has started winter seasonal migration and multiple benefits due to winter out-migration. trade. They ask help from their neighbor to These benefits support the livelihood of look after their livestock. the Lobas, which is the most fundamental humanitarian security dimension.

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It is also essential to shed light on educational and services with Tibetan as well as people migration too. It was good to meet Chhimi from the hill region of the western part of Gurung and Chulgen Tenzin Gurung, Nepal. The trade is their past occupation, and both associate professors of religion the legacy is found in different forms. There at Central University for Tibetan Studies are some changes in the amount of trade (CUTS), Sarnath, UP, India. Both professors material, modes of transportation and medium come from the Mustang district. According of exchange. In the past barter system and to them, there are at least 30 university local livestock, transportation-based trade students from Mustang and 15 comes from was practiced in a limited geographical area Upper Mustang. The students who have been and circle of the people. studying at CUTS organized as “Mustang Student’s Union”, and who also hosted Out Migration has occurred in Lo-manthang Loshar at Sarnath, India for the Lobas of at the same time economic diversification Mustang year 2016. The participants were and various opportunities created at the local those who have been there for either business level by GOs and NGOs. It has happened or study or pilgrimage purposes. that changes occurred in trade, tourism, transportation, and communication. NOGs Conclusion and (I) NGOs enter Upper Mustang, GOs expanded their services such as health The constitution of Nepal in part III, under post, school, police post, VDC, veterinary. the title of fundamental rights, has clearly These are the external agencies that are co- mentioned that citizens will have the operating in most of the cases to adopt in the fundamental rights to live with dignity; they local environment. have rights to food, rights to justice, and rights to equality. The rights which are guaranteed The Lobas in Upper Mustang, in their by their constitution should be realized by constant efforts to sustain their daily lives, the citizens. If people realize that they do have been working hard to ensure their food not have these rights guaranteed, Nepal security. These indigenous ethnic people in shall ultimately face adverse consequences, Nepal have been successful in adaptation including conflicts and upheavals. while securing their valuable resources during their seasonal migration. Precisely, the The Lobas have adapted to high altitude Lobas make significant contribution to make harsh environments of Upper Mustang community safe and comfortable in terms of during winter taking up their traditional food security of individuals in particular and occupation based upon salt and grain trade. the entire Nepal in general. The winter trade in India and jimbu and other cosmetic goods supported their livelihood Acknowledgments by mobilizing various resources. The most important thing is that they follow strictly I am thankful to Santosh Sherchan, then Chief remeghyapkin and nechang the traditional of ACAP-Lo-manthang, for supporting me institution to manage the conflict in fulfilling to carry out this research. Similarly, I would roles, duties, and sharing benefits. Their one like to thank Lama Phunchok for his assistant of the strategies of adaptation is ecological as during this research and trip to Vanarashi well as cultural resources exchanging goods India.

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References Government of Nepal (2015). Constitution of Nepal. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal. Adamson, F. (2006). Crossing borders: International migration and national Gurung, H. (1988). Nepal: Consequences of security. International Security, 31(1), 165- migration and policy implication. Contribution 199. to Nepalese Studies, 15(1), 67–94.

Bhandari, P. (2018). Regional variation in food Gurung, H. (2001). Highlanders on the move: security in Nepal. Journal of The migration trend in Nepal. In Aspects of Sociology and Anthropology, 12, 1–10. migration and mobility in Nepal (pp. 11–42). https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v12i0.22174 Kathmandu, Nepal: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.

CBS (Ed.). (2014). Population monograph of International Organization for migration (IMO) Nepal. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, (2017). World Migration Report 2018. Geneva: National Planning Commission Secretariat, International Organization for Migration Central Bureau of Statistics. Messina, A. M., & Lahav, G. (2006). Concepts CBS, (2011) Nepal living standards survey and trends. In the migration reader: exploring 2010/11: Statistical Report Volume One. politics and policies (pp. 9–23). New Delhi : Kathmandu: CBS Viva Books Private Limited.

Chhetri, R. B. (1986). Migration, adaptation and Metelev, S. (2016). Migration as a threat socio-cultural change: The case of Thankalis to national Sscurity. Indian Journal of in Pokhara, Nepal. Contribution to Nepalese Science and Technology, 9(14). https://doi. Studies, 13(3), 239–260. org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i14/91086

Craig, S. R. (2011). Migration, social change, Pandey, R. (2016). The state of food (In) security health, and the realm of the possible: Women’s in the Trans-Himalaya, Upper-Mustang, stories between Nepal and New York: Women’s Nepal. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology stories. Anthropology and Humanism, 36(2), and Anthropology, 10, 92–122. https://doi. 193–214. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548- org/10.3126/dsaj.v10i0.15882 1409.2011.01092.x Tulachan P. (2001). Seasonal migration and trade: Fisher, J. F. (1987). Trans-Himalayan traders: A strategy for survival by the Lobas of Economy, society and culture in Northwest Nepal. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Lo-Monthnag. In Susanne von der Heide & Hoffmann Thomas (Eds.), Aspects of Furer-Haimendorf, C.V. (1975). Himalayan migration and mobility in Nepal (pp. 43–72). traders: Life in Highland Nepal. New Delhi: Kathmandu, Nepal: Ratna Pustak Bhandar. Time Book International.

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Reviewing the civil military relations in Nepal

Manoj Barakoti Abstract Introduction An exegesis of the civil military relationship Military is a fundamental element of any of Nepal in its entirety was maintained to nation’s existence and sovereignty. As the examine its historical trend and to generate name indicates, defense services are needed lessons for future direction. Review of to defend the country, its vital national historical materials, opinions of national interests and values against external and and international scholars through different internal (existing or potential) threats of time spans, and study of the evolution of armed aggression. Armed forces are an civil military relationship from medieval to imperative as the ultimate instrument of modern Nepal was carried out. A critically national security. Since time immemorial, meticulous analysis showed that the civil scholars have emphasized the role of military military relationship in Nepal has been for a nation’s well being- be it Plato (Plato, cordial throughout history and the nature of 375 B.C., p. 55) from ancient Athens or the army has gradually changed from feudal Vegetius (Vegetius, 1473, p. 77) from Rome. clan based aggregation to a professional Nepal is no exception in this regard. army. Much of this professionalism in the army began during the unification campaigns. This issue of civil military relationship has a Deliberation on the issue of the civilian control long history that goes back to antiquity, to the of the NA showed that it will be utterly unwise very beginnings of military organization in to produce civilian shoulders and that we civilian societies. In each country, the answer need to stick to a professional army unless a to this question is deeply influenced by national grave danger to our sovereignty materializes. history, sentiments, and traditions. It depends The activities of the army should always be on the role of the army as a state institution controlled by a duly elected government and in the given country, subordination of the its expenses and actions checked and ratified military to political authorities as defined in by the parliament. It was concluded that the laws and constitutional arrangements, and so media image of the NA should remain open, on. Public perceptions of military personnel, accessible, and politically neutral, and that the prestige of the military officer's profession, the army should continue its construction and public opinion toward defense and foreign humanitarian works, both within and beyond policy of the regime and certain actions of the borders. All concerned stakeholders must the army determine it. The very nature of the strive to maintain a harmonious civil military problem is permanently changing because relationship in Nepal. both society and the military are constantly changing as well (Rukavishnikov & Pugh, Keywords: civil military relations, 2006, p. 87). Different dimensions of civil civilian army, professional army, military military relationships include relationships in humanitarian aid, civilian control over army the spheres of power and politics, economics

89 UNITY JOURNAL and media, science and technology, culture because there were states with militia in this and history. Keeping in mind the peculiar region from ancient times, and that they were military history of Nepal, the nature of ultimately assimilated to the Nepali Army. It civil military relationship well as the trend may be so, but in military studies, the idea of of changes in the structure, function and military victory is predominant in determining objectives of the army was analyzed from origin and assimilation of the army. There what we can call the roots of Nepali Army, also is the question of modernization: were before a scrutiny of some issues specific to the militia of the medieval times trained Nepali Army in the light of global scholarship enough to be called an army, especially in the on civil military relationship. backdrop of the fact that they were largely comprised of Jhara solders? We might debate Methodology upon the actual beginning of the institution In this paper, review of the existing books what we call today “Nepali Army”, but on Nepal’s military history, the history of the one aspect of it is beyond contest: that the unification wars, the opinions on the nature institutionalization of the Nepali Army began of Nepal’s medieval military, the opinions on during the unification wars and continued civil military relationship by various national thereafter. It was also during the unification and international scholars, the trend of Nepal’s wars when the visions of a balanced Nepali military humanitarian aid and construction Army first sprouted. actions were examined and verified. Until late Rana Regime, the Nepali Army The author heavily relied on prior readings was not a modern, balanced institution. It on Nepal’s history and military evolution, was basically a clan based army where the field visits to historically significant places higher officers had a significant control over in Nepal and formal and informal discussions the soldiers, even in their personal, social with scholars of general and military history and communal lives. Especially in the early of Nepal. Relevant materials were cross stages, a Thapa (Khas) officer of another checked and juxtaposed with the author’s ethnicity under him, there would be a leader perceptions for generating conclusions and of the same ethnicity representing them. recommendations. All the materials included Ownership of land provided the basic motive herein are the author’s personal accounts and for (Stiller, 1973, p. narratives. 220). Prithvi Narayan Shah (and his heirs) Civil-military relations in Nepal: A used the land not only to reward his soldiers, historical overview both officers and men of the battle line, but also as an effective lure in winning the Many commentators regard the rise of Prithvi support of men of influence in the areas under Narayan Shah as the origin of what we may war. Later, as time progressed and the nation call the “Nepali Army”. But, lately a different gradually modernized, so did the system of opinion has been taking shape. Scholars like revenue for the soldiers; they began to get Prem Singh Basnyat like to attribute the rise of paid money, not land, and they ceased being Drabya Shah as the birth of the Nepali Army. under the command of the officer belonging A few others claim that we cannot assign to their ethnicity. any time period as the birth of Nepali Army

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After the unification, the major test of the awakening occurred in the Nepali psyche after Nepali Army was, obviously, the Anglo- the dawn of democracy in 2007 B.S. Just as Nepal war fought as a result of border disputes the earlier switch from being under the King’s and ambitious expansionism of both the command to being under the Rana Prime belligerent parties. Nepali soldiers in the war minister’s command, the democratization of consisted of both the professional soldiers the army after 2007 B.S. should be taken for and in some instances the jhara soldiers. a landmark reform in the military institution. While the war abruptly curtailed Nepal’s While full democracy remained short lived, expansionist ambitions, it did provide a touch the switch to the King’s control was just as of professionalism in the army structure, and prompt. This shows the impartiality and as in many battles Nepal defeated the mighty neutrality of the Nepali Army when it comes British; it did not curtail the enthusiasm of the to political power, especially in the modern average Nepali soldier. The war had another times. This takes us to the ten year long unintended effect however; the British, civil war and the subsequent overthrow of awestruck by the Nepalese courage and monarchy. While in the beginning there were fighting spirit, began to recruit them- a policy questions regarding the successful transition that still exists-, the relevancy of which will of Nepal into peace, and also the issue of be dealt with in later paragraphs. assimilation of former Maoist soldiers into the army, these issues have largely been resolved New developments in the Nepali Army by now- at least the military aspects of them. organization occurred in the course of time. From its humble origins with a few thousand One of the major changes was the control of men with a vision of a unified Nepal to the the entire army by the Rana clan. This was modern Nepali army totaling around 95,000 an unprecedented event in Nepal’s military men specialized in various military skills, it history since the King was the sovereign and has always been loyal to the people, and also the military was completely under his control a staunch defender of Nepal’s sovereignty. until then. Unlike similar events in many other countries, the transition from the King’s Civilian control over Army control of the army to the Prime minister’s (that too in a family based hierarchical Unsurprisingly, the central issue in the modem system) should be taken for a paradigm shift theories of civil-military relations is that of in the power dynamics of civilians and the civilian control of the military. Currently, in establishment. Many scholars are puzzled by the literature concerning the subject, the term this event. Obviously, the reason for such a "civilian control" is used interchangeably abrupt swift was because of the land based with "political control." Civilian here reward system and the clan based organization simply indicates the preeminence of civilian of the army. Although the control of the army institutions, based on popular sovereignty, changed from King to the Prime-minister, in the decision-making process concerning nothing changed for the staff and command. defense and security matters. There are two Indeed, Nepal was victorious in the Nepal main approaches of understanding what Tibet war under the control of Ranas. makes a military truly responsible to the society. The first can be called the "political This brings us to the role of Nepali Army approach" while the second can be named in relatively modern Nepal. A significant

91 UNITY JOURNAL the "sociological" one. (Huntington, 1957, military relations cannot be reduced to p. 305 & Janowitz, 1960, p. 208). The the political control of armed forces.The political approach assumes that a formal democratic principle requirement follows body of laws and regulations, and a formal from the premise of popular sovereignty that chain of command, would make the military only democratically constituted (elected) responsible to society, given that a civilian civilian authority can legitimately make head of state served as supreme commander- policy, including defense and security in chief of the national armed forces; a civilian policy. Where the civilian control is weak or legislature approved its budget; and that the nonexistent, military influence laps over into head of state and the legislators, as elected other areas of public policy and social life officials, represented the will and interests (Kohn, 1997, p. 60). Essentially, the military, of the people more broadly, with checks as a subsystem of society, is characterized and balances existing between government by distance from the people and a distinct departments. The sociological approach non-civilian subculture and substructure. The developed from the assertion that genuine need for such distinctiveness is related to the civilian control of armed forces could be tasks, functions, and responsibilities which completely realized only when the military is are assigned to military. integrated into the broader network of societal relations implying that not professional For instance, the primary role of military warriors, but citizen-soldiers would better during the early days of Nepal’s unification link the military to its host society through was the annexation of a foreign land. The their civilian roots. In Nepal’s case, we have lower number of the available fighting age had the chance to employ both of these views soldiers, the difficulties of conquering forts to practice; one in the beginning days, and the set at hilltops, and the lure of the ownership other in the modern Nepali army. The choice of land that military service ensured shaped of using these two approaches has varied the civil military relationship of Nepal during from country to country and time to time. the ancient and early modern days. We may not posit such a military as a prime example Apart from specific legal and constitutional of an exercise of the sociological approach arrangements, civil-military relations are of military-such a structure of the army was influenced by a country's historical traditions largely a result of necessity-, but it is at least a and particularly its military history; economic rudimentary example of such. The question is: and social conditions; the evolution of its could we drastically change the entire outlook internal political landscape; and, certainly, of the Nepalese military- creating citizen by the international security environment, soldiers instead of professional soldiers- primarily the country's inclusion in alliances in the name of bringing the army under (Rukavishnikov & Pugh, 2006, p. 87). The civilian control? Before we decide on such an relationship between the military and the issue, we have to deliberate on the military state, societal structures, and institutions history, social and economic conditions and forms the core of the complex set of international security environment. In my civil-military relations. Despite the very opinion, we have to stick to a professional importance of this point, we have to stress army during the period of relative peace, and that the entire set of issues relating to civil- should a grave danger appear that threatens

92 UNITY JOURNAL our sovereignty, we have no choice but to us in the long run. Nepali Army also needs to enlist citizen soldiers- something like a continue to maintain a proper media image modern variation of the jhara system. In to the public. Media forms the social image the long-run the military must shrink, in the of the military and shapes public attitudes greater powers elsewhere, i.e. civilians, but toward the missions of armed forces (Lode, we must have a military that is professional, 1997). Because soldiers are also exposed also well prepared for operations other than to mass communication, it can change the war, and respected by civilians. social outlook of soldiers along with other influences. Democracy assumes a free press We are fortunate in that we have a military for the dissemination of information. that has always respected civilian supremacy since its birth, and there is not a single Another aspect that the Nepali Army must major case of violation of this ideal. Civilian continue is humanitarian aid (both within and control of the army includes the achievement beyond borders) and its role as a construction of a degree of transparency in the sphere institution, as infrastructural development is of defense spending and defense planning. highly due in current Nepal and the army has In a democracy, the government is obliged been a source of trust in these matters- shown to keep citizens informed. Information is a by the success of army led infrastructure debt to be paid to the public (Gershman & projects such as “Fast Track”. Especially Bellow, 1995, p. 67). Citizens have the right under the UN peace keeping force, Nepalese to know what their government plans and military has often carried out humanitarian intends concerning the deployment of the activities, and many commentators argue that armed forces. We must maintain our current military humanitarianism is not an oxymoron system where the democratic government, the anymore because military action has often civilian authority, has the power to defended humanitarian values as in Nepal’s determine the size, type, and composition of case (Weiss, 1999, p. 198). As shown by the the armed forces; to define the military and Nepali Army, armed protection and military national security doctrines and concepts of involvement can be beneficial in preventing military reforms; to propose budgets; and so or mitigating human sufferings. on; for which it needs confirmation by the legislature. The Nepali Army must be a proponent of the modern democratic ideals such as opportunity In my opinion, it is now high time that we to all ethnic communities in the army; and review the policy of exporting military service Nepali Army has, since the past decade, to other nations. This system began after the obediently done so. While merit and military Anglo-Nepal war, and has continued till the and critical thinking skills should be the modern day. Because of dire unemployment, prime basis for higher ranks, a proportional a large number of youths are forced to sell representation can be maintained at lower their military services to foreign nations and ranks with much less hassle. This includes fight under a different flag. While this may opportunities for women and transgender. It help us to maintain a cordial relationship is also a high time that the defense program with a few nations-and save a few thousand of Nepal include higher grade youths from unemployment-, it will not help and discussions of the inclusion of nuclear

93 UNITY JOURNAL power in its military arsenal, as many nations Cammack, P. A. (1988) Third world politics: A surrounding us have gone nuclear. While we comparative introduction, p. 27 must strive to maintain peace, the Nepali Cowan, S. (2018). Essays on Nepal: Past and Army must be capable of retaliation, if a present, p. 112 surrounding neighbor tries to threaten our sovereignty, and the help of obliging friendly Diamond, L. & Plattner, M. F. (1966). Civil nations will be the key. We must look forward military relations and democracy, p. 76 to getting inside the military alliances in the Gershman & Bellow, (1995). Military and the region and beyond to prepare for such a state, p. 67 drastic scenario. Gurung, J. Nepal ekikaranma Gurung haruko Conclusion bhumika, p. 67 Throughout history, the civil military Hamal, L. B. Military history of Nepal, p. 89 relationship in Nepal has been cordial; Hamilton, F. (1819). An account of the Kingdom and we must strive to maintain it that way. of Nepal, p. 205 We must be ready to upgrade our military power, its democratic adherence, and must Herspring, D. R (2013). Civil military relations keep it under civilian control at all costs. The and shared responsibility, p.198 international security environment is unlikely Kirkpatrick, W. (1811) An account of the Kingdom to change dramatically over the short run of Nepal, p. 89 and we would prefer to see a defining of the roles of our armed forces in foreign peace Kohn, R. H. (1997) An essay on civilian control of support missions and domestic construction the military, p. 60 missions in compliance with our national Mandal, S. (2025 B.S.). Prithvi Narayan Shah ko constitution. We must maintain a harmonious upadesh, p. 93 Bhasa Vamshawali 2025 B.S., civil military relationship; but we must also p. 81 remain prepared for threats. Manigart P. (1961). Modern Nepal, p. 193 - References Handbook of the sociology of the military, 1971, p. 299 Acharya, B. (2022 B.S.). Nepalko samkshipta vrittanta p 21 - Guru Vamsavali 2024 B.S, p. Morris, J. (1960). The professional soldier, p. 208 112 Nepal, G. Nepalko mahabharat, p. 153 Adhikari, I. (2015). Military and democracy in Nepal, p. 75 Panta, D. R., Gorkhako itihas, Bhag 1,2,3 and 4, pp. 71, 89, 112, & 201 Bajracharya, D. (2016 B.S.). Itihas samsodhan ko praman prameya, p. 102 Plato, Republic, 375 B.C., p. 55

Basnyat, P. S. Nepalko sainik itihas, p. 90 Regmi, D. R.(1965). Medieval Nepal Vols 1,2 ,3, 4, and 5, p. 78 Bhandari, D. (2015 B.S.). Nepal ko aitihasik vivechana, p. 38 Huntington, S. (1957). The soldier and the state, p. 305

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Sanwal, B. D. (1965). Nepal and the East India Subedi, R. R. Kaski rajyako itihas, p. 129 Company, p. 315 Vegetius, (1473). De re military, p. 77 Sharma, B. C. (2008 B.S.). Nepal ko aitihasik ruprekha , p. 229 Rukavishnikov, V. & Pugh, M. (2006). Civil military relations, p. 87 Sharma, G. Chaubisi Rajyako itihas, sikchhya, kala, ra sanskriti, p. 58 Weber, M. (1947). Theory of social and economic organization, p. 114 Sotomayor, A. C. (2014). The Nepali Army: From counterinsurgency to peacekeeping?, p. 73 Weiss, T. (1997). Humanitarian intervention, ideas in action, p. 198 Stiller, L. F. (1973). The rise of the house of Gorkha, p.220 -Prithvi Narayan Shah in the Whelpton, J. (2015). History of Nepal, p. 337 Light of Dibya Upadesh, 1968, p. 137 Yogi, N. N. (2013 B.S.). Gorkhaliharu ko sainik itihas, p. 108.

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Hybrid threats in the national security context of Nepal

Padam Kumar Angbo

Abstract Hybrid threats Of late, hybrid warfare has emerged as a Of late, Hybrid Warfare (HW) has emerged as widely contested but practically tested war a widely contested but practically tested war strategy anticipated in the future. This paper theory. For example, Russia's use of hybrid revolves around strategies to deter, mitigate tools in three instances indicates that it has and counter hybrid threats to national successfully applied concepts of hybrid war, security in the context of Nepal. Prevailing as expounded by Gerasimov, in furthering its geopolitical and geostrategic environments strategic and political aims (Kohli, 2018, pp. exhibit that different actors, including state 187-188). Consequently, many of the nations' and non-state hybrid strategies pose a security strategy documents have already clear challenge to Nepal's national security incorporated it. In the UK’s 2015 Strategic interests. Hence, there is a need for a national Defense and Security Review, hybrid threats security strategy to counter hybrid threats were classified as a ‘Tier One’ risk to national which demands fresh thinking, expanding the security and hybrid attacks on allies as a ‘Tier traditional enemy-centric threat assessment Two’(UK's, National Security Strategy & and response. But the general understanding Strategic Defense & Security Review 2015, of hybrid warfare is underdeveloped because p. 85). Both state and non state actors have hybrid means are ambiguous and complex, successfully implemented the hybrid strategy such as unorthodox, unpredictable and to counter relatively mightier state militaries. constantly changing. Ultimately, developing and implementing effective national Therefore, its relevancy is likely to grow as security policy, ensuring political stability, nation–states, including Nepal are likely to zero tolerance policy on corruption, good face more hybrid threats in future primarily governance, economic and resources due to clash of interests. Actors will have development, trusted law enforcement, more access to means that can target more effective stakeholders including security and vulnerabilities, more cost- effectively. intelligence system, building resilience are As scholars Brown, Lackey, and Forester the best ways to prevent a hybrid war before (2019, p. 35) aptly write, "we are at strategic it erupts. This article argues that Nepali inflection point. A hypercompetitive global Army, as a key responder, too needs to have environment coupled with accelerating an updated military doctrine and strategy on technological, economic and social change its role in countering it has resulted in an incredibly challenging and complex twenty-first century operating Keywords: hybrid threats, conflicts, warfare, environment." In such a politico military national security, war strategy, military strategic environment, the evolving theory doctrine of HW merits a critical detailed assessment.

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Apparently, it should form an integral part of However, Gerasimov states, “What constitutes Nepal's security strategy. Foregoing in view, a weapon in this grey area no longer has this paper aims to help generate a conceptual to go ‘bang’. Energy, cash - as bribes - clarity required for officers to help understand corrupt business practices, cyber attacks, and think about how to deter, mitigate and assassination, fake news, propaganda and counter hybrid threats to national security in indeed military intimidation are all examples the context of Nepal. of the weapons used to gain advantage in this era of ‘constant competition” (MCDC, 2019, Considering the indispensability of national p. 1) security in changing global context, this paper outlines a strong nation –state’s hybrid In addition, Liang and Xiangsui state that threats in respective four parts of this paper. “everything is changing. We believe that the age of a revolution in operating methods, a. Notion of theory of HW wherein all of the changes involved in the b. Characteristics and challenges explosion of technology, the replacement of weapons, the development of security c. Hybrid Threat Scenario in the context concepts, the adjustment of strategic targets, of Nepal the obscurity of the boundaries of the d. The way ahead battlefield, and the expansion of the scope and scale of non-military means and non- Notion of hybrid war military personnel involved in warfare are As a Swedish analyst Gunneriussan (2017, focused on one point, has already arrived” p. 111) generously suggests, the term hybrid (MCDC, 2019, p. 8). warfare has "travelled a lot in definition". defines hybrid warfare as a method of In fact, there is no universally accepted social warfare (Sandor, 2019). definition of the term HW. Experts use these terms, including hybrid threats, Russian strategists use the term ‘hybrid war’ warfare activity, operations tactics and to refer to alleged US efforts to weaken and conflict interchangeably. There are diverse ultimately overthrow unfriendly governments, perspectives on hybrid war. particularly, but not exclusively, the Russian government, using a variety of kinetic and Hoffman (2007, p. 8) proffers that “hybrid non-kinetic means (Charap, 2016, p. 51). warfare incorporates a full range of different The hybrid threat can be taken for a blend of modes of warfare, including conventional different forces, such as regular and irregular capabilities, irregular tactics and formations, directed to accomplish productive effects terrorist acts including indiscriminate through the military institution for the state. violence and coercion, and criminal disorder”. Cilevics (2018) considers “hybrid threat” Similarly, Korybko (2007) noted hybrid a “catch all” notion, used to designate the warfare as an attack against Russia, the occurrence of simultaneous security threats. Eurasian concept and the initiatives to According to the EPRS it may cover various implement One Belt One Road and China. situations, including terrorist acts of Boko Haram, Al-Queda or Daesh, actions against

97 UNITY JOURNAL cyber security, actions of armed criminal c. HW may fall short of an outright groups, such as those of Mexican drug military attack. cartels, maritime disputes in the South China d. It is hard to detect, identify a proper Sea, constraints on the use of orbital space, response against hybrid threats. hostile economic acts, such as the blocking of Japanese exports by China in 2010 or covert e. It targets vulnerabilities across military operations like the use of “green societies in ways that we do not men” in Crimea. Kumar ( 2018, p. 2) writes conventionally imagine about. that f. It synchronizes its means in new and Hybrid warfare has demonstrated that non- ambiguous ways. state actors with state patronage, like the g. HW exploits creativity, and our Iran-backed Hezbollah, Pakistan backed understanding of war to make attacks less Taliban, US-backed Syrian Democratic obvious. Forces, and Russian-backed militias in h. A HW campaign may not be seen Ukraine are waging war against states by until it shows effects. fighting within the nation and eroding the authority of the state over its territory and i. It is population/ urban centric. resources. Instead of relying solely on j. It economizes the use of force by use irregular tactics, as insurgent groups have of cyber tools (Chivvis , 2017, p. 4) done in the past, they have surprised their adversaries with conventional capabilities k. Non-state actors demonstrate and the employments of cyber warfare to unexpected levels of military degrade, disrupt, dislocate, and destroy sophistication. the ability of a state to fight a war. l. Hybrid adversary resorts the law as a weapon (Lawfare) Characteristics of hybrid threats Challenges to national security All nations and organizations should be prepared to tackle hybrid threats to their Hybrid threats pose complex and multifarious security in changing global context. With challenges to national security because, in progress in science and technology, nation – hybrid conflict, the challenges faced by a states and leaderships should be ready with nation’s armed forces surpass a military preemptive measures to security on different challenge. The basic challenge in responding fronts. Some of the salient features of hybrid to such a threat is whether to respond to war are enumerated below. them as acts of war, or as confrontational behavior or whether to respond to them at all. a. It operates in the “gray zone” between The Taliban's strategy, modus operandi and war and peace, conventional and irregular tactics during the Afghanistan conflict and conflict. the Islamic State militia’s early campaigns b. It generally, makes an extensive use against the governing regimes in and of proxies. Syria demonstrate the complexity of hybrid conflict.

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Hybrid threat in Nepal's context a. Cultural Hybrid warfare is designed to exploit b. Diplomatic national vulnerabilities across the political, c. Network Intelligence military, economic, social, and informational and infrastructure (PMESII) spectrum d. Psychological (Cullen & Kjennerud, 2017, p. 24). In the e. Technological context of Nepal, we can hypothesize three f. Smuggling categories of hybrid threat scenarios. The first scenario is adversary's nonviolent g. Drug warfare subversion. The second scenario is the non- h. Financial Trade violent action. The third scenario could be the violent action, including conventional i. Resources attacks in combination with other kinetic j. Economic/economic aid incentives and non kinetic tools to accomplish political objectives. In order to comprehend the k. Sanctions above-mentioned scenario, it will be prudent l. Media/propaganda to identify contextual factors which help m. Ideology/religion envisage the vulnerabilities, threats and response. The following contextual factors n. Forced population shifts/migration illustrate our vulnerabilities. Meanwhile, RAND (2018) proffers covert a. Economic / Aid dependency means, unconventional warfare and proxy warfare as hybrid threat instruments. Dubik b. Political instability and Vincent (2018) consider domestic c. Erosion of nationalism networks and military coercion (short of d. Cyber war) as the potential non-violent hybrid threat instruments. Additionally, the main e. Corruption instrument of hybrid war is the notorious ‘fifth f. High levels of dependency on column’ of agents of influence controlled by strategic commodity items like oil and gas adversary. g. Geo-strategic location Conclusion h. Territorial dispute Prevailing geopolitical and geostrategic i. Internal Security issues environments exhibit that different state and non state actors pose a clear challenge to j. Critical infrastructure Nepal's national security from hybrid threats. Hybrid threat instruments There is a need for fresh thinking while expanding the traditional enemy-centric threat Chinese Colonels Liang and Xiansui (1980) assessment and response. Unfortunately, propose that the adversary can employ the as Cullen & Kjennerud (2017, p. 8) argues following instruments in order to conduct that "our common understanding of hybrid hybrid activities. warfare is underdeveloped and therefore

99 UNITY JOURNAL hampers our ability to deter, mitigate and the ‘ends’ rather than tackling the ‘ways’ and counter this threat." In any case, hybrid ‘means’(Kumar, 2017). Foregoing in view, aggression has to be prevented or deterred. following recommendations are proffered. Perhaps, it will be too late to defeat a hybrid adversary once prevalence of political, a. Strategy. Preparing necessary military, social, economic, diplomatic and response to adversary's hybrid threats or informational conditions is in enemy's side. attacks require a resolute national effort. Therefore, hybrid threats have to be dealt All the stake holders including security before they take us by surprise. agencies should be effectively prepared to counter hybrid attacks in any form. To But in view of nation's ground realities, how do that, as a first step, “Hybrid threats” then is it possible to secure a nation from be considered in our National Security hybrid threats? Hybrid ways and means Strategy. Such strategy essentially will are ambiguous and complex (unorthodox, have three broad implications i.e. to detect unpredictable and constantly changing). hybrid threats, deter hybrid aggressors Like, the US Army TRADOC states, "The and respond to hybrid attack. Army cannot predict who it will fight, where it will fight". Moreover, hybrid threats cannot b. Consensus about the threat. be countered solely by military means. Developing and implementing above Ultimately, developing and implementing mentioned national security strategy effective national security policy, ensuring would require consensus about hybrid political stability, zero tolerance policy on threats, HW and its meaning to Nepal's corruption, good governance, economic national security. The criticality of and resources development, trusted law cooperation with non-military actors and enforcement, effective stakeholders including a thorough understanding of civil-military security and intelligence system, building coordination to achieve unity of effort resilience are the best ways to prevent a cannot be overemphasized. hybrid war before it erupts. Therefore, taking c. Vulnerabilities assessment. As a initiative to prevent, counter and respond to minimum national government should hybrid attacks by state or non-state actors, conduct a self-assessment of critical should be accorded priority in Nepal's functions and vulnerabilities across all national security strategy. Nepali Army, as a sectors, and maintain it regularly (Cullen key responder, too needs to have an updated & Kjennerud, 2017, p. 24). National doctrine and strategy on its role in countering efforts should augment threat assessment HW. activity including non-conventional Recommendations political, economic, civil, informational tools and capabilities. The potential for hybrid threats to create a paralysis effect in Nepal requires a strategic d. Prevention. Ensuring political response. Why strategic approach offers stability, zero tolerance policy on solution to the problem is because countering corruption, good governance, economic strategies against hybrid warfare are more development and trusted law enforcement, often successful than not when they address effective stake holders including security

100 UNITY JOURNAL and intelligence agencies are the best cyber attacks last year 2018. Facets of ways to stop a hybrid war before it erupts those cyber attacks included attacks as a security challenge. on social media, piracy, identity threat, unauthorized access, website hacking e. Natural resources. There is a need (CAN Federation, 2018 ). for developing the country’s natural resources for economic growth, as References modern warfare is more than weapons and Brown, R. B., Lackey, B.R., & Forester, B.G. technology. (2019). Competing with China for a free and f. Capability. Nepal must develop Open Indo pacific, China's new style warfare, the ability to deter and defeat a variety Military Review, p.35. September- October 2019 of complex state / non-state, regular/ irregular potential hybrid adversaries. Charap, S. (2015). The ghost of hybrid war, Capability development includes not only Survival, 57:6, 51-58, DOI:10.1080/003963 doctrine, training and equipment but also 38.2015.1116147 embraces aspects such as civil-military Chivvis, C. S. (2017). Understanding Russian " cooperation, cyber defense and human Hybrid Warfare" and What Can be Done About intelligence for countering hybrid threats. It , p. 4 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. Cilevics, B., (2018), g. Anti-corruption. Tolerance of Latvia: Legal challenges related to hybrid corruption facilitates adversary's hybrid war and human rights obligations, Report | strategies. According to the 2019 Doc. 14523 | 06 April 2018, Retrieved from\ Corruption Perceptions Index reported https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref- by Transparency International, Nepal is XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=24547&lang=en the 113 least corrupt nations out of 180 countries. As then King Prithvi Narayan CAN Federation. (2018). CISCO Global cyber security summit report Shah said, "Ghush khanya lai thokanya hun "(Corrupt must not be spared, Cullen, P. J, & Kjennerrud, E. R. (2017). Dibyopadesh, 2059, p. 46). Building MCDC countering hybrid warfare project: integrity is also necessary to enhance anti- Understanding Hybrid Warfare, p. 8, 24 corruption efforts. Dubik & Vincent. (2018). America's global h. Doctrine. Basing upon National competitions: The gray zone in context Security Strategy, Nepali Army can Definition of hybrid, Merriam Webster Dictionary, develop a comprehensive HW Military Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster. Doctrine. When developing doctrine to com/dictionary/hybrid countering hybrid threats, she can refer various factors including the lessons Gunneriussan, H. (2017). Bordieuluan field learned from the past operations /conflicts. theory as a instrument for military operational analysis, Springer international publishing i. Cyber. In Cyber domain, Nepal 2017, p 111 needs to strengthen own defenses against cyber attacks. Nepal faced around 800

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Han, Y. (2011). "Changing security threats" Ministry of Information and Communication, Imagining Asia in 2030, Trends, Scenarios Kathmandu, (2059 BS), Dibyopadesh, p. 46 and Alternatives, p. 349 New Delhi, published by Academic Foundation in association with NATO’s response to hybrid threats Last updated: the Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis 08 Aug. 2019, Retrieved from https://www. (IDSA) nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_156338.htm

Hoffman, F. (2007). Conflict in the twenty- Nepal Corruption Rank, Trading economics first century: The rise of hybrid wars p. 8 Retrieved from https://tradingeconomics. published by the Potomac Institute for Policy com/nepal/corruption-rank Studies, Arlington VA 22203 Retrieved Sandor, F., Hybrid warfare revisited, Retrieved from https://www.potomacinstitute. from https://globalecco.org/hybrid-warfare org/images/stories/publications/potomac_ revisited hybridwar_0108 pdf Sehgal, I. (2018). Understanding hybrid warfare, Kohli, N., Hybrid Warfare: The changing character Retrieved from http://southasianmonitor. of conflict, Institute for Defense Studies and com/z column/understanding-hybrid-warfare/ Analysis, published by Pentagon Press, New Delhi 110049 / 2018; pp. 187-188 Summary of the 2018, National defense strategy of the United States of America; Kumar, N. (2018). War beyond rules: Hybrid war Sharpening the American military's and India’s preparedness, CLAWS Journal, competitive edge p. 4 web https://dod. pp. 758-74 defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018- Liang Q. & Xiangsui, W. (1980). Unrestricted National-Defense-Strategy Summary.pdf warfare, 1980 TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1; The U.S. Army Liang & Xiangsui (1999). Trans-military and operating concept: Win in a complex world non-military forms of warfare in unrestricted 2020-2040, 31 October 2014 warfare, Beijing: PLA Literature and Arts UK's National security strategy and strategic Publishing House, February 1999 defence and security review. (2015). MCDC. (2019). Countering hybrid warfare Retrieved from https://www.gov. project: 'A deadlier peril', The role of uk/government/publications/national- corruption in hybrid warfare, Information security-strategy-and strategic-defence-and Note, March 2019 security -review 2015 and https://www.nato. int/cps/en/natohq/offical_texts_156624htm MCDC. (2017). Countering Hybrid Warfare Project: Understanding Hybrid Warfare MCDC January 2017

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Mainstreaming of climate change risks security through mitigation and adaptation strategies in Nepal

Pashupati Nepal

Abstract expected out-puts. Until now, there is not a single legal document in Nepal that A combined effect of high mountains and exclusively addresses the climate change highly concentrated monsoon rainfall and issue. Therefore, promulgation of Climate socio-economic conditions make Nepal a Change Act 2019 can resolve the problems of highly vulnerable country to climate change. climate change in the spirit of this policy. Whereas Nepal barely shares emissions of Global Greenhouse Gases (0.027%), it is the Keywords: climate change, greenhouse gas, fourth most vulnerable country in the world adaption strategies, due to the effects of climate change. In this context, this paper aims to review the National Introduction Climate Change Policy, 2019 to identify the Rapid increase in earth’s surface temperature mainstreaming of mitigation and adaptation and changing precipitation pattern has strategies in response to the climate change resulted in direct implication to multiple for different sectors and cross cutting sectors. sectors. A combined effect of high mountains Such an important policy document has for and highly concentrated monsoon rainfall the first-time addressed climate change and socio-economic conditions (ranks 149 mitigation and adaptation strategies for in 2017 on the Human Development Index, different sectors and cross-cutting sectors. merely one-fourth of its population live It has made provision of institutional set-up below poverty line) make Nepal a highly representing federal, provincial and local vulnerable country to climate change. levels. Some of the new strategies under this Nepal’s geography makes the country’s policy include development and expansion of climate particularly complex. Because of the 'payment for ecosystem services', construct extreme variations in elevation within short pond to collect rain water, make cycle lane in distances, Nepal’s climate varies significantly urban roads, increase carbon stocks, and use across the country, ranging from alpine and renewable technologies and manage climate arctic in the north to tropical in the south. The finance. It has given sole responsibilities of country experiences tropical, meso-thermal, functional coordination to the Ministry of micro-thermal, taiga and tundra types of Forest and Environment (MoFE) leaving climate. Nepal has experienced direct impacts other ministries as passive partners. This of climate change and is one of the most can create incoherence between and among vulnerable countries to climate change in the ministries and departments. The policy the world (CBS, 2017). Nepal barely shares formulation and institutional set-up need to emissions of Global Greenhouse Gases with be complemented by legislation to achieve 0.027% of global greenhouse gas emission

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(MoPE, 2016b), it has been facing severely precipitation in all seasons in the high adverse climate change effects. Nepal is the mountains, were not found to be significant fourth most vulnerable country with climate (DHM, 2017). Precipitation extremes are change effects (MoSTE, 2015) resulted from found to be increasing (Karki et al., 2017). an increasing level of temperature and change Recently-developed scenarios suggest that in precipitation patterns in different sectors, precipitation will increase by 2–6 per cent by including agriculture, forest, water resources 2030 and by up to 12 per cent by 2050. From and disaster (MoPE, 2016a). The emerging a seasonal perspective, precipitation is likely climate status of Nepal demands integration to increase in all seasons except the pre- of climate change adaptation into various monsoon, when decreases are projected. Pre- sectoral policies/plans and programs so that monsoon (March to May) rain is decreasing people can adapt to the changing situation mainly in the west and increasing in the east. (NPC, 2011). Extremes are also expected to occur more frequently, with an increase in very wet and Recent study on observed climate trend extremely wet days. Overall, the range of analysis from 1971 to 2014 by the uncertainty in the projections is, however, Department of Hydrology and Meteorology large that demands flexibility in adaptation (DHM) shows that the average annual planning to address this problem (ICIMOD, maximum temperature has been increasing 2018). by 0.056°C per year (DHM, 2017). Another study found that a small, but statistically In Nepal’s Himalaya, total estimated ice significant, increase in the frequency of reserve between 1977 and 2010 has decreased hot nights has been observed. In contrast, by 29 percent (129 km3). The number of the annual frequency of “cold” days and glacier lakes has increased by 11 percent and nights has decreased significantly since glaciers recede on an average by 38 km2 per 1960 (McSweeney, New & Lizcano, 2010). year. Hence, climate change has visible and The mountain regions are warming more pronounced impacts on snows and glaciers than the plains (ICIMOD, 2018). The mean that are likely to increase the Glacier Lakes annual temperature is expected to continue Outburst Floods (GLOFs). In Nepal, 21 to increase in Nepal over the remainder of Glacial Lakes are potentially dangerous. the century. Recent projections indicate that Glacier thinning and retreat in the Himalayas mean annual temperatures could increase has resulted in the formation of new glacial by 1.3–1.8°C by the 2050s, with the highest lakes and the enlargement of existing ones increases in the mountain regions. Along with due to the accumulation of melt water behind this, an increase in warm days and nights loosely consolidated end moraine dams. Such is predicted (ICIMOD, 2018). With respect lakes are inherently unstable and subject to to precipitation, the situation is a lot more catastrophic drainage; they are potential uncertain. The DHM analysis found that there sources of danger to people and property in is no significant trend in precipitation for the the valleys below them (ICIMOD, 2011). country overall; however, district-level data Snow and glacier melt might increase water shows a significant decreasing trend in eight in Nepal's river system by 5.7% till 2030 districts and an increasing trend in three. Other and decrease by 28% by the end of this trends, such as a tendency for decreasing century. Nepal has suffered from increased

104 UNITY JOURNAL frequency of extreme weather events, such The integration of climate change issue as landslides, floods and droughts resulting into sectoral policies has got a top priority in the loss of human lives as well as high among the international and national scholars social and economic costs (MoPE, 2016a). particularly after the Fifth Assessment The Economic Impact Assessment of Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in Key Sectors (agriculture, Climate Change (2014) which confirmed hydropower and water-induced disasters), that each of the last three decades has been 2013 has estimated direct cost of current successively warmer at the Earth’s surface climate variability and extreme events than any preceding decade since 1850. The equivalent to 1.5 to 2 percent of current period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the GDP/year (approximately USD 270-360 warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years million/year in 2013 prices) and much higher in the Northern Hemisphere (IPCC, 2014). in extreme years. In the case of hydropower, The growing likelihood of a more than 2°C the model projected lower dry season flows, warmer world requires better adaptation and thus, lower energy availability. The policy (Di Gregorio et al., 2017) to reduce the additional energy generation capacity needed current and future effects of climate change. to meet future demand under this scenario, Moreover, IPCC (2014) noted that the longer due to climate change, was estimated at 2800 we wait to take action, the more it will cost MW by 2050 with an increase in costs of and the greater the technological, economic, USD 2.6 billion (present value) for the period social and institutional challenges we will through to 2050. Overall, the economic face. costs of climate change in Nepal for these three sectors could be equivalent to 2-3% of In the changing context, the Government current GDP/year by mid-century (MoSTE, of Nepal, with intent to contribute to socio- 2013). It is estimated that climate change- economic prosperity by developing climate driven events could cause losses of 9.9 % of resilient society, has released a National Nepal’s annual GDP by 2100. Climate Change Policy in August 2019 after repealing the 2011 Climate Change Policy There are two ways to respond to climate (MoFE, 2019). The 2019 policy has the change: adaptation and mitigation (IPCC, objectives of mainstreaming climate change 2001; UNISDR & UNDP, 2012). Mitigation into relevant policy, strategy, plan and is an anthropogenic intervention to reduce the programs, and also mainstreaming gender sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse and social inclusion, including in climate gases, whereas adaptation is an adjustment change mitigation and adaptation programs. in natural or human systems in response to The policy follows theme-based approach actual or expected climatic stimuli or their and includes a single policy with a number of effects, which moderates harm or exploits non-separated strategies and working policies beneficial opportunities (IPCC, 2001). in 8 thematic areas and 4 cross-cutting areas. Mitigation and adaptation represent two Therefore, it is essential to review the current complementary aspects of climate change, National Climate Change Policy, 2019. which need to be addressed through a holistic approach (Dewulf, 2013). Numerous previous research works concentrated either on adaptation measures or on the policy intervention. For example,

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Ford and Pearce (2010) have only highlighted reduction and management and four cross- the essentiality of adaptation measures cutting sectors such as, gender equity and to reduce the effect of climate change, social inclusion livelihood and governance, whereas Regmi and Star (2015) and Ojha, empowerment and capacity building, Ghimire, Pain, Nightingale, Khatri and education, knowledge and dissemination and Dhungana (2016) only looked into the policy climate finance management. dimensions during mainstreaming climate change adaptation policies into various This paper has followed step by step approach sectors. Likewise, Maharjan and Maharjan to undertake review of this policy. At first, soft (2017), Dhungana, Pain, Khatri, Gurung and copy of policy documents was collected from Ojha (2013) and Mubaya and Mafongoya the website (www.mofe.gov.np) of Ministry (2017) have highlighted the crucial role of of Forest and Environment. Secondly, the climate policies and institutions in effective policy document has been grouped into adaptation to climate change in Nepal. two broad categories, such as policies and Against previous studies, this paper fills in institutional structures. Thirdly, the content the gaps in existing knowledge, reviewing the related to policies has been analyzed in mainstreaming of mitigation and adaptation terms of strategies and working policies on strategies in response to the climate change mitigation and adaptation by eight sectors for different sectors and cross cutting sectors and four cross-cutting sectors. Finally, based in line with the currently endorsed Nepal's on the content analysis of policy documents, National Climate Change Policy, 2019. gaps and constraints in prioritized mitigation and adaptation options for different sectors Methodological framework and cross cutting sectors were identified (Figure 1). This paper is based on desk review of National

Climate Change Policy 2019 available in Climate Change Nepali languages. The text-mining method Policy 2019 has been used for the information retrieval and knowledge mining. It analyses the text Institutional according to text characters or sentence Policies Structures structure (Scherf, Epple & Werner, 2005; Regmi & Shrestha, 2018). While reviewing the prioritized mitigation and adaptation Stratigies and Stratigies and working working Roles/ options for different sectors and cross cutting policies on policies on Responsi- mitigation by adaptation by bilities/ sectors as provisioned by currently endorsed sectors and sectors and Linkages National Climate Change Policy, 2019 by cross-cutting cross-cutting sectors sectors the Government of Nepal, this paper focuses on eight sectors, such as, agriculture, food security and livestock, forest, biodiversity and Gaps and constraints watershed, water resource and energy, rural and urban settlement, industry', transportation (e-mobility) and physical infrastructure, Figure 1: Methodological framework tourism, natural and cultural heritage, health, drinking water and sanitation, disaster risk

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Results and discussions climate change risks during land use plan and development of building code as adaptation Nepal has initiated several policy measures measures, whereas low emission technologies to reduce the impact of climate change and green village/city approach are identified and increase resiliency through adaptation as mitigation options for rural and urban and mitigation measures. Climate change settlement sectors. The policy has prioritized adaptation and mitigation options have been formulating and implementing design identified in policy documents of Government standards for climate resilient construction of of Nepal across the sectors and cross cutting infrastructures for climate change adaptation, sectors. This section highlights the prioritized such as dams, bridges and river flood control. mitigation and adaptation strategies identified It also promotes the use of electricity to for different sectors and cross cutting sectors use it in operating electrical vehicles and by National Climate Change Policy, 2019. mechanical devices as the major thrust to mitigate climate change impacts for industry, 1. Strategies on climate change mitigation transportation (e-mobility) and physical and adaptation by sectors infrastructures sector. Mainstreaming climate National Climate Change Policy, 2019 has friendly tourism approach, management of spelled out to launch agro-based adaptation weather forecasting system, conservation and program, identification drought and water- management of natural and cultural heritage resistant crops, promotion of water saving affected by climate change risk and encourage technologies, climate friendly farming, public and private sectors for implementation weather forecasting and crop and livestock of climate friendly tourism are emphasized insurance. Contrarily, promotion of low carbon as adaptation strategies. Moreover, the emission and energy saving technologies implementation of zero emission system as mitigation options for agriculture, food through promotion of renewable energy and security and livestock. The policy has promotion of energy saving technologies in identified agro-forestry and provision of tourism sector are prioritized as mitigation Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) and strategies for tourism, natural and cultural reduction and management of pests, disease heritage sector. Focusing on the adaptation and forest killer as adaptation strategies. strategies to reduce the risk of climate An increased storage of forest carbon and change health, drinking water and sanitation REDD+ and CDM can be taken for mitigation sector, the policy has made provision of option for forest, biodiversity and watershed preparedness, forecasting and prevention sector. The policy has made provision of mechanism, conservation of water sources, water saving technologies, including water rainwater harvesting and storage and collection ponds and reduction of GLOF risk development of water saved technologies lowering as the adaptation strategies. At the and promotion to convert waste into energy. same time, promotion of renewable energy Development of hazard risk reduction and and energy saving technologies can be viable management system in federal, province and mitigation measures for water resource and local bodies, development of monitoring, energy sector. Similarly, consideration of preparedness and forecasting system and rescue, response and reconstruction are

107 UNITY JOURNAL prioritized adaptation strategies provisioned change adaptation and mitigation strategies by this policy for disaster risk reduction and provisioned by the National Climate Change management sector. The details of climate Policy, 2019 is given in Table 1.

Table 1: Adaptation and mitigation strategies by sectors

Sectors Adaptation strategies Mitigation strategies - Launch agro-based adaptation program - Promotion of low Agriculture, - Identification drought and water-resistant crops carbon emission and food - Promotion of water saving irrigation - Energy saving security technologies technologies and - Climate friendly farming livestock - Weather forecasting - Crop and livestock insurance - Agro-forestry - Increase storage - Provision of Payment for Ecosystem Services of forest carbon Forest, (PES) -REDD+ and CDM biodiversity - Reduction and management of pests, disease - Equitable distribution and forest killer of economic benefit and - Launch integrated watershed management obtained through watershed program particularly in Chure area considering REDD+ and Clean the climate change Development Mechanism - Water saving technologies particularly in - Renewable energy vulnerable areas and settlements and energy saving - Water collection ponds technologies - Lowering of Glacial Lake to reduce GLOF risk Water - Preparation of standards for sustainable use of resource and underground water in urban areas energy - Selection of environment friendly sites and climate friendly technology during construction of different infrastructures, such as, hydroelectricity, irrigation and drinking water - During formulation of land use plan at local - Low emission level, forest, agriculture, settlement and technologies industrial zone will be delineated based on - Follow green climate change risks village/city approach Rural and - Building code will be developed to manage the Urban settlement of rural and urban as wella Settlement - Climate change adaptation programme will be launched to reduce climate change risk - Lane for cycle and pedestrain will be made during urban road construction

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Industry, - Identification of hotspots of greenhouse gas - Promotion in use of emission electricity transportation - Climate friendly technology - Encourage to use (E-mobility) - Change in design standard electrical vehicles and physical infrastructures - Mainstreaming climate friendly tourism - Implementation of approach zero emission concept Tourism, - Management of weather forecasting system through promotion of renewable energy natural and - Conservation and management of natural and and energy saving cultural cultural heritage affected by climate change technologies in heritage risk tourism sector - Encourage public and private sectors for implementation of climate friendly tourism - Preparedness, forecasting and prevention Health, mechanism drinking water - Conservation of water sources, and sanitation - Rainwater harvesting and storage - Water saving technologies - Development of hazard risk reduction and management system in federal, province and Disaster risk local bodies reduction and - Development of monitoring, preparedness and management forecasting system - Rescue, response and reconstruction

2. Cross-cutting Sectors The National Climate Change Policy, 2019 has made different provisions to address cross- cutting issues of climate change, which is given in Table 2. Table 2: Adaptation and mitigation strategies for cross-cutting sectors

Cross- Cutting Sectors Strategies and Working Policies - Interest of all community groups will be addressed Gender equity and social - Climate resilience livelihood programme inclusion. Livelihood and - Local knowledge, skill and technology for adaptation Governance - Increase access to information and technology - Dissemination through media Awareness and Capacity - Institutional capacity development Building - Awareness building at local level

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- Update national database - Scientific analysis of river, GLOF, wetland and sensitive ecosystem - Collection, analysis and dissemination of real time data Education, Knowledge and - National communication, Nationally Determined Dissemination contributions, Adaptation communication and other reports will be prepared - Promotion in research and study about climate change to young - Access and mobilization of bilateral and multilateral sources - At least 80% of the climate finance obtained from the international mechanism will be mobilized at local level Climate Finance Management - Climate change budget allocation at all level of governance and all sectors - Budget code will be institutionalized with modification - Private finance mobilization

Institutional mechanism biodiversity, water resources and energy, climate-induced disasters, public health, The Ministry of Forest and Environment and urban settlements and infrastructures, (MoFE) is designated as the primary agency have the potential to play a key role in future to coordinate climate change planning in the cross-sectoral integration and coordination country. The Climate Change Management of climate change activities. At the Province Division (CCMD) under the Ministry of level, the role of sectoral ministries who look Forest and Environment (MoFE) are dedicated climate change will be crucial to implement to develop policies and actions on climate climate change related activities. In federal, change (ACT & Practical Action, 2017). province and local level, climate change Similarly, the National Planning Commission branch, unit and focal point will take the full (NPC) facilitates sectoral coordination responsibility about climate change issue. and planning processes on climate change The policy has provisioned to establish related programs at the national/federal level. climate change research centre which can (MoF) is responsible have better role in conducting research, for climate relevant budget allocation and technology development and diffusion about tracking of the expenses. climate change mitigation and adaptation. In order to policy level coordination, the Several non-governmental and community- policy has made provision of council at based organizations are also engaged in federal level. The responsibility of functional strengthening national and local entities to coordination is given to the MoFE. Inter- provide services to the climate vulnerable ministerial coordination committee under communities. The climate change networks the coordination of MoFE led by a different managed by civil society organizations also ministries covering different themes - contribute to generate and share knowledge agriculture and food security, forests and on climate change and its impacts.

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The Therole ofrole different of different level of government level of duringgovernment implementation during of implem Nationalentation Climate Changeof PolicyNational 2019 is Climategiven in Figure Change 2. Policy 2019 is given in Figure 2.

• Formulation and implementation of legislation and standards as per this policy • Implementation of National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) • Projects Formulation and Implementation • Excess to bilateral, multilateral and international climate change related financial resources • Federal Identification and mobilization of national financial resources • Preparation of Carbon Registry and facilitation and coordination in carbon trade • Preparation of national data base

• Preparation of province level policy, directives and standards • Monitoring and evaluation of climate change, Province adaptation and mitigation programs at province level • Coordination with federal and local level government to formulate climate change related programs and projects

• Preparation of local level policy, directives and Local standards • Coordination to implement adaptation and Rural Municipality mitigation activities with federal, province and NGOs, Community, educational institutions and other stakeholders Municipality • Conduct monitoring, evaluation and recording of climate change related programs and projects implemented in local level

Figure 2: Role of federal, province and local level in policy implementation

Conclusion mitigation and adaptation strategies for different sectors and cross-cutting sectors. This paper primarily aims at identifying the This policy for the first time has made extent of mainstreaming climate change Figure 2: Role of federal, provinceprovision and of localinstitutional level set-up in representingpolicy adaptation and mitigation strategies into implementation federal, province and local level. However, different cross-cutting sectors. Nepal has the policy formulation and institutional set- made a significant progress in mainstreaming up needs to be complemented to operate the climate change adaptation issues into 16 intent of the relevant policies at all levels of different sectoral policies. However, this government. Some of the new areas in the 2019 paper is limited only to review the National Policy should be added to develop 'payment Climate Change Policy 2019. This policy is for ecosystem services', construct pond to an important policy document, which has collect rain water, cycle lane in urban roads, for the first-time addressed climate change

111 UNITY JOURNAL increase carbon stocks, use of renewable Dhungana, H., Pain A., Khatri, D., Gurung, N. technologies and management of climate & Ojha, H. (2013). Climate change and rural finance. It has given sole responsibilities of institutions in Nepal. DIIS Working Paper 16. functional coordination to the Ministry of Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Institute for Forest and Environment (MoFE) leaving International Studies (DIIS). other ministries as passive partners. This can Di Gregorio, M., et al. (2017). Climate policy create incoherence between and among the integration in the and use sector: mitigation: ministries and departments. At the time of adaptation and sustainable development National Climate Change Policy formulation, linkages. Environmental Science Policy, MoFE plays a key role. However, it is the 67:35–43. Available at www.elsevier.com/ implementation lie with the local government. locate/envsci. It is not clear whether local level government, Ford, J. D., Pearce, T. (2010). What we know, such as Rural Municipality/Municipality don’t know, and need to know about climate actually had an obligation to implement these change vulnerability in the western Canadian provisions or they are established under the Arctic. Environ. Res. Lett. 5. http://dx. doi. Local Government Operation Act (2017) org/10.1088/1748-765 9326/5/1/014008. makes them independent from this obligation. ICIMOD (2011). Glacial lakes and glacial The policy formulation and institutional set- lake outburst floods in Nepal. Kathmandu: up alone does not give much expected output ICIMOD. unless they are complemented by legislation. Until now, there is not a single legal document ICIMOD (2018). Climate change scenarios in Nepal that exclusively addresses the climate of Nepal for NAP Process: Main findings. change issue. Therefore, promulgation of Presentation by Santosh Nepal on behalf of National Adaptation Plan Team. January 17, Climate Change Act can resolve the problems 2018. of climate change in the spirit of this policy. ICIMOD (2018). Status of measurement, References reporting, and verification for REDD+ in the Hindu Kush Himalaya. ICIMOD Working ACT & Practical Action (2017). Experience of Paper 2018/4. Kathmandu: ICIMOD. supporting Nepal’s national adaptation plan (NAP) formulation process, An unpublished IPCC (2001). Climate change: Impacts, adaptation report, Kathmandu: ACT and Practical Action. and vulnerability: Summary for policy makers. Geneva: World Meteorological Organisation CBS, 2017. National climate change impact http://www.ipcc. ch/ ipccreports/tar/wg2/ survey 2016: A statistical report. Kathmandu: index.php?Idp=0 [Accessed 3 June 2016]. Central Bureau of Statistics. 〈 IPCC (2014). Climate change 2014: Impacts, Dewulf, A. (2013). Contrasting frames in policy 〈 adaptation and vulnerability. Part A: Global debates on climate change adaptation. WIREs and Sectoral Aspects. Working Group II Climate Change, (4):321–330. http://dx.doi. contribution to 5th Assessment Report of the org/ 10.1002/ wcc.227. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. DHM, (2017). Observed climate trend analysis Cambridge University Press. in the districts and physiographic regions of Nepal (1971-2014). Kathmandu: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology.

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IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Synthesis MoSTE (2013). Economic impact assessment report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II of cl.imate change in key sectors in Nepal. and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Kathmandu: , Technology Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Environment (MoSTE), Government [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. of Nepal, Nepal, retrieved from http:// Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, p. www.asiapacificadapt.net/sites/default/files/ 151. resource/attach/EIAsummary_sharing_final- low-resolution.pdf, on 25 August 2017 Karki, R., Hasson, S., Schickhoff, U., Scholten, T., Böhner, J. (2017). Rising Precipitation MoSTE. (2015). National adaptation plan Extremes across Nepal. Climate 5(4). formulation process. Kathmandu: Ministry DOI:10.3390/cli5010004 of Science, Technology and Environment (MoSTE), Climate Change Management Maharjan, S. K. & Maharjan, K. L. (2017). Review Division. of climate policies and roles of institutions in the policy formulation and implementation Mubaya, C. P. & Mafongoya, P. (2017). The role of adaptation plans and strategies in Nepal. of institutions in managing local level climate Journal of International Development and change adaptation in semi-arid Zimbabwe. Cooperation, 23 (No. 1 & 2):1-14. Climate Risk Management, (16): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.03.003. McSweeney, C., New, M. & Lizcano, G. (2010). The UNDP climate change country profiles NPC. (2011). Climate-resilient planning. (Working improving the accessibility of observed and Document). Kathmandu: Government of projected climate information for studies Nepal, National Planning Commission. of climate change in developing countries, pp. 157-166. Retrieved from https://www. Regmi, B. R. & Star, C. (2015). Exploring researchgate.net/publication/234081391 the policy environment for mainstreaming community-based adaptation (CBA) in Nepal. MoFE. (2019). National climate change policy, International Journal of Climate Change 2019. Kathmandu: Ministry of Forest and Strategies and Management, 7(4): 423-441. Environment. Scherf, M., Epple, A. & Werner, T. (2005). The next MoPE. (2016a). Briefing note on UNFCCC COP generation of literature analysis: integration of 22 and Nepal's key concerns, issues and genomic analysis into text mining. Briefings in events. Kathmandu: Ministry of Population bioinformatics, 6(3), 287-297. and Environment (MoPE). UNISDR & UNDP. (2012). Disaster risk reduction MoPE. (2016b). Nationally determined and climate change adaptation in the pacific: contributions. Kathmandu: Ministry of An institutional and policy analysis. Suva, Population and Environment. Fiji: UNISDR & UNDP.

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Sources of Nepali Army’s military effectiveness during the Anglo-Nepal War

Phanindra Subba

Abstract during the Anglo-Nepal War by ensuring Nepal’s continued survival as an independent, Military effectiveness is the process by which sovereign state ever. the military converts available material and political resources into military power. Keywords: Prithivi Narayan, military The organizational revolution that took effectiveness, nation-state, Anglo-Nepal War, place in Europe during the period, 1500- Nepali Army 1700, multiplied the military effectiveness of the European states. This paper, however, Background aims to assess the military effectiveness To prosecute a war effectively a high degree of of the Nepalese Army during the Anglo- organization, training, leadership, discipline, Nepal War, 1814-16, in the context of the morale, loyalty, obedience, sense of duty failure of many of the armies of South Asia and esprit de corps are required. “Military to mount an effective resistance against the effectiveness is the process by which armed colonial onslaught. Further, it explores the forces convert resources into fighting power” sources of the Nepali Army’s effectiveness in (Millett, Murray & Watman, 1986, p. 37). performance rooted in Prithvi Narayan Shah’s The revolution in military organization and national army in its formative phase. His doctrine during the period 1500-1700 is concept of the nation-state, the creation of a based on these factors produced much more permanent army and his policy of not limiting powerful, cohesive armies in Europe and recruitment and promotions to the natives multiplied their military effectiveness. “The of Gorkha laid the foundation for a loyal, creation of modern nation-state was based on competent multi–ethnic army. Moreover, this organized and disciplined military power in paper states that the institutional stability the seventeenth century” (Sloan, 2002, p. 22). provided by his successors during a period of As a result, “during the first wave of British political turbulence spared the army time to Imperialism groups of several thousand consolidate and pass its institutional memory European soldiers repeatedly defeated Indian to the following generation. War is a brutal armies many times their size” (Rosen, 1996, business, and the military effectiveness of p. 14). The poor battlefield performance armies is tested in the battlefield in which cannot be explained in terms of material weaknesses are severely punished after their strength alone. India’s economic power was exposures. Strong states fight to win, the formidable. “The Mogul emperor Aurungzeb weak to survive. The paper concludes that the had ten times the revenue of his contemporary Nepali Army proved its military effectiveness Louis XIV, the richest monarch in Europe”

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(Boot, 2006, p. 99). “Careful historical studies nerve was strained and every resource have shown the technological advantages exploited” (Pemble, 2008, p. 356). “During enjoyed by the Europeans over the Indians the Victorian and Edwardian war times it at the middle and end of eighteenth century was the only Indian war the British wanted to have been marginal, if they existed at to forget” (Pemble, 2009, p. 361). How was a all” (Rosen, 1996, p. 165). It was Europe’s small hill state able to generate such military transition into a new organizational form, the power from the limited resources available national state and new European methods of and extract such a heavy price from the military organizational techniques that gave invader? What were the sources of Nepali them the decisive advantage. South Asia Army’s military effectiveness? had to pay a heavy price for missing the Nation-state organization revolution. The political system in South Asia in the The string of decisive victories gave the eighteenth and nineteenth century is often colonial armies a sense of superiority and portrayed as being devoid of the concept of disdain for their enemies. Such a mindset the territorial nation-state as being the source was reflected in the thinking of the British who dismissed the military capabilities of the of legitimacy and focus of loyalty. However, Nepalis on the eve of the Anglo-Nepal War in “it is in fact arguable that more than other 1814. “Ochterlony anticipated little resistance units in South Asia in the eighteenth century, from the Gorkhas, whom he disparaged as a Nepal was a nation-state in embryo with a body of ill-armed and undisciplined barbarians distinct identity retained in territorial and (Cross, 2004, p. 367).” “Hastings (- cultural factors”. Although the modern General) even envisaged a possibility of concept of nation state had not yet fully submission so hastily as to prevent the actual developed in Nepal, Prithivi Narayan had an commencement of hostilities” (Pemble, instinctive feeling for the fundamentals of 2008, p. 133). The ensuing events, however, this concept. In the course of his conquests, belied their expectations. This was the Prithivi Narayan evolved beyond traditional first war in which the Company had been ways of thinking and gradually fleshed out involved in India in which they had three a new concept of state that while adapting to one advantage over the enemy. However, to local conditions was at variance with the instead of achieving a quick victory, the then prevalent thinking. “Prithivi stated that campaign became an extended, hard fought the state was not a private property. After one and lasted eighteen long months. The the fall of Kathmandu Valley PNS brothers British had to reduce their troops on their demanded that they be given their share as was frontiers in order to commit more troops the practice. PNS replied that the ‘dhungo’ to the campaign. “By 1815, EIC deployed (state) cannot be divided” (Manandhar, 2015). 48,000 troops against Nepal” (Marston & “Prithivi Narayan had created an entity to be Sundaram, 2008, p. 12). This was the largest protected and preserved independently of number of troops fielded in India until then. allegiance to an individual” (Whelpton, 1991, Of the five commanders deputed to lead the p. 25). invasion of Nepal, one was killed in action and three were dismissed for incompetence. The extent to which the concept of ‘dhungo’ “When success was finally achieved, every was internalized by army leadership was

115 UNITY JOURNAL reflected in the Nepali Army commanders and honor. But such total commitment also conduct during the Anglo-Nepal War. They requires financial security. Since military rejected lucrative British enticements to finance was closely related to land during this change sides. “Bom Shah was offered the period, Prithivi Narayan assigned revenues kingship of Doti by the British but he rejected of the allocated land to individual soldiers in it despite the threat to his life he faced from the form of jagir. But it was not his intention ” (Panta, Interview, 2015). that the officers wallow in wealth and lead a The British success in large parts of South Asia decadent, sedentary life. He was well aware was due to its adroit use of political intrigue that the quest for luxury would lead to the and bribery. In South Asia commanders and erosion of fighting skills. “Do not let the whole armies changed sides on a regular Bhardars grow rich because the wealthy basis. In such a context the behavior of the cannot kill or be killed and the enemy will commanders of the Nepali Army stands out. prevail” (Panta, 2015). Although the ideal Their proverbial loyalty to the state was a had been diluted to some extent by the time major force multiplier in times of war. of Anglo-Nepal War and some elements in the leadership began to focus more on corporate Permanent army self-interest and individual gain than service “The small Hill States did not have a to the state, the field army remained a standing, unified army. Similar was the case formidable fighting machine. with Gorkha. When in AD 1763 Prithivi Prithivi Narayan understood the forces under Narayan won the war with Makwanpur he his command. “In his Dibya Upadesh Prithivi realized that the Gorkhali Army would also Narayan set down the directive that the have to deal with foreign forces. Immediately children of those soldiers who had fallen in after the war he established four companies” battle be provided for” (Stiller, 1995, p. 244). (Manandhar, 2015). Prithivi Narayan thus Such a sense of accountability from the part adopted a new system of military organization of the head of the state addressed a major area that would have profound implications for of concern of the ordinary soldier and freed Nepal’s future war-making potential. He them to totally focus on the task at hand. In started the process of transforming a feudal, return, PNS demanded complete loyalty and militia-based seasonal army into a centralized commitment. The effort to create and sustain permanent army that would monopolize a viable and cohesive professional military military power within the territorial state and slowly began to take shape. Eventually lessen dependence on forces and revenue Prithivi Narayan left behind a formidable controlled by the umrao. The permanent military establishment. army would henceforth be loyal only to the state and not to the local leaders and be Institutional stability totally focused on training and preparing for and fighting the nation’s wars. In patrimonial armies’ troops owe primary allegiance to an individual rather than to a The standing army offered an important dynasty or an office. “Mughal military units means of employment and the only channel of were based on the principle of loyalty to social mobility for the peasants. Meritorious individual chiefs, the deaths of those chiefs performance would be rewarded with status in battle often lead to the disintegration of

116 UNITY JOURNAL those units” (Rosen, p. 149). However, the “There was difference in the administrative bitter political infighting between Rajendra and military policy of Prithivi Narayan. The Laxmi and Bahadur Shah did not affect the administrative posts were filled by family military campaigns. “Rajendra Laxmi had members of trusted courtiers. Kalu Pandey’s spent eight years in conquering the eastern family were given responsibility for India Chaubisi. In nine years, Bahadur Shah and the family of Shivaram Singh Basnet conquered the whole of western Nepal and were assigned responsibility for Tibet and Kumaon as well” (Stiller, 1995, p. 149). China. In the military field Prithivi Narayan They largely avoided politicizing the army did not discriminate, it was a field open to which would have led to the breakdown in talent” (Manandhar, 2015). Traditional ties the efficient functioning of its military role. were not promoted over competence. In The successors of Prithivi Narayan thus the early days of his career the indomitable managed to provide institutional stability at a was a sardar of Lamjung state. time when only a few countries in South Asia “The greater part of the Gorkha field army enjoyed it. This enabled Nepal to create a consisted of local troops” (Pemble, 2008, p. stable military organization. “During Bahadur 28.) “Recruiting men of the fighting castes Shah’s mukhtiyari the size of the Nepali army throughout Greater Nepal made the growth of expanded from 3,000 to more than 10,000” the Gurkha army possible” (Stiller, 1995, p. (Stiller, 1993, p. 29). Organizational stability 126). This also provided the basis for creating freed the army from having to depend on a truly national institution, a supra-ethnic the fate of a single individual and provided national army led by an effective command the time to develop professionalism and structure. transition to a professional army composed of disciplined units not individual warriors. The “Prithivi Narayan Shah believed in giving core of the army came to be based on full- equal importance to those who fight and those time, long-service professionals who were who play the supporting role while recruiting. able to transfer their sense of duty, discipline, To make the army strong it was not possible knowledge, experience and tactical expertise to depend on imported arms alone. That to the next generation. is why PNS invited the Muslims to Nepal to manufacture arms. Bahadur Shah also Multi-ethnic armies and meritocracy continued this practice” (Manandhar, 2015). In divided societies, there exists a lack of Leadership is crucial for military trust between those belonging to different effectiveness. In professional armies engaged groups. Under the pressure and heat of in war the main basis for promotion is battle armies belonging to such societies performance in the field of battle. If such can fragment. “Hindu and Muslim troops criteria are strictly adhered to, it will enhance serving together in the Mughal army did the morale and cohesion of the army and not trust each other, killing each other on create an effective command element. The the battlefield” (Rosen, p. 151). However, in Gorkhali army was composed of different the context of Nepal different ethnic groups ethnic groups but the leadership was selected came together and fought as a cohesive unit. How did this become possible? on the basis of experience and the ability to provide leadership in the field of battle. “By

117 UNITY JOURNAL continual reliance on officers who showed must compensate for its weakness by relying ability he (Prithivi Narayan) developed a solid more on the intangible factors. The military cadre of seasoned and capable officers who effectiveness of an army is judged on the were to form the hard core of Gorkha’s now basis of military outcomes in battles, not professional army” (Stiller, 1995, p. 106). intentions. The four factors elaborated above Sardar Jhagal Gurung, one of the commanders enabled Nepal to generate combat power out during the battle of Sindhuli Gadi, was a of proportion to its material resources and product of this system. These commanders achieve high levels of military effectiveness. showed initiative, aggressiveness and knack Even in the face of defeat the Nepali army for improvisation such as the use of nettles did not disintegrate as countless other South and mud balls containing wasps. Asian armies had in similar circumstances and proved to be a resilient and formidable The army slowly developed as a meeting adversary, a key characteristic of a competent ground of different . The Nepali professional army. garrison at Nalapani fort was composed of different ethnic groups. One of the units, Although Nepal ended up losing a large chunk Purano Gorakh, was a Magar paltan. Even of her territory, the resolute defense put up while desperately defending a fixed position by her convinced the British that the cost of under extremely adverse conditions, the annexing Nepal would be out of proportion to troops composed of young men from the gains to be derived from it. The army that diverse ethnic backgrounds retained their Prithivi Narayan had so painstakingly built unit cohesion and commitment. Performance year by year, generation after generation, at both the command level under Captain proved its military effectiveness in the crucible Balbhadra Kuwar as well at the rank and of war against an aspiring hegemonic power file level was impressive as they were and ensured the survival of the ‘dhungo’. active even while on the defense. What is The very fact that ‘asali’ Nepal continues to remarkable is not that some deserted, during stand tall even today as an independent and the latter phase of the battle but that most sovereign state attests to this assertion. stood their ground. Most armies would have disintegrated long before. The meritocratic References system ensured that diverse ethnic groups Barua, P. P. (2005). The state at war in South Asia. came together and fought as a united unit and USA: Board of Regents of the University of the bonds that held it together did not break. Nebraska. The challenges of ethnic loyalties were thus to a considerable extent overcome. Boot, M. (2006). War made new. New York: Penguin Group.

Conclusion Cross, J. P. (2004). The restless quest. Kathmandu: Besides material factors such as technology, Koselee Prakashan. economic strength and manpower the Handel, M. (1990). Weak states in the international outcome of war is also influenced by such system. (2nd. ed.). New York: FRANK CASS. factors as morale, national unity and the readiness to sacrifice. The weaker side while Manandhar, T. (2015). Interview. Katha fighting with the materially superior side Nalapaniko. Kathmandu: NEFAS

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Millet, A. R., Williamson, M. & Watman, K. Rosen, S. P. (1996). India and its armies. New H. (1986). The Effectiveness of Military Delhi: Oxford University Press. Organization. International Security, vol. 11, Number 1, pp 37-31. Sloan, E. C. (2002). The revolution in military affairs. Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Panta, D. (2015). Interview. Katha Nalapaniko. Press. Kathmandu: NEFAS Stiller, L. F., S. J. (1995). The rise of the house Pebble, J. (November, 2009). Forgetting and of the Gorkha. (Second Edition). Nepal: HRD remembering Britain’s Gurkha War. Asian Research Center. Affairs, vol. XL, no. III. Stiller, L. F., S. J. (1999). Nepal, growth of a Pemble, J. (2008). Britain’s Gurkha War. (Second nation. (Second Edition.). Nepal: HRD Edition). S. Yorkshire: Frontline Books. Research Center.

Ray, K. (2008). The armed expansion of English Whelpton, J. (1991). Kings, soldiers and priests. East India Company: 1740s-1849. In D.P. Delhi: Manohar Publications. Marston and C.S. Sundaram (Eds.), A military and South Asia, (pp. 1-15). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

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Nepal’s military diplomacy: Retrospect and prospect

Pragya Ghimire

Abstract Moreover, Nepal should continue building synergies between its national security, Military diplomacy has been an important foreign and development policies as well as security and foreign policy tool for strengthening military diplomacy both at many centuries. However, in the age of bilateral and regional levels. globalization, its importance has grown more rapidly than ever because of the recognition Keywords: military diplomacy, civil-military that country’s survival and development also relations, regional security dialogue depend on a peaceful and stable national and regional environment. Some of the significant Military diplomacy practices in the past reflect that various tools After the Second World War (1939–1945), of military diplomacy could be implemented the allied military force engaged in a multi- to strengthen country’s overall diplomacy, faceted military diplomacy in Europe, Japan including bilateral and multi-lateral contacts and South Korea. For example, the US’s of military and civilian defence officials of European Recovery Plan post-World War foreign countries; preparing bilateral/multi- II, also known as Marshall Plan remains lateral security and defence agreements; central to the recovery missions of Europe exchanging experience with foreign military from the war, establishing democracies, and and civilian defence officials; providing laying foundation for long-term economic military assistance and support to other growth and development. In the US, with countries, such as aid, materials and its military’s long engagement all around equipment when there is need and request the world, the military personnel serving during the disaster or humanitarian crises. overseas were often at the forefront of However, these tools of strengthening military American diplomacy, considering that such diplomacy will not be as effective as expected a discretion can be supporting to accomplish if there is no effective civil-military relations goals and objectives of the country’s foreign and synergies between a country’s national policy. security and foreign policy. Moreover, it will require strong expertise and good command Traditionally, military diplomacy which is of civilian diplomats on security issues and also taken for defence diplomacy used to military diplomats on foreign policy issues. be a major tool for the peacetime military To strengthen its military diplomacy to cooperation and assistance to strengthen allies contribute to Nepal’s overall diplomacy and against common enemies. Andrew Cottey foreign policy, it will require more military and Anthony Forster remark that the western attaché in Nepal foreign diplomatic missions democracies increasingly started using of vital security and development interest. military diplomacy for multiple purposes,

120 UNITY JOURNAL such as to encourage multilateral regional example, the ShangriLa Dialogue, which is cooperation, support the democratisation held annually by an independent think tank, of civil-military relations, and assist states the International Institute for Strategic Studies in post-conflict reconstruction for peace, (IISS), is “Asia's inter-governmental development prosperity ever since early security forum attended by defence ministers, 1990s (2004). It has been applied in several permanent heads of ministries and military countries, and Nepal has been gradually chiefs of 28 Asia-Pacific states. The dialogue using such taking such measures. is premier forum to discuss pressing security challenges and come up with fresh solutions Given the above background, the modern together.” The military diplomacy is one of definition of military diplomacy is: “To the strategies to resolve national and regional provide forces to meet the varied activities problems while other measures fail to undertaken by the Ministry of Defence to accomplish specific goals. dispel hostility, build and maintain trust, and assist in the development of democratically Similarly, under its “Look East” policy, India accountable armed forces (Swistek, 2012). has also been using its military diplomacy Swistek considers the following activities to build strategic and economic partnerships parts of military diplomacy: in South and East Asia by participating in varying degrees of military-to-military • Creating bilateral and multi-lateral exchanges. For example, in 2016, “India contacts of military and civilian defence official of foreign countries; appointing conducted joint military exercises with defence attaches in country’s foreign , Indonesia, and Japan; and engaged missions; in high-level visits with Vietnam, Singapore, and China” (“ChinaPower”). Similar kinds • Preparing bilateral/multi-lateral of diplomatic fronts function in the West, security and defence agreements; including Europe and North Americas. conducting training activities with foreign military and defence personnel; In general, the military diplomacy can set objectives could be divided into two • Exchanging experience with foreign military and civilian defence officials categories: strategic and operational including experiences on civil-military objectives. Strategic objectives include relations and democratic control of armed supporting overall military diplomacy by forces; engaging key countries on military and security matters, including providing public • Proving military assistance and goods, strengthening military to military support to other countries, including aid, cooperation and technical assistance. materials and equipment when there is Operational objectives include collecting need and request during the disaster or humanitarian crises (Swistek, 2012, pp. intelligence on foreign militaries, learning 79-86). new skills, techniques, and procedures and benchmarking country’ military capabilities In addition to the use of military diplomacy against other militaries (McDonald & in bilateral relations, more recently, military Burgoyne, 2019). diplomacy is also understood as a specific subset of a broader regional cooperation. For

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To summarize, defence diplomacy is also improve the strategic environment by understood to include the range of non- building high-level trust through regular warlike activities undertaken by the armed dialogues among senior defence officials. forces with an objective of developing a For example, the member countries of the positive image in the international community Association of Southeast Asian Nations and contribute to the country’s overall foreign (ASEAN) have been using the common, policy and diplomacy. comprehensive and cooperative security to avoid the consequences of confrontational Military diplomacy and foreign policy approaches to national and regional security. As mentioned above, military diplomacy Now, the question is: What would a good includes a set of non-combat activities carried practice in military diplomacy look like out by a country’s armed forces to advance its in the context of a country’s foreign national diplomatic interests. For example, policy? To be effective, defence diplomacy most of the diplomatic missions with a high should be developed and implemented in foreign policy priority, appoints military close coordination with the foreign and attaché, who are diplomats in uniform but development ministries to ensure coherence posted in different diplomatic missions. The among country’s foreign policy, security and tradition of military attaché was first emerged development agendas. If military diplomacy in Europe in the nineteenth century. is not being fully integrated with the nation’s It is widely believed that the main appeal of overall foreign policy and diplomatic efforts, defence diplomacy is that it provides a less it could be counter-productive for country’s controversial means to work collaboratively political stability and peace. on security issues than traditional diplomatic This means that strong civil-military relation methods because most activities of the is very important for the effectiveness of military diplomacy are related to military military diplomacy. Civil leaders should have cooperation, dialogue, joint drills, and better understanding of military policy and training activities. Since military diplomacy strategy so that defence diplomatic should is exercised to strengthen military to military be considered in a broader context, but not relations, it is expected to reduce tensions and just restricting it to military-defence policy help manage crises between countries. This context. Similarly, military personnel, who are is why it is believed that both civilian and in charge of military diplomacy, should also military personnel working in non-coercive have better understating of country’s foreign ways provides the opportunity to keep crises policy and a broader development context. from escalating. For example, in addition to their knowledge It is also believed that military diplomacy and professional skills of military, a military is instrumental to accelerating information attaché should also have the skills required flows and enhance the mutual understanding of professional diplomats including skills of of states, particularly understanding about intelligence, tact, teamwork, adaptability, the the red lines between countries regarding ability to communicate messages precisely to their security concerns, territorial and the target audience” (Cooper & Heine et al., other disputes. Defence diplomacy can 2013).

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Nepal’s military diplomacy In Nepal, there is an overwhelming perception that military diplomacy is only conducted It is often believed that powerful and bigger by military. However, as explained above, countries more frequently engage in military military diplomacy should not be viewed in diplomacy as they have resources and a narrow sense. Eric Pajtinka military defines tools to effectively maneuver their tactics military diplomacy as “a set of activities and strategies in the best of their national carried out mainly by the representatives of interests. However, Nepal has been tactfully the defense department, as well as other state responding to its immediate neighbors and institutions, aimed at pursuing the foreign countries overseas. policy interests of the state in the field of Ever since the 1816 Sugaulee Treaty, Nepal security and defence policy, and whose has been involved several battles in Asia and actions are based on the use of negotiations beyond as mercenary soldiers to the British and other diplomatic instruments” (2016, pp. Empire. During the Rana regime, Nepal 81-82). Thus, it is not only the military, but maintained neutral relations with the foreign also the civilians, who are working in the area countries except the Nepal Army’s direct of security and defense, should also engage involvement in the initiated on promoting military diplomacy including wars across the world. The Gurkha soldiers, foreign visits on national security and lessons including those in the Nepali Army and the from other countries, such as participation at British Army have served the imperial powers the official ceremonies and other events and as mercenary soldiers. During last several promoting cooperation, communication and centuries, many Nepalis have engaged in mutual relations with department departments foreign battles and sent mercenary force for and military forces of other countries. foreign powers. In that way, the Rana regime The National Security Policy 2016, which initiates the military diplomacy. has been updated by the current government Nepal’s military consistently stays connected and has not been made public yet, aims to to the foreign armies, including those of India, prevent Nepal Army and other security bodies UK and US for training, technical assistance from holding casual visits with security and joint military exercises. Nevertheless, counterparts stationed at various foreign Nepal has increasingly been reaching the missions within the country. The document Chinese Military while maintain close envisions that countries that have bilateral connections with the armies of Bangladesh, ties with Nepal shall coordinate security- Pakistan and Shree Lanka. Moreover, the related activities and interactions through Nepali Army continuously launches joint Nepal government’s Ministry of Defence. drills and trainings with armies of these In a way, the Nepal’s National Security countries. Further, the world communities Policy 2016 has two contradictory objectives. appreciate Nepal’s tremendous contribution On the one hand, the National Security to the United Nations in its peacekeeping Policy aims to ensure “Enhancement of missions to the war–ravaged and conflict– international support and cooperation by ridden countries across the globe. increasing bilateral and multilateral relations and cooperation through effective operation

123 UNITY JOURNAL of diplomatic relations” (2016, pp. 11-12). on a range of activities related to military On the other hand, the major limitation of diplomacy to deal with security more widely the Nepal’s National Security Policy 2016 rather than just with defence matters. is that it aims to restrict Nepal Army to be in touch with foreign powers but does not Second, Nepal should continue its take into account how Nepal’s Security and contribution towards multinational efforts to Foreign Policy be brought to together to build maintain international security, including its synergies between these two policies. participation at the United Nations missions. This will tremendously help to build positive Conclusion image about the country and strengthen Nepal’s bilateral and multilateral relations. In the age of open and globalised economy, Nepal’s participation in such efforts would countries’ survival and development also also help to enhance Nepal’s own security depends on a peaceful and stable national as well by knowledge exchange and capacity and regional environment. Based on the development of Nepal’s military. experiences from the ASEAN countries, defence diplomacy has a huge potential in Third, as mentioned above, Nepal’s diplomat case of Nepal to manage current and future as well as military attaché should have better tensions by improving information flows orientation about Nepal’s national foreign and building trust with two big neighbouring and security policies. Thus, to be diplomatic countries (Cottey & Forster, 2004, p. 65). policy effective, both military and civilian Nepal should be taking some measures to defence personnel should also have a broader protect its sovereignty amidst the emerging knowledge of country’s foreign policy and powers through some military diplomacy. diplomacy to effectively discharge their job of military diplomacy. There should be strong First, Nepal should continue strengthening its synergies between Nepal’s National Security military cooperation and ties with all major Policy and Foreign Policy. powers, including India, China, United States and United Kingdom. Its military capability Finally, the Nepali Army has proposed to the incorporates effectiveness of Nepal’s foreign government to add several military attaché in policy and diplomatic relations while more diplomatic missions abroad, including balancing superpowers. For example, if Nepal in India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the continues its military cooperation with China, US and the UK. These new positions will United States and the United States, Nepal contribute to Nepal’s overall diplomacy and could secure necessary supports from the foreign policy. More specifically, having UN member countries for the Nepali Army’s military attaché in France and Russia, increasing presence in the UN peacekeeping which are the permanent members of the missions. Nepal’s technical cooperation with UN Security Council, will help coordinate these countries could help upgrade Nepal’s Nepal’s overall presence and participation at security forces by providing training to UN peacekeeping missions. The government Nepal’s military and police officials. Nepal of Nepal, thus, should increase the number should also promote regional diplomacy by of attachés in those countries with vital learning from Singapore and other countries, diplomacy interest of Nepal. such as the Shangri-La Dialogue by engaging

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References McDonald, D. Scott & C. Burgoyne, Michael, eds. (2019). China's global influence: Perspectives Andrew, F. C., Heine, J. & Thakur R. Eds. (2013). and recommendations. Asia-Pacific Center for The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy. Security Studies in Honolulu. UK: Oxford UP. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Defense. Brisley, N. (December, 2019). The possibilities National Security Policy 2016. Retrieved from and limits of defence diplomacy in Asia. http://mod.gov.np//public/files/231574029- Retrieved from https://defence.gov. National%20Security%20Policy,%202016. au/WhitePaper/docs/250-Bisley.pdf. pdf. 18 December 2019.

China Power, how is China bolstering its Pajtinka, E. (2016). Military Diplomacy and Its military diplomatic relations? Retrieved from Present Functions. Security Dimensions: https://chinapower.csis.org/china-military- International and National Studies. 2016. pp. diplomacy/ 10 January 2020. 81-82.

Cottey, A. & Forster, A. (2004). “Strategic Swistek, G. The nexus between public diplomacy engagement: defence diplomacy as a means and military diplomacy in foreign affairs of conflict prevention.” The Adelphi Papers, and defence policy. Partnership for Peace 44 (365). Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes, 11 (2). pp. 79-86. CCS. (December, 2020). Regoinal defence diplomacy: What is it and what are its limits? CSS Strategic Background Paper, 21/2015. Retrieved from https://www.wgtn. ac.nz/strategic-studies/documents/strategic- background-papers/21-defence-diplomacy- and-regional-military-cooperation.pdf.

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Complex nature of humanitarian crisis: Unique dynamics of civil military relations in Nepal

Ratindra Khatri

Abstract disaster response, there is a debate whether the military is a right institution to involve The Nepali Army in its vital role in in the humanitarian response operations. humanitarian assistance and disaster However, keeping in mind Nepal’s reality response operation in Nepal receives without compromising primary role of reputation the world wide. Nepal is prone national sovereignty, territorial integrity to disaster risk and the majority of people and national independence, the Nepali Army are living in vulnerable situation. Every should enhance its capability to save lives year Nepal is facing different types of and property from disasters and hazards. disasters that caused massive loss of lives and properties. Nepal has not been able to Keywords: Nepali Army, humanitarian prepare any other viable alternatives in the assistance, disaster response, disaster civil society, so there is no other choice than management, Civil-Military coordination, s utilizing military or security forces during any disasters. The Nepali Army has vast inbuilt Introduction resources to mobilize its troops effectively in Nepal, located in the area where the Indian and any parts of the country. However, timely Eurasian Plates hit, is one the most frequent and effective disaster response is very earthquake occurrence areas in the world difficult due to numerous constraints and (JIACA, 2018, p. i). Besides, the country is complexities. Difficult terrain, limited road plagued by many recurrent hazards, such as communication, inadequate resources and floods, landslides, avalanches, earthquake, insufficient response capacity are prime thunderstorm, windstorm, cloudburst, reasons that make response operations lightening, hailstone, drought and different very challenging. The Army together with types of epidemics. Geographically, Nepal other security agencies is performing role lies in a rugged and challenging terrain. as per the given mandate articulated in act, Developing infrastructures in such types of rules, framework and guidelines. In this terrain is a daunting task, as its cost is very situation, building civil-military coordination high for an underdeveloped country like mechanism can be an effective means to Nepal. Inhabitants mainly from remote areas respond to the disaster. As a matter of fact, are deprived of basic facilities. Maintaining a comprehensive disaster army should access to these areas to effectively respond continue dialogue, training and exercise with to disasters in this terrain remains a genuine foreign militaries for better understanding problem in the context of Nepal. Humanitarian and learning through experience. Despite Assistance and Disaster Response Operation the Nepali Army’s spectacular capability to (HADR) has become the Nepali Army’s core

126 UNITY JOURNAL competence with outstanding performances monsoon rainfall, leads to a wide range in saving lives and property home and of geological and hydro-meteorological overseas over centurie. hazards affecting the country. In addition, Nepal’s geological characteristics together In Nepal, natural disaster management with torrential rain during rainy season often consistently focuses on response operations, results in landslides, debris flows, and floods which was restricted to rescue and relief. (UNISDR, 2015, p. 2). The people living in It is generally understood that disaster the mountain regions are exposed to different management is an exclusive responsibility of types of hazards. The mountain ranges in the Nepali Army (NA). Whenever there is any Himalaya are young with unstable geology, type of emergency, NA is called for rescue steep slopes and unpredictable climate. As and relief assistance. An established security a result, the region is highly susceptible to institution of Nepal, NA with its strong natural hazards such as floods, flash floods, military capability and sufficient resources has landslides, avalanches and earthquakes. been applauded for its efficient and effective Ultimately, when these hazards convert into response to disasters over decades. In Nepal, a disaster, they have substantial impact in NA sustains sufficient resources in terms of populated areas. Responding to the multitude human capital, transportation, emergency of hazards is indeed a complex job in Nepal. medical assistance, communication and, on Reaching congested locations in remote areas top of that, a disciplined force functioning on has become difficult without concrete roads, a strong chain of command. foot trails and airstrips. From the beginning of the twenty–first Legal provision of disaster response century, the concept of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) was developed and many Prior to the enactment of the Natural Disaster other civilian stakeholders emerged. Most of (Relief) Act, 1982, natural disasters were them are working in term of preparedness, and responded at the moment they occurred. We whenever an actual disaster hits the country, had neither pre-disaster preparedness nor post they are involved in response, relief and disaster mitigation measures. Disasters were recovery operations. Under the coordination often treated as acts of god and as a scourge. of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA), All forces and resources were used on an ad NA has developed a unique relationship with hoc basis to alleviate the misery brought to the civilian agencies to efficiently respond to communities (Pradhan, 2007, p. 37). In that disaster. backdrop, the Nepali Army in support of the Nepal Police was the major force at the local Disaster complexity in Nepal level. Following the enactment of the Act of In the present context of Nepal, it is unlikely 1982, public awareness to disaster response that the Nepali Army would need to respond was created. The Act had a provision of NA’s to a complex emergency while complexity of membership in search and rescue committees disasters is common phenomenon. Nepal’s from the central to local level (MoHA, 1982). landscape, which is predominantly composed The National Disaster Response Framework of hills and steep mountains, combined with (NDRF) - 2013 highlighted NA as one of fragile geological formations and heavy the major actors to provide responsibility to establish a Multi-National Military

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Coordination Center (MNMCC) (MoHA, Head of Disaster Management Division of 2013). Based on the same provision, NA Nepal Police and Armed Police Force Nepal. took responsibility of coordination between The NA takes the command of the Search and international military and search and rescue Rescue Operation”(MoHA, 2019). assets during Operation ‘Sankat Mochan’ responding to the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake Inherent capability of the Nepali Army (Nepali Army, 2015, p. 9). See in Figure A NA is dedicated to National Security, territorial about coordination mechanism with Foreign integrity and sovereignty of Nepal. That is Military during the Nepal Earthquake 2015. its primary duty. However, as a peacetime engagement without compromising its primary role it is committed to various secondary roles as well. Among them disaster management is one of the important roles. The army has already developed a Directorate of Disaster Management designated for this role with two disaster management battalions and a Disaster Management Training School. Apart from these dedicated troops, the entire NA’s units are ready to respond to disasters in their respective area of operations. The NA has certain inherent characteristics that help them effectively respond to crises Figure A in any type of disasters, which are briefly Moreover, NA’s rigorous engagements in summarized below: almost all disasters are in the capacity of a first responder. Immediately after the 1. NA is a readily deployable force; it earthquake, NA established the MNMCC in remains on 24-hour standby, so that it can order to expedite the systematic mobilization be deployed immediately to respond to and coordination of international search and disasters. rescue teams in the form of multinational 2. NA is physically present in all 77 military assistance (CFE-DM publication districts to cover designated areas of spring, 2016, p. 16). responsibility. 3. The army is self-sustained for Article 6.6 of the revised version of the NDRF operational aspects, effective to manage 2018 stated that “For search, rescue and relief institutional logistics as well as additional operations, under the leadership of Chief supports as required. Executive Officer of the Authority a search and rescue command post will be established 4. NA by its nature has core competence at the National Emergency Operation Center to respond to crises with credible instances (NEOC). The command post shall consist of of rescue and operation home and abroad. Joint Secretary from Disaster Management 5. NA has unique and critical capability of Ministry of Home Affairs, Director of to perform multiple tasks, roles and Disaster Management, Nepali Army and responsibilities at the same time.

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6. NA’s discipline is considered an The NA's responses to disasters exemplary institution in local and global spheres. NA has been playing a significant role in HADR operations in Nepal over centuries. 7. NA has capability to work in complex NA is the national force capable and alert to and difficult geographically terrain. Nepal respond natural and manmade disasters in is a highly rugged and difficult country, the country through search, rescue and relief. and the NA personnel are well trained to NA has been contributing in protecting lives maneuver against adverse situations. and property by mobilizing its capable and 8. NA should always be prepared to trained force at times of disaster. NA has save lives and property during disasters done appreciable work in various natural since Nepal does not have a strong credible calamities (MoHA, 2016). alternatives to rescue operation so far. In response to the 2015 April devastating The Oslo Guideline is the prime document earthquake, NA deployed troops throughout that facilitates foreign military to deploy in the affected areas. Ninety percent of the friendly country for Humanitarian Assistance available troops were deployed on the and Disaster Response operations. The NA ground. Total 66,069 were involved, out of personnel have developed excellent working which 52,870 were in 594 sites across the relationships with many foreign militaries, 14 most earthquake-affected districts. Teams through joint training, planning, exercises deployed in the areas were capable of medical and activities. Some of the activities that the response, establishment of relief distribution NA undertakes include Disaster Response points and preparation of helipads (Nepali Exchange and Exercise (DREE) and Tempest Army, 2015, p. 34). Express. This relationship is a part of the peacetime engagement focusing on HADR NA had another unique opportunity to operations. These foreign military institutions support people in shocking disasters in the normally have the following capacities: neighborhood and abroad. For an example, the Nepali Army personnel were deployed in 1. Heavy airlifting capabilities the UN Mission in Haiti (MIUSTAH) from 2. Emergency medical support with the beginning. When a devastating earthquake mobile surgical hospital capability stuck, a couple of the Nepali Army battalions were engaged in operations in the mission 3. Air Traffic Management areas. As a survivor, from the first minute of 4. Technical Assistance disaster, troops were involved in Search and Rescue operations. Throughout the year, NA’s 5. Engineering Support for debris troops were involved in different activities of clearance and critical infrastructure disaster response operations. This columnist repairing. was also one of the survivors and responders 6. Logistics Support of the Haiti Earthquake – 2010 in the capacity 7. Search and Rescue of Chief Military Personnel Officer of the Mission Headquarter and National Contingent 8. Relief support such as water Commander of Nepali Contingent. purification and utilities

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Unique dimension of civil-military In case a disaster has caused a colossal loss coordination of lives and property; nationally available internal means and resources available in NA is able to establish a unique relation with local and national levels can be inadequate. sister organizations and other civilian actors Moreover, the Government of Nepal (Council involved in the process. The Nepal Police of Ministers) may appeal for an International always remain as a supporting force and the Assistance through the UN Resident Armed Police Force, is also mandated with Coordinators Office. That includes military the responsibility of disaster management assistance from their immediate neighbours in the same manner by the Government of and friendly countries overseas. During the Nepal. For command and coordination, the time of disaster, as per the direction of the Ministry of Home Affairs is designated as Executive Committee and in coordination an apex body. The new act of disaster risk with the Authority, the NA can establish the reduction and management has included Multi-National Military Coordination Center National Investigation Department (NID) and (MNMCC) to mobilize international search, Provincial Police in the group of ‘security rescue and relief assistance. Within the frame agencies’ to respond to crises in Nepal of revised version of the NDRF, NA will (MoHA, 2019, p. 56). establish a Nepali Army Crisis Management The modern concept of disaster management Center (NACRIMAC) for HADR operations emphasizes to preparedness, response, (MoHA, 2019, p. 48). Regarding Foreign recovery and mitigation as major periods Military deployment APC MADRO have of the disaster cycle. When the concept of developed an overarching guideline for Disaster Risk Reduction was initiated in the Asia Pacific Region: “The sovereignty, Nepal, the Humanitarian Community started territorial integrity and national unity of playing an effective role in the humanitarian States must be fully respected in accordance space of Nepal. This community, which with the Charter of the United Nations. In consists of domestic and international this context, humanitarian assistance should agencies and organizations, primarily intends be provided with the consent of the affected to provide humanitarian aid, assistance, country and in principle on the basis of an relief, development support and human appeal by the affected country” (MoHA, rights advocacy. It includes small local 2019, p. 48). Further APC MADRO gave relief societies, large International Non- emphasis on “foreign military assets involved Governmental Organizations (INGOs), and in international disaster response operations International Organizations (IOs). Also remain under their own national command included are the International Committee of and control, operating in support of the the Red Cross (ICRC), and the International Affected State. In addition, foreign military Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent assistance should be provided at no cost to Societies (IFRC), as well as the National Red the Affected State” (OCHA, 2010, p. 20). Cross and Red Crescent Societies (OCHA, Broadly, NA needs to coordinate with the 2010, p. 23). The United Nations Resident following components for the purpose of Coordinator normally acts as Humanitarian HADR operations: Coordinator (IASC, 2007).

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1. Government ministries, departments Military assistance can be divided in three and other parastatal agencies categories based on the degree of contact with 2. Sister organizations, including Nepal the affected population. These categories Police, Armed Police Force, National are important because they help concerned Investigation Department and Provincial agencies define which types of humanitarian Police activities might be appropriate to provide support (OCHA, 2007, p. 93), 3. Foreign Militaries through MNMCC 4. Humanitarian Communities, such as 1. Direct support – face to face UN Agencies, NGOs and INGOs 2. Indirect support – at least one-step 5. Bilateral cooperation with gap from the population International Friendly countries through 3. Infrastructure support – providing Defense attaché or designated focal person general service such as critical repair. 6. Donor community Issues and challenges 7. Red Cross and Red Crescent movement Despite NA’s significant role in HADR operations, we expose the key challenges in 8. Private Sectors and Civil Societies the following: 9. Media 1. Without adequate resources 10. Between different arms and services affectivity of army cannot be maintained, within NA

131 UNITY JOURNAL therefore, certain equipment and resources - Impartiality – must be on basis on need to be provided at all levels. need alone, not by any other vested 2. Lack of understanding of each other’s reason roles, mandate, responsibilities and tasks, - Operational Independence – must be the result will not be in perfect shape. autonomous Joint planning, training and exercise are required to cover this gap. Way forward 3. Lack of clarity of its role as per the Many aspects of Disaster Risk Management given mandate to other stakeholders. are gradually developing in the country. 4. Social media is a double-edged Enactment of the new National Disaster sword, if it goes the wrong way, it can Risk Reduction and Management Act and tarnish the image of NA very badly and implementation of Disaster Risk Reduction the actions may not be seen in the right and Management Rule, DRR Strategic Action way. Plan, DRR National Policy, the revised version of the National Disaster Response 5. Since an international practice army Framework are key developments on policy, considered the last resort to mobilize in guidelines and mechanisms. However, many the HADR operations. Due to various documents are yet to be developed. One of realities and constraints, the NA has a role the key needs is hazard-based risk assessment to play from the beginning. When the army of the entire country to provide information is seen in a lead role, some humanitarian on the need and priority for an integrated stakeholders may not feel comfortable disaster management process. to work in the same humanitarian environment. Working to increase the effectiveness of 6. Unhealthy competition and coordination between the NA and domestic duplication of work may sometime hinder civil agencies improves Nepal’s disaster the idea of complimenting each other’s response capabilities. It can also address work. Nepal’s key areas of vulnerability. To promote that cooperation several steps can be taken, 7. Personal bias of individuals involved including but not limited to (1) conducting in same humanitarian space. applied research, (2) helping to develop 8. Gap on communication channels enhanced capacity and procedures, and (3) and information dissemination prohibit supporting strategic thinking and dialogue sharing of resources at times of need. (Asian Foundation, 2017). 9. Adherence to the Humanitarian Military and civil defence assets should be Principles, especially during complex seen as a tool complementing existing relief emergency (OCHA, 2007, p. 12) mechanisms to provide specific support in - Humanity – human suffering must be response to the acknowledged humanitarian address gap between the disaster needs that the relief community is being asked to fulfil, and the - Neutrality – must not take sides resources available to meet them (OCHA, 2007, p. 8). Based on the general perspective

132 UNITY JOURNAL of OCHA, a series of applied research on and affected populations. In today’s world, civil-military aspects of disaster management the military plays an important role in are required in Nepal, to create: Humanitarian Assistance, and they should be used effectively at the right time, and the 1. Opportunity to develop knowledge right place. The bottom line to be highlighted of each other’s mandates, roles, capacities is that disaster management is not a business and limitations of one agency, and it requires an integrated 2. Clear awareness of the nature of this effort of all stakeholders. relationship One should understand that NA is best 3. Common understanding of when and equipped to handle disaster because they how, as well as how not to, coordinate have a wide assortment of heavy equipment between the military and the humanitarian needed for search and rescue missions, community. enormous reserve of trained personnel, and 4. Capacity of Search and Rescue of common culture of discipline and mission NA, Nepal Police and Armed Police Force oriented standard operations. Dedication and as per the guideline of International Search selfless service towards the people of Nepal and Rescue Advisory Group (MoHA, and the country is another prime factor. 2019). Without sufficient resources Since NA is standing as a backbone for effectivity cannot be maintained, disaster response in Nepal, maintaining a therefore, a minimum level of resources high standard of effectiveness is of utmost should be provided. necessity. Enhancing the capacity of NA’s 5. Implement a proactive DRR/DRM units with more resources and skilled work plan, program and activities that help to force is a critical need, which will not only substantially reduce disaster risk. Once increase the capacity of the NA, but also that risk is reduced, the impact of potential of the country. disasters will also be less, hence, intensity Reference of response required will also decrease. In that situation, comparably response CFE-DM Publication Spring. (2016). Liaison operation will be more effective. Volume VIII, A Journal of Civil-Military Disaster Management & Humanitarian 6. Maintain trust with all concerned and Relief Collaboration, Mission First and continue to keep this at the highest level. People Always: The Nepali Army’s AAR on Conclusion Operation Sankat Mochan, Hawaii. JICA. (April, 2018). The project for assessment Many other actors understand that the of earthquake disaster risk for the Kathmandu military can play a legitimate, as well as a valley in Nepal, Final Report, Volume I vibrant role in assisting humanitarian relief Summery, Kathmandu. efforts. Mainly during the critical phase of response operations the military can save The Brookings–Bern project on International the lives of many people at a time of need. Displacement. (January, 2011). IASC Their involvement can maximize potential Operational guidelines on the protection of persons in situations of natural disasters, benefits to the disaster response system Washington DC.

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The Asian Foundation. (2017). Disaster Ministry of Home Affairs. (April, 2016). The preparedness and response during political Gorkha earthquake – 2015. Experience and transition in Nepal: Assessing Civil and learning. Lalitpur: UNDP Publications. Military Roles in the Aftermath of the 2015 Earthquakes, Kathmandu. Nepali Army. (2015). The Nepalese Army in the aftermath of the Gorkha earthquake of 2015. Pradhan, B. K. (2007). Disaster preparedness for Experiences and Lessons Learned. Bhadrakali, natural hazards; Current status in Nepal, A Kathmandu report submitted to ICIMOD, Kathmandu. OCHA. (November 2007). Oslo guidelines, Ministry of Home Affairs. (1982). Natural Guidelines on the use of foreign military and calamity (Relief) Act 1982. Singhadurbar, civil defence assets in disaster relief, revision Kathmandu. 1.1, United Nation, Geneva.

Ministry of Home Affairs. (2013). National disaster OCHA. (2007). UN-CMCoord field handbook response framework, 2019. Kathmandu. (v.1.)) 101 Series, United Nations, Geneva.

Ministry of Home Affairs. (2019). Revised OCHA. (October 2010). Asia Pacific regional Version of national disaster response guidelines for the use of foreign military framework. First Amendment 2019. Lalitpur: assets in natural disaster response operations, UNDP Publication. Geneva, United Nations.

Ministry of Home Affairs. (2019). Disaster risk United Nations International Strategy for Disaster reduction and management Act 2017 and Reduction UNISDR. (June 2, 2015). 25 Disaster Risk Reduction and Management April 2015 Gorkha earthquake disaster risk Rules 2019. Lalitpur: UNDP Publication. reduction situation report DRR sitrep 2015- 002, https://www.unisdr.org/files/44592_ Ministry of Home Affairs. (July 2018). Disaster gorkhaearthquakedisasterriskreducti.pdf risk reduction strategic action plan 2018-2030, Kathmandu: UNDP Publication.

Ministry of Home Affairs. (2019. Revised Version of national disaster response framework, First Amendment 2019. Lalitpur: UNDP Publication.

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Security and development: Role of the Nepali Army in nation building

Sonika Adhikari

Abstract country today would not have been possible without the contribution of Nepali Army (NA) This paper aims to highlight the integral role from the time immemorial. Our constitution of Nepali Army towards national security further adds that safeguarding of freedom, and development. The researcher has applied sovereignty, territorial integrity, nationality, secondary source of research design to independence and dignity of Nepal, the rights collect the information. The result suggested of the Nepalese people, border security, that the Nepali Army played a major role economic wellbeing and prosperity shall be in the formation as well as the development the basic elements of the national interest of of Nepal as a strong stable nation–state. Nepal, which has also been the major interest For the national security, the Nepali Army of the Nepali Army. had fought many battles. Their contribution was visible from the unification campaign The Nepali Army lives by its ethos initiated by Prithvi Narayan Shah in 1740 AD of 'Mission First and People Always'; to the fought between the demonstrates, in its daily activities, its core Communist Party of Nepal and the government values of 'Duty, Integrity, Selfless Service, of Nepal from 1996 to 2006. Similarly, for the Courage, Discipline and Loyalty; and development of the nation, their role is visible adheres to the noble Guiding principles in infrastructure development, building civil of 'Patriotism, Camaraderie, Institutional military relation, disaster management, Cohesiveness, Respect for Diversity and nature conservation and so on. Nepali Army Dignity of Service'. The institutional history along with the national security has been of the NA establishes a direct link between expanding its role in sectors like education, modern Nepal and its national territory as health and recreation with the interest of invading independent principalities and serving the people. conquering territories through fortified armed strength was considered a common practice Keywords: Nepali Army, national security, (Nepali Army, 2019). Hence, the Nepali Army development has equally supported the transformation Introduction and development of Nepal from ‘nation formation’ to ‘nation building’. Constitution of Nepal 2015 defines Nepal as an independent, indivisible, sovereign, Role of Nepali Army in nation building secular, inclusive, democratic, socialism- The Nepali Army primarily aims at protecting oriented, federal democratic republican state. Nepal and ensures national security. The NA Such a constitution–defined identity of our has fought many battles against the alien's

135 UNITY JOURNAL armies and those of the soldiers of small war materials. After the Gorkhali troops principalities that existed in our country. “The finally captured Kathmandu (then known as Nepali Army’s military history coincides Nepal), the Gorkhali armed forces turned into with the country’s history, because the rulers the Nepali Army (Nepali Army, 2019). used the military as the tool to prolong their regime” (Bhattrai, 2017). Prithvi Narayan Shah would never have been able to continue the expansion campaign The 1700s was a century of uncertainty without a strong and motivated army. A series throughout the world. The world military of battles of Nuwakot and that of Kirtipur powers like Britain, France and Portugal had made significant contributions towards the been rigorously annexing colonies to expand unification of Nepal. Similarly, the battle of their Empires across the world. Clashes in Makwanpur (1762-63), Hariharpur Gadhi, their interests resulted in wars in different military operations of Mirkasim's force countries and principalities. Britain and (January 1763), the battle of Sindhuli, Kangra France were also moving towards South and Fort, a series of battles of Nalapani, the battle Southeast Asia. Such a move also threatened of Jaithak, Deuthal, Jitgadh, and so on, cannot Nepal ever since early decades of the even be imagined without brave Nepali eighteenth century. soldiers(Rayamajhi, 2019). “According to Stiller, the story of Nepal’s growth as a nation The British East India Company commenced spans the year from 1744 to 1951. Historian its rule in India in 1757 after the Battle of John Whelpton, in his book Kings, Soldiers Plassey. It was approaching Nepal while and Priests, writes that Prithvi Narayan Shah moving towards the Northeast. Nepal was conquered Kathmandu with support of Nepali divided into several principalities during this Army in 1769” (Poudel, 2016). period. At that time, King Prithvi Narayan Shah, hailing from one of the principalities The role of the Nepali Army was also evident called Gorkha, decided to unify those small during the ten–year Maoist Insurgency. Such kingdoms across Nepal. Although Gorkha an internal conflict between the Communist was small and economically weak, King Party of Nepal (CPN-Maoist) and Prithvi Narayan Shah amazed the world the Government of Nepal from 1996 to 2006 by undertaking the task of unification of had almost crippled the country on different those principalities in complex and difficult fronts. On 13 February 1996, the CPN had circumstances then. The Unification initiated the rebellion with a stated purpose Campaign was initiated in 1740 AD at the of overthrowing the Nepalese monarchy and time the British had already commenced establishing a People's Republic. It ended colonizing the Indian provinces. with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Accord on 21 November 2006. During the This was a turning point in the history of clash, the Nepali Army was mobilized to the Nepali Army. Since unification was pressure insurgents to come to negotiations not possible without a strong army, the with the establishment and the government management of the armed forces had to be of Nepal. The Nepalese monarchy has always exceptional. Apart from an organized standard relied on the military to consolidate its power army in Gorkha, technicians and experts had both against growing popular opposition and to be brought in from abroad to manufacture during violent uprisings (Dhungana, 2007).

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Hence, the Nepali Army continued to march Kathmandu to the Indian border with with Prithvi Narayan Shah’s quest of building 105 km road. a Hindu nation from 1743 to 1816 when  It also constructed the Kharipati – Nepal signed Sugauli Treaty with the British Nagarkot road. India. As Nepal turned from a monarchy  North West of Kathmandu, the to a republic and from a unitary to federal Trishuli - Somdang road cuts through setup, the Nepali Army has remained the sole 105 kms of extremely difficult terrain institution to defend the national unity, social completed in 1990. integrity and people’s sovereignty. Even after  the promulgation of the new constitution By developing the 88 km long Katari – in September 2015, the Nepali Army has Okhaldhunga road, the Everest region been consistently discharging its primary got necessities of life delivered right at duties and obligations to the leadership and their doorsteps with its completion in institution even in the fragile situation of 2005. Nepal.  It also constructed 28 km long Hile– Leghuwaghat for the country. Nepal lies in an area that is at a high risk from  The 86 km long Salyan–Musikot road natural calamities. On several occasions, the runs through some of the most remote Nepali Army, in response to several natural and deprived parts of Nepal completed and manmade disasters, has mobilized its in 2005. well-trained and highly skilled personnel in  rescue missions and saved thousands of lives The 232 km long Surkhet – Jumla road, and property (Nepalese Army, n.d). In building built in large parts by the NA, signaled a nation from building infrastructures like as one of the Herculean development roads to providing education and health, the achievements in modern Nepal. Nepali Army has been serving the people at  The Baglung– Beni – road, 91 all times, not just in times of natural disasters. km long, provides transport to a region The areas promoted by the Nepali Army rich in agriculture products. beyond primary duties involve the following  The 45 km long Drabya Shah Marga, areas: built with a view to combat insurgency through development and security 1. Infrastructure development simultaneously. The Nepali Army has constructed a number  The Besi Sahar–Chaame road, 65 of roads and highways, including those of km long mountainous road provides strategic importance for the country. NA has service support to one of the most constructed more than 1030 kilometers of road popular tourism areas in Nepal. in different parts of the country, particularly linking north-south remote parts of Nepal to  Several roads, including the 107 the rest of the country. In addition, almost km Chhinchu–Jajarkot, the 112 km 600 kilometers of road is under construction. Jajarkot-Dolpa, the 31 km Devsthal– These roads include: Chourjahari, the 145 Km Musikot– Burtibang, the 91 km Nagma–  The Nepali Army was the major partner Gamgadhi are currently under in the old Kantipath project linking construction to provide access to some

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of the remote and least developed areas sacrifice, institutional drive and integrity have of Nepal. made constructions projects cost effective  Likewise, the 81.8 km Nijgadh – for the Nepal Government and planners. Kathmandu fast track is currently Effectiveness of coordination between the under construction which considered Nepali Army and domestic civil agencies an important catalyst in the connection is critical both to improve Nepal’s disaster of the Terai and the capital city response capabilities and to address Nepal’s Kathmandu (Nepali Army, 2019). key areas of vulnerability. To promote that cooperation, specific measures can be taken, 2. Civil military relations including but not limited to (1) conducting applied research, (2) helping to develop Construction of development infrastructures, enhanced capacity and procedures, and (3) disaster management and preservation supporting strategic thinking and dialogue of nature are parts of the military work (Manandhar et.al, 2017). under civil-military relations. NA has also contributed significantly to the country and 3. Nature conservation community through the provision of specific capabilities, such as engineers, medical teams With a mission to protect endangered and Special Forces contingents. The NA species, plants and the natural heritage, personnel’s duty and excellent performances the Nepali Army has protected 12 out of have been widely acclaimed. "People First the 22 forests under protection ever since and Mission Always", a conceptual thinking 1975 (Nepali Army. 2019). Among them, and it aims towards creating, A Learning, 12 Battalions and Independent Companies Agile and Effective Organization” (Thapa, with some 6,778 troops protect forest areas 2019). measuring some 9,767 sq km. The impact of the mobilization of the Army is visible On 6 Poush 2076, the NA launched public in the rhino census in Chitwan National awareness programs on nature conservation Park. With the Army’s efforts to protect the to the students and teachers of Solukhumbu. Chitwan National Park, backing the Rhino Similarly, it organized another awareness project, the 1994 census estimated about 466 campaign for the cold affected people in individuals and this figure increased further Nawalparasi district. Then, it launched a free to 544 individuals in 2000. The Department health camp for the privileged and locals credits anti-poaching operations for the rapid of Bharatpur on 8 and 9 of Poush. Next, rise in the numbers. However, the demands the intensive mobile health camp jointly of internal security duties constrained the organized by the NA and the Ministry of conservation efforts of the Nepali Army. As Health resulted in 34,172 beneficiaries, a result, the number of rhinos in Chitwan including 329 surgeries. National Park fell to 372 individuals according to the census of 2005. With the The Nepali Army has been utilizing its improvement in the internal security and trained manpower and rich resources in consequent enhanced conservation efforts of support to Nepal’s missions of peace, the Army, the rhino population has steadily progress and prosperity for many decades. increased to 446. The Nepali Army personnel’s selfless

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Preservation of natural heritage is one of the  The 1993 torrential rainfall affected responsibilities given to the Nepali Army many of the districts, including by Constitution of Nepal 2015 and National Taplejung, Panchthar, Sindhuli, Sarlahi Security Policy 2016. and Rautahat. The Nepali Army mobilized its troops to evacuate 3842 4. Disaster management severely affected peopleand arranged The Nepali Army plays a vital role in ensuring medical treatments to 201 people on emergency assistance to needy people all over the spot. the country, a serious undertaking that has  The Nepali Army pulled off a become even more important in the present breathtaking aerial rescue operation on context. The primary roles of the Nepali Army 15 May 1995. A helicopter evacuated in disaster relief include search and rescue an American citizen, Sirbon B of missions, medical assistance and evacuation, the Swedish Everest Expedition and air rescue and mass evacuation and flood Gab of the Chinese Taipei control. The Nepali Army is committed Everest Expedition from an altitude of to support, in every possible manner, the 19200 feet. efforts of the Nepalese Government in  An aircraft with 12 people aboard establishing Nepal as a ‘Disaster Resilient crashed on 25 December 1999 in Community.’ Recently, in response to the Makwanpur. The Nepali Army massive earthquake, the Nepali government, personnel recovered the dead Nepali Army, and civil society mobilized all bodies with supports of the military the resources in support to survivors, joined helicopters In 2007, a heavy rainfall by an outpouring of international assistance resulted in a wide spread floods (Manandhar et.al, 2017). The major incidents and landslides in Taplejung, Jhapa, in which the Nepali Army has served the Bhojpur, Saptari, Mahottari, Dhanusa, people as a part of Disaster Management Kathmandu, Gorkha, Kaski, Syangja includes: and Parbat. The Army ground and air assets consisting of 2885 personnel  In 1934 AD, a devastating earthquake provided medical treatments to 10,000 hit Nepal. The Nepali Army helped people while rescuing them. evacuate, and temporarily house thousands of people.  In August 2008, the eroded the Eastern dyke near Kusaha and  The Nepali Army saved Singha Darbar spilled over to change its course of when this historical palace was on a flow where the NA rescued 15,060 huge fire in 1971 AD. persons from the inundated areas.  An earthquake measuring 6.6 Richter  An earthquake with a magnitude of scale hit Nepal on 21 August 1988 7.8 Richter scale struck Nepal with leaving 722 dead, 1421 seriously its epicenter on Barpak, Gorkha on 15 wounded and 11000 injured. The April 2015. Also known as the Gorkha Nepali Army launched rescue and earthquake, a magnitude 7.3 aftershock reconstruction operations, evacuating hit Nepal, causing massive destruction people, arranging first aids and relief of infrastructures, including schools, materials.

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health centers, power systems, national unity, independence, territorial roads and bridges. The Nepali integrity and sovereignty of Nepal. Right Army mobilized all of its units in 14 from its establishment, NA has fulfilled its affected districts to rescue victims, responsibilities and accountabilities in the most arrange logistics and reconstruct commendable manner. Its professionalism the infrastructures. Besides, the has been exhibited in the countless battles it Nepali Army personnel collaborated fought during the Unification Campaign in with international volunteers and eighteenth century, in safeguarding national representatives in rescue operations sovereignty and maintaining peace during and necessary aids distribution. insurgencies at different times over centuries. Army also has proudly represented Nepal 5. Rehabilitation center in the UN-led International Peace Keeping During the Maoist Insurgency period (1996 Missions around the globe since 1958 and to 2006), the internal conflict took away remains the fifth largest contributor of human thousands of lives while leaving thousands resource globally (Rayamajhi, 2019a). disabled. A comprehensive nationwide Conclusion rehabilitation program was required in Nepal with physical rehabilitation, psychological The NA is engaged in safeguarding territorial rehabilitation, vocational rehabilitation integrity; constructing roads; protecting and social awareness programs. Realizing parks and reserves; responding to disaster- such a need of the nation, the Nepali Army related crises (rescue and recovery); UN established a national rehabilitation center peacekeeping operations; the security of with supports from the Government of Nepal. V/VIPs; and the protection of crucial areas This center primarily aims at operating such as airports, banks and telephone towers. Surveillance Team, Physiotherapy unit, However, a debate is needed on whether to Artificial limb and appliance workshop, redefine, reorient, combine, modify or reduce Psychotherapy unit, Paraplegic home, the existing tasks (e.g. deciding whether to General ward-50 bedded (For amputees engage the army in nature conservation or in coming for prosthesis, disabled those need development work). Further, provisions on physiotherapy and orthosis) and Vocational redefining the size of and attributing exclusive training center for various trade groups. The characteristics to the NA are mentioned in the Nepali Army has provided 4.02 acre of land in interim constitution (Upreti & Vanhoutte, Chhauni (valued at Rs 256 million). Till date, 2009). the Government has allocated Rs 30 million for construction of building and Rs 2 million Hence, we can conclude that NA, along with for office furnishing and air conditioning of the national security has been expanding its the physiotherapy hall and has committed roles in sectors like education, health and further 22 million rupees for establishment recreation with the sole interest of serving of a physiotherapy unit and the necessary the people. Keeping domestic contribution furniture (Nepali Army, 2019). aside, the Nepali Army also has represented Nepal in the UN-led International Peace The Nepali Army has always been Keeping Missions around the globe. Its committed towards safeguarding the devotion to duty and excellence in executing

140 UNITY JOURNAL its responsibility has been widely acclaimed. Nepali Army (2019). Retrieved from https://www. The (NA) has stood firm in its resolve to nepalarmy.mil.np/page/history on November maintain stability and relentlessly supported 11, 2019. the transformation and development of Poudel, K. (2016). Nepal Army by people’s side. Nepal from ‘nation formation’ to ‘nation Retrieved from https://www.spotlightnepal. building’. While our country has seen a lot com/2016/03/04/nepal-army-by-peoples- of transformation in our journey from the side/ on December 26, 2019. monarchy to federalism, the Army’s place and role have always remained respectable Rayamajhi, P. (2019, March 18). Nepali Army in nation building: Quality leadership is the key. and stable. Nepali Army has been utilizing its Retrieved from https://thehimalayantimes. trained manpower and resources in support of com/opinion/nepali-army-in-nation-building- national progress for many decades. quality-leadership-is-the-key/ on December 24, 2019. References Rayamajhi, P. (2019a, March 18). Nepali Army in Bhattrai, U. (2017). Political settlement: nation building: Quality leadership is the key. Nepali Army’s role. Retrieved on December Retrieved from https://thehimalayantimes. 22, 2019, from https://thehimalayantimes. com/opinion/nepali-army-in-nation-building- com/opinion/political-settlement-nepal- quality-leadership-is-the-key/ December 24, armys-role/ 2019. Dhungana, S. K. (2007). Security sector reform Thapa, P. C. (2019, February 9). Civil military and peacebuilding in Nepal: A critical relation: In present socio political environment reflection. Journal of Peacebuilding & of Nepal. Retrieved from https://www. Development, 3(2), 70-78. doi:10.1080/15423 spotlightnepal.com/2019/02/09/civil-military- 166.2007.360918411040 relation-present-socio-political-environment- Hamal, L. B. (1995). Military history of Nepal. nepal/ on January 11, 2020. Sharda Pustak Mandir. The constitution of Nepal 2015 (CoN) s.4.1 (NPL) Manandhar, M. D., Varughese, G., Howitt, A. The constitution of Nepal 2015 (CoN) s.5.1 (NPL) M., & Kelly, E. (2017). Disaster preparedness and response during political transition in Upreti, B. R., & Vanhoutte, P. (2009). Security Nepal: Assessing civil and military roles in the sector reform in Nepal: Challenges and aftermath of the 2015 earthquakes, 8-11. opportunities. Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments. Geneva: LIT Nepal Army. (2019). Nepali Army. Retrieved Verlag, 165-187. on December 25, 2019, from https://www. nepalarmy.mil.np/page/bpd

Nepalese Army. (n.d.). Nepalese Army and disaster management. Retrieved from https://www.nepalarmy.mil. np/upload/publications/special/english_part1. pdf on 2019.

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Trajectories of social change in the development of Nepal’s countryside: Some sociological reflections

Youba Raj Luintel

Abstract of social change differ profoundly with other social sciences in their treatments of This paper explores dynamics in the capitalist social change in the sense that sociology market relations in Nepal's agricultural sector postulates social change of structural kind. and the resultant structural social change in Mahesh Khola, a village west of the capital This paper is divided into three parts. In the city, Kathmandu. I have studied a case of following section, I briefly conceptualize the Mahesh Khola valley during a couple social change from sociological standpoint. I of decades, from 1985 to 2008, to examine primarily follow Norbert Elias. This will be the expansion of agricultural markets as a followed by an empirical section, in which mechanism to transform rural livelihoods I pull three different empirical cases from into the maket–operated capitalist set up. countryside Nepal, each of which either re- In this research work, I would unfold how visits the original research sites after a gap of a process of transformation of agricultural two or three decades to see what changes have sector replicates a real development of the taken place, or take longer retrospective view rural sector, resulting in social disruptions of social change for more than two decades. and widening social inequalities. I juxtapose Finally, this paper concludes by making a such a long-term social change I discerned in synthetic analysis on these case studies in the Mahesh Khola with other studies of similar light of theoretical premise that it sets out. kind, one in Thak village, closer to Pokhara (Macfarlane, 2001) and the other along This paper primarily argues that understanding the corridor or Siddhartha Highway, from of social change should be sociologically Lumbini to Pokhara (Blaikie et al., 2002). In informed. Sociological approach to social doing so, my emphasis will be on investigating change is always social structural – meaning how the society-market interface evolved in that, social change needs to be looked at the dynamics of an agrarian society. social structures and institutions, which demands a long-term retrospective studies. Keywords: social change, countryside Nepal, At its empirical ground, I would support the agriculture, market–centered development, argument of social change with subclaims that Introduction one cannot miss out the structural alteration that long-term social change eventually This paper explores social change that manifests into in the case of countryside unfolds in a long-term. Such a durable social Nepal. In that sense, embedding class change does not connote an evolutionary analysis in the broader contexts of examining kind, nor does it follow social change of market dynamics are the two arenas of social functional kind. Sociological understandings change studies, which would unravel an ever

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–icreasing trend of widening and deepening still continues as to what should constitute social inequality. the central locus in a proper understanding of social change. But, to Norbert Elias, in Conceptual premise order to have a true understanding of social The study of social change is at the very change one should focus on “increased core of sociology. But the problem is differentiation and integration,” as well as how should one define social change (see “decreased differentiation and integration” Sztompka, 1993: 6; Dahrendorf, 1959: 127; (Elias, 1994: 182ff), which together form the and Collins, 1990)? Classical sociologists, two main directions in the structural changes since the time of Auguste Comte (1798- of societies. 1857), have been divided in the ways they Sociologically relevant social change, to explained it and there is still a lack of a Elias, is a process of structural change, which coherent and unified framework of analysis. he argues, may be reflected in personality The diverse interpretations of social change structures and which demands that a long- in contemporary (Jordan and Pile, 2002; term account of the process of change be Noble, 2000; Sztompka, 1993; Boudon, considered. Social change in this sense is 1986; Etzioni-Halevy, 1981) and classical often non-linear and cumulative. Such a (for example, Hawley, 1978; Chirot, 1977; social change that the three research works Hernes, 1976; Lenski, 1976; Smith, 1973; focus is certainly not a linear type, nor an Swanson, 1971; Parsons, 1970; Barth, evolutionary one in the nineteenth century. It 1967; Smelser, 1967; Zollschan and Hirsch, broadly resonates what Elias argues: 1964; Moore, 1963; Hagen, 1962) sociology literature are a case in point. A concept of social change that does not distinguish clearly between changes that Sociological understanding of social change relate to the structure of a society and those has developed primarily along two streams that do not – and, further, between structural of contesting arguments. While functionalists changes without a specific direction and (such as Parsons, 1970) would understand it in those which follow a particular direction over terms of modernisation, for the Marxists and many generations, e.g., toward greater or the political economists, however, a historical lesser complexity – is a very inadequate tool understanding of the changing forms of of sociological inquiry. (Elias, 1994, p. 184) class relations would reveal its true essence (Holton, 1985; 1981).1 Hence the debate Following Hawley, I reiterate that we should focus more on nonrecurrent changes of 1. A more concrete framework of analysis of irreversible kind. In his presidential address social change comes from Marx and his followers. to the American Sociological Society in the Despite sharing broadly an evolutionary scheme, late 1970s, Hawley argued that an account of the Marxian explanation of social change social change should look at “nonrecurrent combines (a) productive forces with (b) dynamics alteration of a social system considered as a of class relations. The central tenet of Marx is whole” (Hawley, 1978, p. 787). This definition that “…the continuing development of productive demands that an account of social change forces changes the relations between classes, and the condition of their conflict” (Bottomore, 1987: should primarily focus on (a) medium to long- 274). term alterations and (b) which are system-

143 UNITY JOURNAL wide. Hence, only the sustained changes that also follow quite distinct methodological and leave some marks in the very structure of the theoretical approaches. In that sense each of society can truly be considered social change these studies is unique. What brings them (see Hernes, 1976 for details). This is how the closer is their broader overview on Nepal's present research explicates social change as long-term social changes, particularly in its a structural process of social transformation countryside, during this period. in terms of class dynamics. And, at the very core of this structural transformation, there Trajectory 1. Alan Macfarlane’s reflection lies a powerful and pervasive force at work, on 30 years of change in Thak (a village in which is the market, specifically, the capitalist Nepal’s mountain region near to Pokhara) market. entitled “Sliding down hill” (Macfarlane, 2001) builds on its original study In this paper, I will refrain from looking into Resources and Population (Macfarlane, changes over “many generations” to identify 1976). Macfarlane’s account contributes “a figurational change,” as Elias did in his enormously to expanding our understanding quest for the process of state formation and of long-term social change in the specific civilisation building (Elias, 1994: 184). In context of Nepal. Although Macfarlane’s this paper, I investiage into the structural account “does not make a pleasant reading” social change unfolded in three research because it reports “a move [of Thak] from sites in respective time frames with an aim bad to worse” (Luintel, 2001, p. 112) with to identify a discernible pattern in long-term details that people have become thinner and social change. In doing so, my emphasis will more unhealthy, the livestock population has be on investigating how the society-market depleted, farm productivity has plummeted, interface evolved and how did it articulate the real earnings of village workers have in the dynamics of an agrarian society. Here shrunk leading to the staggering indebtedness Elias cautions us that looking at changing of the village households; and all this resulted class figurations in understanding structural in unforeseen “extensive and permanent out- social change will remain less fruitful if such migration” (Macfarlane, 2001, p. 106). changes are not looked at in the wider context of their articulation with larger processes, It also reports that despite some economic such as the expansion of the capitalist market, improvements, owing to army recruitment for example. or overseas labour migration, the inhabitants of Thak neither sent part of their income The trajectories of long-term social change back home, nor they themselves came back to Thak. They would rather settle in In this section, I attempt to bring three different nearby towns, in this case Pokhara. To Ben studies together (Macfarlane, 2001, Blaikie Campbell, Thak’s case shows that a place et al., 2002, and Luintel, 2010) to reveal the that was to inspire so much development trajectories of long-term social change being activity in the hills remains in a state of unfolded in Nepal's countryside. Theses case under-investment. The peripheralisation of studies span a period of last five decades Thak, he argues, in relation to the growth in (1970s onward). These studies are carried out urban conglomerations, in some ways shows by different scholars on different time periods the fate of Nepal’s other rural communities and in different geography of the country. They (Campbell, 2001).

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In both Resources and Population subjects. In either case, his account posited (Macfarlane, 1976) and “Sliding down hill" ecological conditions or urban development (Macfarlane, 2001), there are a number as overpowering to the community as if of flaws, some methodological and others people did not have any capacity to adjust, analytical. To both Campbell and Luintel, adapt or reposition the ways they lived. Macfarlane’s account misses out the larger context in which social change unfolded in Trajectory 2. A year after Macfarlane Thak. Macfarlane developed a picture of brought his reflection to a broader academic social change as if it were independent of a attention, a group of British scholars from larger political economic context, such as, East Anglia University, namely Piers Blaikie, the expansion of the market and capitalist John Cameron and David Seddon (Blaikie encroachment on the one hand, and the et al., 2002) published a little more rigorous international division of labour on the other. reflection based on their re-survey of 20 years Macfarlane’s admits that his prediction (of “no of change in the lives and ideas in some of forest in Thak by the year 2000”) that he did their original research villages from west in his doctoral research (Macfarlane, 1976) central Nepal (that literally spanned from turned wrong. Such a capitalist mode of social Pokhara to Lumbini). Their research reflects change steadily prompts a new population upon their original account of the highly process (such as outmigration) coming into popular, Nepal in Crisis (Blaikie et al., 1980), effect. To both McHugh (2001) and Seddon for which they had originally conducted (2001) who reviewed Macfarlane’s account, field-research during 1974-75. Their original it fails sufficiently to recognise the analytic research into the political economy of agrarian importance of social divisions and class change in Nepal drew an overall conclusion inequality in Thak. These are some of the that Nepal was, in the mid-1970s, in a state social dynamics that emerged so robustly in of crisis, fundamentally rooted in a failure of his recent reflection (but Macfarlane still fails productive organisation associated with its to recognise them). Had Macfarlane opened economic and political underdevelopment. his mind to a slightly different analytic Such a pessimistic conclusion of Blaikie route, such as, for instance, including some and his colleagues (Blaikie et al., 1980) treatment of the political economy of class, resonates in many respects with Macfarlane’s it would have better enabled him to grasp mentioned above. The origins of Nepal’s the internal dynamics of the long-term social crisis, they saw, were derived partially change in Thak between the mid-1970s and from the particular form of imperialism the turn of the century. experienced by Nepal which allowed it to Macfarlane can also be challenged for his maintain formal political autonomy vis-à-vis analytic weakness in according little value its giant neighbour, India - a point Macfarlane to the agency of the people in question. For missed out completely. Their original study instance, in his original research, Macfarlane showed that while Nepal’s experience as posited his research subjects as entrapped “semi-colony” ensured a degree of “forced in external ecological conditions. Later in stagnation” in its production and productivity his reflection, he portrayed urban growth (in sectors, it also led to an increased population Pokhara) as a new externality to his research pressure on marginal land, emigration, and ecological decline (Blaikie et al., 1980).

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Following an analytical framework that the relations of production; circumstances combined class analysis with dependency for individual migration had proven theory, their original study found a dynamic considerably more positive than anticipated, which they anticipated would lead to capitalist and the resulting remittances had allowed development in the rural (and urban) areas the preservation or even strengthening of the of west central Nepal. The re-survey in the middle class (Blaikie et al., 2002, pp. 1262- same region after a gap of 20 years, however, 1265). showed it to be otherwise. Seddon writes elsewhere that: Blaikie and his colleagues included class analysis as an integral part of their analysis The most pessimist forecasts of the mid- without losing sight of a wider context 1970s [in Nepal in Crisis] regarding the (of dependent relationships). This was pauperization of the mass of the peasantry precisely the important analytical trope in the region had not been realized and that Macfarlane (1976, 2001) missed out that a significant ‘middle peasantry’ had completely, as our aforementioned discussion managed to survive through a variety of suggests. However, both Macfarlane (2001) livelihoods strategies, including labour and Blaikie et al.’s (2002) accounts grossly migration to other areas of Nepal and ignores a pivotal role the market dynamics abroad… There [were but]…indications plays in shaping lives and livelihoods at the of growing inequality, spatial and social, local level. Their systematic omission of the within the region, the district, and the importance of the market (or the changing village, and one would anticipate a forms of market relations) in bringing long- picture of growing inequality from any term social change in contemporary rural contemporary village study. (Seddon, Nepal is, thus, striking. Both Macfarlane 2001, pp. 117-118) (2001) and Blaikie et al. (2002) frequently mention the changing consumption behaviour, This finding exactly corroborates to Norbert rising levels of expenditure (and the latters Elias’s assertion that an account of long- even talk about the increasing importance of term social change either notices “increased commodity production); however, none of the differentiation and integration” as well as two accounts adequately weave the market “decreased differentiation and integration” (or market relations) into the framework of (Elias, 1994, p. 182). Concurrent to this broad analysis. observation, Blaikie and his colleagues’ re-study also found that, over a period of Trajectory 3. Eight years after the publication more than 20 years, there remarkably lacks of Blaikie and his colleagues’ reflective change in the class structure (the pattern of account, discussed above, Youba Raj Luintel, households’ classes). The nonfarm income a sociologist from Tribhuvan University, played a greater role in supporting households in his doctoral research work, analyzes and in providing an income. In the meantime, the relationship between expansion of the there was a level of increase in agricultural capitalist market in Nepal's agricultural sector commodity production. However, they and the resultant structural social change in concluded, rural capitalism had failed to a village in the vicinity of Kathmandu. He develop in either the forces of production or

146 UNITY JOURNAL studied the case of the Mahesh Khola2 valley, and (c) the progressive relocation (or self- west of Kathmandu, during a period of more displacement) of this modernised upper class than two decades (1985-2008) and examined to the capital city of Kathmandu (Luintel, the expansion of agricultural markets as a 2010). mechanism to transform rural livelihoods. In his research entitled "Capitalism and In this study, Luintel (2010) exposes how Underdevelopment in Rural Nepal: these long-term social changes are the Market Relations, Inequality and Social outcomes of the accumulation and transfer of Change in 'Mahesh Khola'," Luintel (2010) rural surplus to the metropolis urban centres. demonstrates how a development model While a part of this surplus is retained by that defined commodification of agriculture the rural working class and transferred to as the real development of the rural sector Kathmandu mainly through consumption of created a development paradox by bringing nonessential goods and services. A part of the several social disruptions and aggravating surplus is spent on increasingly expensive existing social inequalities. He argued that agricultural inputs, such as pesticides and neoliberal policies promoting market-centred fertilisers. However, a large proportion of development failed to take into account that this surplus, Luintel (2010) illustrates, is markets it promotes are socially embedded in expropriated by the actors who monopolise unequal power relations. the access to agricultural markets: the modern indigenous upper class and the Indian traders The exacerbation of social inequality who have control over the highly asymmetric created by this development model has core-periphery relation characterising several manifestations. As the case of market exchanges between Nepal and India. Mahesh Khola illustrates, it includes (a) the Moreover, the surplus diverted to the capital radical restructuring of rural labor through is often invested unproductively in real estate unprecedented intra-class differentiation, and urban residences, while the rural sector notably through the emergence of a wealthier where the surplus is produced suffers from fraction within the working class, (b) the chronic disinvestment, social disruption and transformation of part of the traditional rural underdevelopment. Luintel's research draws elite into a modern capitalist upper class, four important conclusions, as follows: closely connected with this transformation; The model of development that has been fostered in Mahesh Khola with greater 2. A cluster of several villages in the foothills of emphasis on commodity production and Central Nepal, “Mahesh Khola” is a fictive name profit making, in a period of more than two that represents an area located 25 to 30 km west decades, has significantly improved the of Kathmandu. This is a small river valley made livelihood conditions of rural households. up of two streams, which make its topography This is one facet of the long-term social rugged, composed mainly of river banks and their change taking place in Nepal’s countryside. constituent hillocks (with slopes predominating over flat river banks), at an elevation of between After two decades of persistent emphasis on 950 to 1,700m. Note that Mahesh Khola is the production for sale, commercialisation of same cluster of villages where Luintel had carried agriculture and profit-making from vegetables out his dissertation research for Master's thesis (1985-2008), the people of Mahesh Khola are (Luintel, 1990, also see Luintel 1994). now motivated to start a nonfarm livelihood

147 UNITY JOURNAL in Kathmandu. Their regular exposure to the social change eventually brings about in the urban cosmopolitan life of Kathmandu (in or case of rural Nepal. Further, an embedding around the Kalimati vegetable market) has class analysis in a broader historical context seduced the rural populace to cosmopolitanism of evolving market dynamics could be two in such a profound manner that they would arenas of meaningful social change studies. like to make a fresh start in their lives and The underlying belief on such an assertion livelihoods away from agriculture sector. In Norbert Elias’s argument line, such a on social change would eventually represent shift in the lifestyle embodies profound widening and deepening social inequality on characteristics that Nepal’s countryside is the ground. going through. Macfarlane (1976) together with Blaikie A model of development, a neoliberal kind and his colleagues’ accounts (Blaikie et al., in Luintel’s analogy, has deepened social 1980) suffer overwhelmingly from the then inequality in Mahesh Khola by exacerbating popular structural approach of the 1980s, class inequalities, at the intersection of thus missing entirely the agency people existing social asymmetries of other kinds, can (and do) exercise within the structural notably caste, ethnicity and gender. From the constraints. From the vantage point of prism of a long-term structural social change the present paper, their overt emphasis as propagated by Norbert Elias, this is one of the telling stories that contemporary social on decline, crisis and underdevelopment, science may pursue further. instead of social change, made their accounts utterly political-economic. Blaikie and his This way, the recent trajectories of capitalist colleagues’ re-study (Blaikie et al., 2002), development in Mahesh Khola have however, vividly draws our attention to the eventually resulted in a process of social salience of widening social inequality in differentiation connected with the transfer countryside Nepal, amidst the claims that of economic surplus generated in agriculture livelihood conditions have slightly improved and rural sector: from the farmers to the traders, and then from rural peripheries to the because of livelihood diversification and urban metropolis. In the long run, the rural commodification of economy, an issue peripheries are left underdeveloped due to Macfarlane failed to acknowledge. the lack of productive investments, largely because the rural surpluses are predominantly In this light, Luintel’s (2010) key contributions transferred to the urban centres, and from can be summarised in two points First, his there to the metropolis (Luintel, 2010; see study demonstrates how the processes of also Amin, 1972 and Frank, 1967). social differentiation, mainly changing class relations serve as the mechanism for the Conclusion accumulation and transfer of rural surplus from the working class to the elite sections of In these lights, such a durable social change the society (Wright, 2009; Burris, 1987; Marx, unfolds in a long-term. Social change should 1971 [1867]), and how this accumulation is be sociologically informed in the sense that finally concentrated by the core actors of the social change needs to be examined in social capitalist markets. structures and institutions. At its empirical ground, this paper argues that one cannot Second, Luintel’s study has sought to ignore the structural alteration that long-term demonstrate that the extraction and transfer

148 UNITY JOURNAL of rural surplus are largely a result of Hence, class formation together with its asymmetric core-periphery market relations dynamic articulation to capitalist world- (Naustdalslid, 1977, Wallerstein, 1974 & Dos economy, shapes the flow of surplus, Santos, 1970) and the deepening of processes which in the long-term transforms the very of social differentiation, particularly class configuration of society, a process called inequalities (Emmanuel, 1972, Dos Santos, social change (Elias, 1994). In order to 1970). His study expands our understanding facilitate our understanding of the capitalist of how capitalist markets, that are socially market formation in the peripheral hinterlands embedded and interwoven in a mutually (Bharadwaj, 1985) the subsequent sections reinforcing asymmetric relationships of core- of this article will combine arguments from periphery type, entirely serve the interests of a body of literature, the embeddedness and the capitalist centres, a process that eventually connectedness of global and peripheral drives and shapes the pattern of long-term markets together with a class analysis of structural social change of nonrecurrent type structural social change. (Elias, 1994) through the process of social divergence, contradictions and disruptions. References Akram-Lodhi, A. H. (2001). 'We earn only for My conception of social change is mainly you': peasants and 'real' markets in Northern informed by Elias’s (1994) arguments that Pakistan,' Capital and Class, 25(2), pp. 79- social change is not always essentially 108. evolutionary; but mainly structural and transformative where he looks for Amin, S. (1972). 'Underdevelopment and “figurational change” (p. 184) over a long- dependence in Black Africa: Historical origin,' term. Elias’s conceptualisation of social Journal of Peace Research, 9(2), pp. 105-120. change brings me closer to class analysis as Barth, F. (1967). 'On the study of social change,' the structural social change in society in the American Anthropologist, 69(6), pp. 661-669. specific circumstances of countryside Nepal. Bharadwaj, K. (1985). 'A view on This article demonstrated that in order to commercialisation in Indian agriculture and develop a proper understanding of rural the development of capitalism,' Journal of social change one needs to put agricultural Peasant Studies, 12 (4), pp. 7-25. markets at the centre of its analysis (Akram- Blaikie, P., John, C. & David, S. (1980). Nepal in Lodhi, 2001, Crow 2001 & Harris-White crisis: Growth and stagnation at the periphery. 1999).Since the market is not only a process Oxford: Claredon Press (reprint by Oxford of exchange and economic transaction but University Press, Delhi). p. 5. also, vitally and more implicitly, the market is the mechanism of profit making, surplus Blaikie, P., John, C. & David, S. (2002). 'Understanding 20 years of change in west- appropriation and transfer of the surplus. This central Nepal: Continuity and change in lives larger process of economic structure, this and ideas,' World Development, 30(7), pp. article argues, gets reflected in the changing 1255-1270. class formation of any society, as is the case of Mahesh Khola. Bottomore, T. (1987). Sociology: A guide to problems and literature, 3rd ed. London: Allen and Unwin.

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c;kmn uf}td n]v;f/ ;fgf ;fgf /fHo /hf}6fnfO{ PsLs/0fsf gfos k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lbJof]kb]zn] /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ ofqfsf] uGtJo;“u g]kYosf] eljio hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . dha'b agfPsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . To;}n] g]kfn ;/sf/ k|:t't ofqfsf] uGtJo lxhf] /fi6«sf] PsLs/0f / j}wflgs sfg'g–@))$ efu $ df d'n'se/ st} klg jt{dfg;Dd cfOk'Ubf /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf zflGt eË gxf];\ eGgf lgldQ >L # dxf/fhaf6 zflGt :yfkgfy{ pNn]Vo e"ldsf;lxt pRr 5lj d+lqd08nsf] ;Nnfxn] rflxPsf] c:yfoL sfg'g hf/L agfpg ;Ifd g]kfnL ;]gfn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] ul/aS;g'x'G5 -g]kfn ;/sf/ a}wflgs sfg'g–@))$, n]v/rgf k|ltof]lutfsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf; k[= !$_ elgPsf] 5 . To;}sf] kmn:j¿k g]kfn zLif{s;“u hf]l8Psf] 5 . of] cfn]v /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg–@))& -efu @_ df /fli6«o ljsf;sf] kfZj{lrq s;/L c8]sf] 5 eGg] ;Gbe{df hLjgsf ;+:yfx¿df ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhg}lts s]lb|t /x]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . Gofo ePsf] ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf / ;'/Iff zAbs'~hLM ;fdflhs ;'/IFf, cfly{s ;'/Iff, /fHo u/L -g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))&, k[= #_ zlQmsf] ;'/Iff, ;~rf/ dfWod, /fli6«o ;'/Iff . pNn]v eof] . o;/L x]b}{ hf“bf @)$@ ;fndf …/fli6«o d"n gLltÚ aGg' / @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf …/fli6«o ljifo k|j]z ;'/Iff kl/ifb\Úsf] Joj:yfn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] /fi6«sf] ul/df / dlxdf;“u ;DalGwt ;'/Iff g} /fli6«o dfGg ;lsG5 . ToxL w/ftndf …g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff ;'/Iff xf] . /fli6«o ;'/Iff;“u /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / kl/ifb\Ú :yfkgf ePsf] / To;}sf] hudf …/fli6«o ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf ;fydf /fi6«sf] ;DklQ ;+/If0f, ;'/Iff gLlt–@)&#Ú -/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, @)&#, k[= !_ ljsf; Pjd\ k|j4{g;“u} 8/, qf; / eod'Qm ;dfhsf] hf/L eof] . o; gLltn] /fli6«o lxtsf lgldQ /fHo ck]Iff x'G5 . dfgjclwsf/sf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt;lxt Joj:yf, /fi6«–gful/s :jtGqtf / ;'/Iff, lj1fg– gful/ssf] JolQmut hLjgsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] klg k|ljlw, cfly{s / kof{j/0fLo ;'/IffnfO{ k|fyldstfdf k|Tofe'lt x'G5 / gful/saLr kf/:kl/s ;b\efj, /fv]/ sfd, st{Jo / bfloTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] ;xsfo{ / ;xofqfsf] uf“7f] alnof] u/L sl:;Psf] 5 . o; gLltdf /fi6«sf] ;d[l4 / ;'zf;gnfO{ g} x'G5, ToxL g} /fli6«o ;'/Iff xf] . o;/L /fli6«o /fi6«sf] ;'/Iff dflgPsf] 5 . ;'/Iff;“u dfgjLo ;'/Iff klg hf]l8g hfG5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff;“u} hf]l8g] ;Gbe{ ljsf; xf] . jt{dfgdf cfd g]kfnLnfO{ æg]kfnL xfdL /xf}+nf ljsf;sf] ;jfn;“u} ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] < eGg] sxf“ g]kfn} g/x]Æ -ef}sfhL, @)&), k[= @@@_ eGg] k|Zg cfp‘“b5 . jf:tjdf ljsf; eg]sf] Pp6f /fi6«slj dfwj l3ld/]sf] cleAolQmn] /fli6«otfsf] 36gfaf6 csf]{ b'3{6gftkm{ :yfgfGt/0f x'g] cEof; /IffnfO{ hufP h:t} lxhf]sf 6'qmf–6'qmfdf laeflht xf] . of] cEof; ;kmn eP 36gf / lakmn eP

152 UNITY JOURNAL b'3{6gfdf kl/0ft x'G5 . o;}n] ljsf;nfO{ kl/eflift af}l4s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, eflifs, /fhgLlts, ug{] ;Gbe{df ;j{;fwf/0fb]lv ljåfg\ JolQmsf k|zf;lgs ;Gbe{;“u hf]l8Psf If]qdf cfd"n km/s km/s b[li6sf]0fx? x'g ;S5g\ . cy{zf:qsf kl/jt{g NofOlbG5 . To;}n] s] eGg ;lsG5 eGg] lktf P8d l:dyn] cy{tGqnfO{ g} ljsf; dfg] . ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gnfO{ k5\ofp“b} of]hgfa4 9ª\un] Pp6f b[li6sf0faf6 x]bf{ hLjgsf ;Dk"0f{ afu8f]/ cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] b}nf] p3fg]{ k|lqmof g} ljsf; xf] . ;~rfngsf] dfWod g} cy{ xf] . cy{;“usf ;Dk"0f{ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf cfofdx? cfly{s ljsf;sf s'/f;“u} s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg / k|ltJolQm cfosf] n]vfhf]vf cy{d} x'g] ePsfn] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] d"n dd{ ljsf; xf] . hxf“ /fi6«sf] cy{zf:qLx? o;}nfO{ ljsf; dfG5g\ h'g :jfefljs /Iff x'G5, Toxf“ ljsf;n] ult lnG5 . ljsf; klg xf] . t/ lasf;nfO{ cy{;“u dfq} HFFx]/ x'“b}g, ax'cfoflds ePsfn] /fli6«o ;'/Iff;“u gª–df;'sf] ;dfhtkm{ klg kms{g'k5{ . ;dfhzf:qLx? cfly{s em} ;DaGw /xG5 . To;}n] /fli6«o ;'/Iff;“u ljleGg j[l4;“u} ;fdflhs c;dfgtf, c/fhstf, ul/aL / cfofdx? hf]l8Psf 5g\ h;sf] rrf{ lgDgfg';f/ a]/f]huf/Lsf] cGTo;“u} /fi6«sf] ;du| ;fdflhs tyf ug{ ;lsG5 M cfly{s ;d[l4nfO{ ljsf; dfGb5g\ . /fhgLltsf] -s_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cf“vfn] x]g]{ xf] eg] sfn{ dfS;{n] ju{ ;ª\3if{df ljsf; b]v]sf] kfOG5 . ;dosf] kl/jlt{t qmddf lx6n/ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] klxnf] cfofd ;fdflhs ;'/Iff xf] . ljj]s / ljrf/sf] :yfgfGt/0f;“u}] gof“ ljrf/sf] c;n /fHonfO{ c;n / ;kmn ;dfh rflxG5, clg ljsf;n] g} lrqsf/sf] ;kgf af]s]/ leofgf l5/]sf dfq /fHo ;kmn aG5 . dflg; ;dfhd} x's{G5, lyP . pgn] bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf nflu hd{gLnfO{ ;Ifd a9\5 / k9\5 . p;n] h:tf] ;dfh k9\5, To:t} agfpg t agfP, t/ c¿sf ;fd' cf“6L, ;fx;L / Jojxf/ b]vfp“5 . cflv/ ;dfh eg]sf] Ps} wd{–sd{ ts{zLn b]lvP klg cfkm"leq …ljsf;Ú ePsf] sdhf]/ c“ufNg], Ps} 7fp“df a;f]af; ug]{, Pp6} p2]Zodf w/ftn cfTd;ft\ ug{ g;Sbf cwf]ulttkm{ ws]lnb} nfUg], Ps} k|sf/sf ;'hgx¿sf] e]nf eO/xg] 7fp“ uPsfn] pgn] cfkm\gf] 8fo/Lsf] clGtddf n]v]sf -zDdf{ g]kfn @)%*, k[= !@*%_ xf] . o:tf] d08nLdf 5g\M– …d b'MvL 5', d}n] cfºgf] cxd\, 3d08 / :jfy{sf ;xL dfu{lgb]{zg eP dfq} ;Eo ;dfh aGg] ePsfn] sf/0f nfvf}+sf] ;'vnfO{ v/fgL agfP“ . of] o'4 d}n] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] klxnf] cfwf/ PSnf] lg0f{on] ;'? u/]sf] lyOg . d dfgjtfsf] xf] . /fi6«sf] ul/df / dlxdf;“u ulx/f] ?kdf ;DalGwt Oltxf;df eofgs 3[0ffsf] laDasf ¿kdf lrlgp“nf, ;'/Iffleqsf] klxnf] cfwf/ xf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff . t/ hd{gL w/tLdflysf] cfzfdf ;w} Pp6f dxfg\ o:tf] ;'/Iff;“u gful/ssf uf“;, af;, skf;, lzIff, /fi6«jfbL efjgf af]s]/ t}l/O/xg] 5'Ú -w/faf;L, :jf:Yo ;'/Iff h:tf ;/f]sf/sf ljifox? Hff]l8Psf @)&), k[ @(&–(*_ of] klg ljsf;sf] Pp6f kIf g} x'G5g\ . :j:y z/L/nfO{ cfjZostfg';f/ vfB xf] . ljsf;sf] ;"rs s] xf] eg] k'/fgf] dgf]lj1fgnfO{ pTkfbg / pkef]udf JolQmsf] :jfoQtf cfjZos k"0f{ ¿kfGt/0f;“u} 3/kl/jf/sf ;gftg dfgjLo x'G5 . o;sf nflu JolQmn] ljleGg k]zf, Joj;fo, d"No–dfGotf, cfwf/e"t cfjZostf, uf“;, af;, pBf]uwGbf, ;|f]t–;fwgsf] Joj:yf, pkef]u tyf skf;, lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL / ;'/Iff If]qdf aGb–Jofkf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] x'G5 . o;}sf kl/jt{gsf afl56f b]lvg yfN5g\ . ljsf;n] ;dfh, dfWodaf6 kl/jf/sf] ;d[l4sf] ofqf to x'G5 . ;d'bfo / /fi6«s} eljiodf cfly{s, ef}lts, g}lts, 3/leqsf] Joj:yfkgkl5 JolQmdf ;fdflhs

153 UNITY JOURNAL ;b\efj, ;'zf;g, Goflos ;dfgtf, zflGt;'/Iff, ;+ljwfg, @)&@, k[= !)_+ u/] tfklg cy{sf cfkm\g} dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff, /fhgLlts l:y/tf, :jtGqtf l;4fGt 5g\ . dfu / cfk"lt{sf] ;Gt'ng k|foM km]nf nufotsf ;Gbe{x¿ hf]l8g k'U5g\ . ;fdflhs kfg{ ;lsGg . o;}n] cy{nfO{ cGo cjwf/0ff;“u ;'/Iff;“u jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff klg hf]l8P/ cfPsf] t'ngf ug'{ …vf]nfsf] uLt ufpg'Ú ;/x ePsfn] x'G5 . ;dtfd"ns ;dfh gx'“bf tyf h}ljs ljljwtf cfly{s ;'/IffnfO{ ;dfhzf:qLo, ;flxTozf:qLo, gi6 x'“bf hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] cltj[li6 / cgfj[li6 efiffzf:qLo / dfgjzf:qLo cjwf/0ff;“usf] t'ngf h:tf ;d:of b]vfkb{5g\ h;sf sf/0fn] hnr/, cfjZos x'“b}g . cfly{s j[l4;“u} ;fdflhs ljsf; ynr/ / dfgj hut\sf] cl:tTj ;+s6df b]vfk5{ . ckl/xfo{ g/xg] xf]Og, t/ cy{zf:qLo cjwf/0ffn] o;}n] jftfj/0fLo ;'zf;g / lbuf] ljsf;sf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg / k|ltJolQm cfo j[l4nfO{ cjwf/0ff ;fdflhs ;'/Iffs} cleGg cË x'g\ . ljsf; 7fG5 . hxf“ k|ltJolQm cfo, s'n ufx{:Yo ;dfhdf af/Daf/ k|o'Qm x'g] zAb x'g\ ;Eotf / pTkfbg, k"jf{wf/, pBf]uwGbf, snsf/vfgfsf] ;+:s[lt -zdf{, @)%*, k[= #*!_ . ;dfhdf x'g] vfg] ;+VofTds / u'0ffTds pTkfbg Ifdtf j[l4, / x'“bf vfgsf aLr 7'nf] lje]b 5 . To;sf] cGTo u/L k|fs[lts ;|f]t–;fwgsf] kl/rfng, ;DefJotfsf] ;';+:s[t, :j:y / ;Eo ;dfhsf] sNkgf ;fdflhs ;"Id cWoog, cjnf]sg / d"Nofª\sg x'G5, Toxf“ ;'/Iff d} x'G5 . ;Eo ;dfhdf ;fdflhs hfu/0f / ljut / jt{dfgaLrsf] cfoj[l4sf] cj:yf emNsfp“b} ck/fwd'Qm ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 -/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt d'n'snfO{ k/lge{/tfaf6 hf]ufpg' cy{ ;'/Iffsf @)&#, k[= #_ / gful/s dlxnf, afnaflnsf, Ho]i7 sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / bfloTj xf] eGg] cjwf/0ff gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ;dfj]zLs/0f cy{zf:qLsf] x'G5 . / Gofo k|fKt x'G5 . o:tf] ax'hg / ax'dg /x]sf] cfo j[l4n] Psftkm{ ;Eo ;dfhsf] 5gs lbG5 eg] ;dfhdf ax'd'vL ;fdflhs d"NodfGotf, ;+:sf/– csf{tkm{ /fHodf c;n ;+:sf/sf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f, ;+:s[lt, wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs ;Gbe{x? ;Daw{g / ;'zf;g sfod x'G5 . kl5Nnf] pbfx/0f 3lgi6 ?kn] Ps csf{;“u hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . ltgsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf :yfgLo lgsfosf …j8fÚ ag]sf ;+/If0f, c;n Pjd\ ;kmn cGt/;DaGw sfod x'g 5g\ . x/]s j8f cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t aGb} ubf{ :yfgLo ;s] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;kmn x'G5 . ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg] s/df s'gn] slt < eGg]df -v_ cfly{s ;'/Iff k|lt:kwf{ eP h:tf] b]lvG5 . lxhf] j8fsf] sdfO ufp“3/df a"9fkfsfx?n] eGg] ub{5g\, æafa' † ef]sf] ToxL“ vr{ ePsf] ;Gbe{df cfh c;n ;+:sf/sf] k]6df sf]bfnL vGg ;lsGg .Æ of] w'|j;To s'/f xf] . ljsf; ePsf] 5 . of] ;an kIf xf], lsgls cfly{s k]6 ef]sf] x'g'n] cy{sf] cefjnfO{ hgfp“5 . cy{{ ;'/Iff;“u /fHo / JolQmsf] ;du| cy{tGq hf]l8G5 . Joj:yfkg lagf ;d[l4 c;Dej x'G5 . t;y{ /fli6«o JolQmsf] cy{tGq alnof] eP /fHonfO{ ltg'{kg]{ s/ ;'/Iffsf] dxŒjk"0f{ c+u cfly{s ;'/Iff xf] . ;xh tl/sfn] AolQmn] lt5{ . /fHosf] cy{tGq alnof] x'g' /fHo–;+oGq alnof] x'g' xf] . ;+oGq alnof] /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ljleGg ;|f]t / eP;“u} sd{rf/LtGqdf e|i6frf/ / sld;gtGq aGb pkfox? /x]sf 5g\ -/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, @)&#, eP/ ;'zf;g sfod x'g' xf] . o;}n] /fli6«o ;'/Iff;“u k[= &_ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ n] ;dfhjfb cfly{s ;'/Iffsf] k|ToIf ;DaGw x'G5 . pGd'v cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ cjnDag -g]kfnsf]

154 UNITY JOURNAL -u_ /fHozlQmsf] ;'/Iff ;}lgs hg/n / k|wfgdGqL eP;“u} -yfkf, k[= !&(_ ljhf/f]k0f ePsf] dflgG5 . g]kfn k|x/Lkl5 lqmofzLn ;du| /fHosf] ;'/Iff /fli6«o ;'/Iff xf] . /fli6«o g]kfnL c+u g]kfnL ;]gf xf] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;'/Iffdf w]/} vt/f / r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ -/fli6«o g]kfn Plss/0f cleofg;“u} z'¿ ePsf] g]kfnL ;'/IFf gLlt, @)&#, k[= *_ . To;y{ /fHozlQmsf] ;]gfsf] Oltxf; uf}/jk"0f{ 5 . /fHo;Qfsf a]nfsf] … ;'/Iff ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . /fHozlQmsf] ;'/Iffsf PsfO zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfÚ / xfnsf] …g]kfnL ;]gfÚn] /fli6«o eg]sf ;r]t gful/s x'g\ . ltg} gful/sn] ljleGg ;'/Iffy{ k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg k|z+;gLo 5 . ;'/Iff r/0f kf/ ub}{, ljljw abL{ wf/0f ub}{ /fHo ;'/Iff;“u ;'b[9Ls/0f / /fli6«o ;'/Iff dfq xf]Og, cGt/f{li6«o hf]l8g k'Ug] ePsfn] cfkm"nfO{ /fHozlQmsf] :t/df ;d]t ljleGg b]zdf ljleGg ;dodf ePsf ;'/Iffy{ ;IFd 7fG5g\ . o;/L st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L lx+;fTds åGå lgjf/0fdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] of]ubfg af]w ug]{ x/]s /fi6«;]js gful/s g} /fHozlQmsf] dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . o;}n] ;+ljwfgd} g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;'/Iffsf dxŒjk"0f{ PsfO x'g\ . To; zlQmsf] ;'/Iff ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / g} /fHozlQmsf] ;'/Iff xf] . /fHozlQm;“u /fi6«sf] /fli6«o Pstf /Iffy{ ;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4 ;dfj]zL ef}uf]lns cv08tf / ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;+/If0fsf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, k[= @!(_ lhDd]jf/L dfq} x'“b}g, cfk;L åGå Pjd\ /fi6«nfO{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s / afx\o cfqmd0faf6 hf]ufpg' klg x'G5 . o;}n] /fli6«o ;'/Iffy{ lqmofzLn /fHozlQmsf] k|x/L / ;]gf;“u} /fHo;'/Iffsf] csf]{ PsfO ;z:q ;'/Iffsf PsfO g]kfn k|x/L, g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L an xf] -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, k[= @@!_ . k|x/L an, ;~rf/ dfWodx?, ;+3;+:yf / gful/s @)%* ;fndf ;z:q åGås} qmddf :yfkgf ePsf] ;dfh x'g\ . /fHosf] ;'/Iffy{ lqmofzLn PsfO g]kfn ;z:q k|x/L an /fHodf zflGt–;'Joj:yf sfod u/L k|x/L, ;]gf / ;z:q k|x/L x'g\ . log}sf dfWodaf6 hgtfsf] hLp, wg / :jtGqtfsf] /Iffy{ lqmofzLn /fHosf c+usf] /Iff, /fHo ;~rfngdf lqmofzLn 5 . d'n'ssf] k|lt/Iff Ifdtf a9fpg ;}Go zlQmnfO{ /fhg]tf / /fHo /Iffy{ lqmofzLn ;+3;+:yfsf] ;'/Iff k|d'v zlQm dflgg] / /fHo ;'/IffcGtu{t /fhgLlts x'“b} cfPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;~rf/ dfWodx?, ;+3;+:yf, ;'/Iff kg]{ ePsfn] ljleGg /fhgLlts dfu /fv]/ g]kfn /]8qm;, :sfp6, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ ePsf] lx+;fTds åGå cGTosf nflu ;z:q k|x/L an cfof]u, OG;]s, gful/s ;dfh, nfoG; Sna klg :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . /fHozlQmsf dxŒjk"0f{ PsfOx? x'g\ . /fHozlQmsf] ;+oGq /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;DaGwL dfldnfdf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] efu @* df /fli6«o bQlrQ 5 . slxn] cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff, slxn] ;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yf -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, ;Ldf, slxn] ;Ldf–If]qsf­ cfk/flws ultljlw k[ @!(_ 5 . k[YjLsf] hDa'åLksf] cfof{jt{df tyf t:s/L lgoGq0fdf, slxn] cj}w nfu"cf}ifw cjl:yt o; lxdjt\v08sf] nueu lz/f]efudf pTkfbg, pkof]u / cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0fdf, slxn] /x]sf] g]kfn cgflbsfnb]lv g} ljlzi6 5 -1jfnL ;fDk|bflos åGå lgoGq0fdf t u'0f:t/Lo lzIff / / lg/f}nf, @)&$, k[= @&%_ . oxL e"ldsf] /Iffy{ :jf:Yo ;'lglZrttfsf nflu /fHozlQm lqmofzLn /fHozlQmsf] ;'/Iffsf ljljw PsfOx? lqmofzLn 5g\ -/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, @)&#, k[= !&–#&_ h;sf 5g\ . /fHozlQmsf] ;'/Iffsf c+udWo] g]kfn k|x/Lsf] ;xfotfn] /fli6«o /fhgLlts / s"6gLlts If]qdf hGd !*$& ;fnsf] sf]tkj{kZrft\ h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff pNn]Vo of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 .

155 UNITY JOURNAL /fHozlQm ;'/Iffsf c+udWo] ;~rf/ dfWod klg Ps /0fgLlt to ug{ / ePsf gLltlgdf{0f, ljlwljwfg xf] . ;~rf/s} dfWodaf6 nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotf, / k|f¿k ;'lglZrt u/L sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ alnof] dfgjclwsf/ ;+/If0f, k|]; :jtGqtf, ;'/Iff, :jtGq kfb}{ e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}df /fli6«o / :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] :yfkgf, /fHosf c+u aLr ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf] kfZj{lrq n's]sf] x'G5 . zlQm ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f, lgjf{rg tyf jflnu ;Defjgf;“u} r'gf}tL klg x'G5g\ . ;DefjgfnfO{ dtflwsf/, k|zf;g / /fhgLltnfO{ ljZj;gLo, ;kmntfdf kl/0ft u/fpg w]/} kl/>d ug{'kb{5 . ;Ifd Pjd\ Jofj;flos k|lt:kwf{df Nofpg d2t PsfTds /fHo k|0ffnL /x]sf] g]kfn jt{dfgdf k'Ub5 . ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ljeflht 5 . ltg} lxhf] ;z:q åGåsf sf/0f :yfkgf ePsf] /fli6«o txdf ;|f]t;fwgsf] plrt af“8kmf“8, ljlgof]hg, dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u klg /fHozlQm ;'/Iffsf] c+u Joj:yfkg / sfg'g lgdf{0fnufotsf sfd, st{Jo / xf] . ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf] rk]6fdf k/]sf g]kfnL bfloTj k"/f ePsf 5}gg\ . ljljw ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, bfh'efOsf] hLjg/Iffy{ u7g ePsf] cfof]u, g]kfn lghL If]qsf] dgf]dfgL, sfnfahf/L tyf Psflwsf/ /]8qm;, :sfp6, nfoG; Sna, ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf tf]8\g ;lsPsf] 5}g . /fli6«o klxrfg;“u hf]l8Psf u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfn] aufPsf] kl;gfsf] d"NonfO{ ;Gbe{x? emg\ hl6n\ 5g\ . b]zsf] v'nf l;dfgf xfdLn] la;]{sf 5}gf“} . o;/L ljleGg :yfgLo, /fli6«o, / ;Ldf–If]qsf cjfl~5t lqmofsnfkn] /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o, ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yf ;'/Iffdf r'gf}tL yk]sf 5g\ . nfdf] ;dob]lvsf / gful/s ;dfh nufotsf ljljw lgsfo z/0ffyL{ ;d:of, dfgj a]rljvg, ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f, /fHozlQmsf] ;'/Iffdf lqmofzLn 5g\, h;sf nfu'cf}ifw lgoGq0f, ;+ul7t ck/fw, pkef]Qmf cfwf/df ljsf;n] km8\sf] dfg{ ;3fPsf] s'/f] :ki6 clwsf/ / ul/aL Go"gLs/0f nufotsf w]/} ;d:ofx? 5 . b]zdf laBdfg 5g\ . oL ;a} /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf r'gf}tLx? x'g\ . o:tf ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLnfO{ 86]/ ;Defjgf / r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{ xfdLdf cfTdcg'zf;gsf] cfjZos 5 . /fli6«otf s'g} d"t{ j:t' xf]Og . o;}n] /fli6«o lgisif{ ;'/Iff;“u hf]l8P/ cfpg] ljsf; ckl/xfo{ / :jfefljs ;Gbe{ xf] . xfdLn] rfx]df /fli6«o lxtsf /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ;Gbe{;“u} ljsf; s;/L hf]l8G5 nflu /fhgLlts / s"6gLlts Ifdtf, /fhgLlts eGg] k|Zg p7\g' :jfefljs xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf b'O{ ;dembf/Lsf] ljsf; / ;femf b[li6sf]0f agfpg 9'ª\uf aLrsf] t?n h:tf] e"kl/j]li7t d'n's g]kfnn] ;St5f}+ . /fHosf ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u, b'j} b]zaf6 nfe lng ;Sg] w]/} ;Defjgfx? 5g\ . pkef]u / ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBdfg ;fdflhs, o;sf nflu /fli6«o :jfy{ / k|fyldstfsf ljifodf ;f+:s[lts, P]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs ljljwtfnfO{ ;femf b[li6sf]0f Pjd\ nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . JolQmsf] :jfy{eGbf /fli6«o ug'{, g]kfnL pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 u/L ahf/Ls/0f ljifodf t6:y / k|ltj4 x'g ;Sof}+ eg] ;a}sf] a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . /fHo, lghL If]q / gful/s ;xeflutf / ;dy{g k|fKt x'G5 . ljleGg txsf ;dfh aLr ;fem]bf/Ldf ;d[l4sf] ofqf a9fpg' 5 . ;/sf/;“u ljsf;df ;fem]bf/L ug{ ;lsG5 . pko'Qm of] x'g ;s] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] hu alnof] x'G5 / / Jofjxfl/s sfo{of]hgfdf ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo ug{, ljsf;n] km8\sf] df5{ . o;}df ljsf;sf] kfZj{lrq ;'/Iff / ljsf;df cNksfnLg Pjd\ bL3{sfnLg n's]sf] x'G5 .

156 UNITY JOURNAL ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;'rL k+u]gL, xl/k|;fb -;Dkf_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@, sf7df8f}+ M ltn:dL klAns]zg k|f=ln= s[i0f w/fjf;L -@)&)_Ù u]:6fkf], sf7df8f}+ M k}/jL a's xfp; . ef}sfhL, ljdn -@)&)_, oz:jL ;ª\uLt–tk:jL M gfltsfhL, sf7df8f}+ M gfltsfhL :d[lt ;dfh . 1jfnL, ch'{g / lg/f}nf k]zns'df/ -@)&$_, afOan / dfcf]jfb, sf7df8f}+ M :jb]z k|sfzg . /fli6«o ;'/IffgLlt @)&# . yfkf uf]laGb, g]kfn k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/L an, g]nfnL zdf{, hgsnfn -@)%*_, xfd|f] ;dfh M Ps cWoog M ;'/Iff If]qM Ps ;+u|x, sf7df8f}+ . nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)!% . zDdf{ g]kfn, j;Gt s'df/ -;Dkf_ -@)%*_ g]kfnL zAb;fu/ M sf7df8f}+} M dfdf k':ts e08f/ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))& . lzjfsf]6L, uf]kfn -@)&@_, åGå, zflGt / ljsf;, g]kfnsf] cfGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# . sf7df8f}+ M k}/jL k|sfzg . g]kfn ;/sf/ ;+a}wflgs sfg'g @))$ . ;fksf]6f, lji0f' -;Dkf_ -@)^^_, g]kfnL ;'/Iff If]q M Ps g]kfn k|x/L lgodfjnL @)## . ;ª\u|x, sf7df8f+} M /fli6«o zflGt cleofg .

157 UNITY JOURNAL

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8f= c+u/fh ltldlN;gf n]v;f/ eGgfn] gful/s g]t[Tjsf] lgoGq0fsf cltl/Qm ;]gfsf] Jofj;flos lasf; clg ;]gfdf ;'zf;g / /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf dfldnfdf dfq xf]Og ;+lawfg / ;'wf/k|ltsf] k|lta4tf xf] eg]/ a'‰g'kg]{ x'G5 . nf]stGqsf] /Iffsf nflu b]zsf] ;]gfsf] e"ldsf klg TolQs} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 eg] b]zsf] zflGt, :yfloTj, g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/sf ;du| lasf; / ;Dj[l4 tyf b]zsf] j}b]lzs gLlt s'/f ubf{ cd]l/sf / ef/tdf h:t} /fli6«o ;'/Iff / s"6gLltdf ;d]t ;]gfn] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg kl/ifb\sf] k'g M ;+/rgf u/]/ gLltut, Jofj;flos / lbg ;S5 . t/ o;sf nflu ;an / k|efjsf/L ;+of]hgsf/L Ifdtf a9fpg' h?/L 5 . gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwsf] cfaZostf kb{5 . zAbs'~hLM gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw, g]kfnL ;]gf, gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwnfO{ k|efasf/L agfpg ;]gfdf ;'wf/, ;]gfsf] Jofj;flostf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff Psflt/ b]zsf] gful/s g]t[Tj, gful/s ;dfh kl/ifb\ . / sd{rf/LtGqdf ;'/Iff;DaGwL kof{Kt 1fg / k[i7e"ld cg'ej x'g' cfaZos 5 eg] csf]{lt/ pQ/bfloTj / hafkmb]lxtfsf lx;fan] ;]gfsf] tflnd / g]t[Tj nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / b]zsf] ;d[l4sf nflu lasf;;“u} gful/s g]t[Tjsf] j}w / Gofo;+ut cfb]z cg]s r'gf}tL v]lk/x]sf g]kfn nufot b]zx¿sf cIf/z M kfngf ug{'k5{ eGg] dfGotf :yflkt x'g' nflu uDeL/ ax; cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . b]zdf h?/L 5 . s;/L k|efjsf/L ;]gfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 tfls ;]gf nf]stGqsf nflu r'gf}tL gxf];\ < ;]gfnfO{ o;sf cltl/Qm gful/s / ;}lgs g]t[Tjlarsf] :jtGq 5f]8]/ Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf; ug{'k5{ jf lgoldt ;+afb / ;x–sfo{sf] TolQs} dxŒj x'G5 eg] gful/ssf] cwLgdf /fv]/ nf]stGqsf] /Iff ug{'k5{ ;'/Iffaf/] ;+j]bgzLn s'/f afx]s ;]gfsf] lgoldt eGg] s'/f s] Ps–csf{df kf/:kl/s ?kn] leGg sfd–sfaf{xL, ;}lgs ah]6, vr{ / sf]if kl/rfng 5g\ < (Mukahrjee, 2019) cflbdf kf/blz{tf a9fpg] sfd u/] tyf ;]gfleq b08xLgtf 5 eGg] cf/f]knfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g]kfnL nf]stGqsf lxtdf ;]gfdfly gful/s lgoGq0f ;]gfn] laZjAofkL dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/] cfd– jf lgu/fgL s'g /fd|f] /0fgLlt xf] < ;]gfsf] gful/sdf ;]gfk|lt ljZjf; / e/f];f cem} a9\g]5 . nf]stfGqLs/0f (Democratization of Army) eg]/ s]nfO{ a'em\g] < ;]gfnfO{ PSn} 5f]l8lbg] jf ;]gfklt k"0f{rGb| yfkfsf] g]t[Tjdf ;]gfdf ;'zf;g / ;dfhsf] a[xQ/ lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ gful/s / ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd ;'? x'g' cfkm}“df ;/fxgLo 5 / oL ;]gfaLrdf ;+jfb, ;xsfo{ / ;xcl:tTjdf hf]8 lbg] ;'wf/x¿nfO{ ;]gfsf] efaL g]t[Tj lasf;;“u hf]8]/ < log} k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg o; n]vn] ljZjsf c? ;+:yfut ug{'k5{, lsgls ;]gfsf] nf]stfGqLs/0f b]zsf] cg'ej, gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwaf/] k|ltkflbt

158 UNITY JOURNAL l;4fGt / Oltxf;;“u} g]kfnL ;]gfdf cfPsf] qmlds 3f“6L hf]l8Ph:tf] b]lvG5 . ;]gf / ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;'wf/nfO{ s]nfpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . kqsf/ ;Dd]ng ubf{ /IffdGqL / ;]gfsf] g]t[Tj k|foM ;“u} pleP/ hjfkm lbg] u5{g\ . gLltut / gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwaf/] c? b]zsf] cg'ej ;du| dfldnfdf dGqLn] hjfkm lbg] / k|fljlws Pj+ ;g\ @)!! sf] 'National Military Strategy' ;+u7g;DaGwL s'/f eP ;]gfsf] g]t[Tjn] hjfkm lbg] df cd]l/sfsf ;]gfWoIfn] n]v]sf lyP, …;]gfdfly rng 5 . ;du|df hgtfdf ;]gfk|lt 7"nf] cfb/ 5 . gful/s g]t[Tjsf] lgoGq0f cd]l/sL u0ftGqsf] d"n -Uofnf]k ;j]{If0f, ;+= @)!*_ l;4fGt xf], h;nfO{ ;]gfn] ;w“} /Iff u/]/ /fVg]5 eg] ef/tsf] &) jif{eGbf a9Lsf] k|hftflGqs Oltxf;sf] ;]gf /fhgLltdf t6:y (Apolitical) ;+:yf xf] / ;an kf6f] gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw klg xf] . of] t6:ytf /lx/xg] 5 .Ú (Chairman of the Joint kfls:tfgdf gful/s g]t[TjnfO{ ckb:y u/L ;]gfn] Chiefs of Staff, 2011, p. 16) s}of}+ k6s zf;g;Qf xftdf ln“bf ef/tdf gful/s ;g\ @)!) df cd]l/sL /fi6«klt af/fs cf]afdfn] g]t[Tjk|lt ;]gf k"0f{ pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL dfq 5}g, k|Voft kqsf/ aa p8\jf8{nfO{ s] eg]sf lyP eg], ;]gfk|lt ;dfhsf] TolQs} cfb/ 5 . cfn+sfl/s ‘g t d ;]gf;“u 8/fp“5', g dnfO{ nfU5 ;]gfn] d]/f] ?kn] ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr g]t[Tj ef/tsf /fi6«kltn] u/] k|d'v sdf08/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ g} sdhf]/ agfO/x]sf] klg b]zsf] sfo{sf/L k|wfgdGqL, dlGqd08n, /fli6«o 5 . dnfO{ cfTdljZjf; s] 5 eg] gLlt–lgod ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ / /Iff dGqfnon] ;]gfsf] kl/rfng, agfpg] sfd gful/s g]t[Tjsf] xf] / ;]gfn] log} v6gk6g, Joj:yfkg / /]vb]v ug]{ u5{g\ . gLlt–lgodsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ xf] .’ (Woodward, ;g\ !((* df k|wfgdGqL c6nljxf/L afhk]oLn] 2010, p. 377) /fli6«o ;'/Iff / /0fgLlts dfldnfdf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ dflysf egfOn] Jofj;flostf / g]t[Tj ljsf;sf ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbgsf nflu /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] b[li6n] cAan 7flgg] cd]l/sL ;]gf / nfdf] :yfkgf u/] . o;;“u} /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ / k|hftflGqs Oltxf; af]s]sf] gful/s g]t[TjaLrsf] pk;Nnfxsf/sf] lgo'lQm ug{ yflnof] . /fli6«o ;'/Iff nId0f/]vfaf/] ;Gb]z lbG5g\ . ;]gf /fhgLltaf6 ;Nnfxsf/sf cltl/Qm /Iff, u[x, k//fi6« / cy{dGqL t6:y /xG5, t/ gful/s g]t[Tjk|lt pQ/bfoL clg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIfnfO{ /fli6«o klg x'G5 . cd]l/sfdf /fi6«kltk|ltsf] lgi7fsf ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] ;b:o /flvof] . cltl/Qm ;+;b\sf ;'g'jfOdf efu lnO{ b]zsf] ;'/Iffaf/] …a[lkmªÚ lbP/ ;]gf ;+;b\k|lt klg lhDd]jf/ ef/tdf /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] tLg txsf] ;+/rgf b]lvG5 . gLlt agfp“bf ljleGg ljsNkaf/] ;]gfn] 5 eg], /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/nfO{ zlQmzfnL / gful/s g]t[TjnfO{ ;'emfj lbg] u/] klg /fi6«klt, dxŒjk"0f{ kb dflgG5, lsgls pgsf] cWoIftfdf /IffdGqL, ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ tyf ;+;b\sf] lgb]{zg dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrj, /fi6« a}+ssf ueg{/, ;a} d'Vo kfngf ug{' / gful/s g]t[Tjn] agfPsf] ;fdl/s, dGqfnosf ;lrj, :yn, hn tyf jfo' ;]gfsf ;'/Iff Pj+ ;}Go gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ug{' ;]gfsf] d"n k|d'vx¿, u'Ktr/ ;+:yfsf k|d'v, s/b]lv k/df0f' st{Jo xf] . / cGtl/If;DaGwL ;+:yfsf k|d'v ;b:o /xg] /0fgLlts gLlt ;d"x (Strategic Policy Group) ;xsfo{sf lx;fan] cd]l/sfdf ;}lgs g]t[Tj / sf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 . b]zsf k|d'v ;'/Iffljb\sf] gful/s g]t[TjaLrsf] ;DaGw x]bf{ Pscsf{;“u ;'emfj / ;Nnfx lng Pp6f /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;'emfj

159 UNITY JOURNAL af]8{ (National Security Advisory Board) klg ljZjdf ha Psflt/ nf]stGq ;+:yfut x'“b} uof], 5 . ;"rgf / hf;';L;DaGwL sfddf Ps?ktf sfod csf]{lt/ ;'/Iff / zflGt sfod ug]{ gfddf ;]gfn] u/L ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ ;3fpg dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjsf] rnfPsf zf;gx¿ c;kmn x'“b} uP . To;kl5 ;Qf dftxtdf ;a} u'Ktr/ ;+:yfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] ;+o'Qm rnfp“bf hgtfåf/f r'lgP/ cfpg] gful/s g]t[TjnfO{ ;"rgf ;ldlt (Joint Intelligence Committee) uNtL ug]{ 5'6 x'g] (Right to be wrong) eof], eGg] ;+oGq 5 . (Raghavan, 2019, pp. 33-52) lsgls gful/s g]t[Tj r'gfjdfkm{t\ ;lRrg] df}sf kfp“5, t/ b]zsf] ;'/Iffsf] lhDdf lnPsf] ;]gfnfO{ ef/tdf xfn;fn} /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ / ;'/Iff o:tf] uNtL ug]{ 5'6 gePsfn] ;]gf /fhgLltdf xft kl/ifb\sf ;+/rgfsf cltl/Qm :yn, hn / jfo' gxfn]/ gful/s g]t[Tjsf] lgoGq0fdf a:g'k5{ eGg] ltgj6} ;]gfaLr ;an ;dGjosf ;fy gful/s dfGotf alnof] x'“b} uof] . g]t[Tj;“usf] ;DaGw, ;+jfb / ;xsfo{nfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L agfpg /Iff dGqfnodf dGqL;“u} a;]/ gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwaf/] k|ltkflbt l;4fGtnfO{ sfd ug]{, clg dGqfnosf] ;]gf;DaGwL ljefusf] s]nfp“bf rlr{t /fhgLltzf:qL :ofd'on xlG6ª\6gsf] ;lrj;d]t /xg] u/L …lrkm ckm l8km]G; :6fkmÚ sf] ;g\ !(%& df n]lvPsf] 'The Soldier and the gof“ kb l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 . (The Economist, State' eGg] k':ts rrf{df 5 . (Huntington, 2020) 1957) gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw eg]sf] s] xf] < xlG6ª\6gn] ;]gf k'/ftgjfbL (Conservative) / gful/s g]t[Tj pbf/jfbL x'G5 dfq} gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwsf] Pp6f dfq dfGo x'g] (Liberal) eg]gg\, ljZjo'4sf] cg'ej ;“ufn]/ cfPsf] ;]gfdfly kl/efiff kfO“b}g . ;du|df gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw gful/s g]t[Tjn] w]/} lgoGq0f u/] o'4df ;]gf sdhf]/ eGgfn] ;dfh jf b]zsf gful/s;“u ;]gfsf] s:tf] x'g] / csf]{lt/ ;]gfn] ‘s'Ú ug{ klg ;S5 eGg] wf/0ff ;DaGw 5 eg]/ a'em\g'kg]{ x'G5 . lglb{i6 ?kn] /fv] . eGg] xf] eg] gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwnfO{ ;/sf/df /x]sf] gful/s g]t[Tj (Civilian Authority) / t;y{ ;]gfdfly cfTd k/s lgoGq0f (Subjective ;}lgs k|flwsf/L (Military Authority) aLrsf] Control) xf]Og ls j:t'k/s lgoGq0f (Objective ;DaGw eGg] hgfp“5 . k|fdfl0fs wf/0ff (Normative Control) x'g'k5{, ;]gfnfO{ k|hftflGqs zlQm Assumptions) cg';f/ kl/eflift ubf{ ;}lgs– (Democratic Force) sf ?kdf xf]Og ls gful/s ;DaGwnfO{ ;]gfdflysf] gful/s g]t[Tjsf] Jofj;flos ;]gf (Professional Military) sf lgoGq0f (Civilian Control) eg]/ a'lemG5 . ?kdf ljsf; ug{'k5{, h;sf nflu ;]gfnfO{ cfºgf] (Bruneau and Cristiana, 2013, p. 17) ;+u7g rnfpg] :jtGqtf (Autonomy) lbOg'k5{ eGg] ts{ xlG6ª\6gn] cufl8 ;f/] . ljZjsf w]/} b]zdf k|hftGqsf] cEo'bo x'g'k"j{ (Huntington, gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwnfO{ /fi6«nfO{ afx\o 1957) cfqmd0faf6 arfpg] k|;+udf a'lemGYof] . /fi6« xlG6ª\6gsf] dfGotfnfO{ yk JofVof ug]{x¿sf] arfpg] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] ;]gf obfsbf cfºgf] lgrf]8cg';f/ gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw eg]sf] ;]gfdfly e"ldsf / Tofusf lx;fan] cfkm" gful/s g]t[TjeGbf ljz'4 lgoGq0f dfq} xf]Og . :j:y gful/s–;}lgs dfly /x]sf] eg]/ zlQm ;~ro ug]{ uYof]{ . ;DaGw (Healthy Civil(Military Relations) /

160 UNITY JOURNAL k|efjsf/L gful/s lgoGq0f (Effective Civilian gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw ;an agfpg g]t[Tjsf] Control) sf nflu ;du|df lgDg lnlvt s'/fx¿ g}lts kIfsf] klg TolQs} xft x'G5 . cd]l/sfsf] cfjZos 5g\– u[xo'4sf a]nf g]t[Tj lbg] /fi6«klt ca|fxd ln+sg, bf];|f] ljZjo'4tfsf a]nfotL ;]gfnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ • Jofj;flos ?kn] ;]gfnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfd– k|wfgdGqL ljG:6g rlr{n, k|yd ljZjo'4df ;]gf st{Jo lgjf{x ug{ :jtGqtf (Professional Autonomy) lbg] . kl/rfngdf Voflt sdfPsf k|mfG;sf k|wfgdGqL • ;'/Iff;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0fsf qmddf Sn]d]G;f] / l:jh gx/sf] ljjfbdf Oh/fonsf] ;]gf ;]gfnfO{ ;+nUg ug]{, t/ ;]gf ;Qf /fhgLltaf6 kl/rfng ug]{ k|wfgdGqL a]g u'l/jgsf] ;]gf;“usf] 6f9f /xg'kg]{ . ;DaGw a/fa/sf] ;+jfb (Equal Dialogue) df • gful/s g]t[Tj;“u ;]gfsf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ cfwfl/t dfq lyPg, oL ;]gfsf nflu cfbz{ g]t[Tj k|efjsf/L ?kn] lg/LIf0f / ko{j]If0f (Effective lyP . Oversight) ug]{ Ifdtf x'g'kg]{, / csf]{lt/ ljZjsf s]xL b]zdf ;]gfnfO{ w]/} :jzf;gsf] • ;]gfk|ltsf] cf:yf / cfb/ pRr agfpg clwsf/ (Autonomy) lbP/ v';L agfpg] clg ;]gfn] cfd gful/s;“usf] ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ gful/s zf;sx¿ ;Qfdf l6ls/xg] pbfx/0fx¿ klg Nofpg'kg]{ . 5g\ . ;]gfåf/f ‘s'‘ ug]{ s'g} k|of; u/]sf] 5}g eGb}df oBlk df]l/; h]gf]ljh nufotsf ;dfhzf:qLx¿n] gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw alnof] 5 eGg] rflx“ xf]Og . dgf]j[lQ (Attitude) / d"NodfGotf (Values) ;]gfn] /fhgLlts ;De|fGt ju{ (Political Elites) sf cfwf/df gful/s g]t[Tj / ;]gfnfO{ b'O{ leGg nfO{ dfq} ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 jf ;du|df ;dfhsf ;dfhdf af“8\g vf]Hg' j:t'k/s / oyfy{jfbL xf]Og nflu ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . eGg] ts{ u/] . ;]gf eg]sf] klg ;dfhs} lx:;f xf] ;]gfsf] gful/s;“u yf]/} dfq} ;Dks{ / ;DaGw / o;n] ;du| ;dfhs} k|ltlglwTj u5{ eGg] df]l/; x'g', ;'/Iff;DaGwL s'/fdf ;]gfsf] g]t[Tjsf] dfq} hfgf]ljThsf] dt 5 . (Janowitz, 1960) x}sd (Monopoly) /xg', ;'/Iff dGqfno jf c? ;xcl:tTj / ;fdGh:osf] l;4fGt (Concordance lgsfosf gful/s g]t[Tjn] ug{ ;Sg] sfdx¿ ;d]t Theory) n] ;d]t ;]gf, /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / gful/s ;]gfn] g} ug]{ sf]l;; ug{' cflbn] kSs} klg sdhf]/ ;dfh ;a} ldn]/ b]zsf] ;'/Iff gLlt agfpg], To;sf] gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwsf] 5gs b]vfp“5 . csf{lt/ ckgTj u|x0f ug]{ / To;nfO{ ;a} ldn]/ sfof{Gjog gful/s g]t[Tjsf ;fd' ;]gfn] km/s dt (Dissent) ug{'kg]{ ts{ lbG5 . (Schiff, 1995) /fVof] eg] o;nfO{ cj1f jf cf1fsf] pNn+3g (Disobedience) 7fGg' x'“b}g . cd]l/sf, a]nfot jf PSsfO;f}“ ztfAbLsf] nf]stGq / e"d08nLs/0fsf] cGo ljsl;t d'n'sdf b]zsf] ;'/Iffsf dfldnfdf o'udf /fli6«o ;'/Iff, s"6gLlt / k//fi6« gLlt, ;]gfn] cfºgf] cg'ej / ;'ema'emsf cfwf/df ;Nnfx b]zsf] ljsf;, l:y/tf, gful/ssf] ;'/Iff / ;d[l4 lbg] rng 5 . s'g gLltut lg0f{o ug]{ eGg] rflx“ Ps cfk;df hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . h:tf] ls ;}lgs gful/s g]t[Tjsf] ljj]sdf e/ k5{ . s"6gLlt (Military Diplomacy) b]zsf] k//fi6« gLlt / ;'/Iff gLlt b'j}sf] lx:;f xf] . ;du|df eGbf k|efjsf/L gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwsf nflu lgDg lnlvt tLg s'/f cfjZos 5g\–

161 UNITY JOURNAL . nf]stGqdf /fli6«o ;'/Iff, ;}lgs /0fgLlt x'G5– / 3/]n' gLlt cflbdf clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ k|flwsf/ /fhgLlts If]q / ;}lgs If]qaLr slQsf] ;+jfb 5 < (Final Say) ;]gfsf] geP/ gful/s g]t[Tjsf] xf] gful/s g]t[Tj, g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf / ;du|df eGg] a'emfO ;]gfsf] g]t[Tj ljsf;;“u} ;+:yfut gful/s ;dfhdf /fli6«o ;'/Iffaf/] slQsf] lj1 ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . 5 < g]kfnsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf gful/s–;}lgs . gful/s g]t[Tjn] u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg'g;Ddt, ;DaGwnfO{ alnof] agfpg] vfnsf] 5 jf 5}g < j}w / Gofo;+ut (Legitimate and Lawful) ;]gf;“u ;+jfb / ;xsfo{lagf cfºgf] sfdsf/jfxL x'g'k5{ . h:tf] ls ;+ljwfg jf sfg'gdf PSn} ug]{ :jclwsf/ (Autonomy) sltsf] 5 < ;+zf]wglagf ;]gfsf] ;+/rgf jf c? s'g} kIfnfO{ lgoGq0fsf gfddf rnfpg vf]Hbf ;d:of g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts / ;}lgs g]t[TjaLr ;+jfb / cfp“5 . p7a; lgoldt h:tf] b]lvP klg Psflt/ d'Vo . gful/s g]t[Tjsf] ;]gfdflysf] lgoGq0f, /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿df ;]gf / /fli6«o ;'/Iff;DaGwL lgu/fgL / ;jf]{Rrtfsf] s'/f ubf{ ;du| cg'ej, 1fg / bIftfdf sdL / csf]{lt/ /fhgLlts gful/ssf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+;b\ tyf ;+ljwfg / sfo{stf{sf] / gful/s ;dfhsf] :t/df ;]gf;“u sfg'gsf] JofVof ug]{ Gofofnosf] klg 7"nf] xft ;+jfb / ;xsfo{df sdL 5 elgG5 . g]kfnsf x'G5 . (Ray, 2013, pp. 2-4) /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n] ;]gf / /fli6«o ;'/Iffaf/] cfºgf sfo{stf{nfO{ sd} tflnd lbG5g\ . ;]gfsf] cfsf/, ;]gf cfb]zsf] cg'qmd (Chain of Command) df ;~rfng, ;+/rgf / g]t[Tj ljsf;, ;}lgs ah]6sf] rNg] ;+u7g ePsfn] r'gfjåf/f g]t[Tj 5fGg] jf th{'df / vr{, ;}lgs sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg, ;'/Iff ax'dtLo k|0ffnLåf/f lg0f{o ug]{ lgod Jofjxfl/s gLltsf] sfof{Gjog cflb s;/L eO/x]sf] 5 eGg]af/] x'“b}g . t;y{ ;]gfsf] nf]stGqLs/0f eGgfn] o;/L 7"nf bnx¿df lj/n} cWoog / 5nkmn x'G5 . a'em\g'kg]{ x'G5– g]kfnsf ljZjljBfnodf /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ;fdl/s • ;]gfn] gful/s g]t[Tjsf] j}w / sfg'gL dxŒjaf/] sd} k7gkf7g jf cg';Gwfg x'g] u5{ . cfb]z ;+ljwfgtM lz/f]k/ u/]sf] 5 . gful/s ;dfh / gful/s g]t[Tjdf ;'/Iff;DaGwL • b]zleqsf / b]zn] cjnDag u/]sf lj1tfdf sdL ePsf sf/0f cS;/ ;]gfs} Psflwsf/ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] k"0f{ kfngf u/]sf] 5 . (Monopoly) ePsf] eGg] ul/G5 eg], g]kfndf ef/t jf cd]l/sfdf h:tf] g t /fli6«o ;'/Iff • dfgj clwsf/sf ;jfndf ;+j]bgzLn 5 . ;Nnfxsf/sf] ;+/rgf 5, g gLltut cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f / ;+of]hgsf nflu /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] • ;'zf;g Pj+ ;bfrf/nfO{ ;+u7g ;~rfng e"ldsf g} k|efjsf/L 5 . / sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d'Vo s8Lsf ?kdf :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . (Adhikari, 2015) g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k[i7e"ld x]bf{ k~rfotsfndf l;+xb/af/df a:g] gful/s g]t[Tj;“u xf]Og ls, gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwsf r'gf}tL / cj;/x¿M gf/fo0flx6Ldf /xg] /fhfk|lt ;]gfsf] nufj / lgi7f gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwaf/] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg lyof] . w]/} xb;Dd lj=;+= @)$& kl5sf] k|hftflGqs cj:yfsf] rrf{ ubf{ lgDg lnvlt kIfnfO{ x]g{'kg]{ sfndf ;d]t /fi6« / /fhtGqsf] ;'/Iffsf] d'Vo nIo

162 UNITY JOURNAL

(Misison) af]s]sf] zfxL ;]gf l;w} /fhfk|lt jkmfbf/ a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmsf] 5fgljg / ;To lg?k0f x'g] / gful/s g]t[Tj;“u pQ/bfloTjsf] lx;fan] 6f9} tyf d]nldnfkdf k"0f{ ;xof]u ug]{ k|lta4tf, /x]sf] b]lvGYof] . g]kfndf nf]stGq :yfkgf ePotf ;}lgs sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] kf/blz{tf a9fpg] Psfw ckjfbnfO{ -h:tf] ls, lj=;+= @)^^ j}zfvdf sfd, vl/b–laqmLsf] ckrng /f]Sg] k|of;, uf8Ldf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLåf/f k|wfg;]gfkltsf] avf{:tL t]n xfNg]b]lv eQf vfg] sfddf s8f cg'udg, / tTsfnLg /fi6«kltåf/f pQm avf{:tLsf] lg0f{o /fi6«;+3df ;]gf k7fpg] 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf kf/blz{tf, vf/]hLsf] 36gf_ 5f8]/ ;du|df ;]gf / gful/s ;]gfsf] g]t[Tjaf6} ;DklQ ljj/0f ;fj{hlgsLs/0fsf] g]t[TjaLrdf 7"nf] ljjfb jf 6s/fjsf] cj:yf ;'?jft, sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] b]lvPsf] 5}g . clg ;'zf;g / ;bfrf/nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg;“u hf]8\g] k|of; cflbn] ;du|df ;]gfk|lt ljZjf; hufPsf] lj;+ @)^# df dfcf]jfbL;“usf] lj:t[t zflGt 5 . oL ;'wf/x¿ slt ;kmn / ;+:yfut x'G5g\, ;Demf}tf;“u} ;'? ePsf] zflGt k|lqmof / /fhtGqaf6 eljion] b]vfpg] g} 5 . t/ ;]gfleq klg ;d:of 5 nf]stGqlt/sf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsf] bf}/fgdf eGg] dx;'; (Realization) cfkm“}df /fd|f] ;'?jft ;]gfaf/] gful/s ;dfhdf k|foM o:tf lrGtf JoQm xf] . ul/GYof]–g]kfnsf] ;]gf /fhfk|lt a9L, nf]stGqk|lt sd lgi7fjfg\ 5 . ;fob g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ljutsf] efjL lbzf lj/f;t (Legacy) b]lv 8/fP/ xf]nf, clxn] klg ;]gfn] ;'? u/]sf ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdnfO{ g]t[Tj s]xL /fhgLlt1df b/af/;“u glhssf] ;fdflhs ljsf;;“u hf]8]/ ;+:yfut ug{ ;lsof] eg] kSs} klg ;DaGw ePsf] ;]gfklt cfp“bf ;z+lst x'g] t/ o;n] cfd gful/sdf ;]gfk|lt cem} e/f];f a9\g]5 . b/af/;“u k|ToIf gftf ghf]l8Psf] ;]gfklt cfp“bf o;sf cltl/Qm uf]Ko /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf xsdf afx]s nf]stGq ;'/lIft 7fGg] dfgl;stf 5 elgG5 . ;]gfsf] sfdsf/afxL, ah]6 / vr{ cflbaf/] gful/s csf]{lt/ ;]gfnfO{ cfºgf] zlQm ;~rosf nflu k|of]u ;dfh / cfd;~rf/nfO{ lgaf{w ;"rgf k|jfx ug'{ ug{'k5{ eGg] /fhgLlt1x¿sf] obfsbf dg;fo /x]sf h?/L 5 tfls ;]gf gful/ssf] kx'“reGbf 6f9f 5 sf/0f ;]gfsf] g]t[Tj klg eml:sg] u5{, elgG5 M eGg] e|dnfO{ lrg{ ;lsof];\ . e}+;Lb]lv hf]uL tl;{g], hf]uLb]lv e}+;L tl;{g] ub{5 . /fhf, /fli6«o cv08tf / /fli6«otf ;+/If0fsf ljutdf ;]gfsf hjfg / clws[tsf ck/fwnfO{ nflu alnbfg ug'{k5{ eGg] k|lzIf0f (Schooling) cS;/ n'sfpg] / b08d'lQm (Impunity) nfO{ af6 cfPsf] g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fi6« / /fli6«otf s]jn k|>o lbg], ;]gfsf ah]6 / sf]ifx¿ kf/bzL{ gx'g], e"uf]n / zf;s geP/ gful/ssf] efjgf klg xf] vl/b–laqmLdf w]/} 3f]6fnf x'g], zflGt ;]gf k7fp“bf eGg] oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{'k5{ . o;n] pTkL8g cfºgfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg], k//fi6« dGqfnonfO{ yfx} / k5f}6]kgsf] ;Daf]wg, klxrfg / ;dfj]lztfsf] glbO{ ljb]zL s"6gLlt1nfO{ e]6\g], ;+u7gnfO{ r':t / k|Tofe"lt / ;a} gful/ssf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f k|efjsf/L agfpg'sf] ;f6f] /fHosf]ifdfly emg\ ef/ cflbnfO{ cfºgf] k|lzIf0fdf ;d]6\g'k5{ . yKg] eg]/ ;]gfsf] cfnf]rgf x'GYof]] . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] cfly{s dfldnfdf e"ldsf clxn] k|wfg;]gfklt k"0f{rGb| yfkfsf] g]t[Tjdf v]n] h:t} /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] ;'/Iffsf dfldnfdf ;]gfdf ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd ;'? ePsf 5g\ .

163 UNITY JOURNAL k|wfgdGqL, /Iff dGqfno, ;]gf / c? dGqfno;“u ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL gLltsf] th{'df / sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsf/L e"ldsf Adhikari, I. (2015). Military and democracy in v]Ng ;Sg'kYof]{, t/ /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] Nepal, New Delhi: Routtedge. ;lrjfnosf] Ifdtf sdhf]/ 5 . Brunean, T.C. & Cristina, F. (Eds) The Routledge handsbook of civil-military relations, New gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwsf lx;fan] /fli6«o ;'/Iff York: Routledge. kl/ifb\nfO{ alnof] agfpg] xf] eg] k|wfgdGqLsf] Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. (2011). The dftxtdf Pp6f alnof] /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/sf] National Military Strategy of the United States kb l;h{gf ug]{ / ;'/Iff kl/ifb\df k|fljlws / of America, p. 16. Jofj;flos ;ldlt agfP/ pQm ;Nnfxsf/nfO{ Huntington, S. P. (1957). The soldier and the o;sf] g]t[Tj lbg' h?/L 5 . state: The theory and politics of civil-military relations, Cambridge: Harvard University cfd hgdfg;df gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwnfO{ alnof] Press. agfpg ljZjljBfno, cg';Gwfg ;+:yf, gful/s Janowitz, M. (1960). The professional soldier: A ;dfh / cfd;~rf/sf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff;DaGwL social and political portrait”, Glencoe III: Free Press. cg';Gwfg, ax; / cWoognfO{ a9fjf lbg ;/sf/ / ;]gfn] cfºgf] sf]ifaf6 /sd 5'6\ofpg] / x/]s Mukherjee A., (2019). The absent dialogue: Politicians, bureaucrats, and the military in jif{ lgoldt ?kdf ;'/Iff;DaGwL /fli6«o / k|fb]lzs India, Modern South Asia. uf]i7L, ;ef / ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf u/fpg ;lsG5 . Raghavan, P. S., (2019). The evolution of India’s national security architecture, Journal of lgisif{ Defence Studies, 13/3, pp. 33-52 ;}lgs ;]jf;“u ;DalGwt ultljlw afx]s ;]gfdf Ray A., (2013), The Soldier and the State in sfo{/t ;a}sf dfgj clwsf/ xgg nufot India: Nuclear weapons, counterinsurgency, and the transformation of Indian civil-military xTof, lx+;f, rf]/L, k}7f/L cflb u}/sfg'gL sfo{x¿ relations: SAGE Publications India Pvd Ltd, ;}lgs cbfnt dftxt geP/ gful/s cbfnt pages. dftxt x]l/g'k5{ (United Nations, 2005) eGg] Schiff R.L., (Fall 1995), Civil-Military relations ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ljZjJofkL dfGotfnfO{ g]kfnsf] reconsidered: A theory of concordance, armed ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] :yflkt ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf forces & society, 22/1. ;}Go ck/fwafx]s cGo h3Go ck/fwnfO{ gful/s The Economist, (2020), A major modern general: India’s armed forces get their biggest shake-up cbfnt dftxt x]g{ ;xof]u k'¥ofP ;]gfn] ck/fwdf in decades. pGd'lQm vf]H5 eGg] wf/0ff ablng]5 . ;]gfn] United Nations, (2005), Updated set of principles lgoldt ?kn] ;+;bsf ;ldltnfO{ …la|lkmªÚ lbg] / for the protection and promotion of human ;]gfn] u/]sf ljsf;sf sfddf gful/ssf] lgu/fgL rights through action to combat impunity. a9fpg] cflb sfdn] ;d]t gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwdf Woodward B., (2010), Obama’s wars, New York: 6]jf k'¥ofpg]5 . Simon & Schuster.

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/fi6«lxtdf ;fdl/s dxŒjsf] ;fGble{stf

8f= cZj:yfdf eQm v/]n n]v;f/ n8fO“;DaGwL sfo{x? ug{ ;]gf a9fpg'sf ;fy} xd]zf gof“–gof“ 8/nfUbf ljgfzsf/L n8fO“sf g]kfn k|s[ltn] el/k"0f{ ;fdl/s dxŒjsf] /fi6« xf] . ;/;fdfg cflb agfpgsf nflu ljz]if Wofg lbOPsf] e"–kl/j]li7t b]z eP klg ;fdl/s dxŒjsf b[li6n] x'G5 . ;fdjflosbfHod\ eg]sf] -g=_ tL /fHox?, g]kfn ;+;f/s} pTs[i6 :yn xf] . ;fdl/s dxŒjsf] h'g n8fO“ sf a]nfdf h'6]sf x'G5g\ -kf08]o, /fi6« x'gfn] g} cª\u|]h tyf ltAatsf ;]gfx? lj=;+= @)%&, k[=!#(^_ . g]kfn lj:tf/sf qmddf gful/s ;d]tsf] ;xof]udf g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 k/flht /fi6«lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] uf]vf{nL ;]gf / eP/ kmls{g' k/]sf] Oltxf; ;'gf}nf cIf/n] n]lvPsf g]kfnL ;]gfsf aLr ;xsfo{ ug'{k/]sf] 36gfqmd klg 5g\ . rfx] Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLn] xf];\ jf rfx] ;fdl/s dxŒjn] g} xf] . ;fdl/s If]qn] ;fy lbPsf ltAatn] xf];\, g]kfndfly cfqmd0f ubf{ ;fdl/s sf/0f g} g]kfn PsLs/0f ;Dej ePsf] xf] . dNn dxŒjn] ;fy lbPsf] lyof] . 5l/Psf /fHox?nfO{ /fHo tyf afO;] rf}la;] /fHox? cfw'lgs g]kfndf cfw'lgs g]kfndf ufEg klg ;fdl/s If]qn] ;fy PsLs[t x'g ;Dej ePsf] / ljb]zL ;]gf lj?4 lbPsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf /Iffdf klg ljhosf] em08f kmkm{/fpg ;Dej ePsf] ;fdl/s ;fdl/s :ynsf] ;fy / ;xof]u ct'ngLo /x]sf] 5 . :yfgn] g} xf] . cfkm\gf k|yd ;]gfklt sfn' kf08] zAbs'~hLM ;fdl/s :yn, zlQm, /0fgLlts, n8fO“, PsLs/0fsf] qmddf sLlt{k'/sf] klxnf] n8fO“df qmL8f:yn, /fi6«lxt, /fli6«o :jfy{ . dfl/P / k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ hLp hf]ufpg klg xDd] xDd] k/]sf] lyof] -;"rgf ljefu, lj=;+= @)&@, k[i7e"ld k[=^$_ . bf];|f] k6ssf] sLlt{k'/ cfqmd0fdf /fhfsf o'4 jf n8fO“;“u ;DalGwt :yfg -kf]v/]n / cGo efO z"/k|tfk zfxsf] cf“vf km'6\of] / w]/} uf]vf{nL -;Dkf=_, @)$), k[=!##^_ nfO{ ;fdl/s :ynsf ;]gf dfl/P -;"rgf ljefu, lj=;+= @)&@, k[=^%_ . ?kdf cYof{OPsf] 5 . o'4 jf n8fO“sf ;dodf of] ;fdl/s :ynn] ;fy lbPs} sf/0f sLlt{k'/;“u u'kmf, sGb/f, 8f“8f, kfvf, r'r'/f, 3f6, kj{t / uf]vf{nL ;]gf k/flht x'g'k/]sf] lyof] . To;af6 kf7 gfsf jf y'Dsfn] /fi6« la:tf/ tyf /fli6«o ;Ldf l;s]/ ;fdl/s dxŒjsf 7fp“x? / gfsfx? sAhf /Iffy{ /Iffsarsf ?kdf sfd u/]sf] 5 . ;]gfsf] ug]{ gLlt agfP/ Tof] gLlt ;kmn ePkl5 sf7df8f}+ d'Vo clwsf/L ;]gfkltnfO{ ;+:s[tdf ;]gflwoM pkTosf ljho ePsf] lyof] . o;kl5 uf]/vf /fHosf] elgG5 . ;fdl/s jf ;fd/]o eGg] zAbn] n8fO“ la:tf/n] g]kfnnfO{ Pp6} dfnfdf pGg ;kmn ePsf] ;DaGwL jf n8fO“sf] eGg] hgfp“5 . ;fdl/sdf kf]t lyof] . hf]l8Pkl5 ;fdl/skf]t aGb5 . n8fO“sf] hxfh / ;fdl/sjfb eg]sf] Tof] l;4fGt xf] h;df /fi6«nfO{

165 UNITY JOURNAL ;fdl/s:ynsf] hu]gf{ g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljZjdf VoftL sdfPsf] /fHo–lj:tf/ / ;Ldf–/Iffsf nflu ;fdl/s If]qdf n8fO“ ubf{sf] s}nfzsf] zLtn 5fof“ k/]sf] e"ld -xfd|f] kfqf], lj=;+= cg'ejn] g} xf] . ;g\ !(%* b]lv ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo @)&^_ g]kfn ælzjf} b]zf] lxdfnoMÆ xf] . lzjf} eg]sf ldzgdf ;xefuL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg klg lzj kfj{tL x'g\ . g]kfn lzj kfj{tLsf] b]z ePsf] ljZjdf cu|0fL :yfgdf /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o x'gfn] k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g]kfnL ;]gfsf] nf]uf]df lqz"n ;}lgs cEof;x?df pTs[i6 glthf lgsfNg ;kmn / 8d? cª\lst /x]sf] 5 . lzj–kfj{tL eg]sf zlQm g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fi6«sf] ;fdl/s dxŒjsf] /Iff / :j?k x'g\ . ToxL zlQm g]kfn / g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ hu]gf{ ug{ x/t/xn] nfuL k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lg/Gt/ k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5 . cg'zf;gdf ;]gf lzj– /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf/]vfsf] cfwf/ljGb' klg kfj{tL k'q u0f]z h:t} bl/nf] vDaf xf] . u0f]znfO{ ;fdl/s:yn g} /x]sfn] o;sf] dxŒjnfO{ sd cf“Sg ljgfos gfdaf6 ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5, h;nfO{ ldNb}g . dxfu0fklt elgPsf] 5 -rflDnª, lj=;+= @)&^_ . u0f]z h;/L ;a} b]jL–b]jtfsf k|wfg ;]gfklt eP/ /fi6«lxtsf ljifo lzjnf]ssf] /Iff ug{ ;kmn ePsf lyP, 7Ls To;} g]kfnL ;]gf /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, /fli6«o Pstf u/L g]kfnL ;]gfn] klg g]kfnsf] /Iff ul//x]sf] 5 . tyf ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] ;+/If0f tyf /fi6« / /fhf g/]Gb|b]jsf kfnfdf pQ/L /fi6«sf cg'/f]wdf /fi6«jf;Lsf] ;]jfdf ;bf ;dlk{t ;+:yf xf] . g]kfnL blIf0fdf cfqmd0f ug{ &))) 3f]8;jf/, #%)) ;]gfn] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgåf/f lglb{i6 e"ldsf k"/f ug{ k|f/lEds b:tf v8f u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|frLgsfndf b]zsf] k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Dd ljleGg ;}Go b:tfx? b]zsf] aLrdf /fVg] rng lyof] eg] :yfg tyf txdf ;+ul7t eO{ cfºgf] lhDd]jf/L dWosfndf ;]gfx?nfO{ ljleGg pRr efudf ePsf ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ lsNnf clg ;Ldfsf lx;fan] ;+j]bgzLn 7Fp“df sf] wf/f @^& n] lglb{i6 u/]adf]lhd g]kfnL ;]gfsf] /fVg yflnPsf] xf] . lsNnfsf sdf08/nfO{ SjfGy klxnf] sfo{ g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf / gfos elgGYof] hf] cToGt zlQmzfnL x'g] ub{y] . ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] pg}sf] g]t[Tjdf ;}lgsx? v6fOPsf x'Gy] -xfd|f] /Iff ug]{ tyf bf];|f] sfo{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf] kfqf], lj=;+= @)&^_ . l;Gw'nLu9L, eLdkm]bLu9L, bkmf #=# n] o'4 afx]ssf] cj:yfdf g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cd/u9L, l;d|f}gu9L, sfGb|fªu9L, a]Nsf]6u9L, yk !$ j6f ;xfos lhDd]jf/Lx? k|bfg u/]sf] sfnfkfgL ;d]tsf ;fdl/s If]qx?df g]kfnL ;]gf / 5 ( ) . /fli6«o ;'/Iff cfd gful/sn] /ut–k;Lgf aufPsf lyP . ;fdl/s www.nepalarmy.mil.np gLlt, @)&# sf] k|:tfjgfdf g]kfnsf] ax'hftLo, dxŒjsf If]qx?df ePsf o'4x?df Oi6 Ol08of ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f“:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns sDkgL / d'un ;fd|fHosf kmf}hx? k/flht ePsf ljljwtfo'Qm ljz]iftfsf] kl/j]zdf /fli6«o Pstf, 5g\ . g]kfnL ;]gf jL/ uf]vf{nL ;]gf xf] . k|yd ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f“:s[lts P]Soj4tf, ;lxi0f'tf / ljZjo'4 / låtLo ljZjo'4df g]kfn ljZjk|lz4 ;b\efjsf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ k|j4{g ug{' cfjZos ePsf] x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f ;fdl/s dxŒjsf If]qx?df /x]/ pNn]v 5 . To;} u/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ n8\g] cEof; ePsfn] g} xf] . ljZj lhTg] cleofgdf n] g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, ef}uf]lns xf]ldPsf hd{gsf zf;s g]kf]lnog af]gfk6{n] cfkm" cv08tf, /fli6«o Pstf, :jfwLgtf / :jfledfgnfO{ ;+;f/sf ;a} lhTg ;S5', t/ uf]vf{nL ;]gfsf] gfd cIf'00f /fvL hgftfsf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/, :jfoQtf / ;'Ggf;fy v'§f y/y/ sfD5 eGg k'u]sf lyP .

166 UNITY JOURNAL :jzf;gsf] clwsf/nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 . juL{o, ;fy lbPsfn] g} ;Dej ePsf] xf] . ;fdl/s dxŒj hftLo, If]qLo, eflifs, wfld{s, n}+lus nufot ;a} hfg]sf ;]gfx?sf] rft'o{ cgGtsfn;Dd u'lGh/xg] k|sf/sf lje]b / 5'jf5'tsf] cGTo u/L cfly{s 5 . g]kfnL ;]gf Tof] ;]gf xf], hf] zfb"{nsf] rfndf ;dfgtf, ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug{ ;d/df n8fO“sf] d}bfgdf lx+8\g] ub{5 . zfb"{nsf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGtsf rfn eg]sf] af3sf] rfn jf ult xf] . h;nfO{ bfU5 cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ -g]kfnsf] jf tfS5, p;nfO{ g5f]8\g] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ljz]iftf ;+ljwfg, lj=;+= @)&@, wf/f %! -8_ -!_ ;ª\sNk xf] . ltvfl/Psf], cg'zfl;t / g"gsf] ;f]emf] ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;'/Iff ax'–cfoflds ljifo ePsfn] o;n] ;]gfsf ?kdf klxrfg agfPsf] g]kfnL ;]gf;“u hlt d'n'ssf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, /fli6«o cv08tf, ef}lts, klg ;fdl/s If]qdf o'4sf}znsf] cg'ej 5, ;+;f/sf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts / dfgjLo kIfnfO{ sd} ;]gfx?;“u t'ngf ug{ ;ls“b}g . cfºgf] /fli6«o ;d]6\b5 . ;'/Iff gLlt cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs / lghL lxtnfO{ Wofg lbg] / zlQm /fi6«x¿sf] k|lt:kwf{df d"No–dfGotfx?, /fli6«o ;Ddfg / uf}/j, lhpwg st} klg g9Nsg] gLlt g]kfnsf] /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn;“u Pj+ ;fdflhs– ;f+:s[lts d"Nosf] hu]gf{ / ;+/If0f v'nf l;dfgf ePsf] ef/tn] g]kfn / rLgsf] ;Ldf klg kb{5g\ . /fli6«o ;'/Iffn] d'n'ssf] ef}uf]lns, 5'6\ofpg] lxdfno If]qnfO{ cfºgf] k|fs[lts ;'/Iff ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts ?kdf b]zsf] k"0f{ sjr 7fGb} cfPsf] 5 . tTsfnLg ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL ;'/IffnfO{ a'emfp“5 . x/]s b]zn] cfkm\gf cfwf/ hjfx/nfn g]x¿n] ;g\ !(%) df ef/tLo ;+;b\df e"t d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t /fli6«o cfsf+Iff / af]Nb} lxdfnon] lr/sfnb]lv dha't l;dfgfsf] clt dxŒjk"0f{ /fli6«o lxtsf ljifox?sf] klxrfg e"ldsf v]n]sf] / g]kfndf s]xL g/fd|f] eP jf pQm u/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf /fli6«o cfsf+Iff / /fli6«o lxtsf l;dfgf tf]l8P jf sdhf]/ kfl/P To;n] ef/tsf ljifox?nfO{ jfx\o cfqmd0f jf cfGtl/s bafj / nflu ;'/Iff vt/f lgDTofpg] egfO /fv]sf lyP r'gf}tLx?af6 ;'/lIft ub}{ ;Da4{g / k|a4{g ug'{kg]{ -bfxfn, ;g\ @)!(_ . o;n] klg g]kfnsf] ;fdl/s x'G5, h'g sfo{ ;fdl/s:ynaf6} ;Dej x'g hfG5 . dxŒjsf] Wofg cGt/f{li6«o hutdf ;“w} rrf{sf] ljifo aGg] u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(^@ df rLg;“usf] ;fdl/s:ynsf] dxŒj o'4df xf/ vfP klg ;fdl/s dxŒj a'em]s}n] tfst eg]sf] lxDdt / dgf]ansf] s'/f xf] . Tof] g]kfnsf] sfnfkfgL lnlDkofw'/f lnk'n]s If]q 5f]8\g tfst g]kfnL ;]gf;““u lhp“b} 5 . x6]/ xf]Og, 86]/ ef/t dflg/x]sf] 5}g . rLgn] ltAattkm{sf] e"ldsf] n8\g] g]kfn / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] afgL x'G5 . Tof] afgL ;'/Iff ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ g]kfn;“usf] ;DaGwsf] d'Vo klg ;'/lIft 5 . Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLsf] cª\u|]h d'2f agfpg' klg ;fdl/s:ynsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0fs} ;]gf;“u n8\bf g]kfnL ;]gfn] v's'/Lsf e/df pRr lrGtf xf] . ltAataf6 bnfO{ nfdfsf] lgjf{;gkl5 dgf]an tyf lxDdtsf ;fy o'4e"lddf xf]ldg'kYof]{ . lrlgof“ ;]gf;“u n8\g vDkf ljb|f]xLx¿nfO{ cd]l/sL k/fO{x?sf tf]k / aGb'sx?n] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ysf{pg u'Ktr/ lgsfo ;LcfOPn] d2t ubf{ klg ;fdl/s ;s]g . 36gfqmdnfO{ x]bf{ klZrd lsNnf sfª\u8f / If]qn] g} ;fy lbPsf] lyof] . l;cfOPn] cd]l/sL k"j{df l6:6f k'Ug] g]kfnL ;]gfn] cfkm\gf] k/fqmdsf] ljdfgdfkm{t\ ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf vDkf ljb|f]xLsf ljho Wjhf ;tnh gbL dfq} xf]Og, uª\ufsf] nflu ltAatL e"lddf b'O{k6s / g]kfnsf] d':tfªdf t6;Dd / ltAat;Dd kmx/fPsf] lyof] -a:Goft, Ps k6s xltof/x¿ v;fn]sf] lyof] . o;} u/L lj=;+= @)&^_ . of] ;a} ljhodf ;fdl/s :yfgx?n] vDkf ljb|f]xLnfO{ lgz:q ug{ g]kfnn] ;g\ !(&$

167 UNITY JOURNAL cfºgf] ;]gf d':tfªdf v6fPsf] lyof] / bnfO{ ef/tn] cfkm\gf] gh/ nufO/x]sf] 5 . /fi6«lgdf{tf nfdfsf] cfXjfgkl5 ljb|f]xLx¿n] cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ uf]/vgfyn] lbPsf] blwj/ lyP -bfxfn, ;g\ @)!(_ . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] -yfkf, lj=;+= @)@(, k[=*_ ;]gfsf] zlQm xf] . u'nfd ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] O08f] Kofl;lkms /0fgLlt -v8\sf / gePsf s'g} klg g]kfnL jf g]kfnL ;]gfn] Tof] u'nfdL cfrfo{, lj=;+= @)&^_ df g]kfn ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g' efiff ;nfd Tofu]/ æho ho uf]/v, ho ho sfnLÆ oxf“sf] ;fdl/s:ynsf] dxŒj g} xf] . Jof; e"ldsf] -e§, lj=;+= @)&^_ sf] clejfbg ug]{ u/]df g]kfnsf] tkf]e"ld sfnfkfgL If]q ef/t / rLg b'j}sf nflu cfkm\g}kg cfpg]5 . dxfef/tsf] o'4 -hfu/0f, ;g\ ;fdl/s dxŒj / :jfy{sf s]Gb| x'g\ . kfgL, Aofkfl/s @)!&_ dxfef/t kj{tn] 5]s]sfn] g]kfn cfkm}df / wfld{s b[li6n] clt dxŒjsf] :yfg lnk'n]s eGHofª ;fdl/s dxŒjsf] b]z eGg] hgfp““5 . dxfef/t cGt/f{li6«o rrf{df /x]sf] ;fdl/s :yn xf] -9sfn, kj{t / Tof] kj{tsf gfsfx? jf vf]N;fx? ;fdl/s ;g\ @)!(_ . dxfsfnL gbLsf] kfgL, rLg;“usf] dxŒjsf :yfg x'g\ . pQ/–blIf0f df]6/ af6fx? Jofkfl/s dfu{, s}nfz dfg;/f]jf/ ofqfsf nflu vf]Nb}df ;a} gfsfx? vf]lng' x'“b}g . To:tf dxŒjk"0f{ ef/tn] sfnfkfgL If]qaf6 cfkm\gf] ;}Go b:tf lkmtf{ :yfg / gfsfx?sf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] cu'jfOdf nu]sf] 5}g . dfg;/f]j/ gk'Ug] ef/tLo tLyf{n'x? ;'/Iff kmf}hn] ;'/lIft /fVg'kb{5 . ljb]zL hf;';x?n] lnlDkofw'/fl:yt hf]lnªsg kj{tdfnfl:yt k|l;4 To:tf ;fdl/s dxŒjsf 7fp““x?df cfjthfjt ug{ tLy{:yn cflbs}nfzdf k'u]/ cfkm\gf] dgf]sf+Iff k"/f gkfpmg\, gq ;fdl/s dxŒjsf 7fp“x?sf] uf]kgLotf ub{5g\ -9sfn, ;g\ @)!(_ . o;af6 klg ;fdl/s eª\u x'g ;S5 . If]qsf] dxŒj slQsf] 5 eGg] k|:6 x'G5 . rLg dxfef/tsf] ;fdl/s dxŒjnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] xf] eg] lrofpg] ;fdl/s s]Gb| sfnfkfgLaf6 ltAat sl/a dxfef/tsf km]bL cyf{t\ r'/] efj/x?df k|b]z ! b]lv !) lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf /x]sfn] g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] & ;Dd} d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd / To;kl5 s~rgk'/ ;fdl/s:ynsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ug{df /lQe/ l9nfO x'““b} dxfsfnL gbLsf] g]kfnkl§sf] dWoefuaf6 ug'{ x'“b}g . l;ª\uf] g]kfnel/sf e"efu :jo+ cfkm}df bfr'{nf–sfnfkfgL;Dd df]6/af6f] agfpg'kb{5 . ;fdl/s:yn ePsf] k|:6 x'g hfG5 . To;sf] ;'/Iff k"0f{ ?kdf g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ lbg'kb{5 . ;fdl/s:ynsf] uf]kgLotf Tof] ;8sdfu{ tof/ ePkl5 lgtfGt ;}lgs k|of]hgsf nflu dxfef/tsf] 6fs'/fdf k'Ug] df]6/ ;d/sf d}bfgdf g]kfnL ;]gf ?b|?k wf/0f ub{5 af6fx? 7fp“– 7fp“df agfpg'kb{5 . o:tf] af6f] pQ/ eg] cGo a]nfdf ;fdjfbdf x'G5 cyf{t\ gful/s;“u tyf blIf0fsf km]bL b'j}lt/af6 agfpg'kb{5 . g]kfn ;Dks{ ubf{ dL7f] af]Ng] / g/d jrg ug]{ x'G5 . cfkm}df kxf8L d'n's ePsfn] oxf“ k|z:t} cf]9f/ o:tf] kf7 pgLx?nfO{ l;sfOPsf] / g]kfnL ;]gf / u'kmfx? 5g\ . k|frLgsfndf oL ;a} ;fdl/s ljb]zL ;]gf gePsfn] g]kfnL hgtf aLr nf]slk|o dxŒjsf 7fp“x? x'g\ . o:tf 7fp“x? cyf{t\ u'kmf / 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e/df b]z hf]luPsf] 5 . cf]9f/x?df klxn]–klxn] dflg;x? a:g] ub{y] . To; :yfgLo txdf g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ eGbf klg :yfgLo a]nfsf oL 7fp“x? lsNnf lyP . dflyNnf d':tfªlt/ gful/snfO{ Toxf““sf ;fdl/s dxŒjsf uN5]8fx?sf] o:tf u'kmf / cf]9f/x?df cem} dflg;x? a:g] u/]sf hfgsf/L a9L dfqfdf yfxf 5 . l;ª\uf] g]kfn g} 5g\ . s]xL cl3;Dd klg r]kfª hfltx? o:t} cf]9f/ ;fdl/s dxŒjsf] b]z xf] . lnlDkofw'/f, lnk'n]s / / u'kmfx?df a:g] ub{y] . ;'/lIft :yfg ePsfn] g} sfnfkfgL dxŒjk"0f{ ;fdl/s If]q ePsfn] To;dfly

168 UNITY JOURNAL dflg;x? a:g] u/]sf x'g\ . o:tf u'kmf jf cf]9f/ v;fNg ;Sg] tfst ;fdl/s If]qn] g} lbG5 . ;fdl/s x?nfO{ ;fdl/s dxŒjsf b[li6n] ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5 . If]qx?df kfgLsf] cefj x'g glbg l;Gw'nLu9L ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] elh{lgofdf æn'/] u'kmfÆ lsNnfdf h;/L kfgL ;ª\sng ug{ kf]v/Lx? lgdf{0f gfdsf] Pp6f cf]9f/ /x]sf] 5 (luraycaverns. ul/Psf lyP, To:tf] sfd ;a} lsNnfx?df klg ug{ com) . hxf“ xhf/f}+ dflg; c6fp“5g\ . k|yd / låtLo ;lsG5 . cNnf], l;:gf] / cl/ª\ufnn] ;d]t cª\u|]h ljZjo'4df cd]l/sL ;]gfx?n] o;} u'kmfdf cf>o ;]gfnfO{ bk]6]sf] l;Gw'nLu9L lsNnfdf /fli6«o o'4 lnP/ ;'?ª o'4 u/]sf lyP . cfd gful/sx?sf] ;ª\u|xfnosf] lznfGof; ;d]t ePsf] 5 -e'h]n, o:fdf ;fy / ;xof]u /x]sf] lyof] . of] clxn] ko{6s @)!(_ . gfnfkfgL o'4df g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cfd nf]Eofpg] :yfg ag]sf] 5 . To;}n] k|s[ltn] lbPsf jf gful/sn] ;fy lb““bf lb“b} klg cª\u|]hn] kfgLsf] d'xfg dfgj lgld{t ;a} vfn] u'kmf, cf]9f/ / kftfnx?sf] y'lglbPsf lyP -s'“j/, lj=;+= @)&%_ . o;af6 kf7 hu]gf{ u/L /fVg'kb{5 . g]kfndf klg o; vfnsf l;Sb} k'/fgf o'4u9Lx?nfO{ dd{t–;Def/ / ;+/If0f u'kmf, cf]9f/ / kftfnx? k|foM ;a} kxf8L / lxdfnL ug{ ;s] g]kfnsf] ;fdl/s dxŒjsf] ;fGble{stf c? If]qx?df /x]sf 5g\ . ;'/Iff kmf}hn] rf;f] lbP cfd km/flsnf] x'g]5 . ;fdl/s dxŒjsf If]qdf g]kfnL gful/sn] b'Zdgx?;“usf] klxn] klxn]sf] n8fO“df ;]gfsf] cu'jfOdf ;+o'Qm ;'/Iff kmf}hsf] pkl:ylt em}“ k"0f{ ;xof]u / ;fy lbg]5g\ . cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . zlQmzfnL b]zx?n] cfºgf] k|efj a9fpg ljleGg ;"qdfkm{t\ k|of; ul//xG5g\ . lgisif{ cfºgf] /0fgLlts / ;fdl/s :jfy{ b]vfpg vf]h]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ k6s–k6ssf o'4x?df ;fdl/s v08df g]kfnL kIf ;r]t / ;t{s x'g'k5{ . g]kfnnfO{ :ynx?df e]nf eP/ gful/sn] k|z:t ;fy lbPsf ;fdl/s :jfy{ b]vfpg ljb]zLx?sf] qmL8f:yn sbflk 5g\ . l;d/f}gu9 Wj:t kf/]/ cl3 a9]sf] d'un ;]gfn] aGg lbg'x'“b}g . g]kfnsf] ;fdl/s If]qsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ b]j3f6 x'““b} kz'klt If]qdf ;d]t k|j]z u/]/ d"lt{x? /fli6«o :jfy{ cg's"n x'g] u/L k//fi6« / ;'/Iff gLlt tf]8kmf]8 u/]kl5 ;fdl/s dxŒjsf gfsfx?df 3/]n' lgdf{0f x'g ;s] b]z / hgtfsf] enfO x'g] b]lvG5 . xltof/ ;lxt nf7L / gf]n af]s]/ /fi6« /Iffsf lglDt ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL cfd gful/sn] ;]gfnfO{ ;fy lbPsf 5g\ . u'uL{g vf“sf] d'lZnd kmf}hsf] xdnfnfO{ c;kmn kfg{ clwsf/L, s]zj -k'if (, @)&%_, P]ltxfl;s sfGb|fªu9Lsf] ;]gf, gful/s / ;fdl/s :ynsf] lqsf]0fLo e"ldsf ;+/If0fdf h'6\of] g]kfnL ;]gf, Retrieved from /x]sf] 5 . ;]gfn] o:tf] ;fy] gful/sx?af6 af≈o http://dhadingnews.com/?p=35326, on December 27, 2019. / cfGtl/s ;a} vfnsf o'4x?df kfPsf] 5 . g]kfn s'g} klg ljb]zL zlQmsf] a'6d'lg s'lNrg' gk/]sf] s'“j/, gj/fh -c;f/ #), @)&%_, gfnfkfgL o'4sf gfos aneb| s“‘'j/ lsg nfx'/] eP < Retrieved klg ;fdl/s :ynsf] cf8df ;}lgs / gful/ssf] from https://www.newskarobar.com/banner- /0fsf}zn / rft'o{n] g} xf] . dxfef/t If]q / cGo news/64205.html, on November 23, 2019. dxŒjk"0f{ 7fp“x?df u9L lgdf{0f u/]/ Toxf“ uuge]bL s] xf] ;'uf}nL ;lGw < h:n] cfwf eGbf a9L tf]kx? / cGo If]Kof:qx? t}gfy ug{;s] g]kfnsf] e"efu u'dfpg'k¥of] -hgj/L !$, @)!(_, ;'/Iff 3]/f cem dha't /xg hfG5 . b'Zdgx?sf Retrieved from https://www.youtube. hxfhx? g]kfnnfO{ x8Kg jf Wj:t kfg{ g]kfnL com/watch?v=QKiOPPTd2Uw, on December cfsfzdf cfPsf] ;"rgf kfpgf;fy df/ xfg]/ 17, 2019.

169 UNITY JOURNAL v8\sf 3gZofd / :j?k cfrfo{ -h]7 @), @)&^_, a8", lbn]Gb|k|;fb a8" -d+l;/ !#, @)&^_, klZrdf]Q/ ;Ldf cd]l/sL /0fgLltdf g]kfn ;fem]bf/, Retrieved M gS;fltqmd0fb]lv ;]gfltqmd0f;Dd Retrieved from https://ekantipur.com/news/2019/06/03/ from http://www.yeskathmandu.com/ 2019/11 155952552739277680.html, on December 28, /23689/, on November 12, 2019. 2019. a:Goft, k|]dl;+x -;fpg @$, @)&^_, s;/L eof] u[x dGqfno, ;Ldf tyf cWofudg k|zf;g zfvf, ;'uf}nL ;lGw < Retrieved from https://www. Retrieved from http://www.moha.gov. himalkhabar.com/news/13888, on December np/office-layout/757 11, 2019. rflDnª, ef]uL/fh -lj=;+= @)&^_, eujfg\ u0f]z, pd]/ e§, dx]zbQ -sflt{s @@, @)&^_, gSsnL /fi6«jfbsf] !%)) jif{, Retrieved from http://nepalihimal. kfF;f]df lnk'n]s / sfnfkfgL, Retrieved from com/article/17829, on December 4, 2019. https://hamrakura.com/news-details/69141 hfu/0f h'g @*, @)!&_, hflgP dxfef/t o'4 s] /2019-11-08, on November 19, 2019. 18 lbgf]+ d]+ ls; lbg Sof x'cf yf, Retrieved e'h]n, anjL/ -gf]e]Da/ *, @)!(_, l;Gw'nLu9Ldf from https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/sant- /fli6«o o'4 ;+u|xfno lgdf0f{ x'“b}, Retrieved from saadhak-mahabharat-yudh-ka-18-dino-ka- https://www.janatasamachar.com/2019/11 ghatnakram-15405663.html, on December 6, /147083, on December 1, 2019. 2019. /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, @)&# . 9sfn, of]u]z -gf]e]Da/ !#, @)!(_, sfnfkfgLdf ef/tsf] l/kf]6{;{ g]kfn -h'nfO{ @#, @)!(_, ljb]zLsf] a9\bf] rf;f], ;fdl/s :jfy{, Retrieved from https://nepalmag. com.np/news/2019-11-13/20191113154019. g]kfnsf] ;fdl/s dxŒj ls x:tIf]k < Retrieved from html, on December 9, 2019. https://www.reportersnepal.com/2019/07/331103, on November 6, 2019. yfkf, /d]zhª\u -@)@(, sflt{s_, g]kfn b]zsf] Oltxf;, k|frLg g]kfn, ;+Vof @!,k[= . ;"rgf ljefu -lj=;+= @)&@_, g]kfn kl/ro, sf7df8f}+ . bfxfn, km0LfGb| -l8;]Da/ @#, @)!(_, lxdfno If]qdf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf %-#_ / cd]l/sf M ;fdl/s k|lt:kwf{ dfq} ls ;xsfo{ lgodfjnLsf] lgod # adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] ljj/0f, Retrieved from https://www.nepalarmy. klg < Retrieved from https://www.bbc. mil.np/page/rights_to_information, on November com/nepali/news-46657733, on November 19, 2019. 22, 2019. b}lgs g]kfn -sflt{s @^, @)&^_, /fHoaf6} pk]lIft 5 xfd|f] kfqf] -lj=;+= @)&^_, dxflzj/flq, Retrieved from https://www.hamropatro.com/posts/articles- lt+s/ / 5f+u?, Retrieved from https://www. events/articles-events-maha-shibharatri,on dainiknepal.com/2019/11/421036.html, on December 9, 2019. November 25, 2019. Luraycaverns (2019 AD), Retrieved from g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, lj=;+= @)&@ . https://luraycaverns.com/news/luray-caverns-is- kf08]o, km0fLGb|k|;fb -lj=;++ @)%&_, ;+:s[t–g]kfnL a[xt\ step-free-at-last/, on December 14, 2019. zAbsf]if, bfªM dx]Gb| ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno . Rana, M. SJB (April 3, 2017), Nepal: New geostrategic hotspot – Analysis, Retrieved from kf]v/]n, afns[i0f / c? -lj=;+= @)$)_, a[xt\ g]kfnL https://www.eurasiareview.com/03042017-nepal- zAbsf]if, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg . new-geostrategic-hotspot-analysis/, on November 26, 2019.

170 UNITY JOURNAL

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8f= emds k|;fb zdf{ n]v;f/ ;fj{ef}ldstf, ;fdl/s :jfjnDag, b]zelQm h:tf ;a} u'0fx? g]kfnsf] /fli6«otfdf ljBdfg /fHosf nflu lglZrt e"efu, hg;+Vof, ;fj{ef}d;Qf 5g\ . xfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;+3Lotf, wd{lg/k]Iftf, / ;/sf/ clgjfo{ tŒj x'g\ . /fi6« rflx“ dflg;x?sf df]jfon kmf]g, OG6/g]6 tyf ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] aLr efjgfTds, dgf]j}1flgs / cfWoflTds ?kdf ljsf; / lj:tf/, hftLo 5'jf5''t tyf lje]bnfO{ :yflkt ;fdflhs, ;f“:s[lts, /fhg}lts ;d'bfo sfg'gn] b08gLo 3f]lift ul/g' /fli6«o Pstfsf ePsf] x'“bf o;df dflg;x? :jcg'zfl;t /x]sf nflu yk cj;/ xf] . ul/jL, a]/f]huf/L, clzIff, x'G5g\ / pgLx?aLr PsfTdstfsf] efjgf /x];Dd hftLo lje]bsf] efjgf, lglxt :jfy{ k|]l/t /fhgLlt, /fi6«sf] cl:tTj sfod /xG5 . /fi6«–/fHon] Pp6f ck/fwsf] /fhgLtLs/0f, /fhgLltsf] ck/fwLs/0f /fHosf] /fhgLlts cl:tTjnfO{ /fi6«sf] ;f+:s[lts h:tf k|j[lQx? /fli6«o Pstfsf r'gf}tL x'g\ . cl:tTj;“u ;dflxt ub{5, h;sf] p2]Zo zf;gsf nflu /fhgLlts j}wtf lgb]{lzt ug]{ xf] / of] zAbs'~hLM /fi6««, /fHo, /fi6«–/fHo, /fi6«jfb, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg x'G5 . b]zelQm b]znfO{ ul/g] k|]d cGw/fi6«jfb, b]zelQm, /fli6««otf, wd{lg/k]Iftf, xf] eg], JolQmn] cfºgf] /fi6«af6 k|fKt u/]sf g};lu{s wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf, /fli6««o Pstf . u'0fx? clg p;sf] cGtd{gdf pJhg] /fli6«o ljz]iftf ljifo k|j]zM /fi6« af]wsf] cj:yf / /fi6«k|ltsf] efjgfTds nufj rflx“ /fli6«otf xf] . ljZjsf sltko b]zdf Pp6} b]zleq ;Eotfsf] k|f/Dedf dflg;x?aLr /x]sf] efiff, cg]sf}+ /fli6«otf klg kfOG5, t/ g]kfndf rflx“ Pp6} wd{, ;+:s[lt, /xg;xg, k/Dk/f, /Lltl/jfhsf ;fy} /fli6«otf 5 – g]kfnL /fli6«otf h'g xd]zf Pstfsf] cflgafgL / rfnrngsf cfwf/df PsfTdstfsf] ;"qdf cfj4 5 . g]kfnL hgtfaLr /x]sf] efjgfTds ljsf; eO{ /fi6«sf] pTklQ ePsf] / /fi6««, Pstf, hftLo ;lxi0f'tf, wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf h:tf /fHo, /fi6«–/fHo, /fli6««otf, /fli6««o Pstf h:tf s'/fn] g} g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f l;+uf] /fi6«sf ?kdf :yflkt cjwf/0ffx?sf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . Nofl6g efiff u/]sf] 5 . !@# efiff af]Ng] !@% j6f hfthfltx?df ænatioÆ af6 c+u|]hL zAb nation sf] Jo'TklQ ePsf] d g]kfnL x“' eGg] cfTdaf]wsf ;fy} Pp6} /fli6«o xf], h;sf] cy{ people, tribe, kin, genus, class, ;fOgf]df cfj4 efOrf/fsf] efjgf 5, clg Ps x'G5 . c+u|]hL zAb csf{sf ;+:s[lt, e]ife"iff, /Lltl/jfhk|lt ;Ddfg / flock (Google Search) Nation nfO{ g]kfnLdf /fi6« elgPsf] kfOG5 . /fi6« Pp6} ;lxi0f'tf b]vfpg] k|j[lQ ljBdfg 5 . tL ;a}sf] /fHoleq xf];\ jf ljleGg /fHox?df hxf“;'s} /x] klg ;lDd>0f, efOrf/f / Pstfaf6} /fli6«o Pstf ;dfg u'0f jf :jefj jf ljz]iftf ePsf dflg;x?sf] ;'b[9 ePsf] 5 . cgflbsfnb]lv :jtGq /fi6«sf ;d"lxs ;du|tf xf] . of] Pp6f hfltuteGbf ?kdf ljsl;t / cIf'00f /xL cfPsfn] cv08tf,

171 UNITY JOURNAL klg dflg;x?n] cf–cfºgf lglZrt rfxgfx? ;DkGg x'G5 . /fi6«–/fHodf zlQmsf] k|of]u ug]{ / ;f] k"/f ug{sf nflu ;f]rljrf/ u/]/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] /fHodf /x]sf dflg;x?sf] xsclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f u/L :jfoQ, cJolQmut, cd"t{ / /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf] gful/s / zf;saLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf ;f“:s[lts–/fhgLlts ;d'bfo xf] / JolQmx? Ps nflu ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . (Google cfk;df cfj4 eP/ :j:km"t{ ?kdf d"t{ ?k lbPsf] Search) b]zdf /x]sf ;a} efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, ;d"xsf] efu xf], h'g t6:y Pj+ cj}olSQs x'G5 . /Lltl/jfh, /xg;xg, k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g To;f] t /fi6«sf nflu lglZrt e"efu x'g}k5{ eGg] u/L cg]stfnfO{ Pstfdf cfj4 ug]{ clg ljleGg h?/L x'“b}g tyflk /fi6«af6 g} /fli6«otfsf] efjgf hfthflt, efiffefifL, j0f{ / ;Dk|bfosfaLr Pstfsf d'vl/t x'g k'U5 . To;}n] /fHoeGbf /fi6«nfO{ Jofks nflu ljleGg pkfox? vf]Hg] sfd ul/Psf] x'G5 . ?kdf a'lemG5 . /fi6«df dflg;x? :jcg'zfl;t /fi6«–/fHodf ;a} gful/sx?sf] efjgfsf] sb/ ug]{ /x]sf x'G5g\ . of] dflg;x?sf aLr efjgfTds, lsl;dn] /fHo ;~rfngsf] ;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/G5 . dgf]j}1flgs / cfWoflTds ?kdf :yflkt ;fdflhs, ljljwtfdf Pstf sfod ug]{ / Pstfleq cg]stfsf] ;f“:s[lts, /fhg}lts ;d'bfo ePsfn] dflg;x?aLr ;+/If0f ug]{ k|oTgsf ;fy /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, PsfTdstfsf] efjgf /x];Dd /fi6«sf] cl:tTj sfod /fli6«o cv08tf, /fli6«o Pstf / :jfwLgtfsf] /xG5 . /fHosf nflu lglZrt e"efu, hg;+Vof, ;+/If0f ub}{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfodf /fli6«o :jfledfg ;fj{ef}d;Qf / ;/sf/ clgjfo{ tŒj x'g\ . /fi6« rflx“ :yflkt ug]{ lbzfdf /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfngsf JolQmx?sf] ;dfg efjgf, u'0f Pj+ ljj]saf6 lgdf{0f cfwf/x? to ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfndf hgtfsf] x'g] ePsfn] o;sf tŒjx?df ;dfg e"efu, efiff, dfu / cfsf+Iffcg';f/ /fHo–Joj:yf ;~rfng x'“b} wd{, j0f{, ;+:s[lt, Oltxf; Pj+ ;dfg /fhgLlts cfPsf]af6 klg /fHo–Joj:yf ;~rfngsf cfwf/x? cfsf+Iff kb{5g\ . /fHosf nflu ;fj{ef}d;Qf clgjfo{ ;do;fk]If x'G5g\ eGg] b]lvG5 . 5 . /fi6«nfO{ klg x]g{ t ;fj{ef}d ?kdf g} x]l/G5, /fli6««otf / g]kfn t/ /fi6« x'gsf nflu ;fj{ef}d;Qf clgafo{ 5}g . o;sf] cl:tTj JolQmx?sf] efjgfTds Pstfdf JolQmn] cfºgf] /fi6«af6 k|fKt u/]sf g};lu{s u'0fx? /x]sf] x'G5 . /fi6« ;f“:s[lts / P]ltxfl;s ?kdf clg p;sf] cGtd{gdf pJhg] /fli6«o ljz]iftf JolQmx?aLrsf] PsfTdstfsf] Bf]ts ePsf] x'“bf af]wsf] cj:yf g} /fli6«otf xf] . b]zelQm / /fli6«otf o;df cfj4 JolQmx? :jcg'zfl;t / :jrflnt klg km/s ljifo x'g\ . -vgfn, @)&%–&–@(, /xG5g\ . /fi6«df g t k|x/L an jf zlQm g} x'G5, k[=^_ b]zelQm b]znfO{ ul/g] k|]d xf] eg] /fli6«otf g t zlQmsf] k|of]usf] 8/ g} x'G5, s]jn g}lts, /fi6«k|ltsf] efjgfTds nufj xf] . s'g} Pp6f b]z efjgfTds / cfWoflTds zlQm dfq /x]sf] x'G5 / csf]{ b]zdf ?kfGt/0f klg x'g ;S5, t/ Pp6f ;f“:s[lts / hghftLo cl:tTj;“u ;DalGwt x'G5 . /fi6« csf]{ /fi6«df slxNo} klg ?kfGt/0f x'+b}gM of] ;bf;j{bf oyfjt\ /lx/xG5 . To;}n] PskN6 k|fKt /fi6«–/fHo u/]sf] /fli6«otf klg /fi6« /x];Dd sfod /lx/xG5, /fi6«–/fHo Pp6f /fHosf] Tof] k|sf/ xf], h;n] /fHosf] slxNo} n'Kt x'+b}g . ;fj{ef}d;Qf gePsf] cj:yfdf /fhgLlts cl:tTjnfO{ /fi6«sf] ;f“:s[lts cl:tTj;“u /fHosf] cl:tTj ;dfKt x'gk'U5, t/ /fi6«sf] cl:tTj ;dflxt ub{5 . o;sf] p2]Zo zf;gsf nflu /x];Dd JolQmx?sf] efjgfTds Pj+ ;+j]ufTds /fhgLlts j}wtf lgb]{lzt ug'{ xf] . of] ;fj{ef}d;Qf Pstf sfod /x]sf] x'G5 . em§ x]bf{ /fi6«jfb /

172 UNITY JOURNAL /fli6«otf p:t}p:t} h:tf] b]lvP klg tL km/s s'/f /fli6««o Pstf / g]kfn x'g\ . /fi6«k|ltsf] k|]d g} /fi6«jfb xf], t/ /fi6«jfbsf g]kfn hfthflt, efiffefifL, ;+:s[lt, wd{ tyf gfddf dfgjtf / ljZjjGw'TjnfO{ cf3ft kfg]{ ef}uf]lns cfwf/df ljljwtfo'Qm b]z xf] . g]kfndf cyjf cGo /fi6«x?nfO{ cf3ft kfg]{ sfd eof] eg] !@# dft[efiff af]Ng] !@% hfthfltsf dflg;x?sf] To;nfO{ cGw/fi6«jfb elgG5 -/fjn, @)&#–(–@#, a;f]af; /x]sf] / !) k|sf/sf wd{x? cl:tTjdf 5g\ k[= &_ / cGw/fi6«jfb eg]sf] kfv08 xf], s's[To xf] eGg] @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfaf6 b]lvG5 . -s]Gb|Lo / dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fw xf] h;sf] pbfx/0fsf tYofÍ ljefu, @)^(, wf/f #@_ /fi6«n] ef}uf]lns ?kdf Oltxf;df s'Voflt / jbgfdL sdfPsf ;Ldf+sg ug]{eGbf klg efjgfTds / ;+j]ufTds kmf“;Ljfb / gfhLjfb clg ;dsfnLg ljZjsf s]xL Pstf / efjgfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . g]kfndf cft+ssf/L gZnLo lrGtgx?nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . af]lng] ;a} efiffnfO{ ;dfg ;+/If0f ul/g] egL clt/fi6«afbL k|j[lQnfO{ ;sf/fTds dfGg ;lsGg . ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, -ls/ftL, @)&$–@–!), k[=&_ ljZjsf sltko b]zdf @)&@_ To:t} ;a} k|sf/sf wd{, j0f{, hfthflt, Pp6} b]zleq cg]sf}+ /fli6«otf ePsf] klg kfOG5 . ;Dk|bfo jf If]qsf dflg;x?nfO{ Pstfsf] ;"qdf t/ g]kfndf rflx“ Pp6} /fli6«otf 5, h;nfO{ g]kfnL cfj4 u/fpg] dfWodsf ?kdf /fi6«nfO{ lnOPsf] /fli6«otf elgG5 / of] xd]zf Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfj4 5 . g]kfnL hgtfaLr /x]sf] efjgfTds Pstf, 5 . afns[i0f kf]v/]nn] g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf af/]df hftLo ;lxi0f'tf, wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf h:tf s'/fn] g} n]v]sf 5g\– g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f l;+uf] /fi6«sf ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] o;df xfd|f k"j{hx?sf] ;':s]/f 5, xfd|f ls;fg 5 . g]kfnsf ;a} hfthflt, efiffefifL, wd{, ;+:s[lt, / HofdLx?n] aufPsf] k;Lgf 5, xfd|f aL/ /xg;xg, /Lltl/jfhsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{ bfloTj l;kfxLx?sf] k/fqmd 5, cf+l6nf kj{tf/f]xLx?sf] ;/sf/sf] xf] . ;+ljwfgdf /fi6«nfO{ æax'hftLo, cb\e"t ;fx; 5, 8f“8fsf“8fleq n's]/ a;]sf ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f“:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm, vfgLx?sf] uxs 5, kfvfkv]/fdf km'Ng] cg'kd ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf ;dfg cfsf+Iff / km"nx?sf] dxs 5, 8f“km] / d'h'/x?sf] s]lnqmL8f g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, 5, u}+8f / xfQLx?sf] nrs 5, c;f/] / n}j/Lsf] /fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg /xL Pstfsf] 3GsfO 5, wfggfr / 3f6'sf] cfª dsf{O{ 5, ;"qdf cfa4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf]Æ kz'klt / :jo+e"sf] hfqf 5, bz}+ / 3f]8]hfqfsf] -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, wf/f #_ clg æg]kfn Ps pdË 5, leIf' / ;Gof;Lsf] cfWoflTdstf 5, cd/ :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, zxLbx?sf] alnbfg 5, /fhf / k|hfsf] ;xof]u ;dfj]zL ;++3Lo nf]stflGqs, u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf]Æ 5, psfnL / cf]x|fnLsf] y/s 5, eGHofªx?sf] -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, wf/f $_ eGg] Joj:yf zLtn' 5fof 5, 8f]sf / vk{gx?sf] s/fdt 5, ePsf] 5 . rf}tf/LHofgsf a/lkkn' 5g\, cNnf/] Hofgsf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fli6««o Pstfsf sf/s tTjx? 8Dkm' / dfbn' 5g, vf]nfgfnfsf pn{fO{ 5g\, 9's'/sf s'n{fO{ 5g\ / 5g\ g]kfn / g]kfnLnfO{ -s_ wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf lrgfpg] cg'xf/, kf]zfs, cfgLafgL, rfnrng OToflb . -kf]v/]n, @)@&, k[= !%&–!%*_ g]kfndf lxGb", jf}4, O:nfd, ls/f“t, lqmlZrog, k|s[lt nufot !) j6f wd{ dflgG5g\ . tL ;a}

173 UNITY JOURNAL wd{x?aLr ;bf;j{bf wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf /xLcfPsf] x'“, eGg] cfTdaf]wsf ;fy} Pp6} /fli6«o ;fOgf]df 5 / wd{sf gfddf slxNo} klg /fu, å]if, 3[0ff jf cfj4 efOrf/fsf] efjgf 5 . ;fy}, Ps csf{sf j}dg:otfsf] l:ylt l;h{gf ePg . a'4wd{ g]kfns} ;+:s[lt, e]ife"iff, /Lltl/jfhk|lt ;Ddfg / ;lxi0f'tf of]ubfg xf] . a'4nfO{ ;gftg lxGb" wd{sf eujfg\ b]vfpg] k|j[lQ ljBdfg 5 . rfx] cflbjf;L xf];\, lji0f'sf] gjf}+ cjtf/ dflgG5 . lxGb" /fhf c+z'jd{fsL rfx] cgflbjf;L xf];\, rfx] cfk|jf;L xf];, -k|;fO{, 5f]/L e[s'6Ln] ef]6sf /fhf ;|ªrªuDkf];“u ljjfx @)&^–*–@@, k[= %_ tL ;a}sf] ;lDd>0f, efOrf/f / ePkZrft\ a'4wd{sf] ;]jf u/]/ 7"nf] Voflt cfh{g Pstfaf6} /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 ePsf] 5 . ul/g\ . lxGb"n] jf}4u'Djfsf] / af}4n] lxGb" dlGb/sf] -3_ /fli6«o :jfledfgsf] cIf'00ftf bz{g ug{] k/Dk/f oxf“ 5 . o; afx]s ls/f“t, lxGb" / jf}4 wdf{jnDaLx?df klg Pscs{fsf] ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f cgflbsfnb]lv g} g]kfndf k/rqmLx? l6Sg ;s]sf / k"hf–cg'i7fgsf] cjnDag ug{] k|j[lQ ljBdfg 5}gg\ . of] b]z ;bf g]kfnLx?s} /xL cfPsf] 5 . of] 5 . -g]kfn, @)&%–)^–@%, k[=$_ cfhsf gof“ xfd|f] :jfledfgsf] ljifo xf] . ;d|f6 czf]s h:tf k':tfx?n] t lxGb", jf}4, O:nfd, ls/f+t, lqmlZrog ljh]tf zf;s klg g]kfnsf ls/f“tL /fh :y'+sf]sf ;fd' ;a}sf d'Vo–d'Vo rf8ka{x? bz}+, ltxf/, Nxf];f/, l6Sg g;lsg] b]vL 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx oxf“ ul/lbP/ To;} Ob, lqm;d;, p“wf}nLp“ef}nL, a'4holGt, ;fs]nf, kmls{Psf lyP . -cof{n, @)$#, k[=@#_ sflZd/af6 df3L, uf}/f, 57, xf]nL, tLh cflbdf ;xefuL x'g] / g]kfn xfGg cfPsf hoflk8 ljgoflbTonfO{ g]kfnsf ;+o'St?kdf /dfpg] u5{g\ . -hf]zL, @)&%–)^–@&, c/d'08Ln] xfonsfon kf/]/ w'nf] r6fPsf lyP . k[=s_ -cof{n, @)$#, k[=%^_ Oltxf;sf] sfnv08df g]kfndf cfqmd0f ug{ vf]Hg]x?dWo] !*@) ;fndf -v_ efiff -cof{n, @)$#, k[=!*^_ ld/sfl;dnfO{, !*!( @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf g]kfnleq af]lng] !@# ;fndf -cof{n, @)$#, k[=!*&_ lsgnf]snfO{, !*$* j6f dft[efiffx?sf] klxrfg ePsf] lyof] . xfn ;fndf d'sfªcfgnfO{, !*&@ ;fntfsf -cof{n, of] ;+Vof cem} a9\bf] 5 . g]kfnL efiffn] ;/sf/L @)$#, k[=@)(–!*_ O:6Ol08of ;/sf/nfO{, !(!! sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] x}l;ot /fVb5 / of] efiff g} ;fndf ef]6nfO{ -cof{n, @)$#, k[=@$!_ g]kfnLn] c? ljleGg dft[efiff af]Ng]x?sf aLrsf] ;Dks{ bf]xf]nf] sf9]/ nv]6L :jb]zsf] /Iff u/]sf lyP . efiff klg xf] h;nfO{ ;a} hfthfltx?n] ckgfPsf g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jfledfgsf] pNn]vgLo kIf g} s] 5g\ . xf] eg] ;dsfnLg 36gfqmddf g]kfnnfO{ s;}sf] gfsfaGbLn] ;Dd klg unfpg ;s]g, a? /fli6«o -u_ hfthflt Pstfsf] efjgf r§fg h:t} emg\ ;'b[9 eof] . oxf“sf] g]kfndf !@% j6f hfthflt /x]sf 5g\, h;df ;fdflhs ;b\efj / /fli6«o PstfnfO{ tx;gx; kfg{ k/fk"j{sfndf O/fglt/af6 cfPsf cfo{, ss]l;ofaf6 tlD;Psfx? klg cfkm}“ nvt/fg eO{ yfs]/ n';'Ss cfPsf v;, d+uf]lnofaf6 cfPsf d+uf]n clg blIf0f kfvf nfu] . o;/L cgflbsfnb]lv :jtGq /fi6«sf ef/tlt/af6 cfPsf cfo{a|fx\d0fx?sf] ;lDd>0f 5 . ?kdf ljsl;t / cIf'00f /xL cfPsfn] cv08tf, /fi6«lgd{ftf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfnnfO{ rf/ j0f{ ;fj{ef}ldstf, ;fdl/s :jfjnDag, b]zelQm h:tf 5QL; hftsf] km"naf/L eg]sf 5g\ . oxf“sf lxdfn, ;a} u'0fx? g]kfnsf] /fli6«otfdf ljBdfg 5g\ . kxf8 / t/fO{df a:g] ;a} hfthfltx?df d g]kfnL

174 UNITY JOURNAL -ª_ ;Eotfsf] w/f]x/ h:tf] ;+:s[tsf] k|yd k|fdfl0fs kof{ojfrL sf]zsf] l;h{gf g]kfns} kf6gdf, :j:yfgL a|tsyfsf] l;h{gf g]kfn g t w]/} 7"nf] b]z xf], g t w]/} ;fgf] . ljZjsf sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf, j]bJof;sf c7f/ k'/f0fx?, cGo d'n'sx?;“u If]qkmnsf cfwf/df t'ngf ug{] xf] d}lynL slj ljBfkltsf cd/ /rgfx? g]kfn e"lddf eg], xfd|f] b]z ;fgf]df $( cf}“ qmddf clg 7"nf]df g} l;h{gf ePsf x'g\ . -g]kfn, @)&%–)^–!!, k[=$_ klg $( ‍cf}“ qmddf g} kb{5 . To;}n] hDdf If]qkmn !$&!*! ju{ lsnf]ld6/ ePsf] b]z eP/ klg ;Lldt -5_ bfz{lgs lrGtgsf] pb\ud:yn e"efuleq} & j6f ;Eotfsf] cfljef{j / ljsf; x'g' kf}/fl0fs ufyfcg';f/ g]kfn s}of}“ ljVoft / cGo /fi6«x?sf e"efu;Dd km}ng' -gjLg v8\sfn] Clif–dxlif{x?sf] hGde"ld, tkf]e"ld / sd{e"ldsf lbPsf cGtjf{tf{_ g]kfnsf] crDdsf] ljz]iftf xf] . ?kdf /x]sf] 5≤ h:t} cxflz/f, pkdGo', sZok, sf]zL ;Eotf OGb|fjtL gbLeGbf k"j{lt/ lj:tf/ eO{ slkn, sf}lzs, ufuL{ -dlxnf Clif_, uf}td, hgs, ldq/fi6« ef/tsf] bflh{ln+u, l;lSsd / cf;fd;Dd, hdbUgL, k/z'/fd, k'nx, e[u', df08j, d}qL, d}q]oL ldq/fi6« e'6fg clg ldq/fi6« jdf{sf] P]/fjtL -dlxnf Clif_, df}b\uNo, o1jNSo, Jof;, jlzi7, gbL;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . jfudtL ;Eotf sf7df8f}+ ljZjfldq, zfl08No, g]d'lg, ls/f“t Clif cfs'lg, pkTosf / cf;kf;df cflje{fj / lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . ls/f“t tyf lxGb"sf cf/fWo b]jb]jL dxfb]j / lqz'nL ;Eotf lqz'nL gbLeGbf k"j{lt/sf e"efudf kfj{tL -h;nfO{ ls/f“tx?n] kf?xfª / ;'lDgdfsf lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . u08sL ;Eotf lqz'nL gbLeGbf gfdaf6, lnDa"x?n] wfjf;fd / o'jf;fdsf] gfdaf6 klZrdtkm{ sfnLu08sL gbLsf] ;]/f]km]/f]leq kg{] Oi6b]jb]jLsf] ?kdf dfGg] u/]sf 5g\_ . h8e/tsf] e"efudf lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . e]/L s0f{fnL ;Eotf hGd:yn sfnLu08sL, ;+:s[t j}ofs/0f kfl0fgLsf] u08sL gbLeGbf klZrdtkm{ e]/L gbL;Ddsf hGd:yn c3f{vf“rL, ;+:s[tsf] cd/sf]ifsf /rgfsf/ e"efudf lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 eg], ;]tL dxfsfnL cd/l;+x jf+8fsf] hGd:yn kf6g /x]sf] 5 . ;Eotf e]/L gbLeGbf klZrdtkm{sf e"eful:yt ;]tL Oltxf;sfndf n'lDagLsf uf}tda'4, sf7df8f}+sf dxfsfnL gbLsf ;]/f]km]/f] nufot ldq/fi6« ef/tsf cDa/uL/, tfKn]h'ª, l;gfdsf >Lh+uf, Onfd, lkyf}/fu9, s'dfpm“, u9jfn, g}gLtfn If]qel/ lj:tf/ lkmSsnsf ;Gt 1fglbnbf;, Ko'7fg, :ju{åf/Lsf ePsf] 5 . ldlynf ;Eotf t/fO{sf] hgsk'/af6 dxfk|e', u'NdL, /];'Ëfsf zzLw/, ef]hk'/ lbª\nfsf cfljef{j eO{ To;};+u hf]l8Psf] ldq/fi6« ef/tsf] if8fgGb, ef]hk'/, uf]ug]sL of]udfof Gof}kfg] h:tf lgs} 7"nf] e"efu;Dd lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . bfz{lgs, lrGts tyf ;fdflhs cleoGtfx?sf] -r_ ;flxTo Tofu, tk:of / sd{0otfaf6 l;+lrt 5 . d}lynL efiffsf ljVoft >[+uf/ slj ljBfklt / d}lynLs} j]bsf sltko Crfx? g]kfndf l;h{gf ePsf ljVoft xf:o syfsf/ uf]g'emfsf] hGde"ld / x'g\ eg] e};fnf]6g l:yt afNdLlsgu/df dxlif{ sd{e"ld g]kfns} df6f] /x]sf] 5 . xfd|} n'lDagLsf afNdLlsaf6 ;+:s[tsf] k|yd dxfsfJo afNdLls l;4fy{ uf}tdn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] af}4bz{g ljZjsf /fdfo0fsf] l;h{gf eof] . ls/f“t wd{u|Gy d'Gw'dsf] c/af}+ af}4dfuL{x?n] cjnDag ul//x]sf 5g\ . b]jLsf l;h{gf k"jL{ g]kfndf g} ePsf] lyof] eg]] n3'l;4fGt ?kdf xfd|} hgsk'/sL r]nL ;LtfnfO{ ljZjsf c/af}+ sf}d'bL h:tf] ;G;f/s} ;a}eGbf j}1flgs 7xl/Psf] lxGb"x?n] clg xfd|} /fhs'df/L e[s'6LnfO{ rLgsf ;+:s[t Jofs/0f c3{fvf+rLsf] k0f]gfdf, cd/sf]z c/af}+ hgtfn] k'lh/x]sf 5g\ .

175 UNITY JOURNAL -h_ snf efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ?kdf :yflkt ul/lbPsfn] ljutdf cfkm"nfO{ pk]lIft cg'ej u/]sf ejg tyf dlGb/x?df k|of]u x'g] kuf]8f eflifs ;d'bfon] klg ca ;Gt'li6sf] cg'e"t ub{} z}nLsf] cfljisf/ g]kfndf ePsf] xf] . P]ltxfl;s /fli6«o Pstfsf] d"n k|jfxdf hfu?s x'g] cj:yf :yfkTosnfsf] cb\e"t gd'gfsf ?kdf rf“u'gf/fo0fsf] l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . efiff cfof]un] g]kfnsf ;a} dlGb/, kf6gsf] s[i0fdlGb/ cBflk 5“b}5g\ . g]kfnsf efiffx?sf] ;Dj4{g / nf]kf]Gd'v efiffx?sf] ;+/If0f c/lgsf] cyf{t anafx' gfdsf snfsf/n] rLgsf ug]{ sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbPsf] 5 . s'Jnfvf“sf] b/af/df cfºgf] ljlzi6 k|lti7f / klxrfg :yflkt u/]sf] s'/f Oltxf;df plNnlvt -3_ ;~rf/sf] ljsf; 5 . df]jfon kmf]g, OG6/g]6 tyf ;fdflhs ;+hfnsf] /fli6«o Pstf yk dhj"t agfpgsf nflu cj;/ ljsf; / lj:tf/n] ubf{ ;~rf/df cfd hg;fwf/0fsf] kx'“r ;xh ePsf] 5 . o;af6 lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{ -s_ ;+3Lotf ;j{qsf hgtfaLr ;Dks{ tyf ;~rf/ eO{ ljrf/sf] ljutsf] PsfTds zf;g k|0ffnLdf d'n'sleqsf cfbfgk|bfg, ;DaGwsf] lj:tf/ / efOrf/f tyf ljleGg If]q, tx / tKsfsf hg;d'bfonfO{ ps'; 3lgi6tf a9]/ /fli6«o Pstfdf 7"nf] of]ubfg ePsf] d's';sf] l:ylt x'“bf klg /fli6«o Pstf cIf'00f /x]s} 5 . o;} u/L oftfoftdf ePsf] ljsf;n] klg cfk;L lyof] eg] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;Dks{ / ;DaGwdf lj:tf/ eO{ Pstfsf] efjgfsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sfn] of] v'nf jftfj/0fdf /fli6«o yk ljsf; ePsf] 5 . Pstfsf] efjgf cem} dha't x'g] cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] -ª_ sfg'gL cfwf/lznf 5 . sfg'gdf ePsf qmlds tyf gjLgtd ;+zf]wg tyf -v_ wd{lg/k]Iftf kl/dfh{gaf6 hftLo 5'jf5''t tyf lje]bnfO{ b08gLo ljutdf g]kfnnfO{ lxGb" clw/fHosf ?kdf cg'jlGwt 3f]lift ul/Pkl5 d'n'sleqsf ;a} hfthfltaLr ul/Psf]df To;af6 cGo wdf{jnDaLx? s'l07t x'g ;'–;DaGw / ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf; eO{ /fli6«o gk/f];\ eg]/ jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] wd{lg/k]If ;fy} Pstfdf yk of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 . ;dfj]zL /fHosf ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] l:ylt ePsfn] /fli6«o Pstfsf r'gf}tLx? / ;dfwfg ;a} wdf{jnDaLx?n] ;dfgtfsf] cg'ej ub{} ;fy} lk5l8Psf] tx / tKsfsf ;LdfGtLs[t hg;d'bfon] ;'b[9 / dha"t /fli6«o Pstf x'“bfx'“b} klg To;df klg ;dfj]lztfsf] cf:jfbg ub{} /fli6«o PstfnfO{ slxn]sfxL“ r'gf}tLx? b]vfkg]{ ub{5g\ . xfd|f] cem} k|jn / ;'b[9 agfpg] dfu{df cu|;/ x'g] 9f]sf b]z ljsf;f]Gd'v b]z xf] / ev{/} dfq qmdzM v'n]sf]5 . -e§, @)&%–)(–!&, k[=^_ ;d[l4sf] dfu{df cu|;/ eO/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] oxf“ ul/aL / a]/f]huf/L JofKt 5 . ul/aL / a]/f]huf/Lsf] -u_ /fli6«o efiff s'07fu|:t hLjg af“lr/x]sf hgdfg;df /fli6«o ljutdf g]kfnL efiffnfO{ dfq /fli6«o efiffsf] dfGotf Pstfk|lt ljrng pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf lbOPsfdf jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} /xG5 . oxL cj:yf clzIffn] klg lgDTofpg ;S5 . dft[efiffx?nfO{ /fli6«o efiffsf] dfGotf lbO{ g]kfnL ;'b[9 sfg'gL ;+/rgfsf] :yfkgf eO;s]sf] eP klg

176 UNITY JOURNAL ;dfhaf6 hftLo lje]bsf] efjgf k"0f{ ?kdf lgd{"n Ifl0fs ?kdf ;:tf] nf]slk|otf t cfh{g x'g;Snf, eO;s]sf] 5}g . !@% eGbf a9L hfthflt ePsf] t/ Tof] yf]/} ;dodf g} kfgLsf] kmf]sf h:t} ljnfP/ ;dfhdf hftLo lje]b tyf 5'jf5'tsf] efjgfaf6 hfG5 . hgtfnfO{ /fli6«otfk|lt hfu?s agfpg / ;tfOPsf] kLl8t ;d'bfodf g}/fZo tyf s'07f zf;sx?nfO{ Gofosf] dfu{tkm{ pGd'v x'g] va/bf/L pTkGg eO{ /fli6«o Pstfk|lt pbf;Lg x'g] l:yltsf] ug{sf nflu ;r]t /fi6«k|]dLn] snd / jf0fL b'a} ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg . oftfoftsf] ;xhtf rnfpg' af~5gLo g} x'G5, t/ oltn] dfq} /fli6«otf gePsf clt b'u{d :yfgsf hg;d'bfox?sf] / /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 x'g] xf]Og . /fi6«sf] lxtdf s]Gb|;“u jf /fhwfgL;“u ;Dks{ jf ;DaGw gePkl5 7f]; ?kn] /rgfTds sfo{ u/]kl5 dfq /fli6«otf To:tf] ;d'bfo /fHoaf6 pknJw x'g] ;]jf–;'ljwfaf6 ;'b[9 x'G5 . hgtfnfO{ lbUe|ldt agfP/ ;fdflhs al~rt x'g] l:ylt x'G5 . o;af6 pgLx?df /fli6«o ;b\efjgf ljyf]Ng] sk6L dg;foaf6 k|jfx ul/Psf] Pstfk|lt gsf/fTds efjgf cfpg ;S5 . oL ;a} /fli6«otfsf] gf/f jf n]vgL t emg\ 3fts x'G5 . s'/feGbf klg cem vt/gfs r'gf}tL xf] lglxt /fhgLlts clwsf/ / jfs\ :jtGqtfsf] k|of]u :jfy{ k|]l/t /fhgLlt . ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] ug{] gfddf st{Jopk/ xyf}8f df/]df To;sf] rf]6 ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf tyf /fhgLlts ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ g} k5{ / cGttf]uTjf To:tf] :jtGqtfsf] cf8df s;}af6 lglxt :jfy{af6 k|]l/t JolQm :jo+nfO{ g} k5{ . hg;fwf/0fnfO{ ;tfpg / x'“b} ;fdflhs ;b\efjgf ljyf]Ng], clzlIft hgtfnfO{ lbUe|ldt t'Nofpg /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] l;h{gf lbUe|ldt agfpg], d'n'sdf wd{ jf hft jf ju{sf] ePsf] x'“b} xf]Og . /fli6«otf /x]g eg] /fi6« g} /x“b}g, cfwf/df /fu, å]if, snx jf j}dg:otfsf] l:ylt /fli6«otfsf] t s'/} ePg . kfl/hftsf] ;'ulGwt l;h{gf ug{] vfnsf cleJolQm jf ;Gb]z k|jfx ug{] km"naf6 ax't} ldlxg]t nufP/ ;'Gb/ dfnf pg]sf] jf To:t} p2]Zo k|]l/t jf ljv08gsf/L /fhgLlt eP klg wfuf] kmf]:s] jf dRrf kg{ uof] jf dlSsof] ug{] s'r]i6f eof] eg] /fli6«o Pstfdf To:tf] k|j[lQ eg] dfnf l5GgleGg x'G5, /fli6«otf eg]sf] dfnfdf klg k|To'Tkfbs x'g ;S5 . o:tf vfn] r'gf}tLx?sf] hl8t km"n xf] / /fli6«o Pstf rflx“ wfuf] xf] hf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu /fHo ;+oGqn] clzIff, ul/aL / dha"t x'g'k5{, clg dfq xfd|f] uf}/jdo /fli6«o a]/f]huf/L ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu 7f]; sfo{qmd Pstfsf] uLt ;fy{s x'g]5 – æ;of}+ y'+uf km"nsf sfof{Gjog ug{], hgdfg;df ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt xfdL Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL ;fj{ef}d eO{ km}lnPsf ub{} b08xLgtfnfO{ lgd{"n ug{] / ;fdflhs ;b\efjgf d]rL–dxfsfnL .Æ ljyf]Ng] vfnsf /fhgLlts ultljlwpk/ s7f]/ k|xf/ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL ug{] sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbg'kb{5 . clwsf/L, gf/fo0f k|;fb / c? -@)&)_ cfo{–v;sf lgisif{ !%))) aif{, sf7df8f}+ M dw'jg k|sfzg . /fli6«o Pstfsf nflu b]zjf;Lx?df /fi6«k|]d cof{n, O{Zj//fh, -@)$#_ gof+ g]kfnsf] Oltxf; , ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . ;8sdf /fli6«otfsf] rsf]{ gf/f sf7df8f}+ M /Tgk':ts e08f/ . nufp“b} ;8s ttfO{ eL8nfO{ Psl5g pQ]lht agfP/ -ls/f“tL, /fh]Gb|, -@)&$–)@–!)_, /fi6«jfbsf] ckJofVof, cyjf sf]/f efj'stfdf cfwfl/t /fli6«otfsf] bz{g uf]/vfkq, k[=& . 5f+6]/ kqklqsf jf ;fdflhs ;Ghfndf ;~rf/ u/]/ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, -@)^(_ /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* dfq eg] sf]xL klg /fi6«k|]dL sxnfp“b}g . To;af6 ;+lIfKt glthf

177 UNITY JOURNAL v+8\sf, Zofd axfb'/, -@)&@_ d:6f] ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/f, e§, rGb|b]j, -@)&%–)(–!&_, wd{lg/k]Iftfsf] /fhgLlt, sf7df8f}+ M Pstf a'S; sflGtk'/, k[=^ . vgfn, s[i0f, -@)&%–)&–@(_, /fi6«jfb ls b]zelQm, e§/fO{, ab/Lgfy, -@)!&_ kRrL; k|aGw sf7df8f}+ M sflGtk'/ k[=^ . g]kfnL efiff k|sfzg ;ldlt . uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg, -@)&$ h]7_ dw'ks{ -cd"t{ ;+:s[lt of]uL g/xl/gfy, -@)#*_ b]je"ld ef/t Pjd\ cfWoflTds ljz]iffÍ_ g]kfn -klxnf] efu_ . hf]zL, zDe'/fd, -@)&%–)^–)&_, sfo{ ;+:s[lt / bz}+≤ of]uL g/xl/gfy, -@)&!_ lxdjt\v08 -bf]=;+=_ sf7df8f}+≤ uf]/vfkq, k[=s . gO k|sfzg . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ . /fjn, eLd, -@)&#–)(–@#_, /fi6«jfb, cGw/fi6«jfb / g]kfn, k|bLk, -@)&%–)^–@%_, bz}+, /fdfo0f / ls/f+t, cltjfb, sflGtk'/, k[=& . uf]/vfkq, k[=$ . ;fdflhs ;Ghfn o'6\o'a -OGb|]0fL sfo{qmdsf ;+rfns kf]v/]n, afns[i0f, -@)@&_ sn]h:t/sf lgaGw} lgaGw s[i0f s+8]nn] nf]sufos tyf ;+:s[ltljb\ gjLg sf7df8f}+ M ;xof]uL k|sfzg v8\sf;+u lnPsf] eLl8of] cGt/jftf{_ kf]v/]n, dfwj k|;fb, ;+= -@)%*_ hgsnfn zd{fsf l;6f}nf, vu]Gb|/fh -@)^(+_ k[YjLljrf/ / Jojxf/, b k|aGw sf7df8f}+ M au/ kmfp08]zg g]kfn . PS:Knf]/ g]kfn u|'k k|;fO“, bL3{/fh, -@)&^–)*–@(_, kf7s cfjfh, uf]/vfkq, k[= % .

178 UNITY JOURNAL

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7fs'/ k|;fb a/fn n]v;f/ ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm, ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf ;dfg cfsfª\Iff / /fi6« z/L/ xf] eg] To; b]zsf gful/s k|f0f x'g\ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, / /fli6«otf efjgfTds zlQm / cf:yf xf], h;sf] /fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg /xL Pstfsf] pb\ej / ljsf; tL dflg;x?df x'G5, hf] Pp6f ;"qdf cfa4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf]Æ e"v08df a:g] Pp6} hfltsf x'G5g\, h;sf] efiff, -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@, wf/f #, k[=@_ wd{, k/Dk/f, ;+:s[lt / :jfy{x? Ps} k|sf/sf x'G5g\ / h;sf] /fhgLlts cfbz{ klg Pp6} x'G5 . /fli6«otf cfkm\g} k'vf{n] kflntkf]lift ub{} x'sf{Psf] /fli6«otf Pp6f vf; e"v08df ;'Gb/ km"nsf] dfnf df}lns ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt, snf, ;flxTo, rfnrng em}+ dfnfsf/ ?kdf pkrlot eO{ a;]sf dflg;x?sf] cflbk|ltsf] ;Ddf]xg, cg'/fu, k|] d / :g]x efj klg cg'/fufTds pmhf{ / ;+j]u klg xf] . o;sf dfWodaf6 xf], h'g To; d'n'ssf] dfg, ;Ddfg, :jfledfg, uf}/ JolQmn] cfkm"nfO{ cfkm\gf] /fi6«sf] x[bo;“+u ;fIffTsf/ j;“u k|ToIf ?kdf uf“l;Psf] x'G5 . o;sf] /Iffsf u/L cfkm\gf] /fi6«k|lt >4f, :g]x / k|]defj k|:km'l6t nflu JolQm :jo+ cfkm\gf] hLjg pT;u{ Pj+ jlnbfg u/]sf] x'G5 / cfkm\gf] klxrfgsf] cg'e"lt ;d]t ug{ / c?dfly hfOnfUg klg tof/ eO/x]sf] x'G5 . ub{5 . of] Ps k|sf/n] cf:yf / ljZjf;sf] ;+ud /fli6«otf To; /fi6«df a:g] k|To]s JolQmsf] d'6' ;d]t xf] h;n] JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] /fi6«, efiff, wd{, xf], h'g ljgf JolQm d"bf{t'No lg:kGb x'G5 . k|To]s Oltxf;, d"No, dfGotf / ljZjf;;“u hf]8\g] k'nsf] /fi6«sf gful/ssf] /utsf yf]kf yf]kfdf /fli6«otfsf] sfo{ ul//x]sf] x'G5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] cf]h cf]tk|f]t x'g'kb{5 . /fli6«otf To:tf] ;fd"lxs efjgf xf] h;sf] cfwf/df kl/efiff JolQmn] ljleGg pknlJw / k|flKt xfl;n ub{} /fi6«sf] ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts d"NonfO{ ;d]t ;jf{]k/L 7fgL /fli6«otf ;DaGwL An+:nLn] o:tf] kl/efiff lbPsf r'N7Lsf] km"ne}m+ ;hfP/ /fv]sf] x'G5 . g]kfndf of] 5g\, æ/fli6«otf Ps k/fDk/fut dfgj ;dfh xf], k|sf/sf] efjgfsf] k|fb'ef{j /fi6«lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f h;df Ps Joj;fosf dflg; ;lDdlnt ePsf zfxaf6 g} ePsf] xf] . x'G5g\, h;sf] ljrf/, efjgf / :jefj p:t}p:t} x'G5, h;sf] Pp6f j+z, efiff, /Llt—l/jfh / ;Eotf zAbs'~hL M k|tLs, :j]R5frfl/tf, hggL, :juf{blk, ;dfg x'G5, h;n] pgnfO{ Pstfsf] efjgfdf cfef, bLlKt . kl/lrt u/fp“5 / cGo ljb]zLeGbf leGg} x'G5 .Æ k[i7e"ld -hf]zL /]UdL, @)%*, k[=@&%_ ;+:s[t efiffdf /fi6«±3±Oo±tfsf] ;+of]hgaf6 To;/L g} ldnn] lbPsf] kl/efiff o; k|sf/ 5 M /fli6«otf zAb lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . æax'hftLo, ædfgj hfltsf] Ps efu hf] ;fdfGo ;xfg'e"ltaf6

179 UNITY JOURNAL af“lwPsf] 5 eg] To;}nfO{ /fli6«otf elgG5 .Æ -a/fn, /fli6«otfsf] d"n efj @)^%, k[= #!_ /fli6«otfsf] efjgfn] ljb]zL bf;tf / x:tIf]ksf lhDdg{n] /fli6«otfsf] kl/efiff lb+b} eg]sf 5g\, lj?4df cfTdjlnbfg ug{ ;d]t k|f]T;flxt ub{5 . æ/fli6«otf /fhgLlts k|Zg geO{ cfWoflTds k|Zgsf] ef/t, rLg, OlhK6, leotgfd, blIf0f clk|msf h:tf xf] . /fli6«otf wd{ em}+ Ps cfGtl/s efjgf xf] . of] d'n'ssf hgtfsf] ToxL efjgfn] ubf{ g} tL d'n'sx? cfWoflTds wf/0ff xf], cg'ej u/]/, ljrf/ u/]/ j:g] :jtGq ePsf x'g\ . Oh/fonsf] hGd klg oxL of] Pp6f tl/sf klg xf] .Æ -a/fn,@)^%, k[=#!_ ;Ddf]xgsf] kl/0ffd xf] . c+u|]hx?sf] k|e'Tj d'n'sleq l5g{} glbg] tTsfnLg jL/ of]4fx?sf] dft[:g]xsf] luNqmfOi6n] rflx+ /fli6«otfnfO{ o;/L kl/efliftf k|uf9tfn] g]kfn ljZjd} ;w}+ :jtGq d'n'ssf ?kdf u/]sf 5g\, æ/fli6«otfsf] clek|fo Tof] cfWoflTds lrlgb} cfPsf] 5 . xfd|f] cfkm\g} ul/dfdo jL/ufyf efjgfl;t 5, hf] Tof] hg;d'bfodf kfOG5, h;sf 5, h'g oxL /fli6«otfsf] efjeª\ludfaf6 pb\j]lnt ;b:o Pp6} d"n j+zsf x'G5g\ . Pp6} e"v08df ePsf] xf] . oxL >4fsf] k|ltkmn g} s'g} vf; j;f]jf; ub{5g\, Pp6} wd{ dfGb5g\ / h;sf] Oltxf; hfltsf] uf}/j, k|lti7f / Pstf ljZjdf :yflkt x'g] / wd{ Pp6} 5, h;sf] cfly{s lxt ;dfg 5 / hf] s8L ePsf] kfOG5 . b]zk|lt dfof / ljb]zLx?sf] /fhgLlts Pstfsf ;dfg cfbz{ /fVb5g\ .Æ -hf]zL bf;tfk|lt 3[0ff jf:tjdf /fli6«otfsf] cfef Pj+ /]UdL, @)%*, k[=@&%_ bLlKt xf] . /f]hn] lbPsf] kl/efiff cg';f/ æ/fli6«otf Ps /fli6«otf / b]zelQm hg;d"x xf], hf] clxn] /fhgLlts ?kdf ;+ul7t 5}g . cfkm\gf] cfbz{ ?kaf6 Ps ;+ul7t /fi6«sf ?kdf /xg] /fli6«otf b]zelQm;“u klg tfbfTDotf /fVb5 . clenfiff eg] /fVb5 .Æ -a/fn, @)^%, k[=#!_ b]zelQm O{Zj/sf] cf/fwgf ug{' h:t} wd{ ePsf] x'“bf s'g} JolQm cfkm\gf] Oi6 b]jtfsf] cf/fwgf / k"hfsf pko'{Qm kl/efiffaf6 /fli6«otf ;docg';f/ kl/jlt{t nflu dl/d]6\5 . To;} u/L Pp6f b]zeQmn] cfkm\gf] klg x'g ;S5 / Jofkstfdf cg'df]lbt ug{ ;lsG5 b]znfO{ b]jtf 7fGb5 . cfkm\gf] /fi6«nfO{ cfkm\g} cfdf– eGg] a'lemG5 . To;f] eGb}df /fli6«otf eg]sf] s'g} jfa'nfO{ h:t} dfof ub{5 . dflg; cfkm\gf cfdf– cd"t{ j:t' eg] xf]Og . o;sf cfkm\g} klxrfg 5g\ . afa'nfO{ s'g} k/fofn] x]Kof] eg] Hofg dfof df/]/ /fli6«otfn] cfkm\gf] /fi6«leqsf k|To]s ljifodf cfkm+} hfOnfU5, lryf]5{ . æhggL hGde"ldZr :juf{blk lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] wf/0ffsf] k[i7kf]if0f ul//xG5 . u/Lo;L .Æ cyf{t\ cfdf / dft[e"ld :ju{eGbf klg /fli6«o :jfwLgtf Tof] /fi6«sf] cfGtl/s dfldnf xf], 7"nf x'g\ eGg] xfd|f] ;gftg ;+:s[lt klg xfd|f] h'g lj?4 s'g} klg ;t{ :jLsfo{ x'“b}g . Pstf / /fli6«otfsf] hu xf] . g]kfn sbdf ;fgf] eP klg cfly{s ;d[l4 o;sf] k|d'v nIo xf] . /fi6«x?df b'lgof“d} ljzb\ 5 / g]kfnLx?sf] zfg ;u/dfyf k|To]s /fli6«o ;d"xnfO{ j}olQmstf / ;dfg cj;/sf] h:t} pRr 5 . To;}n] t jfns[i0f ;dsf] d's'Gb dfGotf lbOof] eg] dfgj ljsf; / ;fdflhs OlGb/fsf],æ===b]zelQm t db{}g r'Ty} b]z eP klg ..Æ PsLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'U5 eGg] s'/f /fli6«otfsf] eGg] cleJolQm ;w+} dd{:kzL{ / x[bo:kzL{ nfUb5 . cjwf/0ffn] :jLsf/ t u5{, t/ j}olQmstfsf gfddf o;/L /fli6«otf Tof] d'n'ssf dflg;sf cfTdfleq pz[ª\vn, ljv08g / :j]R5frfl/tf eg] :jLsf/ /f}+–/f}+, s0f–s0fdf leHb} ;j{JofkL eP/ :klGbt x'“b} ub}{g . ;~rfl/t x'g] u/]sf] x'G5 . h'g /fi6«sf dflg;x?sf

180 UNITY JOURNAL dgdlitisdf /fli6«otf, sf}lzsLem+} clj/n jUb}g, k/Dk/f, Oltxf; / ;d:ofx? Pp6} x'g] x'gfn] To:tf Tof] d'n'ssf dflg;x? lhp“bf nf; x'g\ / Tof] d'n's d'n'sdf /fli6«otfsf] efjgf a9L k|jn /x]sf] x'G5 . lhp“b} d/]sf dflg;x?sf] bfx:yn xf] . t/ s'g} klg d'n's Psn hftsf] gx'g ;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf ljleGg hftsf wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f tyf ;/ jf:6/ :s6n] Patriotism zLif{ssf] sljtfdf Oltxf;nfO{ Pp6} dfnfdf pGg] sfd eg] /fli6«o n]v]sf 5g\ M Pstfsf] efjgfn] ub{5 . t/ o;}nfO{ /fli6«otfsf] Breathes there the man with soul so dead, zfg eg] dfGg ;ls+b}g . -gf]N;, k[=%_ Who never to himself hath said… s'g} klg /fi6«df wd{–;+:s[lt, efiff–;flxTo, 'This is my own, native landÛ"=== High though his titles, proud his name, /Llt–l/jfh, ljrf/, /xg;xg km/s x'g ;Sb5g\, Boundless his wealth as wish can claim; t/ ljljwtf aLr Pstf sfod ug{ / km/s hLjg Despite those titles, power, and pelf, z}nL, /xg;xgsf aLrdf ;fdGh:o sfod u/L Ps The wretch, concentrated all in self… k|jn ;f+:s[lts PsfO lgdf{0f ug{ /fli6«o Pstfsf] And, double dying, shall go down… efjgfn] k[i7kf]if0f ul//x]sf] x'G5 . (bartleyby.com) n]vL ;'Gb/td zAbk'ikx?df /fli6«otfsf] efjgfnfO{ t/ª\lut / em+s[t ub{} d'n'sdf ePsf ljljwtfnfO{ :jLsfb{} /fi6«sf] cfly{s b]zelQm;“u o;/L hf]l8lbPsf 5g\ ls /fi6«eQm dfq} tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sfd /fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] k[i7kf]ifs x'g ;Sb5 . /fli6«o Pstfsf] efjgfn] ul//x]sf] x'G5 . Pp6} wfld{s ljrf/sf dflg;x?sf] Pstfn] /fli6«otfsf] /fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstf ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . cem w]/} wd{x? /fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstf Ps csf{sf k"/s x'g\ . oL aLr Pstf sfod ug{ ;lsof] eg] To:tf] d'n'ssf] Ps l;Ssfsf b'O kf6f x'g\ . Ps geP csf{] hLljt ;j{kIfLo ljsf; emg\ tLj| ultdf x'G5 . ;a} wd{ /xg ;Sb}g . /fli6«o Pstfn] s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;dfg x'g\ / ltgLx?n] dfg]sf O{Zj/, cNnfx, o]z' ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;, :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, If]qLo ;a} p:t} x'g\ . ltgnfO{ cfkm\g} em+} dfGg' / ;a} cv08tfsf] k|jw{g ug{] OR5f hfx]/ u/]sf] x'G5 . wdf{jnDjL, hft–hfltsf rng, efiff / ;+:s[lt /fli6«o Pstfn] …Pp6f /fi6« /fHoleqsf ljleGg cfkm\g} ;dfg x'g\ eGg] efjgfn] /fli6«o Pstfdf ;d"xsf dflg;x? hf] ljleGg wd{, ;+:s[lt, hft / j[l4 ub{5 . s;}sf] cf:yfdfly s;}sf] bdg / ljz]iftf af]s]sf x'G5g\, ltgLx? cfkm"n] Tof] /fi6«leq cltqmd0f ;x\o x'g ;St}g . s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;lxi0f'tf / Pstf sfod /fVb} Ps}7fp“df ldn]/ a:g] lgdf{0fsf] qmddf k'vf{x?sf] uf}/jdo Oltxf; / k|ltj4tf hgfPsf x'G5g\Ú eGg] cy{ /fV5 . :d[lt, ;dfg /fhgLlts cf:yf, k|]/0ff, ;dfg /fli6«o lxt tyf :jfy{x?n] d'n'sdf /fli6«otfsf] efjgfnfO{ lglZrt e"efudf a;]sf dflg;x?aLr cfk;L hfu[t ub{5 eg] ltgLx?sfaLrdf tfbfTDotf /fVb} k|]d, ;b\efj, d]n / ;+/If0f ug{] Wo]o /fli6«otfsf] d'n'ssf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;df To;nfO{ zlQmsf?kdf efjgfdf /x]sf] x'G5 eg] oxL ljz]if afgL–Joxf]/f, k|of]u ug{ ;lsof] eg] To; d'n'ssf] efUo k"l0f{dfsf] k/Dk/f, /Llt–l/jfh / ;f+:s[lts ;DkbfnfO{ rGb|df em}+ zLtn / rdsbf/ jGg ;S5 . ;Unf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{] sfd /fli6«o Pstfn] ub{5 . Pp6} hftsf dflg;sf efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt,

181 UNITY JOURNAL /fli6«otfsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; x'“b} cfPsf] x'G5 . Toxf“sf] cfkm\g} k/Dk/f,e"uf]n, Oltxf;, ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt, snfn] p;sf] /fli6«otf dflg;x?nfO{ ;'/Iff, OR5f, rfxgfx?n] lk/f]Nb} tyf /fli6«o Pstfsf] cfwf/:tDe v8f u/]sf] x'G5 . uPkl5 ltgsf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu /fHo :yfkgfsf] rfxgf eof] / hLjgnfO{ cem ;'vL / ;'/lIft s;/L g]kfndf /fli6«otfsf] efjgf jgfpg] eGg] dflg;n] vf]h ug{ yfNof] . To;sf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxaf6 vl08t 6fs'/] /fHox?nfO{ nflu dflg;n] ;d"x / ;dfh lgdf{0fdf nfUof] / PsLs[t ug{] cleofg z'? ePkZrft\ g} g]kfnL cfk\mgf] :jfy{sf nflu ;d"x lgdf{0f ugf{n] /fHodf /fli6«otf tyf /fli6«o Pstfsf] efjgf d'vl/t cfkm\gf] ;d]t lxt b]Vg yfNof] . o;/L ghflg“bf] x'g yfn]sf] xf] . k|sf/fGt/df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx qmddf g} dflg;n] /fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;xh?kdf /fi6« lgdf{tf, /fli6«otf Pj+ /fli6«o efjgfsf] ljsf; u¥of] . Pstfsf] k|tLssf ?kdf :yflkt x'g k'u] . pgL /fli6«otfsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; klZrdL hutdf gePsf eP clxn] g]kfn eGg] d'n's g} /xg] lyPg k"“hLjfbsf] ljsf;;“u} c7f/f}+ ztfJbLlt/ ePsf] eGg' cltzof]lQm x'“b}g, a? ;To af]w u/fPsf] x'G5 . xf] . hd{gL / O6fnLsf] PsLs/0f cleofg;“u} pu| tTsfnLg g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf cfwf/x? /fh;+:yf, /fli6«otfsf] efjgf ljsl;t eO{ k|yd / bf];|f] ;gftg wd{ / PsfTds /fHo k|0ffnL g} lyP . cfh ljZjo'4sf] ljWj+;;d]t dflg;n] ef]Ug'k¥of] . pg}af6 :yflkt /fli6«otfsf] TofGb|f] ;dft]/ xfdL kl5Nnf] ;do lgdf{0f ePsf Pl;ofnL, clk|msL / æ;of}“ km"nsf y'ª\ufÆ egL uj{ ul//x]sf 5f}+ . æ>L % Nofl6g cd]l/sL d'n'sx?n] /fi6«jfb / /fli6«otfnfO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] x[bo b]zelQmdf r'n{'Dd 8'a]sf] cfbz{ dfGg yfn] . tTsfn hfu[t cjwf/0ffn] lyof] . ljho pgsf] hLjgsf] nIo t To; nIosf] pklgj]zjfbL zlQmx?af6 :jtGq /xg cxd\ e"ldsf lgofds zlQm pgsf] x[bodf /x]sf] b]zelQm lyof] . lgjf{x u¥of] . oL d'n'sx?df ljsf; ePsf] /fli6«otf b]zeQm, ;fx;L, of]4f, ;+u7gstf{ / ;]gfkltsf ;a} To; avt s]jn pklgj]zjfb lj/f]wL ljrf/sf] u'0fx? Ps;fy pgdf ljBdfg lyP To;}n] gof“ ;femf d'b\bf dfq lyof] . clwsf/ u/]sf] lj:t[t e"efu Ps ;+ul7t s]Gb|Lo zf;gsf] cwLg xf];\ . ltgdf a;f]af; ug{] ljleGg jt{dfgdf /fli6«otfsf] efjgf k'ghf{u[t ePsf] ;Dk|bfo / hfltsf hg;fwf/0fn] lge{o eP/ sf/0fn] cd]l/sfdf /fi6«klt 6«Dksf] ljho, ;'/Iffsf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg\ / pgLx?sf] bdg gxf];\ j]nfotsf] o"/f]lkog ;d'bfoaf6 cnlUug] lg0f{o eGg] s'/fdf pgL ;bf k|oTgzLn /xGy] .Æ -cfrfo{ / ef/tdf k|wfgdGqL df]bLsf] pbo eof] . , @)^!, k[=%%$_ rLgdf l; / g]kfndf k|d cf]nLsf] ;Qf/f]x0fnfO{ jf:tjd} oxL /fli6«otfsf] efjgfsf] k'ghf{u/0fsf] pgsf] æof] d]/f ;fgf b'Mvn] cfHof{sf] d'n's x}g . k|ltljDjsf?ksf b]Vg ;lsG5 . lnk'n]s ef/tsf] g]kfn rf/ j0f{ 5QL; hftsf] ;femf km"naf/L xf] gS;fdf /flvPsf]df eO/x]sf] lj/f]wsf] z[ª\vnf klg / ;a} ldlnh'nL o;sf] /Iff ug{' kb{5 .Æ eGg] g]kfnLn] /fli6«otfk|lt b]vfPsf] ;b\efjsf ?kdf egfOaf6 g} :ki6 x'G5 ls pgn] l;h{gf u/]sf] of] lng ;lsG5 . x/]s d'n'ssf] /fli6«otfsf] cfkm\g} km"naf/L?kL dgf]/d e"v08 ;femf xf] o;nfO{ ;a} Oltxf; x'G5 . To;}leq Toxf“sf] /fli6«otf, /fli6«o ldn]/ /Iff ug'{kb{5 . pgL l5GgleGg ePsf ljleGg Pstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ljsl;t /fHonfO{ PsLs/0f u/L Pp6f ;jn /fHo lgdf{0f

182 UNITY JOURNAL ug{ rfxGy] / Pp6f ;jn /fli6«otfo'Qm, ax'hftLo, xf]Og . pgs} g]t[Tjdf cfh g]kfn :jhftLo ax'eflifs /fHosf ?kdf g]kfnnfO{ :yflkt ub{} ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf / snfsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;kmn /fHo k/qaf6 x'g] eoaf6 d'St, :jtGq, :jfwLg s]Gb|Lo jg]sf] 5 . o; sfo{df axfb'/ zfx, /fHo nIdL zfx, /fHo :yflkt ug{ rfxGy] . t;y{ h'g;'s} d"No / eLdz]g yfkf, cd/l;+x yfkf, elQm yfkf, jneb| cf:yfdf klg k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx g]kfnsf clwi7ftf s'“j/ h:tf ;of}++} ;k"tx?sf] gfd klg hf]l8G5 . oxL tyf lgdf{0fstf{ / /fli6«o Pstfsf k|tLssf ?kdf jL/ uf]/vfnL ;k'tx?sf] /utn] l;+lrt tyf hLjGt :yflkt ePsf 5g\ . /fv]sf] g]kfn clxn] klg ax'eflifs, ax'hftLo, ax';f+:s[lts, ax'wfld{s, ef}uf]lns ljljwtfsf æa|fDx0fIflqoljzf+ z'b|f0f+ r k/Gtk . jLrdf klg Pp6f :jtGq, cljefHo / :jfwLg sdf{l0f k|ljeQmflg :jefjk|ej}u'{0f}M..Æ /fHosf ?kdf ljZjsf ;fd' cfkm\gf] lz/ 7f8f] kfb{} >Ldb\eujbuLtf !*÷$! cl:tTjdf /x]sf] 5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx gePsf] eP g g]kfn /xGYof] g g]kfnL /xGy] . g]kfn g/x] g o;sf] Znf]ssf] jf:tljs cy{ a'e\mg ;Sof}+ / g]kfnL /xG5g\ g t afx'g, If]qL, ls/f“t, g]jf/, lxGb", Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ ;Sof} eg] dfq xfdLn] hft af}4, d'lZnd, ls|lZrog /xG5g\ eGg] efjgfsf] / wd{ a'em\g] x'G5f}+ / k[YjLgf/fo0fsf] of]ubfgsf] ljsf; ePg eg] g]kfn eGg] d'n's ljZj dfglrqdf jf:tljs cy{ a'e\mg ;Sb5f}+ . ToxL cg's"n cfr/0f x/fpg]5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf] cv08tf g} g]kfnL ugf{n] xfd|f] /fli6«o Pstf dha"t aGg ;Sb5 . /fli6«otfsf] cfwf/ x'g'kb{5 . d'n'ssf] /fli6«otf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ ckdfg ug{]x? klg kfOG5g\, alnof] agfpg d'n'sleqsf ljljwtfx?sf] ;+/If0f, t/ pgdf s'g} vf]6 nfpg'kg{] b]lv+b}g . pgsf] ;Da4{g / ljsf; ug{' h?/L 5 eGb} k[YjLgf/fo0f ;dodf o; If]qdf cg]s jxfgfdf ;;fgf /fHoleq zfxn] pkTosf ljho ug'{;“u} g]kfn ;a} hftsf] k;]/ ljb]zL k|e'Tj :yflkt ug{ rnv]n eO/x]sf] ;femf km"njf/L xf] egL dfu{lgb{]z u/]sf] / ;f]xL lyof], h;nfO{ /f]Sg' ;dosf] dfu g} lyof] . pgL cg'?ksf] gLlt ;d]t to u/]sf lyP . /fli6«otf t ToxL kl/l:yltsf pkh / lgldQ dfq x'g\ . hu]gf{ ug{] dxŒjk"0f{ sjr g} ef}uf]lns cv08tf To;}n] pgL cfÎgf] ;dosf] gfos x'g\, hf] clxn] / ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] /Iff xf] . /fli6«otfsf] efjgfn] klg g]kfnL /fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstfsf j/bfg g} To; d'n'ssf /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fljt ePsf 5g\ . pg}sf] b"/b[li6s} sf/0f g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s kIfaLrsf] alnof] Pstf cl:tTj cfh;Dd hLljt /xg k'u]sf] xf] / xfdL xf] . d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ s8L klg Toxf“sf cfkm"nfO{ g]kfnL eg]/ uf}/jsf ;fy pRrlz/ /fv]/ hgtfdf ;d:of ;dfwfgdf s:tf] k|sf/sf] Pstf pleg ;Sg] ePsf 5f}+ . 5 < eGg] s'/fn] lgSof{]n ub{5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] blIf0f Pl;ofnfO{ g} ljb]zLx?n] vn{Kk} lgNg nfu]sf] g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] cfwf/ o; If]qsf] ljljwtfnfO{ cj:yfdf g]kfnLx?sf aLrdf Pstf / b]zelQmsf] Pp6} ;"qdf uF“;L b]znfO{ ljv08g tyf k/fwLg h'g lzIff lbP, ToxL lzIffsf] pkh g} xf] cfh;Dd x'gaf6 arfP/ ljleGg hfthflt, efiffefifLnfO{ hLjGt /x]sf] g]kfnL /fli6«otf . o;nfO{ aneb|, Pstfsf] ;"qdf af“wL, Pp6}} g]kfnL ;femf hflt, elQm yfkf h:tf jL/ ;k"tx?n] hLjg pT;u{sf ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltdf Pstfj4 ug{] sfd olb s;}n] ;fy k'mnfP x'sf{P, h'g cfh klg ;+;f/k|l;4 5 . u/]sf] xf] eg] Tof] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx afx]s c?n] pgn] g]kfnnfO{ b'O 9'+ufaLrsf] t?n dfGb} d'n'ssf]

183 UNITY JOURNAL ;fdl/s dxŒjsf] k"j{;+s]t lbP . o; kl5sf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;'rL lbgx?df klg g]kfn / g]kfnLx?n] /fi6«, /fli6«otf cfrfo{, afa'/fd -lj= ;+ @)^!_ >L % a8fdxf/fhflw/fh / /fli6«o Pstfsf nflu v]n]sf] e"ldsfdf s'g} vf]6 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;+lIfKt hLjgL, sf7df8f}+M >L nfpg] 7fp“ g} 5}g . % dxf/fhflw/fhsf ;+jfb ;lrjfno, /fhb/jf/ . lgisif{ uf]ljGb ejg sfof{no, -lj ;+ @)%&_ >Ldbeujb\uLtf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx / pgn] u/]sf sfo{x?n] jf:tjd} cf}/ lji0f' ;x;|gfd, uf]/vk'/ M uLtfk|]; . g]kfnL g]kfnLaLr Pstfsf] efjgf l;h{gf ub{5 . hf]zL, /]UdL ;'/]Gb|k|;fb, -@)%*_ /fhgLlts lrGtg / h'g;'s} e"efu, If]q / :yfgdf j;] klg xfdL g]kfnL jfbx?, sf7df8f}++} ;'sGbf k':ts ejg . Pp6f hflt xf}“ / xfd|f] Pp6} ceLi6 5 / x'g'kb{5, gf]N;, 6'NnL ;L, jf6 Oh g];gfln6L, ef]n=!) k[ % hg{n h'g lagf :jfy{ ;du| d'n's / oxf“sf afl;Gbfsf] cfl{{6{sn, o'lgel;{6L ckm Soflnkmf]lg{of k|];, lh:6f]/, ;d[l4 / pQ/f]Q/ k|ult g} xfdL ;a}sf] ;femf cf] cf/ hL . pGglt xf] eGg] ;f]r ePdf xfdL ;du|sf] sNof0f x'g]5 . To;}n] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf sfo{x?nfO{ a/fn, 7fs'/k|;fb -@)^%_ aQL; /fhgLlts afbx?, ;d:t g]kfnLn] cfTd;ft\ ug{'kb{5 . To;df g} xfd|f] sf7df8f}+}+ lkgfsn klAns]zg . sNof0f x'g]5 . o;n] xfd|f] /fi6« / /fli6«o Pstf Scout, S.W. Patrotism Great books online. ;jn / ;'b[9 aGg] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .

184 UNITY JOURNAL gful/sd}qL g]kfnL ;]gf

åfl/sf s'df/L clwsf/L n]v;f/ eg]sf hgtf x'g\ . clwsf/sf] dfu jf bfjL ug]{ JolQm jf gful/sn] cfˆgf] st{Josf] Vofn u/]sf] jf :qL–k'?if ;a}nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] gful/s b]zsf hgtf kfngf u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . s'g} b]zdf a;f]af; u/]sf / /Ifs x'g\ . :jtGq ;fj{ef}d /fi6« ePsfn] g]kfnL gful/stf lnPsf jf gful/stf lng of]Uo JolQmx? gful/sx?sf] OHht / ;Ddfg ;+;f/el/ oyfjt\ Tof] b]zsf gful/s x'g\ -bxfn, lj=;+= @)&^_ . sfod /x]sf] 5 . h'g;'s} o'4df xf];\ jf cGo cfhsf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf]] k|f/De tTsfnLg uf]/vfsf b]zelQmsf If]qdf xf];\, gf/L / k'?ifx? u}/;}lgs /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] yfngL u/]sf] /fHo–lj:tf/ eP klg /fi6«sf] /Iffsf lglDt alnj]bLdf r9]sf cleofg / PsLs[t g]kfn /fHosf] lgdf{0f;“u ePsf] 5g\ . pgLx?sf] ;fx; / lxDdtnfO{ Oltxf;n] dflgG5 . To;f] t uf]/vf /fHosf ;:yfks Pj+ :j0f{ cIf/n] n]v]sf] 5 . ;}lgs kl/jf/sf] cfl>t k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf k"j{h b|Jo zfxn] lj=;+= !^!^ kl/jf/nfO{ dfq} lnOof] eg] gful/s / ;}lgs ;DaGw df elu/y kGtsf ;]gfkltTjdf :yflkt ;]gfnfO{ ck"/f] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] sfnv08nfO{ g} /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] lg/Gt/tf lbPsf x'g\ kN6fP/ x]g]{ xf] eg], gful/s / ;}lgs ;DaGw gª eGg] egfO klg 5 . vf; u/L k[YjLgf/fo0fk"j{ / / df;' h:t} hf]l8Psf] 5 . x/]s o'4sf df]rf{ tyf pgsf ;do;Dd klg ltnËf elgg] uf]vf{nL ;]gfdf nf]ssNof0fsf/L sfo{x?df gful/sx?n] ;]gfnfO{ c:yfoL ;]gf -ldlnl;of_, emf/f ;}lgs -v]tfnf ;fy lbPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL ;]gfn] hgtfsf] /Iff ub}{ ;]gf_ / s'?jf ;]gf -dxŒjk"0f{ :yfgsf] ;'/Iffsf gful/sx?sf] ;Ddfg u/]sf 5g\ . :jf:Yo lzlj/, lglDt a:g] ;]gf_ s} k|wfgtf b]lvG5 -cfrfo{, lj=;+= ;/;kmfO{, k|fs[lts k|sf]k, ljsf; lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL @)^^, k[=!$#_ . ;]gfn] k'¥ofPsf] ;]jf gful/s ;DaGwsf] ct'ngLo pbfx/0f xf] . gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw eg]sf] hgtf / ;]gfaLrsf] ;xsfo{ xf] . g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] Oltxf;b]lv zAbs'~hLM gful/s, g]kfnL ;]gf, ;dfh, xft]dfnf], g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw bl/nf] ;DaGw, nf]ssNof0fsf/L, /fi6«lgdf{0f . /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;]gfn] b]z / hgtfsf] /Iff u/]sf] 5 ljifo k|j]z eg] ;]gfnfO{ cg]s o'4 df]rf{x?df gful/sn] ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !(%& sf] h]7 dlxgfdf sLlt{k'/;“u s'g} klg b]zsf] ljwfgcg';f/ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts ePsf] o'4df ;]gfklt sfn' kf08] dfl/Psf lyP nufotsf clwsf/ kfPsf] / tbg';f/ lglZrt -zdf{, k[=@@%_ . ;g\ !&^$ df sLlt{k'/;“usf] bf];|f] st{Jodf /xg'kg]{ JolQm gful/s xf] -kf]v/]n / c?, n8fO“df /fhfsf efO z'/k|tfksf] cf“vf km'6\of] lj=;+= @)$), k[=&!%_ . o'4sf d}bfgx?df gf/Lx?n] -g]kfn kl/ro, lj=;+= @)&@, k[=^%_ . k[YjLgf/fo0f /fi6«sf] /Iffsf lglDt ljifsGof ag]/ klg zq'kIfsf zfx klg 3]/fdf k/]sf lyP . em08} Pp6f l;kfxLn] ;]gfx?nfO{ Wj:t kf/]sf 5g\ . ;tL–;fljqL gf/Lx?n] 5Ksfpg nfUbf /fhfnfO{ /fhfn] g} b08 lbg'k5{ . /fi6« /Iffsf nflu hf]lvd p7fPsf 5g\ . gful/s l;kfxLx?n] To:tf] sfd u/] cyf{t\ /fhfnfO{ df/]

185 UNITY JOURNAL kfk nfU5 eg]kl5 5f]l8Psf k[YjLgf/fo0f ltt/lat/ aGbf]a:tLsf ;fdfgx? hDdf ug{ ;lsg] h'lQm ePsf] kmf}hsf] af6f] k5\ofp“b} gfu9'ª\uf cf;kf; lgsfn]sf lyP . pgn] a? d sgf{n km's]/ pbL{ k'u]sf lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx Hofg hf]ufP/ efu]sf u/f}“nf eg]/ k[YjLgf/fo0fnfO{ ;DemfPsf lyP . lyP -zdf{, k[=@@&_ . Pp6f k|rlnt ls+jbGtLcg';f/, k[YjLgf/fo0fnfO{ Tof] s'/f u8]5 . Pslbg la;]n] emdSs ;f“em k/]kl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f Pp6f 3/df af; sgf{n km's]/ dflg;x? e]nf kf/]/ /fhfsf] /fHo dfUg hf“bf ;f“emsf] kfx'gf eg]/ Pp6L a"9Lcfdfn] la:tf/sf] of]hgf ;'gfP 5g\ . ;a}n] ;xdlt hgfp“b} af; / uf“;sf] Joj:yf ul/g\ . b'x'gf dgUo] eP/ PsLs/0fsf] dxfo1sf nflu 3/nf}/L Ps÷Ps ?k}of“ xf]nf, vL/ ksfP/ vfg lb“bf ef]sn] /GylgPsf e]6L r9fP5g\ . /fi6«lgdf{tfsf nflu hgan ;}Goan k[YjLgf/fo0fn] yfnsf] aLraf6} tftf] kfo;df xft h:t} tfultnf] ;flat eof] . hgtfsf] /fo a'em]/ xfNbf g/fd|f];“u kf]n]sf] b]v]kl5 ævfg klg ghfGg] cl3 a9\g] gLltn] hgan g} ;}Goan aGg k'Uof] . of] s:tf] k[YjLgf/fo0f h:tf] /x]5<Æ eg]/ vL/ vfg ljifoj:t'sf] laZn]if0f l;sfOl5g\ . yfnsf] 5]paf6 yf]/} v6fp“b} vf“bf aLrsf] efu klg ;]nfO;s]sf] x'G5 / hDd} vL/ ;]gfx? abL{sf l;kfxL x'g\ eg] hgtf ljgf abL{sf vfg ;lsG5 . k[YjLgf/fo0fn] jl/kl/sf ;–;fgf l;kfxL x'g\ . lagf abL{wf/L hgtfn] h;/L cf– /fHox?dfly laho k|fKt gu/Lsg sLlt{k'/df xdnf cfkm\gf] ufp“, 7fp“ / e"ldsf /Iff ul//x]sf x'G5g\, ubf{ clxn] tkfO“n] vL/ vfg ghfg] h:tf] eof] ls To;} u/L abL{sf l;kfxLx?n] /fi6«sf] /Iff ul//x]sf ePg < elgl5g\ . k[YjLgf/fo0fnfO{ af; lbg] tL a"'9L x'G5g\ . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf nflu hgtf ljgf tnasf cfdfsf] s'/f clt{ eP5 . To;kl5 pgn] sf7df8F}+ c;nL / e/kbf]{ ;'/fsL x'g\ . log} ljgf tnasf pkTosf jl/kl/sf /fHox? PsLs/0f u/]kl5 dfq} ;'/fsLx?n] d'un ;fd|fHosf a]nf eLdkm]bL;Dd sLlt{k'/ x'“b} sf7df8f}+ pkTosf PsLs/0f ug{ ;kmn cfOk'Ubf xf];\ jf dNnsfndf sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf ePsf lyP . pkb|f] dRrfPsf a]nf xf];\ jf l;Gw'nLu9Ldf cª\u|]h;“usf] o'4 x'“bf xf];\, hgann] g} ;}GoannfO{ hgan g} /fi6«an cyf{t\ ;}Goan xf] . hgtfsf] /fo 7"nf] d2t u/]sf] 5 . hgan eg]sf] gful/s an lnP/ dfq} k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx PsLs/0f cleofgdf xf] . gful/san wganeGbf klg alnof] x'G5 eGg] cl3 a9\g yfn]kl5 ;kmntfsf] lzv/df k'Ug yfn] . s'/f xfnsf] g'jfsf]6 a]qfjtLdf ltAataf6 cfPsf] ;k|g] 3/sf] ;f“emdf ;Nnfx eg]/ k|To]s a]n'sL 7"nf] ;}GoannfO{ hgtfsf] ;xof]u kfP/ g]kfnL ;]gf;“u 5nkmn rnfpg yflnPsf] lyof] . clxn] ;]gfn] Wj:t kf/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !((@ df lrgLof“ Tof] /f]nsfndf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . ;]gf ltvf/L /fVg' ;]gfklt km'sfª\un] g]kfnL kmf}hdfly cfqmd0f ug{ -zfx, lj=;+=!*#!, k[=&_ eGg] /fi6« lgdf{tfsf] pkb]z cfb]z lbPkl5 sf7df8f}+ xdnf ug{ g]kfn k;]sf] clxn] klg lhp“b} 5 . clt;fdfGo k[i7e"ld ePsf lrgLof“ ;]gfnfO{ hgtfsf] k"0f{ ;fy / e/f];f kfP/ la;] gurL{ gfd u/]sf JolQmn] /fHo lj:tf/sf] g]kfnL ;]gfn] a]qfjtLaf6 cl3 a9\g lbPg -dfgGw/, dxŒjfsf+Iff af]s]sf uf]/vfsf /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f lj=;+= @)$!, k[=%_ . g]kfn /fi6«lgdf{0fdf gful/s zfxnfO{ o'4sf nflu vr{ h'6fpg] h'lQm l;sfOlbPsf] ;}lgs ;DaGw cflbdsfnb]lv g} c6'6 /lxcfPsf] 5 . hg>'lt 5 -b]jsf]6f, ;g\ @)!(_ . aflnk|yfsf klxn]–klxn] ;x/ ahf/ jf gu/df a:g] afl;GbfnfO{ gurL{n] k|To]s 3/w'/Laf6 Ps÷Ps ?k}of ;fk6L dfq} gful/s elgGYof] . clxn] of] gful/s zAb jf ;xof]u lng ;lsof] eg] !@ ;o w'/Laf6 !@ hgtfdf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . gful/sx?nfO{ lbOg] ;o ?k}of hDdf x'g] / ;f] /sdn] xftxltof/ /

186 UNITY JOURNAL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqn] ;Dk"0f{ hgtfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] Oltxf; x]g]{ xf] eg] lj=;+= @)^% eGbf cl3 h'g;'s} 5 . æax'hg lxtfo, ax'hg ;'vfoÆ eGg] cfbz{ zf;gsfndf jf afO;] rf}la;] /fHosfndf ;d]t jfSo /x]sf] ;}lgs sNof0fsf/L sf]ifaf6 g]kfnL ;a} /fHodf /fhfn] g} zf;g u/]sf lyP . /fhfn] ;]gfn] :jf:Yo ;]jf, lzIff, cfly{s /fxt, aLdf, cfºgf hgtfnfO{ k|hf eGby] . j]bdf ænf]sfM ;d:tf kl/jf/ cfjf; / ;Lkd"ns Jofj;flos tflnd ;'lvgf] ejGt'Æ (Sanathana Vedham, 2015) eg]/ h:tf sNof0fsf/L sfo{x? ;+rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 hgtfnfO{ hgM jf nf]sMsf] ?kdf hgtf ;'vL /x'g\ eg] ;}lgs P]g, @)^# tyf ;}lgs sNof0fsf/L sf]if eGg] sfdgf ul/Psf] lyof] . æ;j]{ ejGt' ;'lvgMÆ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] kl/lwleq /xL sf]if kf/bzL{ eg]sf] cy{ klg ToxL xf] . ;j]{ eg]sf] ;a} xf] . ;a}sf] 9+un] ;+rflnt x'“b} cfO/x]sf] 5 -g]kfnL ;]gf, cy{ ;Dk"0f{ hgtf jf gful/s eg]sf] xf] . gful/sn] lj=;+=@)&%_ . o; sfo{n] klg ;]gfsf ultljlwx? k|fKt ug]{ gful/stf eg]sf] d'n'sk|ltsf] clwsf/ gful/sd}qL /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . xf] . o:tf] clwsf/ s'g} klg u}/gful/sn] kfpg' x'“b}g . g]kfnL ;]gfleq x'g] u/]sf sdL–sdhf]/LnfO{ ;]gf gx'“bf klg gful/sx?n] cfºgf] b]zsf] /Iff ;Rofpgsf nflu gful/s;“u /fo–;'emfj lng]u/L ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ;]gf ljgfsf /fi6« ;'/lIft x'G5g\ b]zsf laleGg :yfgdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] gful/s ls x'“b}gg\ < ef]lnsf lbgdf ;a}n] b]Vg kfpg] 5g\ . cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . Aof/]sleq g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;]gf gful/sx?sf] efjgf ljk/Lt g}lts cfr/0f / cg'zf;gdf /xg] g]kfnL ;]gfdf slxNo} klg /x]sf 5}gg\ . rfx] PsLs/0f sfndf xf];\, sfd ug]{ JolQm Jof/]s aflx/ cfp“bf g}lts cfr/0f jf cª\u|]h / ltAat;“usf] o'4df xf];\, gful/sx?sf] tyf cg'zf;g u'dfpg] u/]sf], Jof/]sleq} klg k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ;xof]u lnP/ g]kfnL ;]gfn] dftxtsf h'lgo/ sd{rf/LnfO{ ul/g] lje]bk"0f{ /fi6«sf] hu]gf{ ul//x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= !()# c;f]h Jojxf/, efiffz}nL ;'wf/ ug{'kg]{, Oltxf;sf] hu]gf{ @ ut] /fltsf] sf]tkj{sf] 36gfkl5 xf];\, jf @))& ug{ / o'jfdf Oltxf;sf] ;r]tgf hfu[t u/fpg] ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 xf];\ hgefjgfcg';f/ g]kfnL sfddf g]kfnL ;]gfn] e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 -e'iffn, ;]gfn] cfºgf] ult cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] 5 . ;]gf lj=;+= @)&^_ . gful/seGbf leGg 5}g . gful/sx?sf] dgf]efjgf a'em]/ ;]gfn] cfºgf] sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngdf ;}lgs–gful/s xft]dfnf] NofO/x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)^@÷^# sf] kl/jt{gkl5 g]kfnL ;]gf gful/sx?sf] efjgf cg'?k o' 6g{ /fi6«sf] e"ld la:tf/ / /Iffsf nflu gful/sx?;“u ePsf] 5 . /fli6«otf dah't agfpg /fli6«o Pstf xft]dfnf] u/]/ cl3 a9]sf] g]kfnL ;]gf nf]ssNof0fsf/L cIf'00f /fVg, b]z lav08gaf6 hf]ufpg ;]gfsf] sfo{x?df ;fd]n eO/x]sf] 5 . gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw e"ldsf k|z+;gLo 5 . o;df gful/ssf] ;fy / o'4sf a]nfdf dfq} xf]Og ls ;bf ;j{bf /xL cfPsf] ;xof]u ckl/xfo{ /xG5 . 5 . hg} k"l0f{dftfsf jf bz}+sf a]nf uf];fFO{s'08df w]/} tLy{ofqLx? To;tkm{ hfg] ub{5g\ . uf];fFO{s'08 k|frLgsfndf o'gfg b]zn] cfºgf] e"efunfO{ pRr:yfgdf /x]sfn] ofq'x?nfO{ n]s nfUg] / ;–;fgf gu/x?df ljefhg u/]/ /fHo u/]sf] lyof] . vfgkLgsf] ;d]t ;d:of x'G5 . o:tf] a]nfdf g]kfnL gu/leqsf afl;Gbfx?nfO{ dfq} gful/s elgGYof] . ;]gfn] tLy{ofqf dfu{df :jf:Yo lzlj/ v8f u/]/ gu/ afx]s cGo If]qsf al;Gbfx? gful/s x'gaf6 ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . o; vfnsf lzlj/x? jl~rt /x]sf lyP . k/fk"j{sfnb]lvsf] g]kfnsf] ljleGg 7fp“sf hfqf, d]nf–kj{x?df nfUg] u/]sf]

187 UNITY JOURNAL 5 . k|fs[lts ljklQsf a]nf :jf:Yodfly uDeL/ gful/s;“usf] ;DaGwdf ;]gfn] cfkm"nfO{ km8\sf] ;ª\s6 cfOkbf{ xf];\ jf efO/n k|efljt If]qx?df dfb}{ nlu/x]sf] 5 . >L jL/]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfndf xf];\, g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sfo{ dxŒjk"0f{ sf];] 9'Ëfsf] ;j{;fwf/0f tyf Ho]i7 gful/sx?sf nflu ;]jf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;}lgs sNof0fsf/L sf]ifaf6 k|bfg lj:tf/ u/]/ ;]gfn] k|z+;gLo sfo{sf] yfngL u/]sf] ul/“b} cfPsf] lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;'ljwfnfO{ ;]gfsf 5 -P]ltxfl;s sfo{sf] yfngL, lj=;+= @)&^, k[=@_ . axfnjfnf / cjsfzk|fKt JolQmsf 5f]/f5f]/L / lj=;+= !(() sf] dxfe"sDk, @)#& ;fnsf] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;d]t ;'ne ?kdf u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;'b"/klZrddf uPsf] e"sDk, @)$% ;fnsf] e"sDk, ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . b]zdf af9L, klx/f], 8'afg, @)&@ ;fnsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk ;d]tdf ;]gfn] cfunfuL, ;8s b'3{6gf, xjfO{ b'3{6gf, e"sDk cfºgf] yftynf] eGbf cfd gful/ssf] /Iffsf nflu ;d]tsf ljklQx?df ;}lgsx?n] hf]lvd df]n]/ v6]/ gful/s ;DaGw dha't u/]sf] 5 . cfd hgtf;“usf] ;DaGw sfod u/]sf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] gful/sleq} ;]gfsf hjfgb]lv clws[tx? kg]{ x'“bf ;dodf ;]gfn] gful/s;“usf] ;DaGw la:tf/ ub}{ Toxf“ 5'§} ;]jf v6fOPsf] 5}g . cfkt\ljkt\df ;]gfn] nu]sf] 5 . k|;'tL Joyfn] 56\k6fO/x]sf gf/Lx?nfO{ cfºgf], csf]{ jf 7"nf ;fgf eg]/ e]befj u/]sf] 5}g . xf];\ jf b'3{6gfdf k/]sf JolQmx?nfO{ klg ;]gfn] gful/s ;}lgs ;DaGw emg\ bla{nf] aGb} uPsf] 5 . p4f/ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . gful/s ;DaGwnfO{ dha't ug{ g]kfnL ;]gfn] kf“r hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx? gePsf zf;g bzscl3 …/fli6«o ;]jf bnÚ u7g u/]/ tflndx? Joj:yfx?df gful/sx?sf cfjfh ;d]6]/ ;d]t lb“b} cfPsf] 5 . d'n'sdf cfkt\ljkt\ kbf{ jf ;]gfsf pRr clwsf/Lx?n] zf;sx?df hfx]/ u/L b}jL k|sf]k x'“bf :sfp6x?nfO{ h:t} /fli6«o ;]jf af6f]3f6f], kf6Lkf}jf, k'nk'n];f lgdf{0f u/fPsf bnnfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsPsf] v08df g]kfnL ;]gf 5g\ . bf]nfn3f6sf] ;'gsf]zL / OGb|fjtLdf emf]n'ª\u] hghgdf c? leHg ;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . /fli6«o k'n s0f]{n kmf}hl;+xsf] hfx]/Ldf >L # rGb|zDz]/n] ;df/f]xx?df dfq} dfr{ kf; u/fP/ gful/s–;}lgs lgdf{0f u/fPsf lyP . lj=;+= @))& cl3;Dd ;DaGw ljsl;t x'g ;Sb}g . /fli6«o ;]jf bn ljsf;–lgdf{0fsf sfo{x?df gful/ssf] ;xof]u gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwsf] csf]{ s8L xf] . o;nfO{ lnO{ hgkl/rfng u/]/ ;]gfn] cfkm"nfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f :sfp6x?nfO{ h:t} ltvf/L /fVg'k5{ . kz'kltgfydf ;dIf ;sf/fTds ?kdf pEofPsf] b]lvG5 . kmlk{ªsf] h:t} 7"nf–7"nf kj{, d]nf / hfqf tyf eL8ef8df ljB't pTkfbgdf xf];\ ls sf7df8F}+df df]6/ af]sfP/ ;}lgs sdf08df ;'/IffsdL{ v6fpg ;lsP leqØfpg] sfo{df ;d]t ;]gfsf] e"ldsf sd cf“Sg gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw c? r':t / bla{nf] eP/ ldNb}g . gful/ssf] ;]jf g} d'n'ssf] ;]jf xf] . hfG5 . gful/s ;}lgs ;DaGw k"/} b]zel/ h]lnPsf] d'n'ssf] ;]jf g} ;]gfsf] zlQm xf] eGg] g]kfnL ;]gfn] 5 . ;]gf tyf /fli6«o ;]jf bnsf kl/jf/x? / ;j{k|yd sflGtky lgdf{0f u/]sf] lyof] h;n] ubf{ ltgsf gftfuf]tf Oi6ldqnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6L x]bf{ b]zdf pT;fxsf] jftfj/0f km}lnof] . s0ff{nL /fhdfu{ g]kfndf gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw ;a} hfthflt, xf];\ ls sf7df8f}“–t/fO{ kmf:6 6«Øfs tyf /;'jf wd{ ;Dk|bfosf] alnof] w/f]x/ xf] . ;a} hfthflt /fhdfu{df ;]gf ;xefuL x'g'n] cfd gful/s;“usf] / e"uf]nsf dflg; ;]gfdf etL{ x'g'n] klg gful/s lgs6kgfsf] pTs[i6 gd'gf xf] . hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;}lgs ;DaGw ;+;f/s} pRrtd gd'gfsf] lzv/sf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf ;}lgs ljBfnox? :yfkgf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . u/]/ klg u}/;}lgs afnaflnsfx?nfO{ k|j]z lbP/

188 UNITY JOURNAL b]zdf cfkt\ljkt\ cfOkbf{ gful/s ;}lgs ;a}n] s[lif k|wfg b]z g]kfnsf %% nfveGbf a9L o'jfzlQm Tofusf] efjgf b]vfPsf x'G5g\ . ;]gf cg'zfl;t cGt/f{li6«o >dahf/df (Nepal Employment: ;+:yf ePsfn] p;n] ;+ul7t ?kdf sfd u5{ eg] more than 5.5 mn migrans work overse, hgtf ltgsf g]tf jf 7"nf dfG5]x?sf] lgb]{zgdf 2019 AD) knfog ePsf 5g\ . t/fO{, kxf8, sfd u5{g\ . zx/ ahf/df cfunfuL x'“bf ;]gf jf lxdfnsf km]bL;Ddsf pa{/ e"ldx? af“emf] /xg] k|x/Lx?sf bdsnx?n] cfuf] lgefp“5g\ . t/ ufp“ cj:yf lbgk|ltlbg j[l4 x'“b} uO/x]sf] 5 . tL pa{/ 3/df hgtfn] 3/3/af6 ufu|L aflN6gdf kfgL af]s]/ e"ldx?nfO{ klxn]s} cj:yfdf kmsf{pg Pp6f s]/fsf ;'Knfx? sf6]/ w'nf] df6f] xfn]/ gful/sn] ;+ul7t zlQmsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To:tf] ;+ul7t abL{ ljgfsf ;}lgssf] sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ;'/Iff zlQm eg]sf] ufp“–3/df cjsfzk|fKt u/]/ a;]sf kmf}h jf ;]gfsf] ;~hfn b]ze/ km}lnPsf] x'G5 . ;}lgs tyf cGo ;'/Iff kmf}hx? g} x'g\ . ltgLx?nfO{ axfnjfnfx? Aof/]sdf eP klg lgj[Q ;'/Iffkmf}hx? ;fd'bflos gful/s ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] gfds/0f u/]/ cfºg} yftynf]df x'G5g\ . pgLx?n] gful/s;“u hgzlQm kl/rfng u/]/ ;a} hUuf–hldg af“emf] ;DaGw hf/L /fVg cfkm"x?nfO{ ltvf/L /fVg'k5{ . g/fVg] gLltsf] vf“rf] 5 . ltgLx?nfO{ cfw'lgs cjsfzk|fKt ;}lgsx?nfO{ k|To]s pRr dfWolds cf}hf/ / lapljhg lbP/ hgtfsf] dg lhTg] gLlt ljBfnox?df lk6L k/]8sf] k|lzIf0fsf] ef/ ;'lDkg] nfu' ug{ ;lsP gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw Ps} df]xf]/sf xf] eg] /fli6«o ;]jf bn b]zJofkL x'g hfg]5, h;n] b'O{ kf6f h:t} x'g]5g\ . v]tLkftL ubf{ Hofnf klg ubf{ cg'zfl;t ;dfh lgdf{0fdf ;3fp k'Ug]5 . cfp“5, cltl/Qm cfDbfgL klg x'G5 . cgfh w]/} ;]gfsf] Tofu / cg'zf;gsf] lzIff lzIf0f ;+:yf pAhgL ePkl5 d'n'ssf] wg ljb]z hfg] cj:yf klg dfkm{t\ 3/–3/df k'Ug ;Sof] eg] ;Dk"0f{ gful/sn] /x“b}g . gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwn] g]kfn xl/ofnL klg ;]gfn] h:t} cfºgf] b]zk|ltsf] ;]jfefj g} lghL ePsf] ;Gb]z ljZj ;dIf k'Ug]5 . sfd xf] eGg] ;lDemg k'Ub5g\ . cfd gful/ssf lgisif{ k|To]s 3/ g} b]z xf] eGg] efjgf lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . of] sfd gful/s–;}lgs g]kfnL ;]gf gful/seGbf s'g} klg b[li6af6 leGg ;DaGwn] dfq} k"/f ug{ ;Sb5 . e"tk"j{ ;}lgsx?sf] x'“b} xf]Og . ljb]zLnfO{ ;d]t elt{ ul/g] ;]gf ;'emfj, ;Nnfx / ;xof]udf b]ze/sf gu/ tyf g]kfnsf] ;]gf xf]Og . g]kfnsf] ;'/Iffkmf}h g]kfnL ufp“kflnsfx?df ;]gfn] :jf:Yo rf}sLx? :yfkgf gful/sx?af6 ag]sf] kmf}h xf] . g]kfnL gful/stfsf] ug{ ;Sof] eg] gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw c? bla{nf] k|df0fkq k]z u/]/ ;]jf jf cGo ;'/Iff lgsfodf x'g]5 . o:sf nflu ;}lgs nf]ssNof0fsf/L sf]if elt{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;'/Iffkmf}h gful/seGbf sbflk kl/rfng u/L :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno;“u leGg x'g ;Sb}g . pgLx?sf] afNosfn gful/s eP/ ;dGjo u/]/ cltl/Qm ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{ ;lsG5 . lat]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gf jf ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ cfºgf] z}lIfs ;+:yfx?nfO{ klg qmdzM lj:tf/ ug{ ;s]df afNosfnsf] cj:yf / cfkm" hGd]sf] :yfgsf] ;w}“ gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwn] yk sf“r'nL km]g]{ cj:yf ;Demgf cfO/xG5 . afNosfn cg'ejx?sf] vfgL /xG5 . ;}lgsnfO{ dfgj clwsf/d}qL agfpg] sfo{n] xf] . ;}lgs klg hgtfs} 5f]/f5f]/L x'g\ . ;]gfsf] klg gful/saLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ yk sl;nf] agfPsf] ;DaGw cfd g]kfnL hgtf;“u gft]bf/sf] klg /x]sf] 5 . 5 . gft]bf/sf] klg gft]bf/ hf]8]/ x]bf{ g]kfnsf] ;]gf h]/L h:t} h]lnPsf] 5 . ;]gfn] cfkm\gf]

189 UNITY JOURNAL b]zsf gful/saf6 g} e/kbf]{ / ljZjfl;nf] ;"rgf kf08]o, km0fLGb|k|;fb -lj=;++ @)%&_, ;+:s[t–g]kfnL a[xt\ kfp“b5g\ . /fi6« lgdf{0fsfnsf] dxfcleofgb]lv g} zAbsf]if, bfªM dx]Gb| ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno . g]kfnL ;]gf k|To]s gful/ssf] /Ifs ag]sf] 5 . kf]v/]n, afns[i0f / c? -@)$)_, a[xt\ g]kfnL zAbsf]if, /fi6« hf]ufpg tyf gful/ssf] b}lgs hLjgofkgdf sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg . cfkt\–ljklQ cfOkbf{ g]kfnL ;]gfn] k'¥ofO/x]sf] e'iffn, odnfn -sflt{s @(, @)&^_, hgtfsf] ;'emfj of]ubfg d'Qms07n] k|z+;f ug}{kb{5 . ln“b} g]kfnL ;]gf, Retrieved from https://www. newsofnepal.com/2019/11/15/263455/, on ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;'rL December 10, 2019. cfrfo{, g/xl/ -lj=;+= @)^^_, g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfnL dfgGw/, lq/Tg -lj=;+= @)$!_, g]kfn ef]6 ljjfb, ;'/Iff If]q M Ps ;ª\u|x, sf7df8f}+ M /fli6«o zflGt sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn / PlzofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, lqlj . cleofg . /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, @)&# . P]ltxfl;s sfo{sf] yfngL -k'if &, @)&^_, lbJorIf' zdf{, afnrGb| (nd), g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s ?k/]vf, ;fKtflxs, jif{ #( c+s @! . af/f0f;LM afa' dfwjk|;fb . hf]zL, OlGb/f (nd), g]kfn ltAat ;DaGw M P]ltxfl;s zfx, k[YjLgf/fo0f -!(#!_, lbJof]kb]z . l;+xfjnf]sg, Retrieved from http://himalaya. socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ ;fksf]6f, lai0f' -;+=_-lj=;+= @)^^_, g]kfnL ;'/Iff If]q ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_147_03.pdf M Ps ;ª\u|x, sf7df8f}+ M /fli6«o zflGt cleofg . bxfn, d's'Gb -lj=;+= @)&^_, gful/s, clwsf/, st{Go g]kfn kl/ro @)&@, sf7df8f}+ M ;"rgf ljefu . / gful/s lzIff, Retrieved from https://www. chitawan.com/?p=3376, on November 22, ;}lgs P]g, @)^# . 2019. ;}lgs sNof0fsf/L sf]if lgodfjnL, @)^% . b]jsf]6f, ofbj -hgj/L !%, @)!(_, la;] gurL{, Nepal Scout (ND), History of Nepal scouts, Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/nepali/ Retrieved from https://nepalscouts.org/ news-46861177, on November 7, 2019. history-of-ns/, on December 8, 2019. g]kfn sfg'g cfof]u -lj=;+= @)&^_, /fi6«lktf a8fdxf/fhf Sanathana Vedham (June 12, 2015), Sanatana >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lbJo–pkb]z, Retrieved Dharma – An Overview, Retrieved from from http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/np/ https://sanathanavedham.com/sanatana- wp-content/uploads/2018/10/. On December dharma-an-overview/, on December 15, 2019. 11, 2019. Nepali Sansar (2019 AD), Nepal employment g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, lj=;+= @)&@ . overview: More than 5.5 mn migrants work overseas, Retrieved from https:// g]kfnL ;]gf -lj=;+= @)&%_, ;}lgs sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] www.nepalisansar.com/immigration/nepal- jt{dfg cj:yf, Retrieved from https://www. employment-overview-more-than-5-5-mn- nepalarmy.mil.np/press-release/1364, on migrants-work-overseas/. On December 2, November 3, 2019. 2019. g]kfnL ;]gf :jf:Yo lj1fg ;+:yfg sf] t]>f] jflif{sf]T;j ;DkGg, Retrieved from https://www.nepalarmy. mil.np/press-release/952, December 12, 2019.

190 UNITY JOURNAL ;'/Iff / ljsf;M Ps /ysf b'O{ kfª\u|f

Hof]=k+= kb\deQm v/]nf]kfWofo n]v;f/ tYonfO{ /fli6«otfsf] alnof] k|df0fsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . zflGt, ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf ;DaGwdf ljZjsf] klxnf] hggL g]kfn xf] . g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, uf]vf{nL -g]kfnL_ ;]gf cfOkbf{ zfb"{nsf rfndf lx“8\g, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] s'b\g / 9'Sg ;Ifd /x]sf] 5 . ljutsf Oltxf;x?n] /Iffsf nflu ;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4 ;dfj]zL g]kfnL o; s'/fnfO{ k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sf] 5 . /fli6«otfsf] ;]gfsf] Ps ;+u7g /xg] / g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnL cf]tk|f]tn] l6i6f, sf+u8f / u+ufsf] t6df dfq} xf]Og, ;]gfnfO{ ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd ljsf; lgdf{0f / ljkb\ ef]6;Dd klg cfºgf] jL/tfsf] em08f g]kfnL ;]gfn] Joj:yfkg nufotsf cGo sfo{df ;d]t kl/rfng kmx/fPsf] lyof] . g]kfnL ;]gf o'4sf d}bfgx?df ug{ ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . kL7\ kmsf{P/ efUg] u/]sf] 5}g . k|yd ljZjo'4 / ;]gfnfO{ ljsf;–lgdf{0fsf] sfddf nufp“bf k]zfut låtLo ljZjo'4df g]kfnL ;]gfn] sLlt{dfg sfod bIftfdf slQ klg c;/ kb}{g . /fli6«o ;'/Iff bla{nf] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;]gfsf] gfd cfh klg rlDsnf] ePg eg] ljsf;–lgdf{0fn] ult lng ;Sb}g . 5 . ;a}eGbf dxfg\ /fli6«otf ToxL xf], h;n] cfºgf] uf]kgLotf eª\u ub}{g . clxn];Dd g]kfn s;}sf] zAbs'~hLM /fi6«/Iff, ljsf;, /fi6«elQm, ;fd|fHo, u'nfd geP/ :jtGq ;fj{ef}d /fi6« x'g'sf] sf/0f uf]kgLotf, /fli6«o Pstf, /fi6«lgdf{0f . klg oxL xf] . kl/ro ljifoj:t'sf] ljZn]if0f cfºgf] b]z / /fi6«k|ltsf] ulx/f] k|]d g} /fli6«otf xf] . /fli6«otf ljgf /fli6«o Pstf x'“b}g . /fli6«otfsf] csf]{ /fi6«k|ltsf] cf:yf jf /fi6«lxtsf] efjgf, /fi6«k|]d gfd /fli6«o Pstf xf] . /fli6«o Pstf b]zelQmn] x'G5 . / cfºgf]kg g} /fli6«otf xf] -kf]v/]n / c? -;Dkf_, g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df /fli6«o Pstf cToGt ;an 5 . lj=;+= @)$), k[=!!$!_ . /fli6«otf eg]sf] csf]{ of] s;}n] xNnfP/ gxlNng] /fli6«o Pstf 5 . l6i6f– cy{df b]zelQm xf] . b]zsf] pGglt k|ultsf lglDt sf+u8fb]lv gfnfkfgLsf] o'4df xf];\ ls sfnfkfgLsf] ul/g] sfo{ g} b]zelQm xf] -kf]v/]n / c?, lj=;+= ;d:ofdf xf];\, g]kfnLx? ;w}“ Ps eP/ n8\g] @)$), k[=^^(_ . b]zk|lt >4f / jkmfbf/L /fVg] JolQm ub{5g\ . /fi6«lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] g]t[Tjdf g} b]zeQm xf] . g]kfnLx? ;w}“ b]zeQm /lxcfPsf g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f ;]gfn] u/]sf] xf] . g]kfnL ;]gfk|lt 5g\ . d'un ;fd|fHon] eLdkm]bL;Dd cfqmd0f ug{ g]kfnLx?sf] k"0f{ ljZjf; / e/f];f /xL cfPsf] 5 . cfp“bfsf] cj:yfdf xf];\ jf l;Gw'nLu9Ldf c+u|]hx?n] o'4sf d}bfgx?df hgtfn] ;]gfnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf cfqmd0f ug{ cfp“bfsf a]nfdf xf];\, cf}+nf]df hLjg 5g\ / Tof] ;xof]u cem} ul//xg] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gf ofkg ul//x]sf yf?x?n] 5f]6f]af6f]af6 ;/sf/nfO{ ljb]zL ;]gf gePsfn] g]kfnL ;]gf;“u g]kfnLx?sf] ;"rgf lbP/ cfºgf] /fi6« hf]ufpg u/]sf] hf]lvdk"0f{

191 UNITY JOURNAL kfl/jfl/s dfq} xf]Og ls cfTdLo ;DaGw klg 5 . sflnsf]6, h'Dnf, hfh/sf]6, h'Dnf d':tfª, dgfª / g]kfnL ;]gf ;a} g]kfnLsf] 3'dfp/f] gftfdf kb{5g\ . d'u' ;b/d'sfdnfO{ /fli6«o ;8s ;~hfndf hf]8\g] o;}n] åGåsfndf klg pgLx?n] vf;} gf]S;fgL sfo{df ;]gfsf] pNn]vgLo of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . 8f]Nkf k'¥ofPsf] b]lv“b}g . zq' /fi6«;“u n8\g'k/]sf] eP / x'Dnf ;b/d'sfd /fli6«o ;8s ;~hfndf hf]8\g] g]kfnL ;]gfn] cfºgf] axfb'/L b]vfpg] lyof] . g]kfnL sfo{ b|'t ultdf eO/x]sf] 5 . o;} u/L s0ff{nL ;]gf /fi6« /Iffsf nflu dfq} xf]Og, /fli6«o ;'/Iff / sl/8f]/ v'nfn'–n}km'–;l/;Nnf v08 -!$% ls=dL=_, ljsf;sf nflu klg lg/Gt/ vl6/x]sf] 5 . o;n] a]lg3f6–cf?3f6–nfs]{ e~Hofª -!!* ls=dL=_ / åGåsfndf ;d]t /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;df cfºgf] sflnu08sL sf]l/8f]/ l/8L dfn9'Ëf v08 ;8s lhDd]jf/L axg ul//x]sf] lyof] . ljsf;–lgdf{0fdf -*) ls=dL=_ /x]sf 5g\ . ;]gfn] ljleGg ;8s vl6Psf ;}lgsx? tTsfnLg ljb|f]xLx?af6 ;xfbt cfof]hgfcGtu{t Ps xhf/ !(& ld6/ nDafO{sf #) eP klg ;]gfn] pRr dgf]ansf ;fy ljsf;– k'n -a]lnla|h_ lgdf{0f ul/;s]sf] 5 . af9L klx/f]af6 lgdf{0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb“b} uof] . ;]gfsf] cys cj?4 ;8s vf]Ng] sfo{, gbL s6fg /f]Sg] sfo{df kl/>dsf sf/0f s0ff{nL /fhdfu{ -;]h'jfn, lj=;+= ;]gfn] cfkm\gf] Hofg afhL /fv]/ sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . @)&^_ ;DkGg eO ljsf;n] gofF df]8 lnPsf] 5 . @)%) ;fnsf] af9L klx/f], @)^% ;fnsf] sf]zL %%=% lsdL ;8s, ^=$! lsdL ;'?ª / !)=%( lsdL s6fg / @)&! ;fnsf] h'/] klx/f] lgoGq0fdf ;]gfn] k'n /x]sf] s'n &@=% ls=dL= sf7df8f}+–lghu9 kmf:6 u/]sf] sfo{sf] hgtfn] k|z+;f u/]sf 5g\ . @)&% 6«Øfs @)*! a}zfv;Dddf k"/f x'g] nIo ;]gfn] r}tdf af/f / k;f{df cfPsf] 3'd|kft -6f]gf{8f]_ lnPsf] 5 -kmf:6 6«Øfs lgdf{0f j}zfvdf ;lsG5, af6 tx;gx; ag]sf] a:tLdf ;/sf/n] lbPsf] lj=;+= @)&^_ . /;'jf nufot cg]s /fhdfu{x? lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/ ;]gfn] *^( 3/ lgwf{l/t ;dod} ;]gfn] agfP/ hgtfsf] dg lhTg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ;DkGg u/L :yfgLonfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljleGg @& ;8s cfof]hgfcGtu{t g]kfnL ;]gf gfkmfd"ns ljifodf xf]Og, ;/sf/n] Ps xhf/ ^% lsnf]ld6/ nDafOsf] ;8s lgdf{0f v6fPsf] sfddf ;]jfd"ns sfd ug{ bQlrQ eP/ ;DkGg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/, ;8s ljefunfO{ vl6/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gf /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;df x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] 5 . o;afx]s ;]gfsf] cu'jfOdf Ps /ysf b'O{ kfª\u|f h:t} Ps;fy cufl8 al9/x]sf] dxŒjk"0f{ kf“r ;8s cfof]hgf -%#@=(& ls=dL=_ 5 . cGo b]zx?df af/Daf/ ;}lgs ljb|f]xx? eP lgdf{0ffwLg qmddf /x]sf] 5 . ljsf;–lgdf{0fdf klg g]kfnL ;]gf slxNo} ljb|f]xdf uPsf] 5}g . g]kfnL ;]gf ;+nUg ePsf] cfw'lgs Oltxf; x]bf{ ;]gfsf] g]t[Tj / ltgsf ;xof]uL sdf08/x?sf lj=;+= @)!^ df sflGt /fhky / lj=;+= @)!* tNnf] tx;Ddsf hjfgx?sf] xft]dfnf]n] ubf{ g]kfnL df eQmk'/–gu/sf]6 ;8s lgdf{0faf6 z'? ePsf] ;]gf Psl9Ssf /lxcfPsf] 5 . rfx] af9L klx/f] hf“bf b]lvG5 . cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fsf o'4b]lv xf];\ jf cGo b}jL k|sf]k x'“bf jf e"sDksf ;dodf k|yd / låtLo ljZjo'4;Ddsf] cg'ej ;“ufn]sf] g} lsg gxf];\, cfºgf] 3/ kl/jf/sf] lrGtfeGbf g]kfnL ;]gf zflGtsf] ;dodf d'n'ssf 7"nf / /fi6«sf] lrGtf af]s]/ pgLx? Hofgsf] afhL /fvL dxŒjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ;d]t cAan aGb} uPsf] vl6O/x]sf x'G5g\ . bz}“ ltxf/ nufotsf cg]s 5 -cf]emf, lj=;+= @)&^_ . /;'jf, cf]vn9'Ëf, ?s'd, rf8kj{x?df ;d]t kN6gnfO{ g} 3/ ;Dem]/ /dfOnf]

192 UNITY JOURNAL ub{5g\ . cfkt\ljkt\df k/]sf dflg;x? / k|;"tL ePsf] lyof] . To; a]nfsf] 3f]8]6f] af6f] clxn]sf] Joyfn] 56k6fO/x]sf dflg;x?sf] p4f/ u/L Hofg df]6/af6f] h:t} xf] . Plzofs} klxnf] hnljB't hf]ufpg] sfd klg ;]gfn] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . hgtfsf] cfof]hgf kmlk{ª g]kfnL ;]gfsf] cu'jfO{df tof/ /Iff g} b]zsf] /Iff eGg] ;Gb]z lbg ;]gf ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . ljsf;–lgdf{0fdf ;]gfsf] ;+nUgtf s'g} ePsf] 5 . b]zelQm ;]gfsf] zlQm ePsf] 5 . b]z klg sf]0faf6 lrGtfsf] ljifo 7fGg' x'“b}g . em08} (^ /Iff / ljsf; g]kfnL ;]gfn] cfºgf] wd{ dfg]sf] 5 . xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;'/Iffsf rGb|–;"o{ cª\lst /fli6«o em08f -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, ;fy} ljsf;–lgdf{0fdf ;xefuL u/fpg] sfo{n] lj=;+= @)&@, cg';"rL !_ ;]gfnfO{ cfkm"x?n] /fi6«lgdf{0fdf c? O+§fx? ylk“b} hfg] cj:yf /xG5 . cfHof{sf] g]kfn hlQs} Kof/f] 5 . o;df g]kfnL ;]gf pkk|wfg tyf /IffdGqL O{Zj/ kf]v/]nn] ;+ljwfgn] c6n 5 . ;+;bLo, ;+3Lo, :yfgLo lgjf{rgx?sf] g} ;]gfnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd ljsf;–lgdf{0f / ljkb\ ;'/Iffdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] u/]sf] sfo{ k|z+;gLo 5 . Joj:yfkgdf nufpg ;lsg] pNn]v ePsf] ;+;bdf ;ª\s6sfnsf] ;do tyf k|ToIf zf;gsfndf atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . ;/sf/af6 lhDd]jf/L kfPkl5 ;]gfn] lbPsf] ;'/Iff 3]/fn] ;]gfsf] cfºgf] zlQm g]kfnL ;]gfsf] OlGhlgo/ ljefusf] bIf k|fljlwsn] / cf}sftnfO{ c? k|:6 kf/]sf] cg'ej b]v] a'em] / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;DkGg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . /fi6«– ;'g]s} xf] . /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, ljsf;sf nflu g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k]zfut bIftf / lj=;+= @)&@, wf/f @^^_ tyf :yfgLo ;'/Iff ;ldlt Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{kb{5 . -:yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, lj=;+= @)@*, bkmf ^-&_ df lj=;+= @))& sf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gkl5 ;]gfsf] k|ltlglwTj /xg] Joj:yfn] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ lqe'jg /fhky lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] . o;kl5 cnu u/]/ ;'/Iff dha't x'g g;Sg] k|:6} b]lvG5 . jL/u~hb]lv sf7df8f}+;Dd l;w} df]6/ cfOk'Uof] . /fli6«o ;'/Iff dha't ePsf] v08df g} b]z–ljsf;n] clxn] t df]6/af6f] ufp“–ufp“ / a:tL–a:tLdf k'Ug sf“r'nL km]g]{ cj:yf /xG5 . yfn]sf] 5 . k"j{–klZrd dx]Gb| /fhdfu{ h:t} clxn] d'Vo v08 M ;'/Iff / ljsf; d]rL–dxfsfnL dbg e08f/L÷dWo kxf8L nf]sdfu{ klg lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . pQ/–blIf0f /fhdfu{x? /fli6«o zflGt ljgf ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . g]kfn klg alg/x]sf 5g\ . k~rfotsfn bnljxLg Joj:yf PsLs/0fkl5 /f0ff zf;gsfndf zflGt ;'/Iff r':t eP klg To; ;dodf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x? tof/ / e/kbf]{ lyof] . sfnf] bf}/f–;'?jfn nufPsf] l;kfxL ePsf 5g\ . cleofgs} ?kdf lzIf0f ;+:yfx? v'n]sf ufp“df l5bf{ l;ª\uf] ufp“, cfkm" ;'/lIft ePsf] lyP . b]zsf 7fp“–7fp“df ljZjljBfnox? v'n]sf cg'ej uYof]{ . ltg} l;kfxLsf] cg'/f]wdf k|To]s 5g\ . cg]s k|fljlws lzIffnox? :yfkgf ePsf ufp“df 3f]8]6f] af6fx? lgdf{0f ePsf lyP . /f0ff 5g\ . ufp“kms{ /fli6«o cleofgn] klg hgzlQm sfndf clxn] h:tf] hgk|ltlglwsf] Joj:yf lyPg . kl/rfng u/]/ hgtfn] 7fp“–7fp“df df]6/ af6f] ;]gfx? dfkm{t\ >L # dxf/fhx?df hfx]/ eP/ lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . clxn] h:tf] /fHo Joj:yfaf6 ljsf;–lgdf{0fx? x'g] ub{y] . ;]gfsf] ;xeflutfdf 8f]h/sf] ;xof]u pknAw x'g] cj:yf lyPg . :yfgLo ljsf;sf cleofgx? cfw'lgs g]kfn lgdf{0f;“u} k|zf;g, ;'/Iffkmf}h / tTsfnLg hgk|ltlglwx?sf] b]z}el/ rn]sf] 5 . @))& ;fndf k|hftGq :yfkgf ;xsfo{ ljsf;sf] ult lyof] . x'g' cl3;Dd 3f]8]6f] af6f] cleofgs} ?kdf lgdf{0f

193 UNITY JOURNAL lj=;+= @)$^ sf] kl/jt{gkl5 ljsf;sf] ultn] tLj| a}7s a]nf a]nfdf a;]/ ;'/Iff / ;Ldf ;'/Iffsf lng yfn]sf] lyof] / @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ng;“u}sf] af/]df ulx/f] cg';Gwfg / PsLs[t sfo{ of]hgfx? /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 To; ljsf; sfo{n] km]l/ nfu' x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] zflGt ;'/Iff / lg/Gt/tf kfpg yfNof] . ;~rf/ If]qdf klg lghL ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] /Iff ug]{ :yfgLo k|zf;gx? / nufgL a9]sf] 5 . ha–ha d'nsdf zflGtsf] cg'ej ;Qfdf a;]sf ;/sf/x?n] xf]Og, ltgLx? t cfb]z x'G5, ta–ta ljsf;n] ult lng] u/]sf] 5 . ;+;f/el/ lbg] dfq x'g\ . lkmN8df le8\g] eg]sf ;'/Iffkmf}hx? ljsf;sf] nx/ kl/jt{g;“u} b]lvPsf] xf] . /fli6«o g} x'g\ . ltgLx? @$ ;} 306f vl6/x]sf x'G5g\ . Pstfsf] gfddf /fhf kmfn]/ l;lSsd /fi6« n]08'k Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfsf] ;d]t bf]h]{x?n] #@ l;6sf] ;+;b\df #! l;6 lht]kl5 b]z ;'/Iffkmf}hn] lgu/fgL ub{5 . ;'/Iffkmf}hn] :yndfu{, g} ef/tdf ld;fpg] sfo{ eof] . t/ g]kfnsf] cj:yf xjfO{ dfu{, hndfu{sf] ;'/Iff lbO/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o lxhf], cfh / ef]ln klg To:tf] 5}g . gfnfkfgLsf] lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If, hnfwf/ If]q, ljB't u[x, o'4df b'Zdgx?n] vfg]kfgLsf] d"xfg g6'6fO{ lbPsf] b"/;~rf/, vfg]kfgL d"xfg kf]v/Lx?, pRr lxdfnL eP g t gfnfkfgL hfGYof], g t axfb'/ of]4fx? If]qx?, kxf8L If]q, k'n k'n];f / a]lnla|h tyf t/fO{ / ltGsf cfl>t kl/jf/x?sf] g} Hofg hfGYof] . If]qx?sf] ;'/Iff / ljsf;df ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ ;fy lb“b} nfndf]x/ gnfu]sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGwsf gfddf uh/fh cfd g]kfnLn] /fli6«o Pstf cljl5Gg hgfO/x]sf ld> / rGb|z]v/ pkfWofon] /fi6«nfO{ wf]sf lbO{ 5g\ . cfºgf] cf}sftcg';f/ g]kfn ljsf;sf] ultdf cfkm"v';L ;'uf}nL ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ -of]uL g/xl/gfy, clj/n nlDs/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff eg]sf] x/]s lj=;+= @)%%, k[=&*_ gu/]sf eP g]kfn v'Dr]/ cfkt\ ljkb\df ;d]t /fi6« /Iff / lxkmfht xf] . a:g'kg]{ lyPg . ;'uf}nL ;lGw g]kfnsf] rfxgf / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt cg'?k /fi6«sf] lxkmfht ;To x'“b} xf]Og . To;a]nf ;]gfnfO{ 7"nf] rf]6 k/]sf] eO/x]sf] 5 / eO/xg] 5 . 5 . tTsfnLg ;dodf ToxL czflGtn] ljsf; cl3 l6:6f, sf+u8f, u+ufsf] t6 / ef]6;Dd ljho a9\g kfPg . ug]{ g]kfnL ;]gf xf] . g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fi6«sf] 9's'6Lsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu zflGt ckl/xfo{ hu]gf{ / /Iff ul//x]sf] 5 . cfkb\ ljkb\ kbf{ x'G5 . To;}n] :ju{jf;L /fhf jL/]Gb|n] cfºgf] z'e zq'x?nfO{ klg g]kfnL ;]gfn] hu]gf{ / ;xof]u /fHofleif]ssf cj;/df ;fd]n ePsf !@( b]zdf u/]sf] Oltxf; kfOG5 . /fi6«lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f /fi6«fWoIf, ;/sf/ k|d'v / s"6gLlts k|ltlglwx?sf zfxsf] g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f cleofg g]kfnL ;]gfn] aLr @)#! ;fndf zlGt If]q k|:tfj (Sharma, 2004 ;kmn kf/]sf] xf] . a]nfotL b]zdf 3fd c:tfp“b}g AD, pp. 44-50) /fv]sf lyP . @)$^ r}t;Dddf eGg] sxfjt lyof] . egfO{sf] tfTko{ a]nfotdf 3fd !!^ /fi6«n] o;df ;dy{g hgfPsf lyP . g]kfndf 8'Abf ef/t nufotsf p;sf pklgj]z /fi6«x?df /]n s'bfpg] / cGt/f{li6«o ;fu/x?df g]kfnsf] kfgL ;"of]{bo eO;s]sf] x'GYof] . To:tf] zlQmzfnL la|6]g hxfh rnfpg] s'/fn] d"t{?k zflGtsfnd} ;Dej ;/sf/nfO{ cfkt\ ljkb\ kbf{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] cfu|xdf x'G5 . d'n'sn] 6]lnsd / oftfoft If]qdf km8\sf] g]kfnn] %& s/f]8 %) nfv ?k}of“ cg'bfg ;xof]u dfb}{5 . clxn] k|To]s JolQmsf xft xftdf df]afOn ;d]t u/]sf] lyof] . h'g a]nf ;'gsf] efp k|lttf]nf rln/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] g]t[Tjdf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] %) ?k}of lyof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] åGåu|:t d'n'sdf

194 UNITY JOURNAL zflGt ;]gf dftxt ljsf; sfo{qmd cl3 a9fPsf]df ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL g]kfnL ;]gf cAan ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 -sflGtk'/, cgnfOg va/ -d+l;/ @#, @)&^_, kmfi6 6«Øfs ;g\ @)!*_ . sª\uf]df zflGt :yfkgfy{ ;g\ @))# lgdf{0f @)*! a}zfvdf ;lsG5, Retrieved b]lv g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljsf; of]hgf agfP/ sfd from https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019 ul//x]sf]df :yfgLosf] dg;d]t lht]sf] 5 . of] /12/818782, on December 13, 2019. g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf] nflu ljZj;fd' cf]emf, eLid/fh -k'if !*, @)&^_, ;]gfåf/f Psxhf/ ultnf] pbfx/0f xf] . /fi6« ;+3Lo zflGt ld;gx?df lsdL ;8s lgdf{0f, sf7df8f}+ M /f;; . g]kfnL ;]gfn] k'¥ofPsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] ljZje/ sflGtk'/ b}lgs -h'nfO{ !*, @)!*_, zflGt ;]gfsf] ;a}n] v'n]/ k|z+;f ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL ;]gfn] sf“wdf lsg ylk“b} 5 ljsf; < Retrieved from laleGg /fli6«o dxŒj tyf uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx?sf] https://ekantipur.com/news/2018/07/28/15327 lgdf{0f sfo{df lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] cfk"lt{ u/L 5018606991386.html?author=1, on December /fi6«sf] ljsf; lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg lb“b} cfPsf] 5 . 13, 2019. casf lbgdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] bfo/f cem km/flsnf] uf}td, o'j/fh -;fpg !&, @)&^_, ;]gfsf] lqz"n, kfb}{ ef/t / rLg aLrsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf/]vfx?df Retrieved from https://nagariknews. nagariknetwork.com/news/85029/.On g]kfnL ;]gfsf] pkl:ylt hgfpg ;s] /fli6«o ;'/Iff December 6, 2019. cem dha't eO b]z ljsf; cleofgn] ;fy{stf kfpg] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, la=;++= @)&@ . kf]v/]n, afns[i0f / c? a[xt\ g]kfnL zAbsf]z -;g\ lgisif{ @)$)_, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg . 5l/Psf /fHox?nfO{ PsLs/0f ul/Psf] uf}/ak"0f{ ;]h'jfn, sn]Gb| -c;f]h @(, @)&^_, s0ff{nL sl/8f]/ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;nfO{ s]nfP/ x]g]{ xf] eg] uf]vf{nL ls b|'tdfu{ <, Retrieved from https://ekantipur. ;]gfsf] hGd b|Jo zfxsf] zf;gsfndf ePsf] lyof] . com/news/2019/10/16/157119502348448000. /fi6« lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] pbosfndf o;n] html, on November 28, 2019. ;ª\ul7t ?k wf/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . k[YjLgf/fo0fsf] :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, lj=;+= @)@* b]xfj;fgkl5 PsLs/0f cleofgnfO{ /fh]Gb|nIdL, Nepal Army (2019 AD), Retrieved from www. axfb'/ zfx, eLd;]g yfkf, cd/l;+x yfkf, aneb| nepalarmy.mil.np, January 5, 2020. s'“j/, elQm yfkf, plh/l;+x yfkf nufot 1ft c1ft Sharma, Umakant (2004 AD), The peace zone b]zeQm jL/ cd/ ;lxbx?n] g]kfnnfO{ :jtGq, concept and its utility in Nepalese foreign ;fj{ef}d ;DkGg /fi6« agfPsfn] g]kfn / g]kfnLx? policy, Journal of Political Science, Vol VII, k/fwLg x'g' k/]g . g]kfnL ;]gfn] cjnDag u/]sf] Kathmandu : CDPSTU. pp. 44-50 PsLs/0f kbdfu{n] ljsf;sf] gof“ cfofd km}lnPsf] 5 . /fi6« ;'/lIft x'g ;s]sf] v08df ljsf;n] ult lng] / cfd gful/sn] o;af6 kmfObf lnO hLjg:t/ ;'lw|g] cj:yf /xG5 .

195 UNITY JOURNAL

cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lj:tf/df ;]gfsf] e"ldsf

a;Gt v8\sf n]v;f/ klxn] o;sf] Oltxf;af/] ;+lIfKtdf pNn]v ug'{ af~5gLo x'g]5 . tTsfnLg uf]vf{nL ;]gf, zfxL g]kfnL kl5Nnf] ;do cGt/f{li6«o txdf g]kfnsf] ;DaGw ;]gf x'“b} xfn g]kfnL ;]gfsf ?kdf /x]sf] uf}/jdo / ;fem]bf/L a9\b} hf“bf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsf klg ;+u7gsf] ;fOgf] g]kfn PsLs/0f;“u hf]l8Psf] 5 . dxŒjk"0f{ /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;}Go s"6gLltsf dfWodaf6 tyf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lbPsf] tTsfnLg uf]/vf /fHodf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ lgjf{x ug{] qmddf ljleGg 9+un] g]t[Tjdf :yfkgf ePsf] o; ;+u7gn] g]kfn g]kfnsf] cGo d'n's;“usf] s'6gLlts ;DaGwdf gof“ PsLs/0fsf] sfo{ef/ k"/f ub{} tTsfnLg O:6 OlG8of O6\6f yk\g] sfd ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;]gfn] g]kfnsf] sDkgL -a]nfot_ ;“u ;d]t jL/tfk"j{s n8\b} s'6gLlts ;DaGw lj:tf/sf nflu ul//x]sf] k|of; g]kfnsf] e"–efusf] /Iff u/]/ uf}/jdo Oltxf; gf}nf] eg] xf]Og . ;doqmd;“u} ;]gfn] cGo d'n's;“u sfod ug{ ;kmn ag]sf] lyof] . /fVg] ;DaGw / o;sf] k|s[ltdf s]xL kl/jt{g Pp6f sf“wdf /fli6«o PsLs/0fsf] lhDd]jf/L / csf{] cjZo ePsf] 5 tfklg o;sf] e"ldsf kl/jlt{t sf“wdf cfºgf] e"ldnfO{ af≈o zlQmaf6 hf]ufpg'kg{] ;dodf cem a9L dxŒjk"0f{ / ;zQm x'“b} uO/x]sf] dxŒjk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s sfo{af/nfO{ ;“u;“u} af]w ub{} 5 . ljleGg d'n's;“u x'g] ;}Go ;fem]bf/L / ;+o'Qm lhDd]jf/LnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]s} /fi6«;+3sf] dftxtdf /x]/ zflGt;]gfsf ?kdf sf/0f ljZjdfem g]kfn jL/ uf]/vfnLsf] d'n'ssf g]kfnL ;]gfn] v]ln/x]sf] e"ldsf / o;n] cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf kl/lrt aGg ;kmn ePsf] xf] . o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DaGw lj:tf/df k'¥ofO/x]sf] 6]jf kl5Nnf] ;do >]o ;]gfnfO{ hfG5 . ;“lRrs} k|z+;gLo /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . o; n]vdfkm{t\ Oltxf;b]lv jt{dfg cj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ubf cGt/f{li6«o P]ltxfl;s lhDd]jf/L ;DaGw lj:tf/ / ;fem]bf/Ldf ;]gfn] v]ln/x]sf] e"ldsfnfO{ s]nfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . afO;] / rf}la;] cj:yfdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] e"–efunfO{ PsLs/0f ug{] / cfw'lgs xltof/af6 ;';lHht zAbs'~hLM ;}Go s"6gLlt, g]kfn PsLs/0f, g]kfn– a]nfotL ;]gf;“u n8]/ cfºgf] e"ldsf] /Iff ug{] c+u|]h o'4, zflGt ;}lgs, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, ;}Go sfo{ef/ tTsfnLg uf]/vfnL ;]gfsf nflu ;xh Oltxf;, ;}Go ;fem]bf/L . cjZo klg lyPg . t/ klg uf]/vfnL ;]gfn] l;+uf] g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf ub{} g]kfnsf] e"–efu lj:tf/ k[i7e"ld ug{] tTsfnLg /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;kgfnfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfn] g]kfnsf tkm{af6 cGt/f{li6«o txdf ;fsf/ agfp“b} a]nfotL zf;ssf] pklgj]zaf6 v]ln/x]sf] s"6gLlts e"ldsfsf af/] JofVof ug'{eGbf g]kfnnfO{ d'Qm /fVg cys k|of; ul//xof] h;sf]

196 UNITY JOURNAL kl/0ffd:j?k ljZj–dfglrqdf g]kfn Pp6f :jtGq uf]vf{nL ;]gfn] cu|]h;“u dfq xf]Og, vDkf ljb|f]xb]lv d'n'ssf ?kdf :yflkt x'g ;kmn eof] . cf}krfl/s ef/tsf] u'h/ft / ldhf{k'/df ;g\ !*!& b]lv )!* lx;fan] b"tfjf; :yfkgf u/]/} g]kfn ljZj hut;“u ;Dd ePsf] lk08f/L o'4 x'“b} ;g\ !*$% b]lv $^ hf]l8g yfn]sf] !(#) sf] bzskl5 dfq xf] . ;Dd ef/tsf] k~hfadf rn]sf] Pªnf] lzvo'4 / jf:tjdf uf]/vfnL ;]gfn] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o !*$* b]lv )$( ;Dd rn]sf] bf];|f] lzvo'4 ;fDo ?kdf cfkm\gf] kx'“r / k|efj b]vfpg yfn]sf] ;g\ kfg{ klg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] . !&$$ df sfhL sfn'kf“8]sf] g]t[Tjdf ;}Go 6's'8L ;g\ !*%& b]lv )%( ;Dd ef/tdf ePsf] l;kfxL :yfkgf ePb]lv g} xf] . -lb Jof6n_ -lx:6«L ckm lb ljb|f]x, !*&* b]lv !**) ;Dd ePsf] bf];|f] ckmufg g]kfnL cfdL{M lb o'lglkms]zg_ o'4, klxnf] ljZjo'4, bf];|f] ljZjo'4 x'“b} ef/tsf] x}b/fjfbdf ePsf] cfGbf]ng /f]Sg g]kfnsf] ;]gfn] g]kfnsf] ;}Go ;fdYo{s} sf/0f ;Ldf–lj:tf/sf] v]n]sf] e"ldsf Pp6f uf}/jzfnL Oltxf;sf ?kdf cleofg k"j{df l6i6f / klZrddf lsNnf sf+u8f;Dd :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . -lxl:6« ckm km]d; uf]/vfh k'Ug ;kmn ag]sf] xf] . c 6fOdnfO{g @)!(_ h'g ;dodf d'n'sx?sf] ;DaGwsf] cfwf/ o'4 jf Oltxf;df g]kfnsf] ;]gfn] b]vfPsf] ;fx;, sf};n ;}Go zlQmnfO{ dflgGYof], To; ;dodf g]kfnsf] / s"6gLlts ;DaGws} sf/0f g]kfnnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o tTsfnLg ;]gfn] ;}Go ;fdYo{ / jL/tfk"0f{ o'4sf txdf cfºgf] kx'“r / k|efj lj:tf/df ;xh ag]sf] dfWodaf6 g]kfnnfO{ cGo d'n's;“u lrgfpg] sfd lyof] . ef/tLo ;]gf, a]nfotL ;]gf, l;+ufk'/ k|x/L u¥of] . ;g\ !*!$ b]lv !^ ;Dd g]kfn / O:6 OlG8of nufotsf ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sdf clxn] klg sDkgLaLr ePsf] n8fO“ / To;df klg ljz]if u/L uf]/vf etL{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f sKtfg aneb| s'“j/n] jL/tfk"j{s n8]sf] 36gfn] tTsfnLg cj:yfdf oxf“sf] ;]gfn] v]n]sf] axfb'/Lk"0f{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Oltxf; / k|efj g]kfndf dfq geO{ e"ldsfnfO{ g} k|d'v sf/0f dflgG5 . aflx/L d'n'sx?df klg :yflkt aGg k'Uof] . -hg/n aneb| s'“j/_ ;}Go s"6gLlt kl5Nnf] ;do k//fi6« dGqL k|bLks'df/ 1jfnLn] ;fdfGotof s'g} d''n'ssf] /fli6«o gLltsf] lj:tfl/t g]kfn ljZjdf b]lvg / ;'lgg yfn]sf] atfpg] ?knfO{ ljb]z gLltsf ?kdf cYof{pg] ul/G5 . ug'{ePsf] 5 . -g]kfn ljZjdf ;'lgg / b]lvg yfn]sf] d'n'ssf] cfGtl/s lxt k|j4{gsf lglDt ckgfOg] 5, @)&^ c;f/ @#_ o;sf] cy{ s"6gLlts lx;fan] cGt/f{li6«o gLlt g} ljb]z gLlt xf] . g]kfnL ;]gfn] g]kfn clxn] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfgdf 5, eGg] xf] . of] ;}Go If]qaf6 cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf ;DaGw lj:tf/df d'n'ssf nflu uj{ / v';Lsf] s'/f xf] . tyflk v]ln/x]sf] e"ldsf o;}sf] Pp6f kf6f] xf] h;nfO{ ;}Go ;fdYo{ / k|efjsf lx;fan] g]kfn b'O{ ;o ;}Go s"6gLltsf ?kdf cYof{pg] ul/Psf] 5 . jif{ klxn]b]lv g} cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf ;'lgg / lrlgg ;}Go s'6gLlt /Iff ljefusf k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ ul/g] yfln;s]sf] lyof] . o;sf] cy{ ;]gfnfO{ ;/sf/eGbf ultljlw xf] . o;sf dfWodaf6 Pp6f d'n'sn] cfºgf] k[ys eGg vf]lhPsf] eg] xf]Og . d'n'ssf] ;'/Iff / /Iff rf;f]nfO{ csf{] d'n's;fd' /fVg] u5{ . ;}Go s"6gLlts} dfWodaf6 Ps d'n'sn] csf{]

197 UNITY JOURNAL d'n'ssf] ;'/Iff lgsfo / ;'/Iff cj:yfsf af/]df zflGt / ;xsfo{sf dfWodaf6 d'n'sx?sf] ;DaGw ;"rgf ;+sng tyf ljZn]if0f ug{], ;'/Iff lgsfoaLr lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] kl/l:yltnfO{ klg ;xh} ;+jfb, cfk;L ;DaGw / ;xsfo{ clej[l4 ug{], b'O{ canDag ug{ ;kmn ag]sf] 5 . kl/l:yltcg';f/ d'n'ssf ;'/Iff clwsf/LaLrdf e|d0f cfbfg–k|bfg cfkm"nfO{ cAan ;fljt ub{} cGt/f{li6«o txdf u/fpg] Pj+ ;}Go pks/0fdf ;xfotf Pj+ ;xsfo{ d'n'ssf] lxt / cfºgf] klxrfgsf nflu ;]gfn] ug{] nufotsf sfd k5{g\ . -klH6gsf, @)!^_ dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{} cfPsf] 5 . d'n'sx? ;}Go s"6gLltdf ;xefuL x'g'sf] nIo jf ;g\ @)!% df ef/tsf] gfsfaGbLsf aLr tTsfnLg pb]Zo eg]sf] cfk;df ldn]/ sfd ub{} zflGt / k|wfg;]gfklt /fh]Gb| If]qLn] k|wfgdGqL s]kL cf]nLsf] ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{' xf] . /Iff s"6gLltn] ;Nnfxcg';f/ ef/t e|d0f u/]/ ;}Go Rofgndfkm{t\ j}b]lzs ;DaGwnfO{ k|j4{g ub{} / ;/sf/sf cGo gfsfaGbL cGTo ug{ kxn u/]sf] atfpg] ul/G5 . s"6gLlts ;DaGwnfO{ ;dy{g ub{} d'n'ssf] ljlzi6 g]kfnsf k|wfg;]gfklt ef/tsf klg dfgfy{ ;]gfk|d'v ljb]zgLltsf] p2]ZonfO{ cufl8 a9fpg d2t u5{ . x'g] k|fjwfgsf sf/0f klg ;}Go txaf6 ePsf] pQm -d'yfGgf, @)!!, k[=#_ k|of;n] ;kmntf ldn]sf] atfOG5 . -lbNnLn] lsg lnof] o" 6g{, kmfu'g @)&@, _ o; ljifodf tTsfnLg g]kfnL ;]gf ;/sf/s} Pp6f ;'/Iff c+u ePsfn] k|wfg;]gfklt If]qLn] ljleGg sfo{qmddf klg af]n]sf] o;n] cGo d'n's;“u lj:tf/ ug{] ;DaGw ;/sf/s} kfOG5 . k|wfg;]gfklt If]qLn] df3 !*, @)&@ df s"6gLlts ;DaGwleq kg{] u5{g\ . s'g} klg d'n'sn] ef/t e|d0f nuQ} ^ dlxgf}“b]lv hf/L gfsfaGbL csf{] d'n's;“u lj:tf/ ug{] ;DaGwsf ljljw kIf cGTo ePsf] lyof] . b'O{ d'n'saLrdf cemdembf/L cGtu{t ;}Go s"6gLlt Pp6f kf6f]sf ?kdf /x]sf] eO/x]sf a]nf ;}Go s"6gLltsf dfWodAff6 ePsf] x'G5 . o;y{ g} ;/sf/n] s"6gLlts lgof]u /x]sf pQm k|of;n] b'O{ d'n'saLrsf] lrl;Psf] ;DaGw d'n'sdf ;}Go ;xrf/Lsf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . ;fwf/0f cj:yfdf NofPsf] lyof] . ;]gfn] eg] g]kfnL ;]gfn] xfn} dfq cd]l/sfsf tkm{af6 cg'bfgdf o;sf af/]df cflwsfl/s bfaL jf 8s'd]G6]8 u/]sf] k|fKt u/]sf b'O{ :sfO 6«s tyf cfpg] qmddf /x]sf kfO“b}g . g]kfnL ;]gfn] b'O{ d'n'saLrsf] ;}Go tyf s]xL :sfO{ 6«s / ut c;f/df rLgn] g]kfnnfO{ ;af s"6gLlts ;DaGw lj:tf/df Ps csf{sf] d'n'ssf] b'O{ ca{ g]kfnL a/fa/sf] ;}Go ;fd|u|L lbg] ;Demf}tf dfgfy{ ;]gfk|d'v x'g] k/Dk/fn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf ;}Go s"6gLltsf pkh x'g\ . cGo ldq/fi6«x?n] klg v]Nn] atfpg] u/]sf] 5 . gfsfaGbL vf]Ng /fhgLlts g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf dfgjLo lx;fan] k|of; eO/x]sf] lyof] . ;}Go tj/n] klg ;xfotf nufotsf If]qdf ;xof]u ug{ tflnd tyf xfdLn] k|of; u¥of}“ . -If]qL, sflQs @)&$_ cGo ;xof]u ug{] u/]sf 5g\ . oL ;a} ;xof]u g]kfnL g]kfn / ef/taLrdf Ps csf{sf] ;]gf k|d'vnfO{ ;]gf / cGo d'n'ssf ;]gfaLrsf] ;}Go s"6gLltsf dfgfy{ ;]gf k|d'vsf] ;Ddfg lbg] k/Dk/f bf];|f] sf/0f ;Dej ePsf] xf] . ljZjo'4 cGTo ePkl5 ;g\ !($% b]lv ;'? ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o txdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsf xf] . ;g\ )$% df tTsfnLg la|l6; ef/tsf tkm{af6 ;]gfk|d'v ;/ Snfp8]nfO{ tTsfnLg /f0ff k|wfgdGqL g]kfnL ;]gfn] o'4 jf ;fdYo{sf] lx;fan] cfºgf] kx'“r h'4 zdz]/n] klxnf]k6s dfgfy{ hg]{nsf] pkflwaf6 lj:tf/ ug{] ;dodf dfq xf]Og, abln“bf] kl/j]z;“u}

198 UNITY JOURNAL ;Ddfg u/]sf lyP . h'4 zdz]/n] ;/ Snfp8]nfO{ sfd o; ;+u7gn] u/]sf] 5 . zflGt ;]gfdf g]kfnL dfgfy{ ;]gf k|d'vsf] ;Ddfg lbgs} nflu cfºgf] ;]gfn] v]n]sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsfs} sf/0f g]kfn cjsfzsf] ;do ;d]t yk u/]sf lyP . ;g\ )$% ;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6«o If]qaf6 k|fKt ug{] ;xof]u / cS6f]a/ klxnf] ;ftf la|l6; ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ;b\efjdf klg j[l4 x'“b} uO/x]sf] 5 . cfh g]kfnn] hfkfg;“u o'4 n8]sf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kN6g :jb]z cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / g]kfnsf] e"ldsfsf af/]df kmls{Pkl5 @$ cS6f]a/ )$% df tTsfnLg la|l6; af]Nbf g]kfnL ;]gfn] zflGt :yfkgfy{ v]ln/x]sf] ef/tsf ;]gfk|d'v ;/ Snfp8]n] g]kfn e|d0f u/]sf e"ldsf cu| :yfgdf cfpg] u5{ . lyP . To; cj;/df pgnfO{ dfgfy{ hg]{naf6 g]kfn cGt/f{li6«o hutdf zflGtsf cu|b"t ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] -k|;fb, ;g\ !((^, k[= @&^_ . uf}td a'4sf] hGde"ldsf ?kdf dfq geP/ ljZjd} en} jt{dfg cj:yfdf cGo d'n'sx?;“u klg ;}Go zflGtsf] ;Gb]z 5g{] zflGt ;}lgsx?sf] hGde"ldsf ;DaGwsf gof“ cfwf/x? tof/ x'“b} ubf{ o;sf] ?kdf klg lrlgg yfn]sf] 5 . o;n] cGt/f{li6«o lg/Gt/tf slt pko'Qm x'G5 eg]/ ax; ug{ ;lsPnf, If]qdf d'n'ssf] 5lj pRr ug{] dfq geO{ d'n'ssf] t/ tTsfnLg cj:yfdf g]kfn / tTsfnLg a]nfotL cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lj:tf/df klg dxŒjk"0f{ / zf;saLrsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfpg ;]gfsf] dfgfy{ cy{k"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] u/]sf] 5 . k|d'v agfpg] k|rngn] cjZo dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf ;/sf/n] l5d]sL tyf ldq /fi6«x?;“u s"6gLlts lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] . ;DaGw lj:tf/df dxŒjk"0f{ sfd ul//x“bf g]kfnL g]kfnL ;]gfn] abln“bf] k/l:yltdf cGt/f{li6«o ;]gfn] klg l5d]sL tyf ldq/fi6«sf ;}lgsx?;“u If]qdf cfºgf] kx'“r / k|efj lj:tf/ ug{] qmddf xfn cfºg} 9+un] ;}Go s"6gLltnfO{ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] cGt/f{li6«o zflGt :yfkgf sfo{ / l5d]sL d'n's tyf 5 . cd]l/sf, a]nfot, rLg / ef/t;“u kl5Nnf] cGo ldq /fi6«;“usf] ;}Go cEof; / ;xsfo{ ub{} ;do eO/x]sf ;}Go ;fem]bf/L, tflnd, pks/0f tyf cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 -o'Pg_ dftxt /x]/ 1fgsf] cfbfgk|bfg o;}sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . gLnf] 6f]kLsf] dfWodaf6 åGå/t d'n'sx?df zflGt cd]l/sf;“u x'“b} cfO/x]sf] Kofl;lkms sdf08 tflnd, sfod ug{] sfo{df g]kfnL ;]gfn] v]ln/x]sf] e"ldsf rLg;“u x'“b} cfPsf] ;u/dfyf ;+o'Qm ;}Go tflnd k|z+;gLo /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . tyf ef/t;“u x'“b} cfO/]sf] ;"o{ls/0f tflnd kl5Nnf] kl5Nnf] ;do ;}Go Ifdtf clej[l4df g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;dodf ;]gfn] ;}Go s"6gLltsf dfWodaf6 d'n'ssf] pNn]Vo k|ult xfl;n ug{ g;s] klg lgz:qtf / ;DaGw / ;fem]bf/L lj:tf/df ul//x]sf s]xL k|of; zflGt sfodsf If]qdf p;n] v]n]sf] e"ldsfn] g]kfnL x'g\ . g]kfnL ;]gfn] clxn] klg ljleGg !# d'n's;“u ;]gf o'Pgsf] dftxtdf zflGt :yfkgfy{ ug{] ljZjs} ;+o'Qm tyf 5'6\6f–5'6\6} ;}lgs tflndx? ;~rfng kf“rf}“ d'n's aGg ;kmn alg/x]sf] 5 . -lb g]kfnL ub{} cfPsf] 5 . -gful/s b}lgs, ebf} @)&^_ cfdL{ Og o'Pg lk; ;kf]6{ ck/]zg_ g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljleGg d'n'ssf ;]gf;“usf] ;xsfo{df o;n] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ dfq geP/ ;du| d'n'ssf] k|fs[lts ljkb\;DaGwL tflnd–cEof; ub{} cfPsf] lz/nfO{ 7f8f] kfg{] sfd dfq u/]sf] 5}g, cGt/f{li6«o 5 . g]kfndf lj= ;+=@)&@ df uPsf] e"sDksf a]nf If]qdf g]kfnsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;d]t cem k|uf9 agfpg] g]kfnL ;]gfn] p4f/sf] sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg

199 UNITY JOURNAL To; lsl;dsf tflndn] e"ldsf v]n]sf] atfpg] ug{ ;kmn alg/x]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ /fli6«o tyf u/]sf] 5 . ljkb\sf a]nf g]kfnL ;]gf dfq geP/ cGt/f{li6«o txdf ;]gfsf] ljZjf; a9\b} uPsf] 5 g]kfn;“u ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;fem]bf/L tyf ;+o'Qm eg] cfd gful/sdf ;d]t ;]gfk|lt uf}/j / k|]dsf] cEof; ub{} cfPsf rLg / ef/tsf ;}lgsn] p4f/df efj emlNsg] u/]sf] 5 . tTsfn} ;xfotf / ;xsfo{sf xft cl3 a9fPsf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL lyP . ef/t, rLg nufot cGo d'n'ssf ;]gfx?n] e"sDksf a]nf p4f/ / /fxtdf tTsfn} ;xof]u cl3 Dofgkfng, Pg (n.d.), a]E; ckm a|]e, l/–lk|h]G6];g ckm a9fpg' / cfkm}“ /fxt / p4f/df vl6g'nfO{ ;]gfn] lb uf]vf{ Og la|l6; ldln6/L lj|U;\ . ;}Go s"6gLltsf] sf/0f dfGb} cfPsf] 5 . IfqL,] /fhGb|] -@)&$, sflQs{ !(_, td;fdf] Hofltu] do,{ lgisif{ PkL 6lnlehgdf] lbg'ePsf ] cGtjftf{ { . hg/n aneb| s'“j/M lb lxGb" nfOkm ckm g]kfn g]kfnL ;]gf s7f]/ ldlxg]t, w}o{, ;fx; / sf}zn (n.d.),ldN6«L 86 ljlsof 86 cf]cf/hL . tyf Jofj;flostfsf sf/0f zlQmzfnL d'n'ssf ;]gfsf] gh/df ;d]t kg{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ToxL lbNnLn] lsg lnof] o' 6g{ < -@)&@ kmfu'g ^_ gof“ klqsf sf/0fn] ubf{ zlQmzfnL elgPsf d'n'ssf ;]gfn] b}lgs . klg g]kfnL ;]gf;“usf] ;+o'Qm cEof; tyf tflnddf lb g]kfnL cfdL{ Og o"Pg lk; ;kf]6{ ck/]zg (n.d.),g]kfn ;xeflutf hgfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . cfdL{ 86 ldn Pglk d'n'ssf] cfly{s cj:yfsf sf/0f ;}Go Ifdtf gful/s b}lgs -@)&^ ebf} !#_ clej[l4df en} ;Gtf]ifhgs pknlAw xfl;n g]kfn, k|bLk -@)&^ c;f/ @#_, g]kfn ljZjdf b]lvg / x'g g;s]sf] 5}g, tyflk g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fli6«o / ;'lgg yfn]sf] 5 -lxdfn_ cGt/f{li6«o txdf cfkm"nfO{ sdhf]/ x'g lbPsf] 5}g, a? Ps sbd cl3 a9]/ zlQmzfnL d'n's;“u g]kfn cfdL{, lx:6«L ckm lb g]kfnL cfdL{, lb o'lglkms]zg ;fem]bf/L, ;xsfo{ / ;DaGw lj:tf/df w]/} 7"nf] Aof6n–g]kfn cfdL{ 86 dLn 86 PgkL of]ubfg lb“b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ g]kfnL klH6gsf, O= -@)!^_ ldN6«L l8Knf]d];L P08 O6\;\ lk|h]G6 ;]gfk|ltsf] cGt/f{li6«o ljZjf; ;d]t a9\b} uO/x]sf] kmª\;g, ljBfjfl/lw zf]w k|aGw, d6]h j]n o'lgel;{6L 5 . o;n] s] b]vfp“5 eg] ljutdf g]kfnL ;]gf Og jf+:sf, jf:6]l/sf, :nf]eflgof . jL/tfsf sf/0f cGt/f{li6«o txdf cfºgf] kx'“r / k|;fb, O{Zj/L -!((^_ lb nfO{km P08 6fO{d ckm dxf/fh d'n'ssf] ;DaGw lj:tf/df cl3 nlDs/x]sf] lyof] eg], h'4 zdz]/ h+u axfb'/ /f0ff cfkm g]kfn cfh ;xh kl/l:yltsf] d"Nofª\sg ub{} s"6gLlts lx;fan] cfºgf] kx'“r / d'n'ssf] ;DaGwnfO{ lj:tf/ d'yfGgf, s] -@)!! hgj/L !_, ldN6«L l8Knf]d];L ug{] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . lx:6«L ckm km]d; uf]/vfh\ c 6fOdnfOg -@)!( cu:6 !%_ g]kfnL ;]gfn] cGt/f{li6«o txdf ;DaGw lj:tf/df dfq geP/ d'n'sleq} klg Pp6f ljZjfl;nf] / e/kbf{] ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ :yflkt

200 UNITY JOURNAL

g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ljsf;sf nflu ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg

eljZj/ l3ld/] n]v;f/ zAbs'~hLM ;'/Iff ;+oGq, ;fOj/, ljsL/0f, ;}Go, s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg . ;d[l4sf] k"j{;t{ ljsf; / ljsf;sf] cfwf/ ;'/Iff xf] . ljsf;sf] ck]Iffs[t ;kmntf k|efjsf/L ;'/Iff ljifo k|j]z Joj:yfaf6 dfq ;'lglZrt x'G5 . ;'/Iff / ljsf;df Pscsf{sf] cGt/lge{/tfn] dfq /fli6«o nIo k|flKt g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf ug{ ;lsG5 . ljsf;df ;'/Iffsf] of]ubfgnfO{ b'Oj6f ;DaGwdf kof{Kt Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] cfwf/af6 x]g{ ;lsG5≤ klxnf], ljsf;sf x/]s r/0fdf g} :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] ck]Iffs[t Joj:yfkg / bf];|f]df, / :jfwLgtfsf] ;+/If0f ub]{ dfgjLo ;'/Iffsf] k"0f{ ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] g]t[Tj, Joj:yfkg / cu'jfOdf k|Tofe"lt ug]{ gLltnfO{ c+uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 -g]kfnsf] ul/g] ljsf; . ljsf;df ;'/Iffsf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"ltn] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, k[i7 @@_ . g]kfn ;+3Lo ;+/rgfaf6 :jb]zL tyf j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ ljsf;df cfsif{0f / cufl8 j9\b} ubf{ k|efjsf/L /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yf ;~rfngdf ;xhtf k|bfg ub{5 . ;'/Iff ;+oGqnfO{ / u'0f:t/Lo ljsf;df kof{Kt sl7gfO / r'gf}tL /fli6«o ljsf; k|0ffnLdf cfj4 ug{ ;s]df k"jf{wf/, b]vfkb{} hfg] x'gfn] o;sf] ;xh / lbuf] Joj:yfkg pmhf{, ;8s oftfoft, k'glg{df{0f, ;Lkh:tf If]qdf ub{} ljsf;sf ;j} cfofdx?nfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff;“u lbuf] / u'0f:t/Lo ljsf;sf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . cfa4 ul/+b} cufl8 a9\g'kb{5 . zflGt ;'Joj:yf / ;+ljwfg, If]qut sfg'gx?, kGw|f}+ of]hgf, jh]6, ;'/Iffsf] ljZj;gLo jftfj/0f g} ;'zf;g / ljsf;sf] /fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{s|dx?n] /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ k"j{;t{ xf] . ;'zf;g / ljsf; zflGt / l:y/tfsf] ljsf;;Fu cGt/cfj4 u/]df dfq ljsf;n] ;fy{s d"n cfwf/ klg xf] . ;+3Lo Joj:yfadf]lhd ;+3, / ck]lIft nIo k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;'/Iff b]lvG5 . g]kfnn] lj= ;+= @!)) ;Dd k|fKt ug]{ u/L r'gf}tLnfO{ k"j{ cg'dfg ug{ ;Sg] ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] /fv]sf] ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]+rsf] ljsf; ub{} ;d'Ggt, cfTdlge{/ / lbuf] cfly{s ;xh k|flKtsf nflu /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;nfO{ ljsf;sf nflu pko'Qm ;'/Iff jftfj/0f lgdf{0f Ps /ysf b'O{ kf+u|fsf ?kdf lng] u/L gLlt tyf ug'{ /fHosf] klxnf] k|fyldstf x'g'kb{5 . ef}lts sfo{s|dsf] cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;'/Iff gePsf] k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / cf}Bf]uLs/0fdf afwf k'¥ofpg] ljsf; / ljsf; gePsf] ;'/Iffn] d'n's lgdf{0f / ultljlwdf ;'/Iff ;+oGqnfO{ d"n k|jfxLs/0f ub}{ gful/s ck]Iff k"/f ug{ s'g} cy{ g/fVg] x'“bf b'j} ljsf;sf] ultdf tLj|tf Nofpg'kb{5 . If]qsf] tfbfTDotfn] dfq /fli6«o ;f]+r / NfIo k|flKt /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf; ;xh x'g] b]lvG5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff jx'cfoflds /fli6«o ljifo ePsfn] o;n] d'n'ssf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, /fli6«o cv08tf,

201 UNITY JOURNAL /fhgLlts, ef}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts e"kl/j]li7t d'n's g]kfnn] b'j} b]z;“u cfly{s / / dfgjLo kIfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ljsf;sf] ;xofqf ug'{kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg] ;'lgof]lht ;'?jft bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kZrft\ cd]l/sfaf6 ef/ttkm{sf] v'nf l;dfgfsf sf/0f /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf ePsf] xf] . k|frLg ;dodf ;'/IffnfO{ ;}Go ;'/Iffdf r'gf}tL b]lvg] kSsf 5 . ljz]if u/L ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L, dfq s]lGb|t ul/P tfklg ;dfhsf] abln“bf] :j?k, sfof{Tds pBf]ux¿sf] cefj, sd j}b]lzs nufgL, /fli6«otf / ljsf;sf] ;jfnn] k|fyldstf kfp“b} ubf{ ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ljrng, o'jf k|lt/f]wstf, wfld{s /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;}Go If]qdf dfq ;Lldt geO{ o;n] / ;fdflhs lx+;fh:tf ;"rsx? ;'/Iff k|0ffnL;“u /fhgLlts, cfly{s, jftfj/0fLo, vfB, pmhf{, ;Ldf– cGt/;DjlGwt /x]sf 5g\ . oL If]qx?sf] :ki6 ;'/Iff cflbnfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 . klxrfg / plrt Joj:yfkgaf6 d'n'sn] ;d[l4 k|fKt ug]{ x'“bf ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf ;femf ;"rs / cfofdsf] ljsf; Ps k|lqmof xf] h;n] tTsfnsf] :j?kdf klxrfg ug'{ klxnf] cfjZostf klg xf] . s'g} d'n's u'0ffTds ;'wf/ / ?kfGt/0f Nofp“5 . ljsf;sf] cNkljsl;t x'g'df ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] k|efjsf/L kl/j{ltt cjwf/0ffn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs cj:yfsf] Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sg'nfO{ klg lng] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;'wf/, :t/Lo / ;Ddflgt hLjgofkgsf] ck]Iff pbfx/0fsf nflu blIf0f ;'8fg, Sofd?g, e]g]h'o]nf, /fv]sf] x'G5 . ljsf;sf] p2]Zo eg]sf] jftfj/0fdf gfOh]l/of h:tf d'n'sx?sf] ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] oyf]lrt s'g} gsf/fTds k|efj gkf/L hLjgsf] u'0f:t/df Joj:yf gx'“bf ljsf;df lgs} k5fl8 /x]sf] b]lvG5 . j[l4 tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf jf lj:tf/ o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f cfGtl/s åGå / c;'/Iff g} x'g\ . h:tf u'0f:t/ kl/jt{gsf] kIf ;dfj]z ub{5 . o;n] klg ;'/IffnfO{ ljsf;sf] ckl/xfo{tf xf] / /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw k"j{;t{ xf] eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 ub{5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;+oGqdf ul/Psf] nufgL / vr{sf] ljsf; / ;'/Iff /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf; km/s t/ cGt/;DalGwt pknlJwsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ tnsf] lrqaf6 :k:6 ljifox? x'g\ . /fli6«o ljsf; / /fli6«o ;'/Iff Pp6} kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 : l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6fx? x'g\ . /fHo tyf gful/ssf] k|efjsf/L ;'/Iff Joj:yf ug'{ ljsf;sf] k"j{ ;t{ • ;'/Iff If]qdf ul/Psf] vr{ ljsf; ;+rfng • ;'/Iffsf nflu ah]6 ;xof]u klg xf] . /fli6«o ;'/Iff, /fli6«o cl:tTj / /fi6«sf] • :yfloTj, lgz:qLs/0f / k'gM PsLs/0f ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts lxtsf] :yfkgf / o;nfO{ sfod /fVg ljsf; / ;'/IffnfO{ cGt/cfj4 ug'{kb{5 . • Jofj;flos ;'/Iff k|0ffnL ;'/Iff pknlAw • ;'/Iff, zfGtL / lgoGq0f d'n'ssf] ck]Iffs[t ljsf;n] ;'/Iff Joj:yfsf] • ;'/Iff l:y/tf k|efjsfl/tfsf] ;+s]t ub{5 eg] ;'/Iff Joj:yfsf] s'zn Joj:yfkgn] ;sf/fTds ljsf;sf] kIfnfO{ • k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx klg ;+s]t u/]sf] x'G5 . t;y{ oL b'a} ljifonfO{ Ps ljsf; pknlAw • c;'/lIft If]qdf ljsf; kx'“r • ul/aL lgjf/0f csf{;“u 5'6\ofpg g;lsg] / Pssf] ;xof]udf dfq csf]{n] ;fy{s ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . lrq g+ ! ef/t / rLgh:tf ljzfn / cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ljsf;sf] of]hgf lgdf{0fsf;}Go ; '/Ifr/0fb]lvf g} ;'/Iff ljsf;df k|lt:kwf{/t d''n'ssf jLrdf cjl:yt k|lqmofgf ul/;dfj]zs ;'/Iff x'g] x'“bf ljsf;sf] ;kmntfcfly {styf ;'/Iff jftfj/0fLo cfly{s ljsf; ljsf; ljsf; ;fdflhs ;'/Iff jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff 202 ;fdflhs ef}lts ljsf; ljsf;

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UNITY JOURNAL pknlJwsf] lgwf{/ssf ?kdf klg ;'/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ ;/sf/n] lghL If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ nufgL, pTkfbg, ;dfj]z ul/Psf] kfOG5 (Stewart, 2006, p. ljt/0f / /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L cfly{s ljsf;df 2) . ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] e"ldsf /fli6«o ;'/Iff k|0ffnLdf pNn]Vo of]ubfg lbg] If]qsf ?kdf klxrfg u/]sf] dfq geP/ ljsf;sf cfofdx?df pNn]Vo ?kdf 5 . kGw|f+} of]hgf cjlwdf lghL If]qsf tkm{af6 /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;'/Iff ;+oGqleq klg g]kfnL ;]gfn] %%=^) k|ltzt nufgL x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . lghL ljsf;df lbPsf] of]ubfg pRr /x]sf] b]lvG5 . If]qsf] nufgL cfs{if0f ug{sf nflu ;'/Iff / cGo ;8s ;+hfnsf] lgdf{0fdf ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] pNn]Vo kIfsf] plrt Joj:yf x'g' h?/L x'g] ePsf] x'“bf klg • ;'/Iff If]qdf ul/Psf] vr{ e"ldsf b]lvG5 h'g ljsf;sf] klxnf] ;"rs klg xf] . ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf]ljsf; ;+rfn g e"ldsf• ;'/Iffs f pRrnflu ah ]6 agfpg'kg]{;xof]u b]lvG5 . To:t} jgh+un tyf lgs'~hsf] ;+/If0f, k'glg{df{0fdf To:t} g]kfnsf] e"–w/ftnsf]• :yfloTj, lgz:q Lsljs6tf/0f / k'gM PsL s//0f b'u{dtfn] cu|;/tf, vfg]kfgL, :jf:Yo, k'n lgdf{0f, ljkb\ ;a} :yfgdf ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu lghL If]q sd • Jofj;flos ;'/Iff k|0ffnL ;'/Iff pknlAw Joj:yfkg nufotsf cg]sf} If]qdf /x]sf] of]ubfg cfsif{0f x'g] cj:yf• ;ePsf]'/Iff, zfGtL / lg/oG q0pRrf hf]lvd jxg / ;kmntfn] ubf{ d'n'ssf] ljsf; k|0ffnL;“u /fli6«o ug{ g;Sg] x'“bf ;'/Iff• ;'/ Iff;+oGqnfO{ l:y/tf g} kl/rfng u/]/ ;'/Iff ;+oGqnfO{ cGt/cfj4 ug'{kg]{ s'/f :k:6 x'G5 . ljsf;sf] nIo k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 . ljsf; k|lqmof;“u • k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L / of]hgfj4 ljsf; dfkm{t\ ck]Iffs[t k|ToIf l;DjlGwtjsf; pknlAw /• ccGt/cfj4;'/lIft If]qdf ljsf; kx;'/Iff '“r If]qx?nfO{ glthf xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;'/Iff k|0ffnL;“usf] b]xfocg';f/ pNn]v• uul/G5Ml/aL lgjf/0f ljsf;sf] ;xsfo{ clgjfo{ /xG5 . ljsf;sf] nIo–k|flKtdf ;'/Iffsf] e"ldsf ;}Go ;'/Iff gful/s ;'/Iff cfly{s ;'/Iff ;'/Iff / ljsf; aLrsf] ;DaGw / ljsf; k|ultdf jftfj/0fLo cfly{s ljsf; ljsf; ;'/Iffn] v]Ng] e"ldsfsf ;DaGwdf ax;x¿ w]/} ljsf; ;fdflhs ;'/Iff jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff ;fdflhs ef}lts eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfn h:tf] cltsd ljsl;t ljsf; ljsf; d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf nflu ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] e"ldsf pRr /x]sf] ;xh} ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . j}b]lzs ;Ldf ;'/Iff vfB ;'/Iff nufgL leœofpg] ;jfndf xf];\ jf :jb]zL nufgLsf] ;'/Iffsf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"ltsf] ;jfndf xf];\, ;a};“u ;'/Iff k|0ffnL hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . d'n'sleq zflGt ;'Joj:yf lrq g+ @ sfod /fVg / ltg txsf ;/sf/sf sfo{qmddf ;fs{sf s]xL d'n'sx?sf] ;}Go ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf] ;l/s eO{ lbuf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;'/Iff ljut % jif{ ;do cGt/fnsf] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' h?/L 5 . ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf Df'n'sdf zflGt–;'/Iffsf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ x'g g;s]df cfwf/df ;}Go If]qdf ul/Psf] vr{sf] k|ltztsf nufgLsf] jftfj/0f lau|g hfg] / ljb]zL, lghL cfwf/df klg d'n'sn] u/]sf] ljsf; / hf]l8Psf]

Pjd\ ;/sf/L ltg} If]qaf6 x'g] nufgLdf gsf/fTds ;'/IffnfO{ ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . c;/ kg]{ x'G5 . d'n'ssf] ;dli6ut ljsf;sf nflu ;'/IffnfO{ nufgL Pjd\ ljsf;;“u ;DjlGwt u/]/ sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{ ;s]df k|efjsf/L / ck]Iffs[t glthf xfl;n ug{ ;lsg]df z+sf /x“b}g .

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UNITY JOURNAL s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf cfwf/df ;}Go If]qdf h'g d'n'sn] ;'/Iff rf;f]nfO{ /fi6«sf] k|fyldstf ul/Psf] vr{ k|ltztdf / pRr dxŒjsf ;fydf x]/]sf] 5, ToxL d'n'ssf] g} ;'/Iff / ljsf;n] cu|tf klg lnPsf] b]Vg jif{ b]z ;lsG5 . o;} u/L j+unfb]z, ef/t, >L+nsf, g]kfn 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 / kfls:tfgn] ;g\ @)!* df u/]sf] ;}Go ;'/Iff vr{ a+unfb]z 1.32 1.32 1.27 1.38 1.36 / cfly{s j[lbb/sf] cj:yfnfO{ tnsf] lrqjf6 :ki6 ef/t 2.70 2.53 2.49 2.50 2.41 ul/Psf] 5 M >Ln+sf 2.70 2.15 2.41 2.14 1.89 g]kfn 1.56 1.43 1.62 1.70 1.44 kfls:tfg 3.42 3.48 3.47 3.59 4.02 ljZj 2.49 2.35 2.24 2.20 2.14 ;|f]tMdata.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL. XPND.GD.ZS ;'/Iff ;+oGqdf x'g] nufgLn] b]zsf] ljsf; / zflGt ;'/Iff nufotsf ;"rsx?sf] ;xh} ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'/Iff / ljsf;sfaLrdf k|ToIf ;DaGw x'g] x'gfn] / ljsf;sf nflu ;'/Iff / ljsf;df ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] ;DaGwnfO{ phfu/ ug{ ;s]df To;sf] k|efj ;d[4 d'n's jgfpg ;lsg] s'/fdf c? d'n'sx?sf] cEof; cg's/0fLo x'G5 . To;} u/L s'n lrq g+ # ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf cfwf/df s'n jflif{s cfly{s ;|f]tM data.worldbank.org/indicator j[lbb/sf] tnsf] tYof+ssf cfwf/df klg ;'/Iff / cfly{s j[lbsf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf If]qx? s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf cfwf/df cfly{s j[l4b/ d'n'ssf] jbln+bf] kl/j]z, k|ljlwsf] pRr ljsf;, k|ltztdf ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] Jofkstf, ;+3Lotf h:Tff jif{ kIfx?n] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] ofqfdf ;'/Iff r'gf}tL b]z 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 j9fPsf] b]lvG5 . ljBdfg /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, a+unfb]z 5.57 6.52 6.06 7.11 7.86 cfly{s, kof{j/0fLo cflb If]qdf j9\b} uPsf] ;'/Iff ef/t 8.49 5.45 7.41 8.17 6.81 rf;f] / hl6ntfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s / kl/kSj 9+uaf6 >Ln+sf 8.01 9.14 4.96 4.48 3.20 ;dod} bL3{sfnLg ;f]r ;lxt ;Djf]wg ug{ ;lsPg g]kfn 4.81 4.78 5.98 0.58 6.65 kfls:tfg 1.60 3.50 4.67 5.52 5.83 eg] o;af6 l;h{gf x'g] ;d:ofn] d'n'sdf ;Í6sf] ljZj 4.29 2.50 2.83 2.48 2.97 cj:yf Nofpg] x'G5 . tn plNnlvt ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf If]qx?n] ljsf;sf] ofqfdf k|ToIf k|efj ;|f]tMdata.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL. kfg]{ x'“bf tL If]qx?nfO{ oxf“ pNn]v ul/G5 M XPND.GD.ZS

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fls ;'Iff fls ljsf; ;fdfls ;'Iff ;fdfls ljsf; fls ;'Iff fls ljsf; jffjf ;'Iff jffjf ljsf; f] ;'Iff kjff ljsf; kfsls ;'Iff fdf ljsf; df ;'Iff ;fd'fls ljsf; lIff ;'Iff x ;'Iff ;f ;'Iff ;df sls ;'Iff fl dfjf] ;s slf ljsf; fl lrq g+ $ ljBdfg gLltut Pj+ sfg'gL Joj:yf ;DaGw / cfjZostfnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . rfn' kGw|f} of]hgfn] ;jf+{uL0f dfgjLo ;'/Iff g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] wf/f %! -s_ df /fli6«o Pstf ;lxtsf] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf nflu zflGt–;'/Iffsf] / /fli6«o ;'/Iff;DaGwL gLltdfkm{t\ /fli6«o ;'/Iff k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt ub{} /fli6«o :jfy{ / lxtsf] ;+/If0f / k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L zflGt–;'/Iffsf] ljsf; ug]{, ;+j4{g ug]{ pb]Zo /fv]sf] 5 eg] k|d'v /0fgLltdf ;jf+{uL0f dfgjLo ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{, /fli6«o ljsf;sf ;j} cfofddf ;'/Iff rf;f]nfO{ ;Djf]wg ;'/Iff gLltsf cfwf/df ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ ub}{ ;'/Iff lgsfosf] sfo{Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ Joj:yf tyf /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf cfwf/df g]kfnL ;]gf, u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L aflif{s jh]6, gLlt tyf g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, nufot ;a} ;'/Iff sfo{s|dx?n] klg hgtfdf ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt u/fO{ lgsfonfO{ ;jn, ;'b[9, ;Ifd, Jofj;flos, ;dfj]zL ljsf; / ;d[l4sf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf / hgpQ/bfoL agfpg] gLlt c+uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ug]{ s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 -/fli6«o ;'/IFf gLlt, ;+ljwfgs} efu @* df /fli6«o ;'/Iff;DaGwL @)&#, k[i7 #, &_ Joj:yfdf ;'/Iff kl/ifb\, g]kfnL ;]gf / cGo ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf ;¨u7g;DaGwL kof{Kt Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;;DaGwL b]lvPsf ;d:of tyf :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, @)@* nufot cGo ljleGg r'gf}tLx? P]g tyf sfg'gx?df zflGt–;'/Iff Joj:yfsf nflu ;+3Lo ;+/rgfcg';f/sf] ;'/Iff gLlt, sfg'g tyf ljleGg k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, 1. ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf] cBfjlwstf / kof{Kt Joj:yf @)&@, k[i7 @@, !$#_ . /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt @)&# n] x'g g;s]sf] . ljsf; / ;'/Iffsf ;DaGwdf ;'/Iff ;+oGq, ;'/Iffsf g]kfnsf] v'nf l;dfgfsf sf/0f ;'/Iff k|fyldstf, /0fgLltut Joj:yf / ljsf;sf aLrsf] 2. Joj:yfkgdf 7"nf] r'gf}tL /x]sf] .

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3. ljsf;sf] ;'/Iff / ;'/Iffsf] ljsf;df 12. /fli6«o Pstf / /fli6«o :jtGqtfsf] s]Gb|Lotfdf cjwf/0ffut tyf Jofjxfl/s r'gf}tL / ;d:of ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] k|hftflGqs / Joj;foLs/0f ug{ b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . ;lsPsf] 5}g . ljb]zL cft+sjfbLx¿n] g]kfnsf] e"lddf /x]/ 4. /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf cGt/f{li6«o cft+ssf/L ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ pkfox? u/]sf] ;'Ggdf cfpg] u/]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLdf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] dxŒj / cfly{s ;anLs/0f, ;+/rgf, :jtGqtf / zf;g ?lr Go"g b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . Joj:yfsf] ;'/Iff, dfgj hLjgsf] cl:yTj 5. cj}w xftxltof/sf] cf];f/–k;f/, dfgj nufot dof{lbt hLjgsf nflu ckl/xfo{ ;t{ / a]rljvg tyf cGo ljleGg lsl;dsf t:s/Lx¿ cfTd;Ddfgsf] k|j4{g, lje]b, bdg, g/;+xf/, x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . hflt;+xf/, lx+;fh:tf ck/fwsf] ;Gqf;af6 dl'Qm, 6. d'n's ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf uO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df ljZjhutaf6 cx:tIf]k, ;Ddfgk"0f{ Jojxf/sf] &^! ;/sf/sf rfxgf, cfjZostf / k|fyldstfx?n] cg'e"lt u/fpg] ;+oGq /fli6«o ;'/Iff xf] . dfly cGtå{Gå / c/fhstfsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] ;+s]tx? klxrfg ul/Psf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLsf] k|efjsf/L b]lv“b} cfPsf] kfOG5 h;df ;'/Iff r'gf}tL k|d'v ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu b]xfocg';f/sf] pkfox? /xg] b]lvG5 . cjnDag ug'{ pko'{Qm x'G5 M 7. jif]{GfL x'g] Kf|fs[lts k|sf]kn] l;h{gf u/]sf] ;'/Iff != Df'n'sdf ;~rflnt 7"nf / /0fg}lts dxŒjsf r'gf}tL ;d:ofsf ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 h;af6 ljsf; ljsf; of]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ To;n] /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf lgdf{0fdf 7'nf] r'gf}tL l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . kfg]{ k|efj n]vfhf]vf / ljZn]if0f ul/g' kb{5 . 8. c/fhstf tyf b08xLgtf a9\b} uPsf] 5 h;n] ljsf;sf ljljw cfofd / k|ls|ofdf gsf/fTds @= ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / ;Defljt IftL Go"gLs/0f k|efj kfb}{ uPsf] 5 . ug{ cfjZos sfo{Ifdtf ljsf; ug{] u/L ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 . 9. ;'/Iffsf b[li6af6 cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf] kf6f]sf] Go"g ljZn]if0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . #= /0fg}lts / ;fdl/s dxŒjsf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f nufotsf cfof]hgfdf ;'/Iff lgsfonfO{ 10. k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / OG6/g]6 tyf ;fdflhs ;+hfnsf] a9\bf] k|of]u;“u} ;fdflhs dof{bf, d"No– cfjZostfcg';f/ ;+nUg u/fpg'kb{5 . dfGotf ljk/Ltsf ultljlw al9/x]sf 5g\ / $= /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgf / ;fdl/s dxŒjsf cfk/flws 36gfx¿df j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 h:fsf] ljsf; cfof]hgfsf nflu hUuf k|flKt, lgdf{0f, k|ToIf k|efj ljsf; lgdf{0fdf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;~rfng, tyf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf cfjZostfd'vL ;'/Iff Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 -kGw|f}+ of]hgfsf] 11. g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog;“u} ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L ltg txsf] ;/sf/ u7g eO{ cfwf/kq, k[i7 #!),#!!_ . sfo{;Dkfbg ;'? ePsf]] nfdf] ;do geP tfklg %= cf}Bf]lus, ;]jfd"ns / ptkfbgzLn If]qx?df ltg} txsf ;/sf/x¿aLr clwsf/sf] af“8kmf“8 ljz]if ;'/Iff PsfOsf] :yfkgf u/L ;'/Iffsf] plrt / k|of]usf ;DaGwdf b]lvg yfn]sf] dgd'6fjn] jGbf]j:t ul/g'kb{5 . ;'/Iff / ljsf;df k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ b]lvG5 . -kGw|f}+ ^= /fli6«o dxŒjsf cfof]hgfsf] ;~rfng tyf of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq, k[i7 @(), @(!_ . lgdf{0fdf ;'/Iff lgsfosf] ;Lk, Ifdtf, sfo{s'zntf

206 UNITY JOURNAL pkof]u ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L jgfpg'kb{5 . ljZjJofkLs/0f, cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / lghL If]qsf] &= :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL ck]Iffs[t ?kdf cfudgn] ljsf;df ;'/Iffsf] e"ldsf / /0fgLltut leœofpg] / ;f]sf] k"0f{ ;'/Iff ;lxtsf] nufgL r'gf}tLnfO{ a9fjf lb“b} uPsfn] o;sf] ;Gbe{df jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{kb{5 . /0fg}lts of]hgf / k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg dxŒjk"0f{ *= lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;dofg's"n ;'/Iff gLlt, x'G5 . g]kfnn] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] nIo k"/f sfg'g th'{df / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;+oGqsf] ug{ tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tf k"/f ug{ ;Gt'lnt Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 . ?kdf ljsf;sf cfofddf ;'/Iff Joj:yf k|efjsf/L (= zflGtd}qL ljsf; k|0ffnL k|ls|of cjnDjg / ;zQm jgfpg] gLlt cjnDjg ug'{ jf~5gLo x'G5 . ub}{ ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;sf If]qdf ;'/Iff :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ub}{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg ug'{kb{5 . d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'/\ofpg !)= ;'/Iffsf] ljsf; / ljsf;sf] ;'/Iff ck]Iffs[t ;'/Iff Joj:yfdf sfg'gL, gLltut, ;+:yfut, sfo{ut jgfpg] u/L /0fg}lts sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug'{kb{5 . / Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/ / ;'b[bLs/0f ub}{ ljsf;“u !!= e"sDk, e"Ifo, af9L–klx/f] h:tf k|fs[lts ljklQ, cGt/cfj4 ug]{tkm{ s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g / kof{j/0fLo x|f;, /f;folgs, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;'rL ljsL/0f / k|ljlwhGo ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;'/Iff ;xeflutf pRr jgfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, -@)&@_, wf/f %! -s_ / wf/f @^^- !@= Df'n'ssf] k'glg{df{0fsf] /fli6«o cleofgdf ;'/Iff @^*, g]kfn sfg'g cfof]u, sf7df8f} ;+oGqsf] clwstd pkof]u tyf kl/rfng ug]{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, -@)&#_, a'“bf !=#, @=$, @=*, g]kfn Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 . sfg'g cfof]u, sf7df8f} !#= sdhf]/ cy{tGq / k/lge{/tf, clzIff, ul/aL, kGw|f}+ of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq, -cf= j= @)&^÷)&&- cJojl:yt a;fO;/fO, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;dGoflos @)*)÷)*!_, kl/R5]b (sf] (=# v08, /fli6«o ljt/0f, /fh:j r'xfj6, nufgL k|lts"n jftfj/0f, of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f} gful/s clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u, g}lts d"Nosf] Stewart, F. (2006), Development and decurity, pbf;Lgtfk|lt ;Daf]wg . -k|zf;g, cgnfOg human security and ethnicity, university of klqsf, @)!(_ Oxford. Queen Elizabeth House, pp. 3-6. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute lgisif{ (SIPRI), (2019), Yearbook: Armaments, disarmament and international security, ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf jx'cfoflds If]qx?sf] klxrfg ub{} . indicator code MS.MIL.XPND. ljsf; of]hgfdf ;'/IffnfO{ d"n k|jfxLs/0f ug{ GD.ZS, military expenditure (% of GDP), ;s]df dfq d'n'ssf] /fli6«o nIo ;xh ?kn] k"/f Excel sheets by world bank. ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'/Iffn] dfgj sNof0fsf cltl/Qm World Bank Group, (2019), Indicator code ljsf;sf cfofdx¿df k'¥ofpg] ;xof]u / of]ubfgsf] NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, GDP Growth (annual %), Excel sheet. pRRf d"Nof+sg u/L ljsf; k|lqmof;“u cfa4 u/fpb} cgnfOg k|zf;g kqklqsf, -@)!(_, sf7df8f}+ hfg'kb{5 . gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog / ;du| k|ls|ofdf ;'/IffnfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] uDeL/ ljZn]if0f ul/g'kb{5 .

207 UNITY JOURNAL

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æd]/f] ljrf/df l;dfgfx¿sf] dfq} ;'/Iff geO{ ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug'{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff xf]Æ hL nLe/d]g n]v;f/ zAbs'~hLM cfd;'/Iff, cv08 /fHo, nf]stGq, j}wflgs clwsf/, ;d[l4 . k|:t't n]vdf ;'/Iffn] dfgj / ;dfhsf] ljsf;df v]Ng] e"ldsfnfO{ phfu/ ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} klg kl/ro ;dfhsf] ljsf;df ;'/Iffsf] k|d'v e"ldsf x'G5 . s'g} ljleGg vfnsf /fhg}lts, ;f“:s[lts P+j P]ltxfl;s klg d'n'ssf] ;d[l4 ;'/Iffljgf c;Dej 5 . ;'/Iff / kl/j{tgnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub{} cfh g]kfn o; cj:yfdf ;d[l4 Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\ . nf]stGqsf ;j{dfGo cfPsf] 5 . xTof, lx“;f / c;'/IffnfO{ Tofu]/ d"No, dfGotf / l;4fGtcGtu{t ;du| b]zsf] ;'/Iff nf]stGqsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx?nfO{ cª\uLsf/ ub}{ k|0ffnL dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t ;'/Iff / b]zsf] lbuf] ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ef/ cfhsf] dfGotfx? ;kmn ePsf] /fHodf gful/sn] cfkm"dfly cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . /fHodf zflGt–;'/Iff sfod zf;g ug]{ j}wflgs clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f ub{5g\ . ug'{ g} /fHosf] bfloTj x'G5 . /fHosf] ;'/Iff k|0ffnLn] xfd|f] ;'/Iff k|0ffnL / ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf b]zsf] nf]stfGqLs/0f, zflGtlgdf{0f, /fHo lgdf{0fsf] r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ g]kfnL ;]gf nufot cGo ;+:yfut ;'wf/df ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 . g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff If]qx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{ o; n]vdf ljZn]if0f ;Gbe{df nf]stflGqs k|lqmofx? k6s–k6s ljkmn ul/Psf] 5 . ljsf; / /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ;DaGwnfO{ x“'b} uPkl5 ;'/Iff / ljsf;df r'gf}tL ylkPsf] dfGg /fHosf] lbuf] ljsf;df s;/L hf]8\g ;lsG5 ;lsG5 . t/ of] ;do u0ftGqsf] pbo ePsf] ;do / /fHodf ;'/Iffsf] ;'wf/ gx'g'n] ;d[l4df s:tf] xf] . ;+3Lo ;+/rgfx¿ sfo{Gjog ePsf] a]nf xf] . gsf/fTds k|efj kf5{ eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 . /fHosf ;a}] ju{, hfthflt, ;d"xsf] ljsf; / ;'/Iff b]zsf] /fli6«otf, cv08tf, ;fj{ef}ldstf k|flKtsf k|bfg ug'{ clxn]sf] ckl/xfo{tf ePsf] 5 . gful/ssf] nflu ;'/Iff cfjZos kb{5 . nf]stGq k|flKtsf ;'/Iff If]qsf] cfd"n kl/jt{gn] nf]stflGqs k4ltsf lglDt /fHosf ;a} zlQmx? Psh'6 eP dfq} /fi6«sf] lgodx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjogsf ;}4flGts ;'/Iff / ;d[l4sf] nIodf k'Ug ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] cfwf/lznf tof/ ub{5 . d'Vo u/]/ e"–kl/j]li7t /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;ljgf ;d[4, cv08 /fHosf] :t/sf b]zx?n] cfºg} vfnsf ljsf; / kl/lwdf sNkgf ug{ ;lsb}g eGg] tYonfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;'wf/ ub{5g\ -;'j]bL, @)!), k[= *)_ ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] kl/l:yltnfO{ lgisif{;lxt s]nfOPsf] 5 . nf]stGqsLo cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw x“'bfx“'b} klg ;+;f/df ljsf;ljgfsf] nf]stGq ljkmn ePsf] b]Vg

208 UNITY JOURNAL ;lsG5 . jf:tjdf ;'/Iff If]qsf] ?kfGt/0fn] ljsf; ljleGg vfnsf r'gf}tLx? ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] / nf]stGqsf] k/Dk/fut ;DaGwsf sf/0f pTkGg 5 . xfdLn] pknlAw u/]sf clwsf/x? nf]stflGqs x'g] ;d:ofnfO{ em]Ng ;Sg'k5{ . -gfO6, @))(_ ;dfhjfb pGd'v 5g\ . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f /fli6«o hgtfn] cfkm"dfly zf;g ug{ /fHonfO{ cfkm\gf s]xL ;'/Iff / ;d[l4sf] pbo g} xf] . ;'/Iff eg]sf] /fHosf] clwsf/x? j}wtfk"0f{ x:tfGt/0f ub{5g\ h;sf cv08tf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, /Iff / ;'/Iff lbg] sfo{ cfwf/df /fHon] pgLx¿dfly zf;g ub{5 . To;}n] xf] . ;'/Iff Ps ;fdflhs ljwf xf] h;sf sf/0f ;'/Iff eGg] s'/f dfgj ljsf;sf] lg/Gt/tf xf] . ;'/Iff b[li6sf]0fsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] ePsf] 5 . (Security is unavoidable political; that is, it /fHosf ljleGg ljsf;n] cfcfkm\g} ¿k/]vfsf] plays a vital role in deciding who gets what, lgdf{0f u/]sf] x'G5 . cfh g]kfn /f0ff zf;g, when, and how world politics) (Lasswell, /fhtGqfTds /fHo–Joj:yf, @))& ;fnsf] k|hftGq 1936) o; egfOjf6 s] a'lemG5 eg] ;'/Iffn] ;du| x“'b} @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng / )^@÷)^# b]zsf] klxrfg k|ltlalDat x'g] eflifs, ;f+:s[lts, ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds /fHo ef}uf]lns, /fhgLlts / hftLo ljljwtfsf cg]sf}+ Joj:yfdf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf /fHosf] kIfx¿nfO{ Jofjxfl/s / Jofks agfpg cu|;/ ;'/Iff gLlt / ljsf;sf] ¿k/]vfdf r'gf}tL / cj;/ x'g'kb{5 . /fi6«df cfOkg]{ s'g} klg ;fdl/s b'j} xfd|f cufl8 b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;d[l4 / ;'/Iff /fHo sl7gfOx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . ;~rfngsf dxŒjk"0f{ cª\u x'g\ . cfd gful/ssf] ;'/Iff /fHo ljsf;sf] cfwf/lznf xf] . hgtfsf] s] xf] ;d[l4 < lgoGq0f g} /fHo;Qfdf ;jf]{kl/ x'G5 . ;d[l4n] ;d[l4 eGgfn] gful/ssf] cfly{s ;d[4tf ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] vfnsf] Joj:yf g} ;'/lIft (Economic well being) eGg] a'lemG5 . cfly{s /fHosf] pbfx/0f xf] . gful/s ;xeflutfdfkm{t\ ;d[l4sf nflu gful/ssf] lzIffdf k|efjsf/L ?kdf /fHodf x'g] ljleGg vfn] ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ljsf;sf] nufgL dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 h;sf sf/0f gful/snfO{ 9f“rfsf dfWodn] ;dfwfg ul/g'kb{5 . b]zsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ zlQm / ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng s] xf] ;'/Iff < ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . lzIffsf dfWoodaf6 pTkfbg;“u hf]8\g'sf ;fy} ;do ;fGble{s ?kdf j}1flgs tj/n] …;'/IffÚ eGg] zAb s'g} klg nf]stflGqs d'n'sdf pTkfbgzLn / kl/jt{gzLn agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 . k|To]s gful/ssf] hLjg, :jtGqtf tyf ;Dkltsf] /Iff;“u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;;“u} lzIffn] k|ljlw / gof“–gof“ cfofdx? dfkm{t\ ;d[l4sf ;'/Iffsf] klg ljsf; ePsf] xf] . cfd gful/ssf] nflu k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Nb5 . z}lIfs ;+:yfx?n] ;Dk"{0f ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L /fHon] lnPsf] x'G5 . bIf hgzlQm lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofp“b} pTkfbg / /fHozlQmsf k|d'v eg]sf hgtf x'g\ . hgtfsf] gof“ cflj:sf/df hf]8 lbg] ePsfn] lzIffn] b]zsf] ;xeflutf dfkm{t\ ;d[4 g]kfn / ;'vL g]kfnL x'g] ;d[l4df cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm tof/ ub{5 . -ljZj kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o lxtnfO{ dWogh/ a}+s, @)))_ . To;sf/0f xfdL / xfd|f] ;d[l4sf] u/L xfd|f] b]zsf] cfGtl/s / af≈o ;'/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ k|d'v cfwf/ lzIff g} xf] . To;}n] /fHon] gful/snfO{ ;+:yfut Pjd\ ljsf; ug'{ /fHosf] st{Jo x'G5 . pTkfbgd'vL lzIff lbg ;s] dfq cfly{s ;d[l4 b]z ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds /fHo Joj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;Dej x'G5 .

209 UNITY JOURNAL s;sf] ;'/Iff < If]qdf dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k¥'ofPsf] 5 . cfw'lgs o'udf /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ ;kmn agfpg cGo u}/;}lgsnfO{ xfdL af“r]sf] jt{dfg ;do tLj| ultdf lj1fg klg Wofg lbg'kb{5 . -Nof+lugefOlgof lds]OnL, ;g\ tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] ;do xf] . lj1fg tyf @)!!, k[=$*_ . /fi6« lgdf{0fsf nflu /fHosf ;a} k|ljlwsf] ultzLn kl/jt{gn] ;+;f/ Pp6f ufp“sf zlQmx¿ Psh'6 eO{ cl3 a9\g' g} /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ?kdf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . b}lgs ¿kdf /fli6«o, ;+d[l4sf] dfu{df lx8\g' xf] . /fHo, gful/s, ;]gf tyf If]qLo / cGt{/fli6«o :t/df ljleGg vfnsf ;'/Iffsf k|x/L ;a} ldn]/ dfq} /fli6«o Pstf, cv08tf / ;d[l4 r'gf}tLx? al9/x]sf 5g\ . clgolGqt a]/f]huf/L, ;Dej 5 . t;y{ hgtf, ;'/Iff / ;+d[l4 /fHosf a;fO“;/fO“, pmhf{ tyf vfBfGg ;+s6, dxfdf/L, kl/jt{gzLn cjwf/0ff x'g\ . h:tf];'s} kl/l:yltdf k|fs[lts Pjd\ dfgjhGo k|sf]k, cj}w xftxltof/sf] klg /fHon] hgtfnfO{ ;'zf;g, ;'/Iff / ;+d[l4sf] cf];f/k;f/ / ljleGg :j¿ksf ljsf; lj/f]wL dfu{df ;xefuL u/fpg'kb{5 . gful/s ;xeflutf g} lqmofsnfkn] ljZjzflGt ;'/Iffdf r'gf}tL ylkPsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff / lbuf] ljsf;sf] ;DaGwsf] s8L xf] . 5 . /fHosf] ljsf; / pGgogsf nflu ;j{k|yd dfgj ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf /fHon] ug'{kb{5 . dfgj ;d[4 g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff ;'/Iff cGt{ut hgtfsf] cfly{s ;'/Iff, vfB ;'/Iff, g]kfnsf] sl/a ;Q/L jif]{ ljsf;sf qmddf ePsf :jf:Yo ;'/Iff, JolQmut ;'/Iff, kof{j/0f ;'/Iff, P]ltxfl;s kl/jt{gx?n] xfd|f ;fd' w]/} s'/f hGd]sf ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff / /fhgLlts ;'/Iff kb{5g\ . 5g\ . ;j{k|yd ;g\ !($( sf] hgj/L @) df cd]l/sL ;du|df eGg'kbf{ dfgj ;'/Iff eg]sf] hgtfsf] /fi6«klt Xof/L 6o"dgn] cfkmgf] efif0fåf/f ljsf;sf] ;'/Iff xf] . -cfNd cf]OnL, ;g\ @)!!, k[=!&_ . cjwf/0ff JoQm u/]sf lyP . ;+d[l4sf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf cfw'lgs o'udf hgtfsf] ;jfª{\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu eg]sf] ;fk]If kl/jt{g xf] . ljsf; k|flKtsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg] sfd /fHosf] g]kfndf 7"nf – 7"nf kl/jt{gx? eP . xfdL clxn] xf] . olb gful/ssf] ;'/Iff clwsf/nfO{ alxisf/ …;'vL g]kfnL / ;d[4 g]kfnÚ agfpg] cleofgdf ul/of] eg] ;d'Ggt / ;d[4 /fi6«sf] sNkgf g} ug{ h'6]sf 5f}“ . ljsf; cfd gful/ssf] cfly{s, ;ls“b}g . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn ;fdflhs, zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, eflifs, z}lIfs, k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefun] efjgfTds, cf}Bf]lus / s[lif ljsf;;“u ;DalGwt cfkm"nfO{ e/kbf]{, cg'zfl;t, cfTdlge{/, /fhgLlts 5 . ljsf; dfgj ;Eotfsf] cf/Deb]lv g} cEof;df / ;Ifd tj/n] /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ Jojl:yt / cfPsf] xf] . a]nfotsf] afG6 cfof]un] eg]sf] 5 ljsl;t ul//x]sf 5g\ . nf]stflGqs cfbz{leq /xL "Development never will be, and never can d'Vo u/L g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fli6«o Pstf, cv08tf, be, defined to universal satisfaction." jf:tjdf ;fj{ef}ldstf / ;fdl/s /0fgLltnfO{ ;an agfPsf] ljsf; kl/jt{gzLn 5 . lxhf] x'g] u/]sf] ljsf;sf] 5 . ;+/rgf cfh / ef]ln p:t} x'b}g . ljsf;sf] Pp6} g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljkt\ Joj:yfkg, /fli6«o dxŒjsf kl/efiffn] ;a}nfO{ lrQ a'emfp“b}g . of] t ;do ljsf;–lgdf{0f sfo{, P]ltxfl;s k/Dk/f / ;Dkbfsf] ;fk]lIfs clg hgtfsf] rfxgfadf]lhd x'G5 h;n] ;+/If0f, k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;'/Iffdf pgLx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft tj/n] af“Rg l;sfp“5 . 7"nf] ;xof]u k¥'ofPsf] 5 . olt dfq geO{ b]zsf] ljsf;ljb\ l/U; s] eGb5g\ eg] ljsf; ljat{g k//fi6« gLltdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofp“b} ljZjzflGtsf (Diffraction) sf] :t/ p7fP/ ;fdflhs k|0ffnLsf]

210 UNITY JOURNAL :jfoQtf jf ljj]sflwsf/ / thlahdf j[l4 u/fpg] dfgj / /fli6«o tj/n] b]zsf] ;fdl/s If]qnfO{ kmfObf k|lqmof xf] . ;'/Iff k|flKtsf lglDt hgtfsf] ljsf; x'g] u/L ;'/Iff gLlt sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 . JolQmnfO{ ug'{ h¿/L 5 . To;} u/L cfd'r]hL -!(*)_ s] eGb5g\ :jtGq ?kdf aF“Rg kfpg] clwsf/ /fHon] k|bfg eg] ljsf; JolQmsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofsf] cfofddf x'g] u/]sf] x'G5 . /fHodf x'g] ljleGg vfnsf ljsf; oyfy{k/s kl/jt{g;“u ;DalGwt x'G5 h;sf sf/0f lj/f]wL lqmofsnfknfO{ lgif]lwt ub}{ /fli6«o Pstfdf p;sf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, dgf]j}1flgs / ;fdflhs ;dflxt u/fpg'kb{5 . s'g} klg /fi6«sf] ljsf;df ;+d[l4df an k'U5 . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ JolQm / cGofo, e|i6frf/, ul/aL, wd{ / sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/n] /fHosf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;df x'g] lg/Gt/ ;sf/fTds ;'/IffnfO{ ;ª\s6df kfb{5g\ . t;y{ ;'/Ifflagfsf] kl/jt{g g} ljsf; xf] . g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs ;d[l4 kv]6f gePsf] k+IfL h:tf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn] klg plNnlvt kIfx?nfO{ k|fyldstfdf s'g} klg /fHosf] ;'/Iffsf nflu /fi6« Ps /fv]sf] 5 . e/kbf]{ pks/0f xf] . of] dflg;sf] ljsf;sf] ;'/Iff / ;d[l4 M nf]stGqsf cfwf/ p2]Zo;“u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . hgtfsf] ;'/Iffdf sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/, hg;ªVof j[l4, Go"g pTkfbg /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ;d[l4sf] ;DaGw gª / df;'sf] / a]/f]huf/Ln] ljsf;sf p2]Zox¿nfO{ afwf h:t} cGof]Gofl>t x'G5 . nf]stGqdf ljlw, ;/ntf k'¥ofp“5g\ . /fHosf] ljsf; Toxf“sf] ;'/Iff If]q;“u clg kf/blz{tf x'g'kb{5, clg dfq nf]stGq k|flKtsf] lge{/ /xG5 . ;'/Iffdf x'g] vt/fn] /fHosf] ;fdflhs, ;fy{stf l;4 x'G5 . nf]stGq k|flKt;“u} ;+d[4 g]kfn cfly{s, k|fs[lts, /fhg}lts / dgf]j}1flgs x|f;df lgdf{0fsf If]qdf y'k|} r'gf}tLx? b]lvG5g\ . b]zsf] ;xof]u k'U5 . ;d[l4 / /fli6«o ;'/Iffn] s'g} klg ;Dk"0f{ ljsf;sf] lx+:;]bf/ eg]sf ;'/Iff If]q x'g\ . b]zsf] cfGtl/s Pjd\ af≈o ;'/Iffsf] kIfnfO{ /fi6«sf ljleGg sfnv08df g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn Wofg lbPsf] x'G5 . b]zleq cdgrog sfod ug{ k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, /fli6«o u'Ktr/ ljefu, lghL ;'zf;g, /fhgLlts l:y/tf sfod ug{, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sDkgLsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /lxcfPsf] 5 . d'Vo Gofo / ;b\efjsf] l;h{gf ug{, hgtfsf] cfly{s u/L g]kfnL ;]gf nf]stGq k|flKtsf lglDt ;b}j tTk/ cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{, j}b]lzs cfqmd0faf6 b]znfO{ / ljZjfl;nf] ;+:yf ePsf] 5 . hf]ufpg / s'zn k//fi6« gLltdf ljsf; ug{ /fli6«o k|hftGq k|flKt, bz jif]{ dfcf]afbL hgo'4, lj:t[t ;'/Iffn] ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 . g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff zflGt ;Demf}tf x“'b} ;+3Lo u0ftGq;Dd cfOk'Ubf s'g} klg l:yltdf cfGtl/s Pjd\ af≈o zlQmaf6 g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;'/Iff / ;+d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fdf k}/jL hf]luPsf] s'/f Oltxf;af6 k'li6 ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL ul//x]sf] 5 h;sf sf/0f b]zdf lbuf] ljsf;sf] hgtf / /fhgLlts bnx?sf] ;DaGw ulx/f] x'g] :yfloTjsf] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 . b]zsf] /fli6«o x'gfn] hgtfsf] ;xeflutf dfkm{t\ /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ;'/Iffljgf lbuf] ljsf;sf] sNkgf ug{ ;ls“b}g . ljsf;df ;xhtf pTkGg ePsf] 5 . ;'/Iff If]qn] nf]stGqsf d"No–dfGotfnfO{ ;ª\ul7t ljZj a}+s, cGt{/fli6«o d'b|fsf]if h:tf ljZjJofkL ub}{ /fi6«-lgdf0f{df ;fem]bf/L ub{5 . ;'/Iff / ;d[l4 ;+:yfx?n] ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu sfd ;dfh– kl/jt{gsf gof“ cfofdx¿ x'g\ . ;dfhsf] u/] tfklg Psnf}6L cf}klgj]lzstfdf k|efljt kf/]sf] cfly{s j[l4 / gful/s ;+d[l4sf nflu ;'/Iff / ljsf; cf/f]k 5 . -a/fn, @)!&, k[=!*@_ . t/ g]kfndf eg] geO{ gx'g] tŒj x'g\ . gful/s ;'/IffnfO{ JolQmut, hgtfaf6 lgj{flrt hgk|ltlglwx? :jtGq ¿kn]

211 UNITY JOURNAL b]zsf] ljsf;–lgdf{0fdf nfu]sf 5g\ . ljljwtfn] g]kfn ;fgf] eP tfklg :jtGq /fi6« xf] . ljljwtfsf] el/Psf] xfd|f] b]z ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf uPkl5 /fHo d'n'sdf ;a} ju{ / ;d'bfosf] cfjfhnfO{ ;~rfnsx? :yfgLo zf;g, k|b]zsf] zf;g / ljz]if u/L /fHosf ;xdtLx¿ ljgf;t{ ;'/Iff / s]Gb|Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf dfWodjf6 l;ª\uf] b]z– ;d[l4df hf]8\g' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . /fHosf lgdf{0fsf] af6f]df nfu]sf 5g\ . xfd|f] k//fi6« gLlt ;|f]t;fwgx¿ ;dfg ¿kn] ljsf;df ljt/0f g} /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] jf:tlas xltof/ xf] . slxn] ug'{kb{5 . bIfhgzlQmnfO{ /fHosf] ;'/Iff–ljsf;df sfxL“ l5d]sL b]zx?;“u ;fgf–ltgf c;Gt'li6x¿ eP ;xefuL u/fpg'kb{5 . /fHosf] ;'/Iffsf nflu tfklg o:tf ;DaGwn] g]kfnsf] ljsf;df ct'ngLo ;a}nfO{ proactive tj/n] clkn ug'{kb{5 . I. C. ;xof]u k¥'ofPsf 5g\ . c;+nUg k//fi6« gLlt / Ukwu (1984) s] eGb5g\ eg] ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf k~rzLnsf] l;4fGtn] /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf yk ;xof]u nflu ljlwsf] zf;g, ;|f]t–;fwgsf] ;dfg ljt/0f, k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . hg;xeflutf / ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg' /fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf] cj:yfdf b]zdf ;'/Iff / ;d[l4 M cfhsf] cfjZostf JofKt e|i6frf/ lgd"{n kfb}{ ;'zf;g / ;bfrf/sf] b]zsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff;“u zflGt / ;d[l4 hf]l8Psf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg ;s] dfq ;'/Iff / ;d[l4n] ;kmntf x'G5 . e"–kl/j]li7t /fi6« x'g'sf gftfn] xfd|f k|fKt ub{5g\ . g]kfnL ;dfh k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv l;dfgfx¿ v'n} /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] k|d'v ljleGg efiff–efifL, hfthftL, wd{ lnª\u, k/Dk/f r'gf}tL v'nf l;dfgf ePsfn] /fi6« ljsf;df cj/f]w / /Lltl/jfhdf ljljwtfk"0f{ ;dfh ePsf]n] xfdLdf x'g k'Ub5 . o;sf nflu cf–cfk\mgf] tx / tKsfaf6 cg]stfdf Pstf 5 . a9\bf] ;fdflhs lav08gn] ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf nflu Psh'6 x'g] a]nf cfPsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ;d[l4df gsf/fTds c;/ ub{5 . 5 . k6s – k6s ;Ldf–ljjfbsf] ljifo ;DalGwt t;y{ /fHosf ;a} ju{, ;d'bfonfO{ /fi6«k]|dsf] :t/af6 6'ª\uf] nufO{ Jojl:yt ug'{kb{5 . /fhgLlts ;"qdf af“Wb} /fi6«sf] ;'/Iff / ;d[l4df nfUg' g} cfd zlQmx?sf aLrdf /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf ;Gb{edf Pstfsf] g]kfnLsf] lhDd]jf/L xf] . sdL / ljZjf;sf] cefj ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] lgisif{ cGTo x'g'kb{5 . ljsl;t b]zx¿ :jLh/Nof08, cl:6«of / l;ª\ufk"/ h:tf b]zx?n] cfk;L ;+jfb ;d[l4 / ;'/Iff zflGtsf kof{o x'g . ;'/Iff / ;d[l4ljgf / s"6g}lts ljlw4f/f ljsf;sf] dfGotf cjnDjg gful/s cdgrog k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . h;/L ;L=Ps]= u/]sf 5g\ . -vgfn, @)!^, k[=!)*_ o;/L /fHo (1972) s] :ki6 kfb{5g\ eg] :jtGqtfn] JolQmnfO{ ;~rfngsf zlQmx? gldNbf /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt ;d[4, ;'/lIft / :jtGq x'g pTk|]l/t ub{5, To;/L sfof{Gjogdf sl7gfO x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ ljsf;sf g} cfk;L ;dembf/L, lgoldt cGt;{+jfb, Pstfn] ljleGg of]hgfx¿ k|efljt x'G5g\ . bnLo ;dembf/L ljsf;df xft]dfnf] ug{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 . ljZj– g} nf]stflGqs g]kfnsf] cfwf/ xf] . b]zdf ePsf JofkLs/0fsf] a9\bf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s ljljwtfn] bIf hgzlQmx? ljb]z knfog ePsf 5g\ . o:tf] ;'/Iff / ljsf;df ;DaGw /fVb5 . dft[e"lddf zflGt cj:yfdf b]z–ljsf;sf nflu rflxg] hgzlQmsf] / ;'/Iffsf] e"ldsf c;Lldt x'G5 . To;sf/0f ;'/Iff cefj x'g' /fd|f] xf]Og . ;do ;fk]lIft ¿kn] l;4fGtdf dfq} ;Lldt x'g' x'“b}g . ;d[l4sf nflu Joj:yfkg ug'{sf ;fy} /fli6«o gLltx? lgdf{0f u/L ljZjJofkLs/0f, :jtGqtf, cGt/f{li6«o cy{tGqdf b]z ljsf;df ;a}nfO{ ;dflxt u/fpg'k5{ . ;'wf/ / cftª\sjfbsf lj?4df ;a}n] organic

212 UNITY JOURNAL ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cl3 ;fg'{kb{5 . xfdL ;a} Khanal, (2016). Security of small states. Journal ;d[4 g]kfnsf ;xefuL xF}+ eg] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf of Political Science Vol XII No.2. nflu kx/]bf/ xf}+ . zflGt / ;'/Iff lbuf] ljsf;sf] Subedi, P. (2010). The challenges to the national security Nepal and the role of international nIo–k|flKtsf cfwf/–:tDe ePsf]n] b]zdf zflGtk"0f{ law and foreign policy in emerging security ljsf;sf nflu ;'/Iff ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . /fHon] cfd challenges of Nepal, Edited by Rajan Bhattrai gful/ssf ;a} k|sf/sf ;'/Iff / clwsf/ ;'lglZrt and Geja Sharma Wagle Kathmandu :Nepal ug'{ g} nf]stflGqs /fi6«sf] ;d[l4 kydf nDsg' xf] . Institute for Policy Studies(NIPS). Lasswell, D. (1936), Politics, who gets? What and ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL when how. NewYork: McGraw- Hill. cfNd cf]OnL -@)!!_ x\o"dg ;]s'l/6L – k|:k]lS6e P08 Ukwu I. U. (1984). Managing government bureaucracy. A Public Lecture series No. k|flS6sn PShfDkN; l;len ;f];fOl6 slGkmNS6, 1. Anambra State Government of Nigeria, sft' lkmgNof08, k[e]G;g g]6js{ . August, 1984. Ake, C. (1972). Development of what? for gfO{6, Pd -@))(_, ;]so'l/6L ;]S6/ l/kmd{, 8]df]qm];L what ? A paper presented at a conference on P08 b ;f];n sG6«ofS6 M k|md OlDKnl;6 6' Development Strategies in Africa of the 1970's held in Arusha, Tanzania, September, 1972. PS;lKnl;6, hg{n ckm ;]So'l/6L ;]S6/ Dofg]hd]06, & -!_ , @) . Amucheazi,E.C.(1980). Reading in social sciences: Issues in national development. NoflugefO{lgof lds]nL, -@)!!_lb d]gL km];]; ckm Fourth Enugu Dimension Publishing Co.Ltd. ldln6/L s|fO{l;; Dofg]hd]06, t'Hnf lkmgNof08, Baral, (2017) . Globalization and its impacts on lkmG;]G6 klAns];g l;l/h . developing nations including Nepal, World Bank.(2000). Higher education in Pragyik Prabhaha, Vol, VI. developing countries: Peril and promise. Washington, D.C: World Bank.

213 UNITY JOURNAL

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/d]z cof{n n]v;f/ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^& df g]kfnL ;]gf;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;+3Lo nfdf] uf}/jdo Oltxf; ePsf] g]kfnL ;]gf cfd sfg'gadf]lhd ljsf;–lgdf{0f / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;femf /fli6«o ;]gfsf ?kdf /x]sf] nufot cGo sfo{df kl/rfng ug{ ;Sg] ;+ljwfgsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg Pjd\ sfg'gk|bQ bfloTjx? lgjf{x ug]{ wf/f @^&-$_ df pNn]v 5 . s|ddf g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fli6«o lxt, ;'/Iff, k|lt/Iff, ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, ljsf;–lgdf{0f, kof{j/0f ;+/If0f, g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ blIf0f Plzofs} klxnf] ;}lgs ;Dkbf ;+/If0f, ko{6g k|j4{g, v]ns'b ljsf;, ;+:yfsf ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f sNof0fsf/L sfd, ljZj zflGt :yfkgf nufotsf zfxsf kfnfdf lj=;+= !*!( df dsjfgk'/ u9Ldf sfo{ k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L / s'zntfk"j{s ;Dkfbg dL/sfl;dsf] kmf}h;“u n8L vf]l;Psf xftxltof/af6 ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fi6« lgdf{0fsf x/]s >Lgfy nufotsf % j6f sDkgL :yfkgf eP/ kIfx?df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]nL g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] ;]gfsf] z'?jft ePsf] xf] -a}B, lnPsf] æ;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL g]kfnLÆ eGg] bL3{sfnLg dfgGw/ / a:Goft, @)^%, k[= #%@_ . ;f]r ;lxtsf] ljsf;sf nIonfO{ k"/f ug{ k|lta4 ;femf efiff, ;+:s[lt, Oltxf; tyf wd{ ePsf eP/ nfu]sf] 5 . /fi6«–lgdf{0fsf ljljw cfofddf JolQmx?sf] ;d'x /fi6« xf] . /fi6«sf] ;'/Iff ug]{, g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpgsf /fli6«otfsf] efjgf alnof] agfpg], b]zsf] ;du| nflu g]kfnL ;]gf cfkm}“ / cGo ;Da4 lgsfox?n] ljsf; sfo{ ug]{ nufot /fli6«o lxtsf] k|a4{g ub}{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k]zfut bIftf / Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ b]znfO{ ;d'Ggt / ;d[4 agfpg] sfo{ /fi6« lgdf{0f lqmofzLn x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o; n]vdf g]kfnL xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f # cg';f/ ax'hftLo, ;]gf, /fi6« lgdf{0fsf ljleGg cfofddf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f“:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm, e"ldsf, g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf ;dfg cfsf+Iff / agfpg] pkfox?sf af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, zAbs'~hL M g]kfnL ;]gf, /fi6«–lgdf{0f, /fli6«o lxt, /fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg\ /xL Pstfsf] ;'/Iff, k|lt/Iff, ljkb\ . ;'qdf cfa4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf] . kl/ro g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«otf, :jfwLgtf, :jfledfg, g]kfnLsf] xslxtsf] g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns /Iff, l;dfgfsf] ;'/Iff, cfly{s ;d'Gglt / ;d[l4nfO{ cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] /Iffsf nflu g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -wf/f %_ n] /fli6«o lxtsf cfwf/ :yfkgf ePsf] ;+u7g g]kfnL ;]gf xf] . g]kfnL ;]gf e"t ljifosf ?kdf lnPsf] 5 eg] /fi6«lxt k|lts"nsf] g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;'vb'Mvsf] e/f];f xf] . g]kfnsf]

214 UNITY JOURNAL cfr/0f / sfo{ ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd b08gLo x'g] æhfOs6s gug"{, lemsLs6s ug"{Æ eGg] /fhf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lbJof]kb]znfO{ zL/f]wfo{ ub}{ s;}dfly cfs|d0f gug]{ t/ cfkm"dfly s;}n] cfs|d0f /fi6« lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsf u/]df cfOnfUg] lj?4 slxNo} kl5 gx6\g] gLlt lnP/ ljZjsf ljleGg /fi6«x?df /fi6«lgdf{0fsf sfo{df g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljb]zL ;]gfnfO{ o'4df k/flht u/]sfn] ljleGg tl/sfaf6 /fli6«o ;]gfsf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] cfh xfdL :jtGq b]zsf] gful/s x'g kfPsf 5f}“ . k|z:t pbfx/0fx? kfOG5 -;'Aaf, @)&#, k[=!!^_ . d''n'sdf cK7]/f] kl/l:ylt cfp“bf g]kfnL ;]gfn] tL g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fli6«o hLjgsf ljljw If]qx?df ;a} ufx|f];fx|f] sfdx? ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;Dkfbg u/]sf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f“:s[lts Gf]kfnL ;]gfn] b]zleq lx+;fTds, ljWj+;fTds tyf ?kfGt/0fsf sfo{x? tyf b]zdf cfOk/]sf k|fs[lts cftÍjfbL sfo{ ePdf lg:t]h kfg]{ sfd u/]sf] 5 . Pj+ dfgj l;lh{t ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf lgjf{x u/]sf] o;n] cfjZostfcg';f/ dxŒjk"0f{ / ;+j]bgzLn e"ldsf k|sf/fGTf/df /fi6« lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] :yfg tyf ljlzi7 JolQmnfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg u/]sf] k'¥ofPsf of]ubfg x'g\ ->]i7, @)&$, k[=**_ . 5 eg] ljleGg ;dodf ;DkGg ePsf lgjf{rgnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, ;}lgs P]g, @)^# / /fli6«o ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf ;'/Iff gLlt, @)&% sf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfnL ;]gfn] v]n]sf] 5 . o;n] /fli6«o ;]jf bn ;~rfng u/L g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt lhDd]jf/L tyf lgb]{zgx? ljBfnox?sf ljleGg txsf 5fq5fqfnfO{ cg'zf;g Kffngf ub}{ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf x/]s cfofddf cfºgf] / /fli6«otfsf] efjgf ljsf; u/fPsf] 5 . uxg lhDd]jf/L axg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^& -^_ df g]kfnsf] cg';"rL % df ;+3sf] clwsf/ ;"rLcGtu{t ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf jf s'g} efusf] klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /Iff / ;]gf pNn]v ePaf6 ;'/Iffdf o'4, af≈o cfs|d0f, ;z:q ljb|f]x jf r/d /fi6«lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ ePsf] cfly{s ljz[+vntfsf] sf/0fn] uDeL/ ;+s6 pTkGg k'li6 x'G5 . /fi6«lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ePdf /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df g]kfn b]xfo cg';f/pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd /fi6«kltaf6 -s_ /fli6«o lxt, ;'/Iff, k|lt/Iff / Pstf k|j4{g g]kfnL ;]gf kl/rfngsf] 3f]if0ff x'g] pNn]v ePsfn] ;'/Iff / k|lt/Iffdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] dxŒj 5n{Ë x'G5 . g]kfnL ;]gf g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lxt, ;'/Iff / k|lt/Iffdf dg, jrg / sd{n] ;dlk{t eP/ nfu]sf]] 5 . of] ;+u7g -v_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ljleGg hfthflt, wd{, efiff, ;+:s[lt / ;Dk|bfoaLr ljZjdf e"sDkLo hf]lvdsf b[li6sf]0fn] !! cf}“ tyf kf/:kl/s ;b\efj, ;lxi0f'tf / P]Soa4tf sfod ub}{ af9L klx/f]sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 #) cf}“ clt hf]lvd /fli6«o Pstf k|j4{g ug{ ;b}j tlNng /x]sf] 5 . d'n'ssf ?kdf g]kfn /x]sf] 5 -/fli6« of]hgf cfof]u, Oltxf;sf] cg]s sfnv08df g]kfnnfO{ Ps :jtGq, @)&^, k[=#%*_ . ljkb\sf] cTolws hf]lvddf /x]sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg / cljefHo /fHosf ?kdf g]kfndf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{df g]kfnL ;]gfsf] :yflkt / ljsl;t ug{ g]kfnL ;]gfn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf cu|0fL /x]sf] 5 . ljkb\sf ;dodf kLl8tnfO{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . ;'/lIft :yfgdf :yfgfGt/0f ug]{, p4f/ ug]{, /fxt ;fdu|L ljt/0f ug]{, ljkb\af6 ePsf] IfltnfO{ km}lng

215 UNITY JOURNAL glbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ nufotsf sfddf g]kfnL b'u{d lhNnfsf ;b/d'sfdnfO{ /fli6«o ;8s ;]gfn] km:6 /]:kf]08/sf ?kdf sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;~hfn;“u hf]8\g] ;+oGq g]kfnL ;]gf ePsf] 5 . k|lts"n kl/l:yltdf ;d]t g]kfnL ;]gfn] /;'jf, lj=;+= !((), @)$% / @)&@ sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf cf]vn9'Ëf, ?s'd, sflnsf]6, h'Dnf, hfh/sf]6, ;dodf xf];\ jf t/fO{df cfPsf] af9L]sf] ;dodf d':tfª, dgfª, d'u' / 8f]Nkf lhNnfsf ;b/d'sfdnfO{ xf]:f\ jf l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] h'/]df uPsf] klx/f]df xf];\, /fli6«o ;8s ;~hfndf hf]8]sf] 5 . clxn] x'Dnfsf] x/]s ljkb\df g]kfnL ;]gfn] zL3| p4f/ Pjd\ /fxt ;b/d'sfdnfO{ ;8s ;~hfndf hf]8\gsf nflu ljt/0fdf u/]sf] sfdsf] k|z+;f / ;x|fgf :jb]z tyf hf]8tf]8n] sfd ul//x]sf]] 5 . /fli6«o uf}/jsf] ljb]z ;a}lt/af6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljkb\sf ;dodf cfof]hgfsf ?kdf /x]sf] sf7df8f}+–t/fO{÷dw]z t'?Gt} v6\g] Pjd\ ;xof]u ug]{ eg]sf] g]kfnL ;]gf g} b|'tdfu{ rf/ jif{df lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug]{ u/L ;/sf/n] xf] eGg] 5fk hgdfg;df k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ lhDdf lbPsf] 5 . /0fgLlts dxŒj ljkb\u|:t If]qsf] ;du| kIfdf ljsf; u/L af]s]sf] t/ nfdf] ;dob]lv lgdf{0f x'g g;s]sf] of] d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg] / ljsf;nfO{ sDtLdf klg cfof]hgf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lhDdfdf cfPkl5 sfdn] k"j{jt\ cj:yfdf Nofpg Ifltu|:t ef}lts ;+/rgf ult lnPsf] 5 . of] cfof]hgfnfO{ ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] nufotsf k"jf{wf/sf] k'glg{df{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] cfly{s ;d[l4sf] nfOkmnfOgsf ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . uxg lhDd]jf/L axg u/]sf] 5 . @)&% r}qdf af/f -3_ kof{j/0f / k|s[lt ;+/If0f / k;f{df cfPsf] xfjfx'/L ;lxtsf] rqmjft -6f]gf{8f]_ af6 k|efljt Onfsfdf tTsfn kl/rflnt eO{ g]kfndf xfn /x]sf !@ j6f /fli6«o lgs'~h, vf]h, p4f/ / /fxt ljt/0fdf g]kfnL ;]gf vl6Psf] ! jGohGt' cf/If / ! lzsf/ cf/Ifsf] ;'/Iff lyof] / cfxt ag]sfnfO{ /fxt lbPsf] lyof] . rf/ lhDd]jf/L g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . o:tf ;+/If0f dlxgfsf] cjlwdf jftfj/0fd}qL / k|fs[lts k|sf]k If]qx?sf] /]vb]vaf6 jg, jGohGt' tyf h}ljs k|lt/f]wL *^( 3/x? lgdf{0f -g]kfnL ;]gf, @)&^ ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / lbuf] pkof]udf d2t efb|_ u/]/ kLl8tnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug'{ rfgr'g] s'/f eO{ jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] xf]Og . o;af6 s] cjut x'G5 eg] ;]gfn] h:tf];'s} 5 . /fi6«klt r'/] t/fO dw]; ;+/If0fdf ;xefuL kl/l:yltdf klg lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ ;S5 . eP/ tyf cfºg} kxndf …Ps l;kfxL Ps kmnkm"nsf] lj?jfÚ cleofg, ;kmf lxdfn cleofg, uf] u|Lg -u_ ljsf;–lgdf{0f sfo{s|d / Knfl:6s lk|m hf]g cleofg ;~rfng g]kfnL ;]gfn] b]zsf ljleGg e"–efudf ef}lts u/]/ g]kfnL ;]gfn] :jR5, ;kmf / xl/ofnL k|j4{gdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfdx? ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . PsLs/0fsf ;d]t 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ;dodf kmf}h tyf aGbf]j:tLsf ;fdfg cf];f/kf];f/ -ª_ ko{6g / ;+:s[lt k|j4{g ug{sf nflu uf]/]6f], 3f]8]6f] af6f] lgdf{0f u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnL ;]gfn] xfn;Dd b]zsf ljleGg efudf g]kfnL ;]gfn] u9L, sf]t, lsNnf nufotsf P]ltxfl;s #) ;8s cfof]hgf ;DkGg u/L !@&@ lsdL ;8s dxŒjsf :yn, ;f“:s[lts w/f]x/, ljleGg k'/ftflTjs / #@ a]nLlj|h lgdf{0f ul/;s]sf] 5 eg], dxŒjk"0f{ ;+u|xfnosf] ;+/If0f u/]/ tyf ;}lgs ;+u|xfno $ ;8s cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0ffwLg 5g\ -g]kfnL ;]gf, ;~rfng u/]/ snf–;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbPsf] @)&^ ebf}, k[=@!_ . 5 . g]kfn e|d0f jif{ @)@) nfO{ ;kmn / eJotfsf

216 UNITY JOURNAL ;fy ;DkGg ug{ g]kfnL ;]gfn] ax'/fli6«o ;+o'Qm c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngaf6 b]zsf] lzIff / ;}lgs ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f, h+un ;kmf/L, dfp06]g :jf:Yo If]qsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfnL 6«]lsË, lnulnu] bf}8, kf/fUnfl8Ë, PsLs/0f kbofqf, ;]gfn] :jf:Yo lzlj/, ;k{b+z pkrf/, /Qmbfg, xjfO{ g]kfn Dof/fyg, lk;lsk;{ ;]ldgf/ nufotsf p4f/, >dbfg nufotsf sfo{ ;d]t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . sfo{s|d cfof]hgf u/]/ e|d0f jif{sf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ -h_ cfocfh{g Pjd\ gful/s ;DaGw lj:tf/ ;xof]u ug]{ u/L sfo{s|d to u/]sf] 5 -g]kfnL ;]gf, @)&^ ebf}, k[= #$_ . g]kfnL ;]gfn] cfk"mn] k|of]udf Nofpg] ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/tf a9fp“b} uP/ cy{tGq -r_ ljZjzflGt :yfkgf k|j4{gdf ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . o;n] axfnjfnf tyf ;g\ !(%* df ;j{k|yd ko{j]Ifs v6fP/ cjsfzk|fKt / cfl>t kl/jf/nfO{ ljleGg ;Lkd"ns ljZjzflGtsf] ofqf z'? u/]sf] g]kfnL ;]gf ljZjsf tflnd lbP/ cfo cfh{g dfkm{t\ hLjg ;xh ;d:ofu|:t / åGåu|:t d'n'sdf zflGt ;]gfsf ?kdf agfpg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . To:t} g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;xefuL x'“b} cfPsf] 5 . ljZjdf zflGt :yfkgf gful/sx?;“usf] ;DaGwnfO{ k|uf9 agfpg ;}lgs ug]{ s|ddf !,@(,*() g]kfnL ;}lgs ;xefuL ePsf /]l8of] sfo{qmd, 6]lnlehg sfo{qmd, gful/s ;]gf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3nfO{ a9L ;]gf pknAw u/fpg] cGtlq{mof nufotsf sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . /fi6«sf] ;"rLdf g]kfn kf“rf}“ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . xfn -em_ s"6gLlts ;DaGw lj:tf/ g]kfnL ;]gfsf %)(% ;}lgsn] !@ j6f ld;gdf ;xeflutf hgfO/x]sf 5 (Nepali Army, 2020 g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljb]zL /fi6«sf ;]gf;“u ;}lgs ;DaGw January 14) . ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L ;}lgs s"6gLlt dfkm{t\ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lxt k|a4{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . :jb]zdf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df dfq geO{ ljb]zdf s"6gLlts ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug]{ s|ddf g]kfnL ;]gfn] dWok"j{sf] uf]ng xfO6\;, clk|msfsf] ;xf/f d?e"ld lj|l6zsf] ;dodf ef/tdf ePsf] l;kfxL ljb|f]x, / cd]l/sL dxfåLksf] xfO6L;Dd ;}lgs kmf}hx?n] k|yd ljZj o'4 / x}b/fjfbdf ePsf] ljb|f]x lgoGq0f cfºgf] JolQmut ;'lj:tfsf] s'g} klg kjf{x gu/L ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] eg] ;g\ !(&$ df k|f0fsf] afhL /fv]/ cxf]/fq vl6O{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] g]kfnL e"–efuaf6 ltAatL vDkfx?n] rLg lj?4 k|lti7fnfO{ pRr /flv/x]sf 5g\ -g]kfnL ;]gf, @)&^, u/]sf] sf/jfxLnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;kmntf xfl;n k[=v_ . ljZjzflGt :yfkgfdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] ->]i7, @)^%, k[=%_ . u/]sf] e"ldsfn] g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] OHht Pjd\ 5ljdf clej[l4 ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] s"6gLlts lj:tf/n] l5d]sL b]z;“usf] bf}To ;DaGwnfO{ k|uf9 agfpg d2t k'u]sf] 5 . -5_ sNof0fsf/L sfo{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] jL/tf / OdfGbf/Ln] ubf{ ljZjdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] æax'hg lxtfo, ax'hg ;'vfoÆ cfbz{ jL/ uf]vf{nL ;]gfsf ?kdf g]kfnL ;]gf kl/lrt 5 . jfSo ePsf] sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] :yfkgf u/]/ clxn] klg ef/t, a]nfot nufotsf b]zdf g]kfnL :jf:Yo, lzIff, cfly{s /fxt, cfjf;, ljdf, 5fqj[lQ o'jfnfO{ ;]gfdf egf{ ug]{ / clt ljlzi7 JolQmsf] h:tf sNof0fsf/L sfo{x? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] ;'/Iffdf v6fpg'sf] sf/0f g]kfnL ;]gfsf] axfb'/L / 5 . o;sf] kmn:j?k ljBfno, d]l8sn sn]h Pjd\ OdfGbf/Ln] ubf{ xf] .

217 UNITY JOURNAL -`_ v]ns'b ljsf; ljsf; x'“b} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] /fhg}lts, cfly{s, g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|ltof]lutfdf ;fdflhs, s"6g}lts, ;"rgf–k|ljlw / kof{j/0fLo ;xeflutf hgfP/ Pjd\ cfkm}“n] klg v]ns'b ljifox?sf ;an / b'j{n kIfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng u/]/ v]ns'bsf] ljsf;df pko'Qm sbd rfNg'k5{ . k|wfg;]gfklt sdf08 dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . xfn} ;DkGg !# cf}“ dfu{lgb]{zg -@)&%_ df pNn]v eP h:t} cl:y/, blIf0f PlzofnL v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfdf g]kfnn] %! clglZrt, c:ki6 / t/n ;'/Iff jftfj/0fdf :j0f{, ^) /ht / (% sf:o u/L s'n @)^ kbs /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] kx/]bf/ ;+:yfsf ?kdf g]kfnL k|fKt u/L ;du|df bf];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] lyof] . ;]gfn] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLnfO{ Pstfsf] ;"qdf af“Wg o;dWo] g]kfnL ;]gf;“u cfj4 v]nf8Ln] @# :j0f{, ;Sg] cfºgf] P]ltxfl;s rl/q sfod /fVg'kb{5 . #! /ht / $( sf:o u/L !)# kbs k|fKt u/]sf sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL, ;bfrf/o'Qm / lyP -g]kfnL ;]gf, @)&^ k'if, k[=#_ . cf7f}“ /fli6«o k|ljlwd}qL agfpg'k5{ . v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] !$) :j0f{, &( /ht / ^& sf“:o kbs ;lxt s'n @*^ kbs ;/sf/n] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ /fhgLlts k|efjaf6 6f9f lht]/ /fli6«o RoflDkog ag]sf] lyof] -g]kfnL ;]gf, /fVb} ;dofg's"n bIf, ;an, ;'b[9, Jofj;flos, @)&^ ebf}, k[=@^_ . o;/L g]kfnL ;]gfn] v]ns'bsf] glthfd'vL, ;dfj]zL, cfw'lgs, ;"rgf– ljsf;df 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . k|ljlwd}qL / ;|f]t–;fwg ;DkGg agfpg'k5{ . ;+3Lo ;+/rgfcg';f/ tLg} txsf ;/sf/, g]kfnL ;]gf / -6_ ;dfj]zL ljsf; cGo ;'/Iff lgsfo aLr plrt ;dGjo sfod u/L pQ/df lxdfnb]lv blIf0fdf t/fO{ / k"j{df d]rLb]lv ;'/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ dha't agfpg'k5{ . kmf}hsf nflu klZrddf dxfsfnL;Ddsf ;a} hft–hflt, efiff– cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f, ;}Go ;fdu|Lsf] efifL, Ifq, ju{ / ;d'bfosf] ;femf rf}tf/Lsf ?kdf pTkfbg ug]{ sf/vfgfsf] :yfkgf / lj:tf/df hf]8 /x]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;dfj]lztfsf] pbfx/0fsf ?kdf lbg'k5{ . lnOG5 . o;n] b]zsf] ax'ljljwtfnfO{ k|ltlalDjt afx\o cfs|d0fsf] cj:yfdf k|lt/IffTds o'4 n8\g ub}{ km"njf/Lsf ;a} /ËLlj/ËL km"nx?nfO{ d"nwf/df ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf] ;}lgs ;+u7gsf] lgdf{0f / cfw'lgs Nofpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} v;, xftxltof/sf] k|aGw ug'{k5{ . ;dfhsf of]Uo / du/, u'?ª\, 7s'/L nufotsf ;a} hfthfltnfO{ egf{ ;Ifd JolQmnfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfdf egf{ u/L ;+u7gnfO{ ub}{ cfPsf] g]kfnL ;]gfn] dlxnfnfO{ lj=;+= @)!* cem k|lt:kwL{ / ;Ifd agfpgk5{ . j[lQ ljsf;sf b]lv egf{ u/]sf]df lj=;++= @)^# kl5 dlxnf, blnt, ljljw kIfdf Wofg lbO{ dgf]ano'Qm hgzlQmnfO{ cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL tyf lk5l8Psf If]qsf l6sfO/fVg'k5{ . k"j{ ;}lgs /fi6«;]jsx?df /x]sf] gful/snfO{ cf/If0f dfkm{t\ egf{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ejnfO{ /fi6«sf] lxtdf ;d'lrt g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg] pkof]u ug'{k5{ . O06]lnh]G; ;+oGqsf] lj:tf/ Pjd\ pkfo Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{k5{{ . cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo tyf cfGtl/s r'gf}tLsf :j?kx? ;}lgs u'6;“usf] cEof;df afx]s g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ kl/jt{g x'“b} gof“ ;'/Iff–cjwf/0ffsf cfofdx? låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo cGt/f{li6«o ;}lgs cEof;df

218 UNITY JOURNAL ;xefuL u/fO{ Ifdtfjfg\ agfpg'sf ;fy} ;}lgs ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL s"6gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'k5{ . d'n'ssf] g]kfn ;/sf/ -@)&@_, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sf7df8f}+ M afx\o ;'/Iff ;/f]sf/sf ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt . k|lt/Iff gLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'k5{ . g]kfnL ;]gf -@)&%_, ;DkfbsLo, l;kfxL jflif{s %! /fli6«o ;'/Iff Pjd\ k|lt/Iff;DaGwL ljifodf cWoog– -%@_, s –v cg';Gwfg ug{ …/fli6«o k|lt/Iff ljZjljBfnoÚsf] g]kfnL ;]gf -@)&^ efb|_, l;kfxL kflIfs ljz]iffÍ, @& :yfkgf u/L ;~rfngdf Nofpg'k5{ . -#_ . lgisif{ g]kfnL ;]gf -@)&^ k'if !_, l;kfxL kflIfs, @& -*_ . g]kfnL ;]gf -@)&%_, k|wfg;]gfklt sdf08 dfu{lgb]{zg, /fi6«sf] k|d'v ;'/Iff c+u g]kfnL ;]gf b]znfO{ Pstfsf] sf7df8f}+ M h+uL c8\8f . ;"qdf af“Wg] k|d'v ;+oGq xf] . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fb]lv a}B, t'n;L/fd, dfgGw/, ljgo s'df/ / a:Goft, k|]dl;+x cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f;Ddsf] ofqfdf b]z / -@)^%_, g]kfnsf] ;}lgs Oltxf; -efu @_, sf7df8f}+ hgtfnfO{ dg / dl:tisdf /fv]/ b]zsf] /Iffy{ M h+uL c8\8f . v6]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;'/Iff, ljsf; lgdf{0f, ljkb\ /Iff dGqfno -@)&%_, /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt sf7df8f}+ M Joj:yfkg nufot /fi6« lgdf{0fsf ;a} cfofddf /Iff dGqfno . ;zQm e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . ctM /fi6«–lgdf{0fsf] uxg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -@)&^_, kGw|f}+ of]hgf cfwf/kq lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cem ;an, ;'b[9, sf7df8f}+ M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u . k]zfut ?kdf ;Ifd / pQ/bfoL agfpg /fhgLlts >]i7, hLjgf/fo0f -@)&$_, /fi6«lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] bafa / k|efjaf6 tyf ;|f]t;fwgsf] cefjaf6 d'Qm e"ldsf l;kfxL jflif{s, %) -%!_, k[=*&–*( u/fO{ ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgcg'?k kl/rfng ug{ ;Da4 >]i7, Affa''/fd -@)^%_, g]kfnL ;]gf M ;+lIfKt lrgf/L kIf P]Soa4, k|lta4 / sl6a4 x'g'k5{ . g]kfnL ;]gf sf7df8f}+ M h+uL c8\8f . klg ljutb]lvsf] pRr 5lj / Jofj;flos rl/qnfO{ ;'Aaf, lbnljqmd -@)&#_, /fi6«lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gf M sfod /fVb} ;b}j /fi6« / hgtfsf] lxtdf ;dlk{t of]ubfg tyf ;Defjgfx?, l;kfxL jflif{s, $( -%)_, /xg'k5{ . k[= !!^–!@& Nepali Army (nd), The Nepali army in UN peace support operations, Retrived from https : //www.nepalarmy.mil.np/page/na_in_un on January 14, 2020

219 UNITY JOURNAL

g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstf

nIdL ljnf; sf]O{/fnf n]v;f/ ;"qdf cfj4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6?kdf /fi6« xf] . -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, wf/f # / $_ æg]kfnL xfdL /xf}“nf, sxf“ g]kfn} g/x], prfO xfd|f] r'lnG5, sxf“ lxdfn} g/x]Æ /fi6«slj dfwj l3ld/]sf] /fi6« hgtfsf] efjgfTds cf:yf xf], h'g ;LdfljxLg dd{:kzL{ /fi6«efjo'Qm uLtn] /fi6« /fHo, /fli6«otf, x'G5 . ;femf Oltxf;, cfsf+Iff, a'emfO{, efiff–;+:s[lt /fli6«o Pstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tf b]z / hgtfsf] / PsTjefj /fi6«sf df}lns ljz]iftfx? x'g\ . /fi6« /fli6«o cl:tTj;“u uf“l;Psf] ;To k|:6 u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, ;f“:s[lts Pj+ dgf]j}1flgs oL ;a}sf] 5'§f5'§} cy{ / kl/efiff eP klg oL Pstfsf] d]?b08 xf] . -bfxfn, @)%#, k[=%&_ /fHo Pscfk;df 3gLe"t ?kdf hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . Pp6fn] hg;+Vof, e"efu, ;fj{ef}ldstf / ;/sf/sf] of]u xf] . csf]{nfO{ ;jn / Pp6fdflysf] cfktn] ;a}nfO{ lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldfleqsf] e"uf]ndf /fHo v8f k|efljt agfO/x]sf] x'G5 . /fi6«/fHosf] lgdf{0f tyf x'G5 . /fHo Ps /fhgLlts ;+u7g xf] . ;fj{ef}d;Qf /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] / gful/s /fHozlQmsf ;|f]t x'g\ . -uf]vn], @))&, dxŒjfg'e"ltn] dfq /fli6«o cl:tTj hLjGt /xG5 . k[=^*_ ;fdflhs ;f“:s[lts, efjgfTds / P]ltxfl;s o;sf/0f n]vnfO{ /fi6« /fHo, /fli6«otf, /fli6«o k[i7e"lddf /fi6« / /fli6«otfsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 eg], Pstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, tyf logsf] dxŒj, jfwf /fli6«otf, cv08tf, /fli6«o Pstf / hg;'/Iffsf / k|a4{gsf] cfwf/df ;+ul7t ul/Psf] 5 . nflu ;fj{ef}dzlQm k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ /fHo;“u ;'/lIft /xG5 . zAbs'~hLM /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf, cv08tf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ;dfj]zL . /fli6«otf /fi6«–/fHo /fi6«af6 /fli6«otfsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . b]zdf a;f]jf; ug]{ JolQm tyf ;d"xsf] /fi6«k|ltsf] ;dfg /fi6« hgtf;“u / /fHo e"uf]n;“u ;DalGwt ljifo cf:yf, ljZjf;, ;f]+r, cfsf+Iff / PsŒjefj /fli6«otf x'g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] /fi6« / /fHosf] kl/efiff xf] . /fli6«otf df6f];“usf] gftf xf] . ;f“:s[lts u/]sf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs kl/efiffcg';f/ æg]kfn Ps efjgf, dgf]a}1flgs b[li6sf]0f, /fi6«nfO{ dfof ug]{, :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, /fi6«k|lt ;dlk{t x'g] cf:yf / ljZjf; /fli6«otf ;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfTds, ;dfhjfb pGd'v ;+3Lo xf] . /fli6«otfnfO{ b]Vg ;ls“b}g, t/ cg'ej eg] ug{ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf] . æax'hftLo, ;lsG5 . ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f“:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf ;dfg cfsf+Iff / dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff !($* g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, sf] bkmf !% n] æx/]s JolQmnfO{ /fli6«otf;+aGwL /fli6«o xLt tyf ;Dj[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg /xL Pstfsf] xs x'g]5 / s;}nfO{ klg /fli6«otfaf6 al~rt

220 UNITY JOURNAL ug{ kfOg]5}g .Æ-;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, ;g\ !($*_ egL jL/tf / ;xgzLntfn] /fli6«o PstfnfO{ dhj't /fli6«otfsf] ljZjJofkL ;+/If0f / k|rng u/fPsf] agfPsf] 5 . /fli6«o Pstfn] gful/snfO{ /fli6«o 5 . /fli6«otf gful/ssf] xs xf] eg] /fli6«otf ljsf;df ;“u} sfd ug]{, ;“u} ljsf;sf] :jfb lng] lbg] clwsf/ /fHosf] xf] . /fli6«otf hGd:yfgsf / /fi6«dfly cfOnfUg] ;Dk"0f{ vt/f / r'gf}tL lj?4 cfwf/df lgdf{0f x'G5 . /fHon] hGd]sf] jf c+uLs[t Psl9Ssf eO{ n8\g] ;fdYo{ k|bfg ub{5 . -sf]O/fnf, gful/s ePsf] sf/0faf6 cfºgf gful/ssf nflu @)&%_ sfg'gcg'?k gful/stf hf/L ub{5 . gful/stf ;+ljwfg, ;r]t gful/s, /fli6«o em08f, /fli6«o ufg, JolQmsf] /fli6«otf;lxtsf] kl/rokq xf], h;n] /fli6«o lrGx, wd{lg/k]Iftf, ;/sf/L sfdsfh / JolQmsf] /fHo;“usf] gftf pb\3f6g ub{5 . ;Dks{ ug]{ g]kfnL efiff, t6:y ;/sf/, ;dfj]zL Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o Gofofnon] /fli6«otfnfO{ /fhgLlt / ljs]lGb|t zf;g k|0ffnL, ef}uf]lns ?kdf ;Gt'lnt sfg'gL ?kdf JolQm / /fHonfO{ cfk;df hf]8\g] ljsf;, gful/s :jtGqtf / JolQmut ;Dkltsf] s8Lsf ?kdf JofVof u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«otfn] ;'lglZrttf, ljljwtfdf Pstf, ;f“:s[lts ax'njfb gful/snfO{ /fHosf] ;b:osf] ?kdf cGt/f{li6«o l;4fGtsf] cjnDag, ;f“:s[lts ;Dkbf efiff;flxTo, d~rdf kl/ro u/fp“5 eg] gful/stfn] cfGtl/s njfOvjfOsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;, rf8kj{x?df ;dfg ?kdf JolQmsf] /fhgLlts clwsf/, ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ;xeflutf, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / Gofo, k|fs[lts tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ xs l;h{gf ub{5 . ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / pkof]u, /fhgLlts bn, lghfdtL ;]jf, g]kfnL ;]gf, Psn d'b|f, ef}uf]lns sg]lS6le6L, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cfºgf gful/snfO{ j+zhsf cfGtl/s Pj+ af≈o ko{6g, /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o v]n cfwf/df, g]kfndf a;f]jf; u/]sf ljb]zLx?nfO{ k|ltof]lutfx?, ljZje/sf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?sf] sfg'gL ;t{ k"/f u/]sf cfwf/df / u}/cfjf;Lo ;+:s[lt df]x, ldq tyf l5d]sL /fi6«x?;“usf] xflb{s g]kfnLx?nfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f“:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGw / b]zsf nflu pTkGg af≈o y|]6 tyf /fli6«o pkof]u ug{ kfpg] u/L /fli6«otf;lxt gful/stf ;+:yfx? sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf, k|];, lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . gful/stf /fli6«otfsf] skf]{/]6 xfp; / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?aLrsf] k|df0f xf] . t/ /fli6«otf gful/stfdf dfq ;Lldt xflb{s ;DaGw /fli6«o PstfnfO{ bl/nf] agfpg] x'“b}g . Pp6f /fHodf PseGbf w]/} /fli6«otf ePsf dxŒjk"0f{ tTjx? x'g\ . -sf]O/fnf, @)&%, k[=@(!_ JolQmx? tyf Pp6} /fli6«otf ePsf JolQmx? w]/} /fHodf 5l/P/ a;]sf] kfOG5 . ef}uf]lns cv08tf /fli6«o Pstf /fHosf tTjx¿dWo] cv08tf e"uf]n;“u ;DalGwt x'G5 . b]zsf] e"uf]n cv08 x'G5 . /fi6«sf] /fli6«o Pstf b]zsf hgtfaLrsf] Pstf xf] . ef}uf]lns ;Ldf / /fi6«sf] ;Dk"0f{ /fHoIf]qsf] hgtfsf] dgsf] Pstf xf] . cfk;L d]nldnfk xf] . cljlR5Gg c6'6kgf cyjf l;Ëf]kgfnfO{ cv08tf /fli6«o Pstf /fli6«o zlQmk'~h xf] . /fi6«/fHo elgG5 . -sf]O/fnf, @)&%, k[=@**_ hn jf gbL Psfsf/sf] kl/0ffd xf] . ljljwtfdf Pstf /fli6«o jf /fhgLlts sf/0fn] hldg 6'lqmPsf] eP klg ljz]iftf xf] . /fli6«o Pstf b]z / hgtfsf] klxrfg /fhgLltzf:qdf Tof] cv08tfsf] kl/efiffleq alnof] agfpg] tTj dfq geP/ zflGt / ljsf;sf] kb{5 . /fli6«otf ef}uf]lns cv08tf / /fli6«o cfwf/ klg xf] . g]kfnL hgtfdf /x]sf] sf]dntf,

221 UNITY JOURNAL Pstfsf] k|tLs xf] . ef}uf]lns cv08tf Pstfsf] k|ltsf/ ug{ hgtfaLr Pstf rflxG5 . hgPstfn] cfwf/ xf] . /fli6«o Pstf cv08tfsf] zlQm xf] eg] cfTdljZjf; a9fp“5 . ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfhnfO{ cv08tfsf] cljlR5Ggtfn] /fli6«o PstfnfO{ k|a4{g hf]8\5 / /fi6«/fHo lgdf{0f Jojl:yt ub{5 . b]zdf / /fli6«otfnfO{ lj:tf/ ub{5 . cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ;dfg / Gofok"0f{ ?kn] ljt/0f u/L ul/jL Go"gLs/0f / hg;Gt'li6 j[l4 ub}{ /fli6«otf, cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] dxŒj /fli6«o PstfnfO{ alnof] agfp“5 . alnof] Pstfn] P]ltxfl;s sfndf g]kfn 6'qmf6'qmf ePsfn] e'/]6fs'/] /fHozlQm ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L b]z / hgtfsf] /fli6«o ljleGg /fHosf gfddf sflGtk'/], kj{t], lt?x't] h:tf] Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ul/dfnfO{ pRr /fVb5 . u/L /fli6«otf ljeflht lyof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] /fli6«o Pstf eË eof] eg] ef}uf]lns cv08tf g]kfn PsLs/0f u/]kl5 dfq g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf v08–v08 x'gk'U5 . /fli6«o Pstfn] /fi6«nfO{ /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tf ;+ul7t, ;d[4 / lj:tfl/t ;'/lIft /fVb5 . /fi6«sf] ef}uf]lns cv08tf 6'6]df ePsf] xf] . /fhtGq sfnsf] Psn /fli6«otfsf] 7fp“ /fli6«o Pstf 6'lqmg ;S5 . /fli6«otfdf ljrng clxn] ax'/fli6«otfn] lnPsf] 5 . sfg'gtM g]kfnsf cfof] eg] /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tf hf]lvddf kg{ gfddf hf/L g]kfnL /fli6«otf clxn] ljZje/ kl/lrt ;S5 . dfwj l3ld/]sf] æKffl/G5 ;Qf ha v08 5 . v08, /xG5 s] /fi6« Toxf“ cv08 < y'ltG5 kQf /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf cv08tf / gful/ssf] ha vft vft, l;l4G5 zf]ef clg km"naf6Æ -l3ld/], clwsf/ st{JoaLr /x]sf]] cGof]Gofl>t, kl/k"/s @)&#, k[=@(_ eGg] cleJolQmn] /fli6«otf, Pstf / / kl/kf]ifs ;DaGwn]] b]z / hgtfnfO{ cfWoflTds cv08tfsf] dxŒjdfly k|sfz kf/]sf] 5 . ?kdf ;jn / ;Ddflgt agfO/x]sf] x'G5 . /fli6«otfn] /fli6«otf, cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstfsf jfwsx¿ /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 ub{5, Pstfn] ef}uf]lns cv08tf ;+/If0f u5{ eg], cv08tfn] /fli6«otfnfO{ /fhgLlts hLjgsf] piffsfndf Pp6} hft, efiff, alnof] kfb{5 . /fli6«otf /fli6«o kl/ro xf] . o;n] k/Dk/f / ;+:s[lt ePsf dflg;x?sf] Pp6f 5'§} JolQm ;d'bfonfO{ csf]{ JolQm ;d'bfoeGbf km/s /fHo x'GYof] . ljZjJofkLs/0f, ;"rgf;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] b]vfp“5 . gful/snfO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf ;dlk{t ljsf; / k|of]u, cGt/hflt ljjfx, oftfoft ljsf; u/fpg] tTj /fli6«otf xf] . /fli6«otfn] JolQm / / gful/sdf b]lvPsf] ultzLntf, /fHox¿sf] v's'nf] /fHoaLrsf] 3lgi6 ;DaGw, /fi6«jfbL efjgf, cfk;L cWofudg gLlt tyf ;'ud cfjthfjtn] ldl>t ldqtf clej[l4 ub{5 . ;dfh, ldl>t efiff / ldl>t ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5, ;f“:s[lts ;ªsL{0ftf w'ldn ePsf]5 / /fli6«o Pstf ljsf;sf] d]?b08 xf] . o;n]] /fi6«/fHosf] b[li6sf]0fdf cfd"n kl/jt{g cfPsf]5 . zflGt;'/Iff, ;fdflhs ;f“:s[lts Gofo, cfk;L oBlk g]kfn h:tf] ef}uf]lns, hftLo, ;f“:s[lts, ;xof]u, ;b\efj, ;fdflhs l:y/tf / /fli6«o eflifs, wfld{s ljljwtfo'Qm b]zdf cv08tf ljsf;nfO{ pTk]|l/t ub{5 . o;n] cfGtl/s / af≈o /fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstf dhj't /fVg ;lhnf] 5}g . ?kdf b]zdf zflGt / ;'/Iff k|bfg ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs Pj+ k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u, cv08tf, /fli6«otf, / /fli6«o Pstfdfly cfGtl/s ;f“:s[lts k/Dk/f / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fnfO{ ;'lglZrt Pj+ af≈o sf/0fn] r'gf}tL l;h{gf x'g] ub{5 . g]kfnL ub{5 . ;fdflhs s'/Llt, e]befj / c;'/Iffsf] o'jfx? lzIff tyf /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z hfg] /

222 UNITY JOURNAL :jb]z gkms{g] k|j[lt tyf u}/g]kfnLnfO{ gful/stf Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] 5 . ;dfhsf ljljwtf, lbg] ljifodf eO/x]sf] cTolws /fhgLlts/0f, c;dfgtf / e]befjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;+ljwfgsf] /fli6«otf cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstfsf nflu 8/nfUbf] k|:tfjgf, /fHosf] bfloTj lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf r'gf}tL aGg k'u]sf] 5 . gLltx¿df ljz]if Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 . ul/aL, c;dfgtf / ;fdflhs e]befj, lg/If/tf, ;+ljwfgn] /fi6«kltnfO{ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o Pstf k|j4{g cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ljz[ª\vntf, hfToGw, hftLo ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 eg], /fli6«o em08f, /fli6«o åGå, ;fDk|bflostf, If]qLotf, eflifs cltnufj, ufg, /fli6«o lrGx, wd{lg/k]Iftf, ;Dks{ efiffsf] clt ;f“:s[ltsjfb, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ljgf;, Joj:yf klg u/]sf]5 . /fHosf nflu ;+s6sfnLg Pp6f efiff ;+:s[lt / e]ifnfO{ dxŒj lbg] clwsf/sf] Joj:yf tyf cv08tfdf k|lts"n /fHogLlt, c;dfj]zL /fhgLlts zf;g k|0ffnL, c;/ kg]{ u/L s'g} ;Demf}tf ug{ gkfOg] ;+j}wflgs dflkmofsf] rnv]n, ck/fw, c/fhstf, gful/s Joj:yfn] /fli6«o cv08tfnfO{ ce]B agfPsf] 5 . ljb|f]x tyf ljv08gsf/Låf/f rnfOg] ljv08g ;+ljwfgn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f“:s[lts ljsf;sf pGd'v lqmofsnfk /fli6«otf, cv08tf / Pstfsf nflu :jlg0f{o / :jzf;g;lxtsf] ;xsfl/tfd"ns cfGtl/s tyf ljb]zL cfqmd0f, ;Ldf ljjfb, a}b]lzs ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL, /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL ;xof]udflysf] cTolws lge{/tf, /fhgLlts cfly{s Joj:yf, lghfdtL ;]jf tyf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Joj:yf If]qdf aflx/L x:tIf]k tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g af≈o klg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf/0f ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf, ;+/If0f r'gf}tLx? x'g\ . -sf]O/fnf, @)&%, k[=@(!_ / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog eO/x“bf;Dd g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9, lj:tfl/t /fli6«otf, cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] k|a4{g / ;Ddflgt x“'b} hfg]5 . /fli6«otf cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstf k|a4{g ug'{ b]zsf] zf;g k|0ffnLsf] zLif{ p2]Zo b]zdf zflGt /fHo / gful/s b'j}sf] st{Jo xf] . ;f]sf nflu cdgrog sfod /fVg', hgsNof0f ;'lglZrt ug'{ /fHosf] gLlt / gful/ssf] cfr/0f tyf Jojxf/ tyf ljZjd~rdf /fi6nfO{ kl/lrt u/fpg' xf] . dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . b]zsf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;, /fhgLlts « ljut Oltxf;sf] ;+/If0f, jt{dfgsf] ;'Joj:yf :jtGqtf, ;fdflhs ;b\efj, cfly{s ;Dj[l4 / / ;'/Iff tyf eljiosf] ;'gf}nf] cfzfn] hgtfdf ;'dw'/ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwn] dfq /fli6«otf, Pstf / zf;g k|0ffnLdfly ljZjf; k}bf ub{5 . k|hftflGqs, cv08tfsf] lbuf] k|Tofe"lt lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ljlw;+ut, ;dfj]zL, ;xeflutfd"ns, / pQ/bfoL ;+ljwfgnfO{ /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / ef}uf]lns zf;g k|0ffnLk|lt hgtfsf] cf:yf / ljZjf; /x];Dd cv08tf k|a4{g / ;Daw{g ug]{ k|d'v sf/s /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfdfly s'g} cf“r dflgG5 . ;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg'g xf] . ;+ljwfgdf cfpg ;Sb}g . /x]sf] gful/ssf nflu ;dfg gful/stf lbg] dfgj hLjgdf ;f/e"t / cfwf/e"t ?kdf ;sf/fTds Joj:yf, ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf, df}lns xs, st{Jo kl/jt{g x'g' ljsf; xf] . cfly{s ljsf;n] ljsf;sf] tyf xssf] k|rngsf nflu pkrf/sf] Joj:yfn] k|hftfGqLs/0f, dfgj ;+;fwgsf ljsf; / /f]huf/Lsf] /fli6«otfnfO{ dhj't u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o Pstf lj?4sf l;h{gf, wgsf] ;dfg ljt/0f, gful/ssf nflu lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ k|f/lDes txdf g} Joj:yfkg cj;/df ;dfg kx'“r, ;fdflhs Gofo, ;Gt'lnt ug{ gful/ssf] df}lns xsdf aGb]h nufpg ;Sg]

223 UNITY JOURNAL ljsf; / jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0fnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . gful/sdf If]qLo efjgfsf] ljsf; ;d[l4 / bl/b|tf /fhgLlts ?kdf ljsf;nfO{ :jtGqtf / /fhgLlts b'a}n] Nofpg] ub{5 . ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] k|b]z / :yfgLo cy{zf:qsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . lgjf{rgdf ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{df If]qLotfsf] efjgf g]tfsf] 5gf}6b]lv cfjZostf / ?lrcg'?k ljsf; gx'g] u/L ;a} ef}uf]lns If]q, hfthflt, j:t';]jfsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ /fgLlts cy{zf:q efiff;+:s[lt / dfgj ;+zf]wgsf] ;dfg ljsf;, / :jtGqtfn] ;d]6\5 . -6'8f/f], !((&_ ;fdflhs /fHo;+oGqdf hgtfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf tyf ljsf;n] ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtfnfO{ ;d]6\5 eg], ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;dfg kx'“r ;'lglZrt ug{'kb{5 . ;f“:s[lts ljsf;n] ef}lts Pj+ dfgjLo ljsf;nfO{ ;dfg ljsf;, ;dfg cj;/ / ;dfg Jojxf/n] lbuf] agfp“5 . b]zsf] /fli6«o ljsf;n] hgtfsf If]qLo efjgfsf] abnfdf /fli6«o efjgfsf] ljsf;n] ljrf/, rfxgf / efjgfx¿sf] ;Ddfg tyf :jtGqtf b]zsf] /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfnfO{ ;'b[9 / ;Gt'li6 clej[l4 ul//x“bf;Dd /fli6«otf cv08tf / dhj't agfO/xG5 . / /fli6«o Pstfdfly slxNo} cf“r cfpb}g . b]zsf] cfGtl/s Pj+ af≈o ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg efiff–;+:s[lt /fli6«o klxrfg xf] . ljleGg wd{;+:s[lt, /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg xf] . ;+ljwfgdf g]kfnsf] hflt, ;d'bfo, pTklt, efiffefifLx¿aLr ;dfgtf ;du| /fli6«o lxt, ;'/Iff / k|lt/Iff;DaGwL gLlt Pj+ ;xcl:tTjsf cfwf/df :j:y / ;'dw'/ ;fdflhs th{'df tyf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kl/rfng jf lgoGq0f ;DaGw tyf ;femf efjgf, d"No, ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;n] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kml/; ug{ …/fli6«o ;fdflhs ;F“:s[lts ;b\efj clej[l4 u5{ . /fHon] ;'/Iff kl/ifb\Úsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s zflGt b]zdf /x]sf efiff;flxTo, lnlk, snf;+:s[ltsf] ;dfg ;'Joj:yf Pj+ af≈o ;'/Iffy{ …/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt ?kdf ljsf; u/L ;f“:s[lts ljljwtf / ;fdflhs @)&#Ú, …:yfgLo ;'/Iff P]g @)@*Ú, …;}lgs P]g, ;b\efj k|a4{g ul//x“bf;Dd /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf @)^#Ú / …g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)^#Ú, s]Gb|Lo Pj+ / cv08tf ;'/lIft / ;Ddflgt eO/xG5 . k|b]z ;'/Iff kl/ifb\, lhNnf ;'/Iff ;ldlt nufot g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L / cg';Gwfg ljefusf] /fHon] ;+j}wflgs ?kdf hgtfnfO{ clwsf/ / Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . st{Jo lbPsf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] df}lns xs tyf /fi6«k|lt lgi7fjfg\ x'“b} g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, g]kfnL ;]gf /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tfsf] /Iff ug{', ;+ljwfg / d]?b08 xf] . ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ g]kfnsf] sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{', /fHon] rfx]sf] avt clgjfo{ :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, :jfwLgtf, /fli6«o Pstf ;]jf ug{' / ;fj{hlgs ;Dkltsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f / ef}uf]lns cv08tf /Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 . ug{' k|To]s gful/ssf] st{Jo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, wf/f @^^ / @^&, k[=!$*_ -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, wf/f $*, k[=@!_ st{Josf] g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fb]lv g} g]kfnL ;]gfn] g]kfnsf] kfngf / gful/s xs clwsf/sf] ;'/lIft ?kdf Pstf, /fli6«otf / cv08tfsf] ;Gt'lnt ?kdf k|rng ug]{ jftfj/0f eO/x“bf;Dd zflGtJoj:yf, ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;]gf /fli6«otf, cv08tf, / /fli6«o Pstf ;b}j ;'/lIft b]zjf;Lsf] b'Mvsf] ;fyL ag]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ / ;jn eO/xG5 . ;'Dk]sf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ ;/sf/n] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cfw'lgs, ;+ul7t, cg'zfl;t, Ifdtfjfg\ / pQ/bfoL

224 UNITY JOURNAL agfp“b} n}hfg'kb{5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] jL/tf, dgf]jn ;xsfo{ x'“bf;Dd /fli6«otf, Pstf / cv08tfdf s'g} / ;d{k0f efj pRr /x];Dd g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, ;d:of cfp“b}g . cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstfdfly slxNo} cf“r cfp“b}g . k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] pkof]uåf/f cfly{s ;fdflhs g]kfnsf] e"/fhgLlt cToGt ;+j]bgzLn 5 . ;+o'Qm ljsf; ul/Psf] x'G5 . cGwfw'Gw ?kdf ;|f]t;fwgsf] /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkq, c;+nUgtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt pkof]un] ljZjdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf s'nIf0fx? cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g / ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfsf b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ljgf;n] /fli6«o cfwf/df /fi6«sf] lxtnfO{ Wofg /fvL cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;, zflGt;'/Iff tyf hg:jf:Yodf k|lts"n ;DaGw gLlt ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf g]kfnsf] c;/ k/]sf] 5 . ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / pkof]u tyf lbuf] ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] 5 . -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/ / /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/fli6«o wf/f %!-8_, k[=##_ l5d]sL / ldq/fi6«;“usf] ;DaGw ;d'bfoaLr ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ubf{;Dd b]zsf] ;f}xfb{k"0f{, pTkfbs tyf cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, Pstf / cv08tfdfly s'g} ;+s6 cfpb}g . 5lj pRr /fVg] s"6gLlts sf}zntf eP;Dd b]zsf] /fli6«o Ifdtf eg]sf] /fHosf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;Ldf ;'/lIft /fVg, /fli6«otf / Pstf ;'b[9 ug{ s'g} ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ Ifdtf afwf cfp“b}g . xf] . ;r]t gful/s, ;zQm /fhgLlts lg0f{o Ifdtf, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] j8fkqsf] wf/f @-$_n] æs'g} klg s7f]/ gful/stf ljlw, gful/s / ef}uf]lns If]qaLr /fi6«sf] k|fb]lzs cv08tf cgltqmDo x'g] Joj:yf sg]lS6le6L, df}lns xs pkof]usf] jftfj/0f, u/]sf] 5 eg] /fi6«;+3n] s'g} klg /fi6«sf] k|fb]lzs ;/sf/k|lt hgljZjf;, ;f“:s[lts Pstf / ;Dkbfsf] cfv08tfdfly cf“r k'Ug] u/L zlQm jf wDsL k|of]u ;+/If0f, ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bn, lghL If]q, ;dflhs ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ub}{ ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] ;+/If0f ;d'bfoaLr xflb{s ;DaGw, ;|f]t;fwgsf] pknAwtf ug{ /fi6«nfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/n] k|ltjfb ug{;Sg]5Æ / pQ/bfoL k|zf;g /fli6«o IfdtfcGtu{t kb{5g\ . -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, !($%_ egL df}lns clwsf/ cfºgf] ef}uf]lns ;Ldfleq zf;g ug{, gful/s–xssf] k|bfg u/]sf]n] ;b:o /fi6«nfO{ cfGtl/s ?kdf ;'b[9, lgjf{w k|rng u/fpg, s/ p7fpg, ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;'/lIft / Pstfa4 x'g k]|l/t u/]sf] 5 . tyf gLlt tyf sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug{, sfg'gsf] /fi6«/fHo lgdf{0fn] /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / /fli6«o jlv{nfk ug]{dfly sf/jfxL ug{, cfGtl/s Pj+ cv08tfnfO{ cIf'00f /fVb5 . hgtf /fi6«/fHo af≈o?kdf /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg bl/nf] agfpg lgdf{0fsf vDaf x'g\ . /fi6« lgdf{0f hgtfsf] cf:yf, / gful/snfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx ;femf ;f]+r, ck]Iff, nIo / ckgTjsf] ljsf; ug{' ug{ tyf cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf v/f] pqg ;Sg] xf] . /fHozlQm k|of]u u/]/ /fli6«o ;+:yfx?sf] :yfkgf Ifdtfjfg ;/sf/ eP;Dd /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / kl/rfng ug'{, /fi6«sf] klxrfg /fli6«otfnfO{ ;'b[9 / ef}uf]lns cv08tfdfly s'g} ;d:of cfp“b}g . agfpg', zflGt cdgrog sfod ug'{, hgtfaLr lgisif{ Pstf alnof] kfg{' / hgtfsf cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx ug{' /fi6«–lgdf{0f xf] . /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / /fli6«o cv08tf /fi6«/fHo lgdf{0fdf hgtfsf] cf:yf, ljZjf; tyf JolQm ;d'bfosf] cfsf+Iff / bnLo :jfy{eGbfdfly ;/sf/, gLlh If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xof]u / /xg] kljq tŒj x'g\, /fi6«sf cd"No lglw x'g\ .

225 UNITY JOURNAL :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf / ;Gb{e ;fdu|L ;"rL :jfwLgtfnfO{ cIf'00f /fVg' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . sf]O/fnf, nIdL ljnf;, -@)&% df3_, nf]s;]jf / gful/sx?sf] of]ubfg tyf g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z k|zf;gM gLlt / Jojxf/, ;f]kfg dfl;s . / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]] pbf/ b[li6sf]0f, ;sf/fTds ;f]r / ;dfj]zL /fHogLltsf dfWodaf6 hgtfsf] uf]vn], lj= s]=, -@))&_, kf]lnl6sn ;fOG;, d'DaO{M /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, ;f“:s[lts Pj+ cfly{s lxdfno klAnl;ª xfp; . :jtGqtf ;'/lIft / km/flsnf] agfO{ g]kfnsf] l3ld/], dfwj, -@)&#_, /fi6«lgdf{tf, nlntk'/M ;femf /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] k|sfzg . uf}/j lr/sfnko{Gt pRr /fVg' xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] . 6'8f/f], Pd= lk=, -;g\ !((&_, Osf]gf]lds 8]enkd]G6, -5}7f}“ ;+:s/0f_ . bfxfn, /fds'df/, /fhgLlt zf:qsf l;4fGt, /Tg k':ts e08f/, ef]6flx6L, sf7df8f}+}+, @)%@ e§rg, s[i0f / Kofs'/]n, s}nf;sf] -@))*_, b O{:o" ckm g]zgn O{lG6u|];g O{g g]kfnM O{lygf]l/hgn Pk|f]r, j]a;fO{6 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, -;g\ !($*_, j8fkq tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 dfgj clwsf/;+jGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff . ;"rgf ljefu, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, g]kfn å}dfl;s, jif{ $^, ljz]iff+s, c+s @ / # c;f]h, sflQs / d+l;/ k'if, -@)&@_ l;jfsf]6L, uf]kfn, -@)^$_, cfw'lgs /fhgLlts ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}+M k}/jL k|sfzg .

226 UNITY JOURNAL

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;'hg clwsf/L n]v;f/ ljifo kl/ro dfgj ;Eotfsf ljleGg r/0fx¿;“u}} ;Dk"0f{ ljZj /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ qmddf v08Ls/0f x'“b} Pp6f lglZrt l;dfgf / ;F“wdf ljleGg cWoog, cg';Gwfg x'g'sf ;fy} JolQmx¿sf ;d]l6g k'Uof] . kl/0ffd:j?k jt{dfgdf km/s–km/s cf–cfºg} wf/0ff / ts{x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . xfj{8 /fi6« / /fHox¿ Vf8f eP . ljZjsf] Oltxf;df ljZjljBfnosf cg';f/ gful/s / ;d'bfonfO{ ljleGg sfnv08df /fi6«–/fi6«lardf ePsf o'¢sf ljZj;gLo tj/n] cfTdlg0f{o, :jfoQtf, ;d[l¢ / 36gfx¿af6 /fi6« aGg] / eTsg] z[ª\vnfsf ;'vsf] pkef]u ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg] u/L cfGtl/s / ?kaf6 x]bf{ klg /fi6«x¿ lgdf{0f ePsf] dfGg af≈o kl/l:yltnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /flv/fVg] /fhsLo ;lsG5 . k"jL{o tyf kfZrfTo hut\sf wd{u|Gy jf zf;sLo IfdtfnfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yf egL tyf k|frLg b:tfj]hx¿n] /fi6« lgdf{0fsf qmddf kl/eflift ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o; k|sf/n] /fli6«o cg]sf}+ 36gfx¿ 36]sf] s'/fsf] j0f{g kfOG5 . k"jL{o ;'/Iffsf] kl/efiffnfO{ x]bf{ k|ydtM gful/s / ;Eotfsf] ;a}eGbf k|frLg dflgg] lxGb" wd{u|Gysf ;d'bfonfO{ g} k|d'v ?kdf pEofOPsf] b]lvG5 . ljleGg 36gfx¿dWo] dxfef/tdf /fi6«leqsf /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf] cjwf/0ff ljz]if u/L bf];|f] ultljlw / /fHo ;~rfngsf qmddf ckgfpg' kg]{ ljZjo'¢sf] cGTokZrft\ ljleGg d'n'sx¿n] ljleGg cEof;x¿sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;} ckgfPsf] dflgG5 . o; cjwf/0fsf] gLlt ;a}eGbf u/L kfZrfTo ;Eotfsf] u|Ls ldyf]nf]hL cGtu{tsf] a9L zlQm;DkGg /fi6«x¿n] tyf ljZjo'¢sf qmddf 6«f]hg jf/ nufot cGo ljleGg 36gfx¿nfO{ /fi6« / d'Vo sf/s ag]sf d'n'sx¿n] o;sf] k|of]u a9L /fHo lgdf{0fsf qmddf cfOkg]{ dxŒjk"0f{ / k|]/0fbfoL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . d'VotM o; gLltsf] cd]l/sfdf ;|f]tsf ?kdf dfGg ;lsG5 . oBlk oL kf}/fl0fs / a9L k|of]u / ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 . tt\kZrft P]ltxfl;s kIfx¿nfO{ jt{dfg ljZj;“u k"0f{ ?kdf k|mfG;, hd{gL / ?; nufot o"/f]k / cd]l/sfsf y'k|} t'ngf eg] ug{ ;ls“b}g . cfhsf] ljZj / Toxf“leq zlQm;DkGg /fi6«x¿n] o; k|sf/sf] gLltnfO{ alnof] /x]sf /fi6« / /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf] rrf{ o; kfb}{ nu]sf] b]lvG5 h;sf] k|efj / k|of]u kl5Nnf] n]vdf ul/Psf] 5 . ;dodf Pl;of / clk|msfsf lgs} alnof dflgg] /fi6«x¿df klg k/]sf] b]lvG5 . zAbs'~hLM /fli6«o ;'/Iff, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, ;fdflhs ljsf;, k/Dk/fjfb, cfw'lgsLs/0f, ljZn]if0ffTds b[li6sf]0f ljZjJofkLs/0f, ;]gf tyf gful/s . /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] k/Dk/fjfbL /fHo s]lGb|t cjwf/0ff kl/jlt{t eO{ dfgj s]lGb|t aGg k'u]sf] 5 . t/ klg ;fgf /fi6«x¿n] ljleGg cfsf/ / k|s[ltsf

227 UNITY JOURNAL r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . ;fgf /fHox¿n] k"0f{ x'gsf nflu dfly plNnlvt ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{ o; k|sf/sf] s7LgfOx¿ Eff]Ug'df s]xL cfGtl/s clgjfo{ / ;lqmo ?kdf Jojxf/df ptfg'{ clgjfo{ tyf JFF≈o tTjx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . h;df k"j{jt\ 5, cGoyf /fli6«o ;'/Iffdfly g} r'gf}tL k}bf x'g lsl;ds} /fhg}lts k|0ffnL, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs hfG5 . ;“u};“u}} ljsf;sf kIfx¿ klg sdhf]/ x'g ljsf;sf 9f“rfx¿nfO{ hf]8]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 -a/fn, uO{ /fi6« g} w/fkdf kg]{;Dd x'g hfG5 . ;'/Iffsf] k[= !_ . o;} u/L /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] gjLg kl/efiffdf /0fg}lts kIfsf] cefjdf sfo{sf/L cj:yfsf] ;du| k/Dk/fut ;}Go k|efj tyf ;}Go tTjsf cfwf/ b[li6sf]0fsf] vf“rf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff / k|zf;gnfO{ kg{ x¿nfO{ k|fyldstdf g/fvL hxf“ ;z:q ;'/Iffsf] hfG5 . olb ;'/Iff If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /flvPg l;4fGt k|wfg ?kdf /x]sf] x'“b}g . ;fwf/0f k|sf/sf eg] 7"nf] / s7f]/ d"Nosf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . dfkgx¿ Jofks?kdf nfu' eO{ k'/fgf dfGotfx¿nfO{ To;}n] g]kfnnfO{ Ps s'zn, gjLg / r':t ;'/Iff k|lt:yfkg ub}{ pQm s'/fnfO{ pRrtd k|fydLstfsf k|0ffnLsf] vf“rf] /x]sf] 5 -a:Goft, @)&^_ . ?kdf /fv]sf] b]lvG5 - lu|hf]N8, k[= #&–%#_ . /fli6«o gjLgtd ;}4flGts cfwf/x? ;'/Iffsf laleGg a'emfOx¿nfO dfkg ubf{ lagf]h a:Goftn] o;sf] k|d'v rf/j6f :tDex¿ cl3 ;fb}{ ljZjJofkLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] d'2fnfO{ o;sf] jt{dfg kl/efiffnfO{ cf}Nofp“5g\M ;fj{ef}d klg /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{;“u} hf]8]/ ;QfnfO{ alnof] agfpg' / o;sf] /Iff ug'{, b]zsf] x]g{ ;lsG5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf dfz{n hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/nfO{ ldnfpg' / o;sf] ;'/Iffsf] DofSn'xfg æUnf]an len]hÆsf] cjwf/0ffdf n]V5g\M ;'lglZrttf ug'{, ;DktLx¿sf] ;'/Iff, ef}lts æ;doÆ aGb eO;Sof], ;dosf] cjlwÆ x/fO;s]sf] ;+/rgf / ;+:yfx¿ ;fy} If]qLo cg's"ntfsf] ;Da4{g 5 . ;Dk"0f{ ljZj Pp6} ufp“ ePsf] 5 ===;a}lt/ / cGt/f{li6«o jftfj/0fnfO{ pgn] k|d'v k|fyldstf Ps}k6s rln/x]sf] 5 . -cg'M DofSn'xg, !(^&, k[= 7fg]sf 5g\ . ^#_ pgsf] of] ljrf/ ;fGble{s g} dfGg ;lsG5 . ljZjsf] s'g} s'gfdf 3l6/x]sf] h'g;'s} 36gfnfO{ g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] d'n'ssf] klg OG6/g]6 jf 6]lnlehg dfkm{t\ xfdL tTsfn :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;S5f}“ . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] /fli6«otf / :jfwLgtfsf] ;+/If0f ub{} /fli6«o PstfnfO{ a[xQ/ ljsf; / k|;f/n] ljZj v'Drg uO{ Pp6} ufp“ cIf'00f /fVg' tyf JolQmsf] lhp–wg / :jtGqtfsf] h:tf] aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o;/L kg{ uPsf] k|efjn] ;+/If0f k|Tofe"t ug{'nfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff egL pNn]v /fli6«o ;'/Iff tyf ljsf;sf kIfdfly klg ;f]Rg afWo ul/Psf] kfOG5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff Ps ax'cfoflds t'NofPsf] 5 . Ps /fi6«n] csf]{ /fi6«dfly k|ljlwsf ljifoj:t' xf] . d'n'ssf] k|lt/Iff dfldnf, cfGtl/s dfWodaf6 lgu/fgL ul//x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} klg b]zsf] ;'/Iff, k//fi6« dfldnf, ;fdflhs, cfly{s gLlt / rfnrng, /Lltl/jfh, Jojxf/ tyf ;/sf/sf] ljsf;sf] kIf a[xTf\ cy{df /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf cGtj{:t' l:yltnfO{ glhsaf6 lgofNg] cj;/nfO{ olt a]nf x'Gf\ . jt{dfg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgleq ;d]l6Psf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw ;a}eGbf ;lhnf] dfWod /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;DaGwdf pNn]v ePsf oL cnu– ag]sf] 5 . o;f] ePsf] x'“bf o;tkm{sf] s'/fnfO{ klg cnu cGtj{:t'x¿, g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff / Wofgdf /fvL /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf] k|0ffnLnfO{ k"0f{ ljsf;sf ;t{x¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] dd{cg'?k kfngf ;'ema'emsf ;fy ;'/lIft tyf Jojl:yt agfpg'kg]{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; kl/efiffaf6 s] k'li6 x'g cfp“5 h?/L x'g hfG5 . eg] Pp6f l;ª\uf] d'n'ssf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg

228 UNITY JOURNAL cfw'lgsLs/0f csf]{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff tyf ljsf;sf] cf–cfºg} tj/af6 cEof; / ;~rfng ul//x]sf d'2f;“u} hf]l8P/ cfpg] dxŒjk"0f{ ljifoj:t' xf] . 5g\ . o;sf/0f ;DkGg /fi6« / lakGg /fi6«sfaLr cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;a}eGbf klxn] /fli6«o ;'/Iff ljsf;sf gLlt tyf k|lqmofx¿nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg] hd{g ;dfhzf:qL dfS; j}a/ Pp6} sf]0faf6 x]g{ eg] ;ls“b}g . o;} ;DaGwdf x'g\ eg] kl5 ;g\ !(^) df uP/ ;f]xL l;4fGtnfO{ nf]s/fh a/fn …Pl;og ;e]{Ú k':tsleqsf] n]vdf xfj{8sf csf{ ;dfhzf:qL 6fNsf]6 kf;{gn] o;}nfO{ laz]if u/L blIf0f Pl;ofsf d'n'ssf ;'/Iff gLltsf cufl8 a9fPsf lyP . cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] kl/efiff lbg] ;DaGwdf n]V5g\M æblIf0f Pl;ofdf d"ntM s'g} If]qLo qmddf k/Dk/fut hLjgz}nL, k'/fgf d"NodfGotf ;'/Iff gLlt g} 5}g . b]zx¿ If]qLo ?kdf Pscsf{;“u} nufot cGo ljleGg kIfx¿nfO{ w]/} dfqfdf sl;Psf] x'“bf af≈o r'gf}tL sf] ;femf cg'ej klg kl/jt{g u/L gof“ Joj:yfx¿ / hLjgz}nLnfO{ u|x0f st} 5}g . o; k|sf/sf] 9f“rfnfO{ x]bf{ blIf0f Pl;ofsf ub}{ n}hfg'nfO{ o;sf k|:tfjsx¿n] cfw'lgsLs/0f /fHox¿n] ;femf /0fgLltsf] sfo{tkm{ a9]sf] h:tf] egL ;'emfPsf 5g\ . ;do qmdcg';f/ cfd b]lv“b}gÆ -cg'M a/fn, ;g\ !(*^, k[= !@)&–!@!(_ . ljZj k'/fgf :yflkt dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ of] Pp6f df]8]n h'g lgtfGt blIf0f Pl;of;“u} dfq 5f8\b} gof“–gof“z}nLx¿nfO{ c“ufNg] k|lqmofsf] d]n vfg hfG5, o;afx]s cGo o"/f]k, cd]l/sf / tLa| ?kdf ljsf; eof] h;sf] ;a}eGbf ;lqmo clk|msf dxfb]zsf d'n'sx¿sf k[ys gLltx¿ 5g\ . k|efj cf}Bf]uLssLs/0fdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . o; cy{df ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«x¿nfO{ t/fh'df cf}Bf]uLssLs/0fn] ;Dk"0f{ ?kaf6} ljZjnfO{ lj:tf/} /fv]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] ;dfg tf}n kfpg eg] ;ls“b}g . cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] laNs'n goF“ b'lgof“df ws]lnlbof] k/Dk/fut dfGotfsf] cGTo tyf gjLg cfofdx?sf] h;sf] k|efj alnof] u/L :yflkt x'g uof] / cfhsf] pbo of] ;+;f/ aGg k'Uof] . cfw'lgsLs/0f cfkm}“df Pp6f ultzLn k|lqmof xf] . o;n] cfºgf] k|efj ;w}“el/ / /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;nfO{ at{dfg ;dodf ;“u}} ;a}lt/ hdfO/xG5 . of] k|efj klg /fli6«o ;'/Iff / hf]8]/ x]l/g' lgs} ;fGble{s / dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . ljsf;sf] s'/f;“u} hf]l8g hfG5 . o; cy{df xfdLn] o;sf lglDt ;a{k|yd /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf cfw'lgsLs/0fnfO{ gsf/]/ /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf; cfofd, d'2fx¿ / ljleGg b]zx¿n] ckgfO/x]sf h:tf] uDeL/ s'/fnfO{ ;~rfng jf Joa:yfkg ug{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt / ljsf;sf k|;ª\+ux¿nfO{ hf]8]/ ;Sb}gf}“ . cfw'lgsLs/0f of] o'usf] clgjfo{ dfu / x]g{' cfjZos x'G5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf cfofdx¿ ;t{ alg;s]sf] 5 / o;nfO{ /fli6«o ;jfn;“u hf]8]/ cGtu{t Eff}lts ;'/Iff, /fhg}lts ;'/Iff, cfly{s x]g'{ clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 . o;}n] cfw'lgsLs/0f /fli6«o ;'/Iff, kof{j/0fLo ;'/Iff, pmhf{ tyf k|fs[lts ;'/Iff / ljsf;df klg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] tTj ;|f]tx¿sf] ;'/Iff, ;fOa/ tyf sDKo'6/ ;'/Iff, xf] . lgdf{0f tyf ;+/rgfut ;DklQx¿sf] ;'/Iff cflb kb{5g\ . o;} u/L bf];|f] ljZjo'4eGbf otfsf] /fli6«o cGt/b]zLo ;+/rgf ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ffdf k'/fgf], ef/L tyf :yflkt jt{dfg ljZjnfO{ d'VotM zlQm;DkGg /fi6«x¿sf] ;}Go laz]iftf h'g h/f ufl8P/ /x]sf] dfGotfdfly ;d"x / sdhf]/ /fi6«x¿sf] ;d"x u/L b'O{ wf/df ;'/Iffsf ;}4flGts r'gf}tLx¿ ylkof] / /fli6«o laefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L b'O{ wf/df ljeflht ;'/Iffdf ;}Go r'gf}tLx¿sf] a'emfO ;}Go an jf /fi6«x¿n] /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf /0fgLltx¿nfO{ zlQmsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] laz]iftfx¿ :yflkt

229 UNITY JOURNAL lyP . cGttM of] a'emfOnfO{ gof“ r'gf}tLx¿n] k[ys z}nLsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] kIfnfO{ ljsl;t, / hl6n agfOlbof] - a|fpg, !(*^, k[= @%–#@_ . ljsf;zLn / ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿sf cfwf/df x]bf{ o;df /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf cfodx¿ klg k|d'v dflgG5g\ Toxf“sf cfly{s ljsf;sf /0fgLltx¿ k[ys /x]sf] h;sf] rrf{ lgDgk|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M kfpg ;lsG5 . g]kfnnfO{ klg Ps ljsf;zLn /fi6« dflgG5 . oxf“sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf /0fgLltx¿ Tolt cfofd tyf d'2fx? w]/} pTs[i6 kfpg eg] ;ls“b}g h;n] ubf{ b]zdf ef}lts ;'/IffM of] ;'/IffcGtu{t d'VotM ;]gf tyf /f]huf/Lsf] cefj x'g', b]zn] cfºgf pTkfbgdf ;}Go Joa:yfkg, ;Ldf–/Iff / ;]gfsf ;fy;fy} hf]8 lbg g;Sg', k|fljlws k5\of}6]kg, s[lifdf /fHosf cGo k|d'v ;'/Iff lgsfosf kIf tyf cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] cefj, ko{6g Joj;fodf a]jf:tf, st{Jox¿nfO{ ;d]6\g ;lsG5 . o;sf] p2]Zo Jofjxfl/s / k|fljlws lzIffsf] cefj, oftfoft, /fi6« la/f]wL tTj, cft+safbsf] km}nfj6, /fi6« / ;~rf/sf] c;'ljwf, cf}wf]lusLs/0fdf a]jf:tf, /fHok|lt cgfb/ ;d"xx¿nfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf /f]sL s'g} vlghhGo kbfy{sf] pTvgg\ / pTkfbgdf hf]8 glbg' klg k|sf/sf] ef}lts r'g}tLx¿nfO{ xn u/L /fi6«leq h:tf sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] cfly{s /0fgLltnfO{ k|:6 ;f}xfb{k"0f{ jftfj/0f l;hgf{ ug'{ ef}lts ;'/Iffsf] kf/]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;f]emf] c;/ k|ltJolQm cfodf lhDd]jf/LcGtu{t kb{5 . kg{ uPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ /fHosf] cfly{s gLltsf] sdhf]/Ln] ubf{ ;du| /fHoJoj:yf tyf ;'/Iff /fhg}lts ;'/IffM s'g} klg /fi6«leq /fHo ;~rfng gLltdf g} k|efj k/]sf] 5 . ljsl;t d'nsx¿n] tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu /fhgLlt clgjfo{ kIfsf] eg] cfºgf] cfly{s ;'/IffnfO{ dha't agfpg cfºg} ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . /fi6«sf] zf;g k|0ffnL To; pTkfbg / pkof]udf hf]8 lbP/ /fli6«o ahf/ tyf /fi6«sf] /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ klg ;'/lIft ul/;s]sf 5g\ . zf;g k|0ffnL jf b]zsf] /fhgLltn] /fHosf] ;'/Iff o;}n] b]z ljsf;sf] nflu cfly{s ;'/Iffsf ljljw gLltnfO{ klg lbzflgb]{z ub{5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf kIf ;an x'g'k5{ eGg]df b'O{dt x'“b}g . / sfg'g, /fhgLlts ;+:yf, s"6gLlt, ;GwL tyf ;Demf}tfx¿nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ b]zsf gful/sx¿nfO{ kof{j/0fLo ;'/IffM kof{j/0fn] dflg;;“u;“u}} k|s[ltdf ;dfg lsl;dsf] zf;g k2lt ckgfpg' klg /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ hLjfTdf tyf lghL{j ;+;f/;“u}sf] /fhg}lts ;'/Iff cGtut{sf kIfx¿ x'g\ . o;}leq ;DaGwnfO{ Ps csf{sf kl/k"/ssf ?kdf c6fPsf] pQm d'nssf] ljsf; / ;d[l4 hf]l8P/ /x]sf] x'G5 . x'G5 . hxf“ Pp6f ;Gt'lnt b'lgof“sf] lgdf{0f eO{ ;+;f/ ;~rflnt ePsf] x'G5 . o;/L lgdf{0f ePsf] cfly{s ;'/IffM nueu ljZjdf clxn] k"“hLafb lgs} ;Gt'lnt b'lgof“nfO{ dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx¿åf/f ;lq|mo ?kdf xfjL ePsf] 5 . k"“hL lagf casf] ;+;f/ x:tIf]k x'g k'Uof] eg] xfdL cfºg} cGTotkm{ ws]lng rNg} g;Sg] xf] ls, eGg] dfGotf ljsf; ePsf] 5 . afWo x'g] s'/f lglZrt 5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] a9\bf] rfk, k'“hL;DaGwL o; lsl;dsf] dfGotf jf cjwf/0fn] pBf]uwGbf tyf snsf/vgfaf6 pT;lh{t w'jf“, jt{dfg b'lgof“nfO{ cem k|lt:kwL{ agfPsf] 5 . r/d ag km8fgL, k|s[ltsf ;|f]tx¿ -hn, vlgh, k"“hLsf af/]df ePsf] c:j:Yo k|lt:kwf{n] /fli6«o jg:klt cflb_ sf] cg'lrt k|of]u, hLjhGt'x¿sf] ;'/Iffdf lbgfg'lbg r'gf}tL ylk“b} uPsf 5g\ . rf]/L l;sf/L, a;fO“ ;/fO, cJojl:yt a;f]af;, ljleGg b]zx¿n] cfºg} z}nLdf cfly{s ljsf;sf] lagfof]hgf ;x/Ls/0f cflb ljifox¿ jt{dfg ljZjsf /0fgLltx?nfO{ ckgfPsf] kfOG5 . cGt/f{li6«o kof{j/0fLo ;d:osfsf k|d'v r'g}tLsf laifo ag]sf

230 UNITY JOURNAL 5g\ . ljZjdf at{dfgsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] d'2f eg]s} uf]kgLotf eª\u x'g], dxŒjk"0f{ ;fdfg tyf j:t'x¿ kof{j/0fsf] xf] . o; ;DaGwdf a]nfa]nfdf ljleGg rf]/L x'g] OToflb 36gfx¿ x'g uO{ To;sf] g/fd|f] b]zx¿df o;sf] r'gf}tLnfO{ lrg{ ;Dd]ngx¿ klg Iflt x'g] u/]sf] s'/fx¿sf] ;a't xfd|f ;fd' k|:6 ePsf] lyof] . jftfj/0f cfkm}“df Pp6f ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ . ;+;f/sf] Ps s'gfdf tof/ ul/Psf /fli6«o kIf xf] . o;/L /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf kIfnfO{ ;'/Iffdf k|efj kfg]{ xltof/x¿ csf]{ s'gfdf a;]/ cufl8 a9fp“b} ubf{ kof{j/0fsf] ;'/IffnfO{ klg k|of]u / pkof]u ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 . s]Gb|df /fv]/ x]l/g' cfjZos 7xl/G5 . /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ dha't agfpg o:tf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u h?/L ag]sf] 5 . vf; u/L ;Ldf ;'/Iffsf pmhf{ tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] ;'/IffM s'g} klg ;jfndf b]zsf] /fhwfgLdf a;]/ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnsf] d'n'ssf] cy{ lgdf{0f tyf pGglt–k|ult tyf ;Ldf cjnf]sg ug]{ k|0ffnL ;+;f/df ljsf; / k|of]u ljsf;sf] nflu To; /fi6«sf] pmhf{ tyf k|fs[lts eP klg xfd|f] ;Gbe{df …cfsfzsf] kmn cf“vftl/ ;|f]tx¿sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;sf] pkof]u d/Ú ePsf] 5 . t;y{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] hlt ljsf; ljz]if dflg;sf] b}lgs lqmofsnfkx¿sf nflu Psbd} x'g ;Sof], /fli6«o ;'/Iff klg Tolt g} ;an x'g] cfjZos dflgG5 . dflg; nufot ;+;f/sf ;Dk"0f{ lglZrt 5 . hLjfTdfx¿ k"0f{?kdf k|s[ltd} lge{/ /x]sf x'G5g\ . o;/L s'g} klg b]zsf] pmhf{ tyf k|s[lts ;|f]tx¿ lgdf{0f tyf ;+/rgfsf] ;'/Iff M of] ;'/IffcGt{ut pQm /fi6«sf] dfq geO{ ;Dk"0f{ hut\sf] ;emf /x]sf] s'g} klg b]zleq /x]sf cfj;, k'n, k'n];f, af6f], x'“bf o;tkm{ klg /fli6«o ;'/Iff tyf ljsf;sf lah'nL aQL, s'nf], ejg cflb kb{5g\ . /fHon] oL ;jfndf x/]s /fi6« / To;leqsf /fHon] uDeL/ ljljw kIfdf plrt Wofg lbg ;s]df dfq /fli6«o eP/ Joj:yfkg tyf dfqfnfO{ ldnfP/ dfq pkof]u ;'/Iffdf logn] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ . g]kfn ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . ef}uf]lns ljifdtfn] el/Psf] d'n's xf] . If]qkmnsf b[li6n] ;fgf] eP klg o;sf ;Dk"0f{ e"–efudf k'Ug ;fOa/ tyf sDKo'6/ ;'/IffM clxn]sf] o'u sl7g 5 . o; sl7gfOsf sf/0fn] ljleGg :jfyL{ sDKo'6/sf] xf] . k|ljlwsf] tLa| ljsf;n] xfd|f] ;do / ck/fwL ;d"xn] g]kfnsf] e"ldaf6 nfe lnO/x]sf / ;+;f/nfO{ ;/n / ;xh agfPsf] 5 . oBlk 5g\ . of] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] uDeL/ r'gf}tL o;sf r'gf}tLsf ;jfnx¿ klg ;“u};“u}} xf]nfg\ xf] . o;}n] ;Dk"0f{ e"–efudf ;xh kx'“rsf] cj:yf tfklg sDKo'6/ jt{dfgsf] clgjfo{tf alg;s]sf] l;h{gf ug{ /fHo tTk/ x'g'k5{ . /fHon] /fHosf ;j} 5 . csf]{tkm{ o;sf] k|of]u ub}{ ubf{ xfdL ;r]t / e"–efudf g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;xh kx'“rsf] cj:yf ;hu /xg'kg]{ klg cfjZos 5 . sDKo'6/ jt{dfgdf l;h{gf u/]df /fli6«o ;'/Iff :jtM ;an aGg k'Ub5 . nueu xfd|f] b}lgsL;“u} hf]l8g k'lu;s]sf] 5 . s'g} klg /fi6«leqsf ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L cGo ljleGg lgisif{ ;+:yfx¿sf] sfo{;DkbgnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] tyf b]zsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff / b]zsf] ljsf; Ps csf{sf r':t–b'?:t agfpgsf lgldQ sDKo'6/df ljleGg kl/k"/s x'g\ . o;sf nflu b]zsf] /fhgLlts Joj:yf ;º6j]o/sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5, h;nfO{ jf zf;g k|0ffnL, b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf jf gLlt, ;'/lIft agfO{ cflwsfl/s JolQmnfO{ dfq ;~rfng cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, ;fdflhs ljsf;, ;fdflhs ug]{ clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . pQm s'/fsf] ;f“:s[lts ;DaGw, jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng / ;'/Iff, slxn]sfxL“ b'?kof]u, Xoflsª, Donkmª\;g x'g uO{ ljsf;–lgdf{0f, oftfoft, ;~rf/, lzIff, :jf:Yosf]

231 UNITY JOURNAL ljsf; ;an ePdf dfq /fli6«o ;'/Iff klg ;an ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL x'G5 . /fi6« /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] ;an x“'b}g lu|hf]N8, P=, -;g\ !(($_, b sG;]K6 ckm g];gn ta b]z ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . ;fdflhs–;f“:s[lts ;]So'l/6L Og b sG6]Dkf]//L jN8{, OG6/g];gn hf]g{n ;b\efj gx'g', cfGtl/s snx l;h{gf x'g', /fhgLlts cg jN8{ lk;, ef]n'd !!, g+=#, k[= #&–%#, JSTOR, cl:y/tf x'g', pBf]u snsf/vfgfsf] ljsf; gx'g' www.jstor.org/stable/20751984. cflbn] /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ sdhf]/ agfp“5 . t;y{ b'jf8L zdf{, gf/fo0fk|;fb, -@)&^_, /fli6«o ;'/Iff /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf; Ps l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f Aoj:yfsf] kl/ro, gof“klqsf b}lgs @)&^ h]7 ePsf x'gfn] Pssf] cefjdf csf]{ k"0f{ x'g ;Sb}g . % cfOtaf/, https://www.nayapatrikadaily. com/news-details/14522/2019-05-19 a/fn, la=, ;]So'l/6L Rofn]Gh ckm :dn :6]6, ef]n'd !&, k[ !, https://www.nepjol.info/index. php/JPS/article/view/20510/16851 a/fn, Pn= -;g\ !(*^_, g]kfn;\ ;]So'l/6L kf]n];L PG8 ;fpy Pl;og l/hglnhd, Pl;og ;e]{, ef]n'd @^, g+=!!, k[ !@)&–!@!(, JSTOR, www.jstor. org/stable/2644316 a:Goft, la=, -;g\ @)!&, h'g (_, g];gn ;]So'/L6L, b sf7df08" kf]i6, https://kathmandupost. com/valley/2017/06/09/national-security a:Goft, la=, -@)&^_ l/;]G6 kf]lnl6sn P08 ;]So'l/6L l8l;hg P08 O6\; ODKofS6, ef]n'd !@, g+= @), h]i7 @$, @)&^, doi: 584, https://www.spotlightnepal. com/2019/05/13/recent-political-and- security-decisions-and-its-impact/ a|fpg, Pn= cf/, -;g\ !(*^_, l/8LkmfO{gLª g];gn ;]So'l/6L, Rofn]Gh, ef]n'd @(, g+=#, k[= @%–#@, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40721024. DofSn'xfg, Pd=, -;g\ @)!#_ sG6]S:6 ckm k|flS6;, @)!#, l8;]Da/ * cfOtaf/, http://a-mushtaq1114-dc. blogspot.com/2013/12/marshall-mcluhan- global-village.html

232 UNITY JOURNAL

/fHosf] Ifdtf clej[l4df e"/0fgLlts ;'/IffM cj;/ / r'gf}tL

z}n]Gb| axfb'/ yfkf n]v;f/ lgdf{tfx?n] g]kfnsf] /li6«o Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu /fli6«o e"uf]n, Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / /fli6«o klxrfgnfO{ dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;qmdb]lv g} wdf{lwsf/L, /fi6« d'6"df /fvL axlsP/, em'lSsP/, nf]leP/ jf k/fwLg lgdf{tf, gLlt lgdf{tf, /fli6«o lje"lt, j}1flgs / dfgl;stf af]s]/ xf]Og, :jfwLg eP/ 3/]n'gLlt o'4 ;/bf/x?n] cfºgf] …dft[e"ld / wd{–;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0fsf kIfdf …:jtGq lg0f{oÚ lng ;fdYo{jfg\ /Iff Pj+ lj:tf/sfÚ vflt/ ;"Id cg';Gwfg / /xg] ljZjf; g]kfnL hgsf] 5 . ctM g]kfnsf /x:odo /Iff–gLltx? lgdf{0f u/L k[YjLsf] 6f9f– b'j} ;“lwof/ ldq/fi6«x? jf cGo ldq/fi6«x?sf] 6f9f;Ddsf ;Eotfx?dfem k'¥ofO{ nfu'' u/fpg' g]kfn x]g]{ cGt/f{li6«o gLltx?nfO{ ;"Id ?kdf cgf}7f] xf]Og . hgs, ;Ltf, a'4, c+z'jdf{, c/lgsf], s]nfO{ t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f u/L g]kfnlj?4 b"/ufdL kmfNu'gfgGb, k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnufotsf w]/} g]kfnL c;/ kfg{;Sg] s'g} klg ljb]z gLltx?k|lt ;hu /fli6«o JolQmŒj / lje"ltx?sf] of]ubfgaf6 k|fKt /xL t6:y, ljj]szLn Ifdtf / /fHod}qL c;+nUg ;fj{ef}d g]kfnsf] /Iff–gLltdfly g]kfneGbf kl5 ljsNkx? c¨Lsf/ ug]{ NofstnfO{ s] s:tf :yflkt sltko zlQmzfnL /fi6«sf lnl8n xf6{sf] l;4fGtx?n] lgb]{lzt ug{ ;S5g\ < ;jfn of] xf] . …OG8fO{/]S6 Pk|f]rÚ, sfn{ ef]g Snfplhh\sf] …cg /fhgLltsf If]qdf …:jfwLgtfsf] l;4fGtÚ / cfly{s jf/Ú h:tf o'4zf:qLo /0fgLltx?n] r'gf}tL lbg] If]qdf …cfTdlge{/tfsf] l;4fGtnfO{Ú of]hgfj4 b'i;fx; ub}{gg\ . o4lk km/s ;Eotfsf s]Gb|x?n] ?kdf ;~rfng ub}{ …;}lgs kIfnfO{Ú k//fi6« g]kfnnfO{ …cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zok"0f{ gd'gf 5gf}6sf] gLltsf] clgjfo{ tTj dfGbf -cfrfo{, k[=!(!–!(*_ Ps PsfOÚ dfg]/ k|of]uzfnfsf] :ynut sfo{If]qsf o;n] /fHosf] yk Ifdtf clej[l4;“u} e"/0fgLlts ?kdf sfd ul//x]sf] elgPsf] O08f]–Kofl;lkms ;'/IffnfO{ k|a4{g ug{ ;Sg] wf/0ff sltko jl/i7 /0fgLlt÷ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh skf]{/]zgsf] s"6gLlt1x?sf] 5 . ;'gf}nf cj;/x? xfdLdfem cfOk'u]sf 5g\ . logsf xflgsf/s tTjx?;“u ;ts{ /x“b} ;sf/fTds kf6f]x? zAbs'~hLM ljj]sk"0f{ 5gf}6, :jtGq lg0f{o, klxNofO{ …ljj]sk"0f{ 5gf}6åf/fÚ /fli6«o lxtsf kIfdf k//fi6« gLltsf] clgjfo{ tŒjsf ?kdf ;}lgs kIf, ;+zf]wg u/L nfe lng ;lsof] eg] /fd|f] cj;/ k|fKt lqkIfLotfjfbsf] l;4fGt, gjoyf{yjfbL l;4fGt, x'g]5 . t/ o:tf] ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} Joj:yf;“u g]kfn cfGtl/s s]Gb|Ls/0f zlQm, s]Gb|fk;f/s zlQm, sfg'g aflemPdf sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg l5d]sLŒj gLlt, /fHosf] Ifdtf clej[l4, /fli6«o gf}nf] /x]g . ;dosf] bafasf sf/0f of] Rofn]Ghn] lxt, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, ljZjzflGt . g]kfnsf] …c;+nUgÚ gLltnfO{ nË8f] agfO{ g]kfnL ljifo k|j]z ;fj{ef}d ;Qfdfly r'gf}tL v8f ul/lbof] eg] …jjf{b eP5Ú egL tkfO“ of] bzssf] e"n;“u csf]{ bzsb]lv g]kfn Ps e"–kl/j]li7t :jtGq d'n's xf] . g]kfn k5'tfpg' l;jfo bf];|f] e"n x'g]5}g . g]kfnL gLlt– /fi6« ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ …;u/dfyfsf] b]zÚ, ltg

233 UNITY JOURNAL dfgj a'4x?M …qms'R5Gb a'4Ú, …sgsd'gL a'4Ú, … pklgj]zjfb / ;fd|fHojfbsf] cwLgdf /xg' gk/]sf] uf}td a'4 hGde"ldsf] b]zÚ / ljZjdf Vofltk|fKt … e"–/0fgLlts ;'/Iffn] /fHosf] Ifdtf clej[l4df axfb'/ of]4fx?Ú ePsf] b]z – oL ltg sf/0fx?n] ljlzi7 cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ljZjdf k|Voft 5 -j}B, dfgGw/ / a:Goft, @)^%, e"ldsf_ . n'lDagLdf O{=k"=^@#sf] j}zfv ljifosf] ljZn]if0f z'Snk"l0f{dfdf hlGdPsf Plzofsf tf/f af}4 bfz{lgs g]kfn–ef/taLr @% clk|n !(%$ df ;DkGg zfSod'gL a'4, lh;;eGbf ^@@ jif{n] h]7f eP klg sf]zL ;Demf}tfaf6 blIf0fL ;+lwof/ d'n'sn] aqmLo Plzofjf;Ln] a'4k"j{ / a'4 ;Djt\nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o af6f] k|of]u u/L ;fj{ef}d g]kfnL If]qleq k:g z'? k|rngdf Nofpg ;s]gg\ . O{;fO{ ;Eotfsf bfz{lgs u/]sf] $ lbgkl5 g]kfnL e"ld …a'+bLÚ ufp“dfly 6]s]/ lh;;\ qmfOi6sf] hGd ;Dat\nfO{ …z"GoÚ jif{ -±!@ pQ/L ;+lwof/ d'n's;“u cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw IF]q– dlxgf_ cfwf/ dfgL O{zfk"j{ / ;g\nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o lj:tf/ ug]{ gLlt lnO;s]sf lyP . bfr{'nf lhNnfsf] ;Djt\sf ?kdf ;xif{ :jLsf/ ul/of] -yfkf, lj=;+= lnlDkofw'/fb]lv k"j{df /x]sf] a'+bL ufp“df ( h'g !(%@ @)&$, k[=3_ . ;g\ ^#) df rLg -ltAat_ n] df ef/tLo ;]gfn] r]skf]i6 /fv]otf ef/t–rLgaLr g]kfnnfO{ æPs :jtGq /fHosf]Ú dfGotf k|bfg u/L @( clk|n !(%$ df lnk'n]s kf; eP/ Jofkf/L g/]Gb|b]j / ltAatL /fhf ;|ªrª uDkf]aLr klxnf] tyf tLy{ofqLx? cfjthfjt ug{ kfpg] ;Demf}tf æk|lt/Iff ;}lgs ;xof]u tyf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;lGwÆ eof] . ;g\ !(%( df g]kfnL sfnfkfgL ju/ 5gf}6 ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 ltAatsf] blIf0fkl§sf] ;LdfnfO{ u/L ef/tLo ;]gf t}gfy eof] . ef/tn] ;g\ !(^@ g]kfnn] ;'/lIft ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfsf ;fy g/]Gb|b]jnfO{ df rLg;“usf] o'4df s]xL ;dosf nflu ;fdl/s ltAatL ;]gfsf] …;'j]bf/Ú kb lbOof] ->]i7 / c?, e"ld sfnfkfgL cfjZos k/]sf] /0fgLlts sf/0f lj=;+= @)&$, k[=%#$–%#%_ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf b]vfO{ o; If]qsf] sl/a #&@ ju{ lsnf]ld6/eGbf !(# ;b:o b]zx?dWo] ;fj{ef}ldstf / :jtGqtfsf a9L ;fj{ef}d g]kfnL e"–efu cltqmd0f u/]sf] 5 . x}l;otdf ;a}eGbf Ho]i7 /fi6«x?sf] dof{bfqmddWo] ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL /fhLj ufGwLn] !(–@# l8;]Da/ Plzofsf qmdzM klxnf] b]z hfkfg -O{=k"=^^)_, !(** df lnk'n]s kf; eP/ gof“ yk ;Ldf–Jofkf/ bf];|f] d+uf]lnof -O{=k"=@)(_, t]x|f}+ cf]dfg -hgj/L @^, ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ ;xdt eof] . l8;]Da/ !^%)_, rf}wf}“ ckmuflg:tfg -clk|n !), !&)(_, !((! df lrgLof“ k|wfgdGqL ln kmªsf] gof“ lbNnL ;f]x|f}+ yfONofG8 -gf]e]Da/ ^, !&^&_ x'g\ eg], g]kfn e|d0fsf cj;/df gof“ yk ;Ldf–Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf ;qf}“ :yfg -l8;]Da/ @!, !&^*_df /x]sf] b]z xf] x:tfIf/ eof] . h'nfO !((@ df lnk'n]s kf; ->]i7, lj=;+= @)&%, k[=$^–$&_ . If]qkmnsf cfwf/df ;Ldf–Jofkf/nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ ef/t–rLgn] æk|j]z / g]kfn ;+;f/sf] (# cf}“ :yfgdf /xL lxdfnog /]~hdf lgsf; k|lqmofsf]Ú k|f]6f]sndf x:tfIf/ u/] . ;g\ kg]{ ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b]z xf] hxf“ ;u/dfyf, @))# df ef/t–rLgaLr lnk'n]s kf; eP/ ;Ldf– s~rghª\uf, nf]T;], dsfn', rf]o', wf}nflu/L, dgf:n' Jofkf/ lj:tf/ ug{ ;xdt eof] . !! clk|n @))% / cGgk"0f{ cf7j6f lxdfnx? ljZjsf bzf}“ ;jf]{Rr df lrgLof“ k|wfgdGqL j]g lhcfjfcf] / ef/tLo lxdlzv/ cGtu{t /x]sf 5g\ . !,$&,!*! ju{ k|wfgdGqL dgdf]xg l;+xaLr kf/:kl/s k/fdz{sf ls=ld=If]qkmnleq ljZj ;Dkbf ;'rLdf bz k'/ftTj cfwf/df lnk'n]s kf; / lnk';“u} hf]l8Psf] Rofªnf ;Dkbfx? ;"rLs[t ePsf] b]zdf ;}lgs of]ubfgsf] kf;nufotsf If]qx?nfO{ rLg–ef/taLrsf] ;Ldf k[i7e"ldsf sf/0f Plzofsf] Oltxf;df g]kfn slxNo} a}7s ljGb'sf] ;++oGq lj:tf/ ug]{ l;4fGtdf ;xdtL

234 UNITY JOURNAL eof] (Sam, 2015) . ;]K6]Da/ @)!$ df lrgLof“ hgu0ftGq rLgsf] jfl0fHo dGqfnodf g]kfnL kIf /fi6«klt l; lrglkmªsf] ef/t e|d0fsf] ;dodf / lrgLof“ kIfsf aLr !&–!* l8;]Da/ @)!$df rLg–ef/taLr …s}nfz dfg;/f]j/ ofqLsfÚ nflu g]kfn–rLg ;+o'Qm cfly{s / Jofkfl/s sld6Lsf] lnk'n]s kf; / gfy'nf gfsf vf]Ng] ;xdlt eof] . !!cf}+ ;];g\df …l;Ns /f]8 Osf]gf]lds j]N6dfÚ * dlxgfkl5 ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bLsf] rLg ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 (Shrestha, 2015, pp. 194- e|d0fsf qmddf !% d] @)!% df ef/t–rLgaLr 206) . k|wfgdGqL s]=kL=cf]nLn] @! dfr{ @)!^Dff g]kfnsf] lnk'n]s kf;÷Rofªnf kf;nfO{ …;Ldf rLgdf P]ltxfl;s kf/jxg / oftfoft ;Demf}tfdf Jofkf/ gfsfÚ agfpg] ;Demf}tf eof] . rLg–ef/t x:tIf/ u/] . Plzof–k|zfGtsf nflu cfly{s tyf d]nldnfkaf6 pTkGg hfnem]nn] …rLg–g]kfn–ef/tÚ ;fdflhs ;ldltåf/f of]hgf ul/Psf] PlzofnL lqkIfLotfjfb\sf] l;4fGtnfO{ pNnª\3g ub}{ ;fj{ef}d /fhdfu{sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ cËsf ?kdf o;nfO{ g]kfnL e"ld cltqmd0f u/]sf 5g\ . ljsl;t ul/Psf] xf] . rLg -ltAat_ ;/sf/n] @)&$ efb| !$ ut] blIf0f PlzofnL d'n'sx?;“u /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;g !(^^ sf] d] @^ df eQmk'/df u/]sf] hf]8\g] dxŒjk"0f{ k|j]z dfu{sf ?kdf /;'jfu9L– c/lgsf] /fhdfu{sf] pb\3f6gaf6 g]kfn …Ps dfqfsf] s]?ª gfsfnfO{ …cGt/f{li6«o gfsfÚ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] :jtGqtfÚ (One Degree of Freedom) af6 …bf];|f] 5 (Story of Kerung, 2019) . sf7df8f}+–sf]bf/L– dfqfsf] :jtGqTff (Second Degree of Freedom) Nxf;f /fhdfu{ …PlzofnL /fhdfu{sf] ;~hfnleqÚ k|fKt u/]b]lv (Shrestha, 2015, p. 16) g]kfnsf] ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 . oL pQ/–blIf0f /fhdfu{ tyf l5d]sL;“usf] k//fi6« gLlt …;db"/LÚ -OlSjl8:6]G;_ gfsfx?sf] ;~rfngn] g]kfnsf] e"–kl/j]li7t ‰ofn– ePsf] xf . g]kfnn] rLgsf] ;f+3fOdf ;g\ @))$ 9f]sfx?nfO{ v'nf u/L cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf bf]xf]/f] clk|n @^Dff Pl;ofnL /fhdfu{ ;~rfng;DaGwL kx'“rsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf ‰ofn– ;Demf}tfkqdf x:tfIf/ ul/;s]kl5 PlzofnL 9f]sfx? y'gL /fHonfO{ …e'6fgÚ h:tf] ef/tj]li7t /fhdfu{sf] g]kfndf kg]{ ?6 k"j{–klZrd dx]Gb| agfpg] ;kgf a'Gg dflx/ jflz¨6g–lbNnL Ansn] /fhdfu{ AH–2 / pQ/–blIf0f c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ g]kfnnfO{ j]Olhªtkm{ 9Ns]sf] cf/f]k nufOlbPsf] AH–42 /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] ;g\ @))^ gf]e]Da/df j}b]lzs x:tIf]ksf] r'gf}tLnfO{ cj;/df ?kfGt/0f rLgsf] ;lqmotfdf blIf0f sf]l/ofl:yt a';fgdf ug]{ Ifdtf sf7df8f}+;“u 5 . g]6f] u7aGwg cd]l/sL cfof]lht PlzofnL oftfoft dGqLx?sf] ;Dd]ngdf ;}lgs /0fgLlts sf/jfxLn] km/s ljrf/, cf:yf Plzof / o'/f]ksf b]zx?nfO{ hf]8\g] …6«fG;–Plzog / lj/f]wL /fi6«x?dfly xdnf (Sangroula, 2018, /]Nj] g]6js{sf]Ú ;xdltkqdf x:tfIf/ u¥of] . of] pp. 19-20) u/L rLg 3]g]{ cd]l/sL /0fgLlt, /]ndfu{ ;~hfnsf] klxnf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(^) df Sjfl8«Nof6/n PnfOG;÷O08f]–Kofl;lkms /0fgLlt, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] cl3 ;f/]sf] lyof] . k|wfgdGqL k|ltåGåL /fi6«sf] 8S6«fOgM k|efj jf g]kfn ;Gbe{df ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] g]kfnsf tkm{af6 ;a{k|yd !* jflz¨6g–lbNnL s]lGb|t e"–/fhgLlts÷e"–/0fgLlts l8;]Da/ @)!$df a]Olhªdf ;DkGg …Ps If]q Ps :jfy{n] k|ToIf k|efj (Sangroula, 2015, pp. 138- dfu{Ú -cf]lacf]cf/_ df ;}4flGts ;xdlt hgfO{ 139) kf/]sf] sltko ljZn]ifsx?sf] a'emfO 5 . ;dembf/Lkqdf x:tfIf/ u/] -yfkf, lj=;+=@)&^ -v_, k[=%_ . ;g\ !($(df cª\u|]h cf}klgj]lzs babafaf6 ef/t :jtGq eP;“u} ;g\ !(%)df ;DkGg æg]kfn–ef/t

235 UNITY JOURNAL zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGwÆ / ;g\ !(^%sf] æg]kfn– dw]zLx?nfO{ xfd|f] l/df]6af6 Ps agfpg g;s]sf] / ef/t ;'/Iff ;lGwsfÆ sf/0f e"kl/j]li7t g]kfnnfO{ kxf8x?df xfd|f] 7"nf] cnf]slk|otf ePsf] (Tharoor, ef/tj]li7t agfPsf] sltko ljåfg\x?sf] d"Nofª\sg 2018, pp. 460-463) df]bL ;/sf/sf kfqx?sf] 5 . lj=;+=@)!%df g]kfnsf] …/Iff Joj:yfÚ ef/tnfO{ a'emfO ;fj{ef}d g]kfnLsf nflu d}qLk"0f{ 5}gg\, clkt' ;'Dkg] uf]Ko of]hgfnfO{ tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;a}vfn] r'gf}tLx?nfO{ cj;/df abNb} g]kfnn] lgit]h agfPsf] (Upadhya, 2018, p. 29) Oltxf; ;a} ldq/fi6«x?;“u …cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gÚ / …;+o'Qm efjL g]kfnL ;GttLx?nfO{ a'emfpg' h?/L 5 . /fi6«;+3sf] j8fkqsf]Ú kfngf ub}{ …lgz:qLs/0fdflyÚ g]kfndf klxnf] hgcfGbf]ng r/d pTsif{df k'Ubf hf]8 lb“b}cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] …zflGtk"0f{Ú cfu|xåf/f lj=;+=@)$^ r}q !* ut] ef/tsf tTsfnLg ljb]z …;db'/LÚ (Equi-distance), …;d–;fldKotfÚ (Equi- ;lrj P;=s]=l;+x ;'n g]kfn cfO{ !( ut] /fhf;dIf proximity), …ultzLn t6:ytfÚ (Dynamic k]z u/]sf] k|:tfljt uf]Ko ;lGw (Upadhya, Neutralism), …Ps rLg gLltÚ / …k~rzLnsf] 2018, p. 470)df …hn;|f]tsf] clwsf/ ef/tnfO{ l;4fGtsfÚ cfwf/df cfGtl/s Pjd\ af≈o Ifdtf ;'lDkg'kg]{Ú egL /flvPsf zt{x?nfO{ ;fj{ef}d g]kfnL clej[l4sf nflu ;Gt'lnt …l5d]lsTjsf] gLltÚ ljBfyL{x?sf nflu cfh ulx/f] cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo (Neighborhood Policy) cl3 ;fb}{cfPsf] 5 . alg/x]sf] 5 . lj=;+=@)^$ efb| !* df rLglj?4 ef/t / cd]l/sL u'6sf] …rt'ikIfLo ;'?jftsf] lge{/tf l;4fGt -l8k]G8]G;L Yof]/L_ n] b]z ljsf; / ;Demf}tfÚ -Sjfl8«Nof6/n Olgl;Pl6eM…SjfbÚ_ sf] cl:tTjsf nflu csf]{ /fHodf lge{/ /xg] cj:yfsf] ljifonfO{ df]xdb cnLn] aL=aL=;L=af6 ;fj{hlgs j0f{g ub{5 (Dahal, 2018, p. 35) . lge{/tf u/]sf lyP . …SjfbÚ If]qLo ;'/Iffsf nflu xf] elgP l;4fGtsf] b[9 ljZjf; 5 ls, cljsl;tsf] cj:yf klg of] …ef/t–cd]l/sf cf0fljs xltof/;DaGwLÚ 7Ls t];|f] ljZjsf] cy{zf:qnfO{ k"“hLjfbL ljZj ePsf] ;Demf}tfcg';f/sf] klxnf] r/0f x'g ;Sg] k|0ffnLdf ;dflxt ug]{ kl/0ffd xf], h'g klZrd / cfz+sf s"6gLlts j[Qdf rrf{ rNg] ub{5 . Sjfbn] pQ/ cd]l/sfn] k|e'Tj hdfPsf] 5 (Dahal, 2019, g]kfnnfO{ ;fdl/s /0fgLlts If]qdf k]lng] cj:yf p. 36) . lge{/tfsf] l;4fGt eg]sf] g]kfnnfO{ ef/tn] l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 (Upadhya, 2018, pp. 333-334) . æPs dw]z Ps k|b]zÆ jf slDtdf æb'O{ dw]z ef/tn] nfu" u/]sf] æ;Ldfkf/ ljB't Jofkf/;DaGwL k|fGtsf]Æ ljsNk;lxt g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo ;Ldfª\sg lgb]{lzsf @)!^Æ cGtu{t g]kfnleq …zt k|ltzt agfpg bafa lbO{ Psk6s gof“ lbNnLn] dw];L ef/tLo ;/sf/ jf ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfx? g]tfnfO{ ;dfTof] eg] o;n] sf7df8f}+sf ;De|fGt / ef/tLo lghL If]qn] nufgL u/]sf] cfof]hgfaf6 ju{nfO{ wDsL lbg jf lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;lsof];\ egL pTkflbt lah'nL dfq ef/tdf lgof{t ug{ ;lsg]Ú rfx]h:tf] Jojxf/ ug]{ …lbjf:jKgfÚ b]Vg' klg xf]Og . k|fjwfgn] -If]qL, @)&$, k[= !)*_ g]kfnsf] hn;|f]t lge{/tfsf] l;4fGt;“u} hf]l8P/ cfpg] cfTdlg0f{osf] / kfgLsf d'xfgx?dfly gLltut clwsf/ hdfpg] clwsf/ rLg, ef/t jf s'g} klg t];|f] d'n'sx?;“u l5d]sLx?sf] s'6Ln /0fgLlts bfpk]rk|lt g]kfnL g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf cfwf/df 5gf}6 ug{ gLlt–lgdf{tfx? / g]kfnLhg ;+j]bgzLn x'g'kg]{ kfpg] …:jtGq clwsf/Ú xf] . cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ b]lvPsf] 5 . xfdLn] sf7df8f}+df …sf8{Ú kmfNg'cl3 eg]sf] /fHoaf6 6'lqmP/ cnu /xg] k|lqmof xf]Og, g} ;+ljwfgsf nflu æ;Demf}tfÆ eO;s]sf], ;+ljwfg /fHoleq /xL JolQmn] k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/x? x'g\ . nfu' ul/;s]kl5 gfsfaGbL nufPsfn] dw]zsf o;sf nflu …;fs{Ú, …ljd:6]sÚ / …c;+nUg /fi6«x?Ú

236 UNITY JOURNAL h:t} lj|S; sf]ck/]zgcGtu{t …a|flhnÚ, …/l;ofÚ, … cfb{znfO{ :jLsf/ u/L b'j} ;+lwof/ ldq /fi6«x?aLr OlG8ofÚ, …rfOgfÚ / …blIf0f clk|msfsf]Ú ;DaGwn] g]kfnn] Pscsf{sf] ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltdf ulx/f] k|efj ldqtfd} a9L hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . of] 5ftf ;+u7gleq kfl//x]sf] (Kochhar & Jaiswal, 2016, pp. 49- rLg / ef/tsf aLrdf æg]kfnn] ;+of]hgsf/L 51) n]vs åosf] ts{;+u k|Voft ef/tLo ljåfg\ e"ldsfÆ v]Nb} dWoPlzof / blIf0f PlzofaLr zlQm cfgGb:j?k jdf{ k+lQmsf ljåfg\x?sf] 7"nf] ;d"x ;Gt'ng sfod u/]sf] 5 (Baral, 2018, p. 60) . ;xdt b]lvPsf 5g\ . o;/L If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o zlQm k|lt:kwf{sf sf/0f g]kfn e"–/0fgLlts zlQm s]Gb|sf ?kdf cufl8 lgisif{ al9/x“bf, To:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfnn] kfOnf–kfOnfdf …olb g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fHosf] Ifdtf a9fpg ;Sb}g ;r]t eP/ ljj]sk"0f{ lg0f{o (Baral, 2018, p. 61) eg] /fHo cfkm}“ lj:tf/} lj36g x'g ;S5Ú (Kaplan, lng'kg]{ ljåfg\x?sf] hf]8 5 . 2012, p. 252) eGg] /f]a6{ sKnfgsf] cg'dfgnfO{ g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf tLg ;t{x?M …kfl/l:ylts ;xL dfGg' x'G5 eg], /f]a6{ k|mf]:6sf] …c;n af/a]/n] 5gf}6Ú, …;t{sf cfwf/df ug]{ 5gf}6Ú / …ljj]s;Ddt c;n l5d]sL agfpg]Ú (Frost, 1984, pp. 47-48) Pjd\ ;fjwfgLk"0f{ tl/sfn] ug]{ 5gf}6n]Ú dfq eGg] sygnfO{ tkfO“n] s;/L a'‰g' ePsf] 5 < g]kfn g]kfnsf] …/fli6«o :jfy{Ú ;'/lIft x'g]df hf]8lb“b} /fHosf] Ifdtf clej[l4df g]kfnL e"–/fhgLlts P]ltxfl;s?kdf æsf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:qÆ / lrgLof“ l:yltnfO{ alnof] agfpg …cfGtl/s s]Gb|Ls/0f ;g\ T;psf] æo'4snfÆ ef/t–lrgLof“ bz{gsf] zlQmÚ -;]lG6«lk6n kmf];{_ cyf{t\ of] zlQm s]Gb|lt/ af}l4s ljsf;df cfwfl/t /x]/ n]lvPsf u|Gyx? hfg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ cljefHo cj;/sf ?kdf x'g\ . oL b'j} u|Gyn] o'4df zq' k/f:t u/L ljhoL lng ;lsG5 . t/ cfGtl/s …s]Gb|k;f/s zlQmÚ x'g] /0fg}lts b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ub{5g\ . ;g\ T;p, -;]lG6«ºo'un kmf];{_ cyf{t of] zlQm s]Gb|af6 aflx/ æcfkm"nfO{ lrg / ltd|f] zq'nfO{ lrg, ltdLnfO{ slxNo} hfg] x'“bf o;n] /fHonfO{ ljb|f]x / ljv08g u/L r'gf}tL lbg ;Sg] -e08f/L, k[= &(^–&((_ a'emfO klg vt/f x'g]5}gÆ (Haiming, 2017, p. 60) h:tf h¨L–dGqx?n] …rLg–g]kfn–ef/tsf] lqb]zLo ldqtfÚ sltko lj1x?sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu pQ/–blIf0f / l5d]sLsf] ;DaGwnfO{ …Jojxf/f]kof]uLÚ agfpg] bf]nvfb]lv gf}nvf;Dd hf]l8Psf] e"–efunfO{ cnu ef/tLo a'l4hLaL uLtf sf]R5f/ / k|df]b h};jfnsf] ul/“bf ef]ln x'g ;Sg] ;]lG6«ºo'un kmf];{af6 pTkGg ljZn]if0f 5 . pgLx?n] zf:qLo oyfy{jfbaf6 b'ikl/0ffdnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L ;]lG6«lk6n kmf];{ -h¨L– ljsl;t gjoyfy{jfbL l;4fGtsf] Jojxf/sf sf/0f k[tgf zlQm_ df Nofpg ;Sg] ;fdYo{ /fHo;“u x'g'k5{ . g]kfn–rLg–ef/tsf] ;DaGwdf …;'/Iff b"lawfsf] g]kfnnfO{ b'O{ b]zaLrsf] …/ :6]6Ú ePsf] 7fGb} ;d:ofÚ /x]sf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf 5g\ . lqb]zLo cfPsf ;+lwof/ ldq/fi6«x?n] cd]l/sL e"–/0fgLlts ;DaGwlj?4 cGo af≈ozlQm /fi6«x? s'g} g s'g} l;4fGtcg';f/ g]kfnnfO{ rLg;“usf] …åGåsf]Ú cv8f ?kdf ;lqmo /x]/ lbO/x]sf] r'gf}tLk"0f{ gLltlj?4 agfpg] k|of; u/]sf] sltko ljåfg\x?sf] a'emfO k|lt/Iff ug'{kg]{ sltko ef/tLo a'l4hLaLx?sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf k"j{/yL Pjd\ Dofgdf/sf nflu wf/0ff 5 . csf]{lt/ lqb]zLo /fi6«x? :jod\ cfGtl/s g]kfnL k"j{/fhb"t leS6«Lzdz]/ h=a=/f=sf] dfGotf ?kdf ;'/Iff z+sfaf6 k|tfl8t 5g\ . ef/t–g]kfn s] 5 eg], cGt/f{li6«o dfldnfdf xfdL v]nf8L aGg] ;DaGwdf uf]/vfafbL÷lxGb"–;+:s[ltsf] cfbz{ / xf], d}bfg xf]Og . xfdLn] c? b]zsf] :jfy{ cfºgf] rLg–g]kfn ;DaGwdf af}4–;+:s[lt÷;dfhjfbsf] b]zleq 3':g lbg} x'Gg . To;sf nflu g]kfnn]

237 UNITY JOURNAL klxn]b]lv ckgfp“b} cfPsf] c;+nUgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ Dahal, S.H.(2019): China-Nepal-India triangle s8fOsf ;fy nfu' ub}{ -l/hfn, ;+= @)!(, k[= The dark side of Indo-Nepal relations, Kathmandu: Sangri-La Pustak P. Ltd. !%^_ g]kfnL–e"ld /0fgLlts ;Gt'ngsf] ;}4flGts Frost, R. (1984) Complete poem of Robert Frost (Theory of Nepalese-Ground Strategical (11th Printing), NewYork: Mending Wall hudfly pleP/ /fli6«o Balance: TONGSB) Haiming, W.(2017): Chinese philosophy, Beijing: lxt, ljZjzflGt / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw ;'b[9 u/L China International Press. e"–/0fgLlts ;'/Iffsf] r'gf}tLnfO{ cj;/df abNb} Kaplan, Robert D.(2012): The Revenge of /fHosf] Ifdtf clej[l4df ;xof]u k'¥ofp“b5 . geography, Newyork: the United States by Random House Trade Paperbacks, and ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL important of The Random House Publishing Group. cfrfo{, ho/fh -@)%(_M ob'gfy vgfn hLjgL / ljrf/, Kochhar, G. & Jaiswal, P. (2016). Unique Asian nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg . traingular India-China-Nepal, New Delhi: Smt If]qL, u0f]z -@)&$_M ef/tsf] g]kfn …gLlt Ps zNolqmofÚ, Neelam Batra. sf7df8f}+M hgtf k|;f/0f tyf k|sfzg ln=. Sam, C.(2015): The Indian checkposts, Lipu Lekh, and Kalapani, December 14, yfkf, z}n]Gb|-@)&^,-s__M af}4 ;Eotfsf] kl/ky, uf]/vfkq zlgjf/, c;f/ @!, jif{ !!(, c+s ^!, sf7df8f}+} . Sangroula, Y.(2018): South Asia China geo- economics, Bhaktapur: Lex & Juris yfkf, z}n]Gb| -@)&^-v__M Ps If]q Ps dfu{df g]kfn, Publication. uf]/vfkq zlgjf/, cflZjg @%, jif{ !!(, c+s !%%, Shrestha, H.(2015): Sixty years of dynamic sf7df8f}+} . partnership, Kathmandu: Nepal-China Society. e08f/L, efg'-@)^(_M e"–/fhgLlts bfpk]r, nlntk'/M cf]l/PG6n k|sfzg u[x . Tharoor, S.(2018) : The paradoxical prime minister Narendra Modi and his India, l/hfn, lji0f'M -;Dkf,@)!(_M g]kfnsf] s"6gLlts cEof; NewDelhi: Alpha Book Company. /fhb"tx?sf] cg'ej, sf7df8f}+}M k//fi6« dfldnf Upadhya, S.(2018): Nepal and the geo-strategic cWoog k|lti7fg . rivalry between China and India, New York: j}B, t'n;L/fd / dfgGw/, lq/Tg -lj=;+=@)$(_ g]kfnsf] Routledge. ;}lgs Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+M zfxL g]kfnL, hËL c8\8f . https://www.mountainmonarch.com/highest- mountains-world/ j}B, t'n;L/fd, dfgGw/, ljho s'df/ / a:Goft, k|]dl;+x -@)^%_M g]kfnsf] ;}lgs Oltxf;–efu @, sf7df8f}+ http://www.nepal.saarctourism.org/world- heritage-sites.html g]kfnL h+uL c8\8f . Story of Kerung .. 10 Jun 2019. https://www. >]i7, cdg / c? -@)&@_M g]kfn–ef/t / rLg ;lGw youtube.com/watch?v=pZ4nHbljssE&feature।। ;dLIffTds ljj]rgf, sf7df8f}+M dw'jg k|sfzg . >]i7, a'l4gf/fo0f-@)&%_M l;dfgfsf] 1fg, sf7df8f}+}M lkmlgS; a'S; . Baral, L.R.(2018): Politics of geo-politics: Continuity and changes in India-Nepal relations, New Delhi: Adarsh Books.

238 UNITY JOURNAL

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1fgaxfb'/ sfsL{, kLPr=8L= n]v;f/ /fi6«sf ¿kdf lrlg“b} cfPsf] 5 . sl/a # s/f]8 hg;ª\Vof /x]sf] oxf“sf] ;dfhdf lj=;+= @)^* sf] ljZjsf k|frLg b]zx¿dWo]sf] b]z g]kfn / g]kfnL hgu0fgfcg';f/ !@% hfthflt / !@# efiffefifLsf ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fsf] Oltxf; xhf/f}“ jif{sf] /x]sf] 5 . dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; 5 . olt w]/} hfthflt / d"ntM g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf v;–cfo{ tyf efiffefifLsf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] o; dª\uf]n ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] ljz]if e"ldsf 5 . d'n'ssf afl;Gbfx¿df Oltxf;sf] piffsfnb]lv g} O{;fk"j{ ;of}“ jif{ cufl8 g} g]kfnL ;dfhsf cg]sf}“ d"ntM hftLo, eflifs tyf wfld{s ljjfb /x]sf] hfthfltsf dflg;x¿sf k'vf{ d"ntM g]kfnsf 5}g . of] cfd g]kfnLsf nflu uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] / l5d]sL d'n'sx¿ rLg / ef/ttkm{af6 g]kfn k|j]z ljZj;fd' Ps pbfx/0f klg xf] . oxf“sf] Pstfj4 u/]sf x'g\ . a;fO“–;/fO tyf l5d]sL d'n'sx¿df g]kfnL ;dfhdf cl:y/tf / ljefhg NofO{ cfºgf] ePsf /fhgLlts–;fdflhs ;ª\3if{ cflbsf] kl/0ffd :jfy{ k"lt{ ug]{, b]zLljb]zL cj;/jfbLx¿sf] klg ljleGg hfltsf dflg;x¿ g]kfn k|j]z O;f/fdf gfRg] s]xL To:tf tŒjx¿n] ckjfbsf u/]sf 5g\ h;sf sf/0f g]kfn ljljw hfthfltsf ¿kdf s]xL s'/fx¿ p7fpg' eg] c:jfefljs dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\ud:yn ag]sf] 5 . To;}n] ljljw xf]Og . o:tf lemgfdl;gf s'/fx¿afx]s g]kfnL hfthfltsf dflg;x¿ cf–cfºgf wd{–;+:s[lt lgjf{w ;dfh ;lxi0f'tfd"ns ;dfhsf ¿kdf ljBdfg 5 ¿kdf dfGb} Pscfk;df ldnh'n u/L xhf/f}“ jif{b]lv / o;nfO{ sxL“ st}af6 cf“r cfpg lbg' x'“b}g . oxf“ al;/x]sf 5g\ . oxf“ s'g} hftLo–wfld{s ;ª\3if{ xfdL g]kfnLx¿sf] klxrfgsf] d"n cfwf/ oxL xf] . ePsf] Oltxf; 5}g / oxf“sf] ;dfh ;lxi0f'tfjfbL To;}n] xfd|f k'vf{n] sfod ub}{ cfPsf] xfd|f] …;dfhÚ ;dfhsf ¿kdf ljBdfg 5 . of] ;lxi0f'tfnfO{ nfO{ ljeflht x'g glbO{ ;lxi0f'tfo'Qm ;dfhsf sfod /flv/xg] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0fdf lg/Gt/tf ¿kdf sfod /flv/xg / o;df k|ZglrGx gcfpg] lbO/xg' g} o;sf] r'gf}tL xf] . jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul//xg] kl/l:yltsf] ljsf; ug{ zAbs'~hLM ;lxi0f'tf, hfthflt, hghflt, ;d'bfo, ;Sg' g} o;sf] r'gf}tL klg xf] . o; kl/l:yltnfO{ v;, cfo{, dª\uf]n, ;+:s[lt, c5"t, lje]b . sfod /flv/xg' cfd g]kfnLx¿sf] st{Jo xf] . k[i7e"ld o; k|frLg d'n'sdf ljBdfg ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fsf] rrf{ ubf{ o;sf] ljsf; xhf/f}“ jif{ cufl8 g} eO;s]sf] g]kfn ljZjsf b'O{ 7"nf /fi6«x¿ rLg / ef/tsf kfOG5 . rfx] v; cfo{ ;d'bfoleqsf dflg;x¿ x'g\ aLrdf ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf;lxt jf dª\uf]n ;d'bfosf ls/f“tj+zL, oL ;a}sf] g]kfn lxdfno kj{tdfnfsf] sfvdf cjl:yt k|frLg cfudg O{zfk"j{ ;of}“ jif{ cufl8 ePsf] s'/f Oltxf; d'n'sx¿dWo]sf] Ps :jtGq d'n's xf] . Oltxf;sf] ;fIfL 5 . v; ;d'bfosf uf]kfn–dlxifkfnj+zL tyf piffsfnb]lv g} g]kfn ljZjdf Ps :jtGq

239 UNITY JOURNAL ls/f“tx¿n] o; d'n'sdf sf7df8f}+nfO{ s]Gb| dfgL dª\uf]n ;d'bfosf ls/f“tLx¿ O{zfk"j{ kGw|f}“ jf rf}wf}“ nfdf] ;do;Dd zf;g u/]sf s'/fx¿sf] klg :ki6 ztfAbLlt/ g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf] k|fWofks t'n;L/fd Oltxf; 5, t/ P]ltxfl;s / e/kbf{ k|df0fx¿sf] j}B cflb ljåfg\x¿sf] cg'dfg 5 -j}B, dfgGw/ / cefjdf lglZrt ;dosf] ls6fgL gePsf] sf/0f hf]zL, !((#, k[=#_ . csf{lt/ l;Gw'3f“6Lsf] ;Eotf / ljleGg ljåfg\x¿n] Psdtsf ;fy pgLx¿sf] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ;Eotf Pp6f d'b|fsf b'O{ kf6f x'g\ zf;gfjlw / zf;g Joj:yfsf af/]df ;du| kIfx¿ eGb} l;Gw'3f“6Lsf] ;Eotf / klZrdL g]kfnsf] v; k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf] kfO“b}g . ptf klZrd g]kfndf ;Eotf ;dsfnLg ePsf] s'/f /Tgfs/ b]jsf]6fn] v; ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] cfudg / ;Eotfn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ -b]jsf]6f, @)^$, k[=^*_ . oL d"ntM s0ff{nL k|b]z u'~hfodfg x'“b} cfof] . csf{lt/ cfwf/x¿af6 g]kfnL ;dfhdf xhf/f}+ jif{ cufl8 klZrd t/fO{l:yt slknj:t'df /fhf z'4f]wgn] g} d"ntM v;–cfo{ ;d'bfo tyf ls/f“t ;d'bfosf hgtfn] 5fg]sf] /fhfsf ¿kdf /fHo ;~rfng u/]sf dflg;x¿sf] cfudg eO{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljsf; lyP . t/ pgsf 5f]/f l;4fy{ uf}td -%^#–$*# O=k"=_ eO;s]sf] s'/f 1ft x'g cfp“5 . o;/L g]kfnL ;dfh eg] /fhsfh ;~rfng ug]{ k|hftflGqs k|0ffnLsf] k|fu}ltxfl;s sfnd} lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] / …g]kfnÚ b]z ljsf; gu/L tk:ofdf uPsf] / pgL kl5Nnf] klg ljZjsf k|frLg b]zx¿dWo]sf] Ps b]zsf ¿kdf cjlwdf …a'4Ú agL ljZjdf k|l;4 :yfg cf]u6]sf] k|fu}ltxfl;s sfnd} :yflkt ePsf] s'/f 5n{Ë x'g s'/f :jod\l;4 5 . o; lx;fan] x]bf{ O{ZjLsf] cfp“5 . lnR5ljsfnk"j{ qmdzM uf]kfn, dlxifkfn, ;]/f]km]/f]df :yflkt lnR5ljsfnk"j{ ;of}“ jif{cufl8 ls/f“tj+zLo /fhfx¿n] o; b]zdf zf;g u/]sf] s'/f g} g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f d"ntM v;–cfo{ tyf :ki6 5 . t/ s'g–s'g /fhfn] slt–slt jif{ zf;g u/] dª\uf]n d"nsf ls/f“t ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ tyf eGg] s'/fx¿ km/s–km/s cfwf/df j+zfjnLx¿af6 lxGb" Pj+ af}4 wd{;+:s[ltaf6 ljsl;t eO;s]sf] hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf] / lglZrt gePsf] sf/0f k|fKt tYo :jtM k'li6 x'g cfp“5 . ;|f]tx¿sf cfwf/df k|To]s /fhfx¿nfO{ ;fdfGotM @%÷@% jif{sf] ;do 5'6\ofP/ x]bf{ uf]kfnj+zLo g]kfnL ;dfh tyf Oltxf;sf cWo]tf ljleGg ljåfg\ /fhfx¿n] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf /fHozf;gsf] x¿sf cg';f/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf O{zfk"j{ pGgfO;f}+ ;'?jft O{;fk"j{ !^!! af6 ;~rfng u/]sf] x'g ztfAbLlt/ g} af≈o If]qaf6 ;d]t dflg;x¿sf] ;Sg] Pp6f cg'dfg Oltxf;ljb\ k|f= t'n;L/fd j}Bn] cfudg / a;f]af;sf] ;'?jft eO;s]sf] a'lemG5 . u/]sf 5g\ -j}B, @)^!, k[=!–^_ . /fHo;Qf ;~rfng ltgLx¿nfO{ …g]kÚ jf …uf]kfnÚ hfltsf dflg;x¿sf ePsf] pQm cfwf/nfO{ x]bf{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ¿kdf dflgPsf] 5 hf] ef/ttkm{af6 oxfF cfPsf of] ;doeGbf lgs} cufl8b]lv g} x'“b} cfPsf] dfGg lyP -j}B, dfgGw/ / hf]zL, !((# k[= #_ . logLx¿s} ;lsG5 . ;doqmddf ljleGg kl/j]zdf km/s gZn gfdaf6 cyf{t\ gLk, g]kaf6 g} …g]kfnÚ gfds/0f / If]qaf6 oxf“ cfPsf dflg;x¿df ldnh'n u/L x'g k'u]sf] s'/f ljåfg\x¿ JoQm ub{5g\ . uf]kfnx¿ a:g] ;lxi0f'tfjfbL ;+:s[ltsf] klg ljsf; eof] . cfo{ jf dª\uf]n s'g lyP eGg] ;Gbe{df ljåfg\x¿sf o;/L xhf/f}+ jif{ cufl8 g} lgld{t g]kfnL ;dfh aLrdf klg Psk|sf/sf] cGof]n /x]sf] cj:yfdf hftLo tyf wfld{s ¿kdf Pp6f ;lxi0f'tfjfbL logLx¿ cfo{ gZnsf …v;Ú hfltsf dflg;x¿ ;dfhsf ¿kdf /x“b} cfof] . ePsf] ljrf/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf ljz]if cWo]tf dflgg] ;dfhzf:qL 8f]/axfb'/ lji6sf] dt /x]sf] 5 -lji6, !(((, k[=!$–!%_ . o:t} u/L g]kfnsf] pQ/tkm{af6

240 UNITY JOURNAL g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f tyf ax';f“:s[lts d'n's xf] . IfqL, afx'g, u'?ª, du/, /fO{, lnDa"", g]jf/, sfdL, bdfO{, ;fsL{, ufOg], g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fsf] rrf{ ubf{ oxf“ O{zfk"j{ ofbj, bg'jf/, kf;jfg, nf]xf/, d';x/, ;tf/ cflb ;of}+ jif{ cufl8 g} ljleGg kl/j]zdf d"ntM v;– hfthfltsf] ;ª\ud:yn g]kfn ePsf] 5 . To;}n] cfo{ tyf ls/f“t–dª\uf]n ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] olt w]/} hfthflt÷efiffefifL /x]sf] oxf“sf] ;dfhsf] k|j]z ePsf] s'/f cufl8 rrf{ eO;s]sf] 5 . cWoog ;+;f/d} Ps sl7g cWoog ePsf] s'/f lnR5lj zf;gk"j{ :jo+ lnR5lj, dNn, j[HhL, hL=6';L gfds ljåfg\ JoQm ub{5g\ -6';L, !(^@, sf]nLo cflb hfltsf dflg;x¿ klg ef/taf6 k[=^_ . jf:tjd} of] Pp6f hl6n k|Zg xf] ls oL g]kfn lelqO;s]sf lyP . lnR5lj zf;gsfndf ljljw hfthflt, efiff–efifL tyf wdf{jnDaLx¿sf g]kfndf rf/ j0f{ / …ci6fbzk|s[ltÚ sf dflg;x¿ k'vf{x¿ g]kfndf oxL g} ;dob]lv a;f]af; ub}{ cyf{t\ rf/ j0f{ c7f/ hftsf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; cfPsf x'g\ eGg] s'/fsf] cflwsfl/s ltlyldlt;lxt lyof] eGg] s'/f lnR5ljsfnLg clen]vaf6 hfgsf/L pQ/ lbg] k|df0fsf] lgZro g} cefj 5 . oxf“ kfOG5 . yfgsf]6 cflbgfyl:yt lnR5ljsfnLg /fhf /fHozf;g ug]{ /fhj+zx¿ uf]kfn, dlxifkfn j;Gtb]jsf] clen]vdf ci6fbzk|s[ltsf af/]df tyf ls/f“tj+z / lnR5ljj+zsf sltko /fhfx¿ pNn]v 5 . ;f] clen]vdf …Ptl:du|fd] o] k|lji6fM ;d]t s'g–s'g / s]–slt lyP, ltgLx¿n] slt–slt k|ljljIfjZr a|fXd0fk|wfgfM ;fi6fbzk|s[toÚ jif{ zf;g u/] eGg] s'/f t cflwsfl/s k|df0fsf] elgPsf] kfOG5 . elgG5, ls/f“tsfnb]lv g} j0f{– cefjdf c:ki6 5 eg] oxf“ a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf Joj:yfeGbf leGg Joj:yfdf x's]{sf hfltx¿sf] klg tL k|frLgsfnLg ljljw hfthfltsf dflg;x¿sf] oxf“ a;f]af; ePsf] / ;a}nfO{ rf/ j0f{leq ;dfj]z cfudg / ;do tyf j+zsf] af/]df klg cGof]n ug{ sl7gfO ePsfn] rf/ j0f{ c7f/ hft elgPsf] /xg' c:jfefljs xf]Og . o; kl/j]zdf dfq s] eGg xf] -ah|frfo{, @)#), k[=!)$–%_ . kl5Nnf] sfndf ;lsG5 eg] Oltxf;sf ljleGg sfnv08df O{zfk"j{ eg] rf/ j0f{ 5QL; hftsf dflg;x¿ eGg] k|rng ;of}+ jif{ cufl8 g} o; e"lddf cg]sf}+ hfthfltsf rNof] . k|fu}ltxfl;s sfnb]lv g} g]kfndf v; / dflg;x¿sf k"vf{x¿sf] oxf“ cfudg ePsf] xf] / ls/f“t÷dª\uf]n ;d'bfo cGtu{t ljljw hfthfltsf xfd|f] …g]kfnL ;dfhÚ sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf eg] g]kfndf cg]sf}+ hfthfltsf dflg;x¿sf] jf:tjdf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f d"ntM v;–cfo{ / cfudg ePsf] kfOG5 . dª\uf]n d"nsf dflg;x¿af6 ePsf] 5 . oL d"nsf dflg;x¿dWo] v;–cfo{ d"nsf dflg;x¿sf k'vf{ g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ oxfF !@% ef/ttkm{af6 / dª\uf]n d"nsf dflg;x¿sf k'vf{ hfltsf dflg;x¿ a:b5g\ . oL hfthfltx¿df rLgsf] ltAat If]q tyf ef/tsf] pQ/k"jL{ If]qaf6 cg]sf}+ efiff–efifL, wd{–;Dk|bfo tyf cf–cfºgf cfPsf x'g\ -yfkf, !(**, k[=@_ . cem a[xt\ ¿kdf ;+:s[ltx¿ 5g\ . ltgLx¿dWo] !@# efiffefifLx¿ eGg] xf] eg] u'?ª, z]kf{, tfdfª cflb hfltsf 5g\ . wfld{s ¿kdf lxGb", af}4, lqmlZrog, h}g, dflg;x¿ ltAat If]qaf6 g]kfn cfPsf] dflgG5 d'l:nd cflb wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] oxf“ a;f]af; 5 . eg] /fO{–lnDa"sf k'vf{x¿ g]kfnsf] pQ/–k"jL{ logLx¿ cf–cfºgf ;f+:s[lts d"No–dfGotfx¿sf If]qaf6 cfPsf] dflgG5 . To:t} v;–cfo{ ;d"xsf cfwf/df ldnh'nsf ;fy a;f]af; ul//x]sf 5g\ . dflg;x¿ g]kfnsf] klZrd / blIf0ftkm{af6 cyf{t\ To;}n] g]kfn Ps ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s ef/tsf] pQ/klZrd / pQ/L If]q cyf{t\ s'dfpm“,

241 UNITY JOURNAL u9jfn tyf d}bfgL If]q x'“b} g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf x'g\ . cEof; ul/;s]sf log} lnR5ljx¿af6 g} g]kfndf logLx¿ slxn] a;fO{–;/fO ub}{ t slxn] pko'Qm j0f{Joj:yfsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs ljefhg ug]{ sfd jf;:yfgsf] vf]hL ub}{ cfºgf kz'x¿;lxt sf7df8f}++ ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf j0f{Joj:yf nfu u/fpg] pkTosf;Dd cfOk'u] eg] sltko kxf8–t/fO{df lnR5lj /fhf ;'k'ik dflgG5g\ . pgn] O{;fk"j{ klg /x] . slxn] rLg, ltAat tyf ef/tdf ePsf kf“rf}“ ztfAbLlt/ o; Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs u8a8Lsf sf/0f klg s}of}+ dflgG5 . pgn] u}/ lxGb"x¿af6 cfºgf] lxGb" wd{sf] dflg;x¿ g]kfn lelqP / oxL“sf] ;dfhdf 3'nldn /Iffy{ j0f{Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft u/]sf lyP . ef/tsf] eP/ a;] . o;/L w]/} y/Lsf dflg;x¿sf] g]kfn j}zfnLaf6 g]kfn cfPsf oL lnR5ljx¿ zf;s cflbynf] aGof] / oxf“ cfO{ a;f]af; ug]{ ljljw ju{sf ¿kdf :yflkt ePkl5 logLx¿sf] k|e'Tj cGo hfthflt tyf ;+:sf/sf dflg;x¿ Pscfk;df ;dfhdf klg kb}{ uof] -j}B, dfgGw/ / hf]zL, !((#, ldn]/ a:g'kg]{ afWotf klg eof] / ;f]xLcg';f/ k[=@@–@#_ . ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; eO{ ;lxi0f'tfjfbL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f oL cfwf/x¿af6 ljZn]if0f ubf{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] eof] . lgdf{0f lnR5ljsfnk"j{ cyf{t\ O{;fk"j{s} ;dodf ;doqmddf g]kfnsf] pQ/ tyf blIf0fdf ePsf eO;s]sf] :ki6 x'g cfp“5 . cem sltko ljåfg\x¿sf /fhg}lts åGå Pj+ ;fdflhs u8a8L cyf{t\ em}+emu8f, ljrf/df– æljleGg k|frLg dfgj Pjd\ hLjhGt'sf bª\uf cflb sf/0faf6 klg xhf/f}+ dflg;x¿ g]kfndf cjz]if Pj+ 9'ª\u] xltof/x¿sf cfwf/df ljrf/ ubf{ k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ . uf}td a'4 -O{zfk"j{ %^#–$*#_ g]kfnL cflbdfgjsf] h}ljs ljsf; oxL e"lddf sf] ;do -clwsf/L, @)%&, k[=(#–($_ d} klg ePsf] / ltgs} j+z lg/Gt/tfdf oxf“ k|fu}ltxfl;s slknj:t'sf zfSox¿dfly sf]zfnf /fHosf /fhfsf] ;Eotfsf] lgdf{0f ePsf]Æ ->]i7, @)%#, k[=$#–$%_ cfqmd0f x'“bf Toxf“af6 zfSox¿ efu]/ sf7df8f}+ ;d]t a'lemg cfp“5 . of] cfwf/tkm{ b[li6 lb“bf cfPsf lyP eg] ef/tdf duwx¿sf] zlQm j[l4sf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] hu O{;fk"j{ xhf/f}+ jif{ cufl8b]lv qmddf lnR5lj, dNn, sf]nLo, j[HhL cflb hfltsf g} to ePsf] lyof] . Tolt dfq xf]Og, g]kfnsf] pQ/L dflg;x¿ g]kfndf k|j]z u/]sf lyP -j}B / dfgGw/, If]q tyf blIf0fL If]qaf6 dflg;x¿ oxf“ cfpg] qmd !(*%, k[=!*_ . o;/L k|frLg ;dodf g]kfn k|j]z cBfjlw hf/L g} 5 / clxn] t s]xL klZrdfx¿ u/]sf dflg;x¿sf] l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ljåfg\ ;d]t g]kfnL aGg yfn]sf 5g\ . ljåfg\ hgsnfn ;"o{dl0f clwsf/Ln] eg]sf 5g\ æsf]xL cln klxn] zdf{sf] dt 5– æcfhsf] j}1flgs cg';Gwfgaf6 cfP, sf]xL cln kl5 k|j]z u/], sf]xL h+unL cj:yfs} o; k|foåLkdf b]vfk/]sf ;d:t hfltsf k'vf{ cflbjf;L x'g\ ;S5g\ t/ oxf“sf] ;Eotfsf lgdf{tf aflx/af6} cfPsf x'g\Æ -zdf{, @)#(, k[=#(_ . o; eg] cfuGt's hfltx¿ g} lyPÆ -clwsf/L, @)%(, cfwf/af6 ljZn]if0f ubf{ g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljleGg k[=!)_ hf] oxf“ gª–df;';/x ldn]/ a:g yfn] / gZnsf dflg;x¿ /x]sf / oL ;a}sf] ;lDd>0f ;lxi0f'tfo'Qm ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f eof] . g]kfnL ;dfh xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . k|frLgsfndf ef/tdf duwx¿af6 k/flht lnR5ljx¿ g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]q k|frLgsfnaf6} pQ/ / blIf0fsf g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf / pgLx¿n] sf7df8f}+af6 zf;g dflg;x¿sf nflu x/t/xn] ;'/lIft uGtJo :yn ub}{ cfPsf ls/f“tx¿nfO{ x/fO{ g]kfndf /fHozf;g ag]sf] kfOG5 . o:t} oxf“ lxGb" / af}4dfuL{x¿sf] lng ;kmn ePsf lyP . elgG5, j0ff{>dsf] cfjfudg klg eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . elgG5, sf7df8f}+

242 UNITY JOURNAL pkTosf cfOk'u]sf kz'kfnsb]lv s[ifs jf ;a} hfthfltsf dflg;x¿ ldn]/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] Jofkf/L jf cGo hf] oxf“ cfP pgLx¿ kms]{/ hfg] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . Ps cfk;df g]kfnLx¿ ;a} sd ;Defjgf x'GYof] . tL cfuGt'sx¿ oxL+sf] bfh'efO h:t} u/L ldlnh'nL al;/x]sf] kl/j]zdf of] jftfj/0fdf /Dg yfn] . o;/L oxf“ ljleGg If]qsf jf Tof] jxfgfdf s;}n] klg g]kfnLx¿leq ljBdfg dflg;x¿sf] ;+:s[lt klg lelqof] . To;}n] of] 7fp“ …hftLo ;b\efjÚ nfO{ vNaNofpg' x'“b}g . olb of] ;f+:s[lts b[li6sf]0faf6 Pp6f …wft' kufNg] ef“8fÚ ;b\efj st}af6 vNaNofpg] k|of; eof] eg] Tof] (Melting Pot) h:t} aGof] -s'“j/, @)^^, k[=!$_ . /fi6«3ftL sbd x'g]5 . To;n] ;dfh ljv08g dfq o;/L 3f]lnP/ ag]sf] xf] – g]kfnL ;dfh . h] eP xf]Og, /fi6« ljv08gsf] 9f]sf klg vf]Ng ;Sb5 . tfklg rfx] oxL ;Eotfsf] r/0faf6 u'lh|P/ cfPsf t;y{ o;df cfd g]kfnLsf] ;r]t b[li6 /lx/xg'k5{ . x'g\ rfx] aflx/af6 cfPsf x'g\ oL ;a} hfthfltsf :d/0f /xf];\, ;j{k|yd g]kfn cfO{ /fHo zf;gsf] dflg;x¿ ldn]/ dfq xf]Og, k"0f{tM 3f]lnP/ g]kfnL ;'?jftstf{ dflgg] uf]kfn, dlxifkfn j+zsf ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . o;df b'O{dt 5}g . dflg;x¿nfO{ oxf“ s;}n] klg cfqmd0f u/]sf] k|df0f o;/L ldl>t ¿kdf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] agfj6 /x]sf] k|fKt 5}g . To:t} u/L uf]kfnx¿nfO{ dlxifkfnx¿n] 5 . hftLo ¿kdf !@% hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] / dlxifkfnx¿kl5 ;Qf cfºgf] xftdf lng ;kmn a;f]af;:yn /x]sf] g]kfne"ldsf] hfltut ljj/0fn] ls/f“tx¿n] klg pgLx¿dfly cfqmd0f u/]gg\ . :ki6 b]vfp“5 ls g]kfndf olt w]/} ;ª\Vofdf ljleGg o:t} ls/f“tx¿kl5 zf;g cfºgf] xftdf lnPsf hfthfltsf dflg;x¿ /x]sf 5g\ / logLx¿df lnR5ljx¿n] klg ls/f“tx¿dfly cfqmd0f u/]sf] cg'kd hftLo ;lxi0f'tf ljBdfg 5 hf] xfdLn] kfO“b}g . dWosfnsf] pQ/fw{lt/ PsLs[t g]kfn cg'e"lt ul//x]sf 5f}“ . o; oyfy{tfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ;fdGtx¿sf] dxŒjfsfª\Iff, ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, ub}{ cfufdL lbgx¿df klg o; k|sf/sf] hftLo s]Gb|Lo zf;gsf] sdhf]/L cflb sf/0faf6 vl08t ;lxi0f'tfsf] lg/Gt/tf ckl/xfo{ 5 eGg] ;a}df 1ft x'g uof] . o; kl/j]zdf g]kfnleq afO;]–rf}la;] x'g' h?/L 5 . /fHox¿, pkTosfsf /fHox¿ / k"j{lt/sf /fHox¿ g]kfnL ;dfhdf hftLo ;lxi0f'tf u/L %) eGbf a9L /fHox¿ b]vfk/] . /fHox¿sf aLrdf a]nfavt åGå eP tfklg ;a} hfthfltsf g]kfndf O{;fk"j{ ;of}+ jif{ cufl8 d"ntM v;–cfo{ dflg;x¿ ;lxi0f'tfk"j{s g} a;f]af; u/] . s'g} klg / dª\uf]n ls/f“t ;d'bfosf ljleGg hfthfltsf If]qdf ljleGg hfltx¿sf aLrdf hftLo åGå tyf dflg;x¿ g]kfn k|j]z ul/;s]sf] k|;ª\u o; cufl8 ;fdflhs ;b\efjdf vnn cfPsf] Oltxf; 5}g . rrf{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 . o;/L O{;fk"j{ cyf{t\ g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] ;dosf] s'/f ubf{ klg sf7df8f}+ pkTosf k|fdfl0fs Oltxf;sf] sfn dflgg] …lnR5ljsfnÚ k"j{ ljho u/L dNn zf;gsf] cGTo ug]{ k[YjLgf/fo0f g} g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;+/rgf alg;s]sf] kfOG5 . zfxn] klg sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf g]jf/x¿nfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhdf v;–cfo{ d"nsf If]qL, afx'g, hftLo ¿kdf s'g} b'Jo{jxf/ u/]gg\, a? sflGtk'/ sfdL, bdfO{, ;fsL{ cflb hfltsf dflg;x¿ /x]sf ljhosf qmddf OGb|hfqf dgfO/x]sf sflGtk'/] 5g\ eg] dª\uf]nd"nsf /fO{, lnDa", u'?ª, du/, g]jf/x¿nfO{ pgn] xf};nf lbPsf lyP -1jfnL, tfdfª, z]kf{ cflb hfltsf dflg;x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . @)##, k[=!%@_ / g]jf/x¿sf] ;fdflhs dfGotfnfO{ s]xL a:tLx¿ afx]s b]zsf ljleGg efudf cg]sf}+ ;fy lbP . To:t} pgL / pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿sf] hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] ldl>t a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 / ;dodf k"j{lt/sf ljleGg /fHox¿ nufot afO;]

243 UNITY JOURNAL rf}la;] /fHox¿ ljho u/L uf]/vf /fHodf ldnfpg] 5'jf5"t h:tf] cdfgjLo k|yf ;dfhdf nfdf] cleofg cyf{t\ g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] cleofgdf klg ;dob]lv cBfjlw /x] tfklg To;df la:tf/} sdL Ps hflt / csf]{ hfltsf aLrdf j}dgZo x'g] vf; cfpg yfn]sf] 5 . /fHon] o:tf] cdfgjLo k|rng 36gfx¿ ePgg\ . o;/L oL cfwf/x¿af6 /fHosf] x6fpgsf nflu sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . o;sf zf;g Ps j+zaf6 csf]{ j+zdf zlQmsf dfWodaf6 cltl/Qm oL ;a} cfwf/x¿nfO{ x]bf{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] hfg] 36gfx¿ eP tfklg hgtfsf] txdf /fHo :j¿kdf cg]stf eP/ klg Pstf /x]sf] 5 / zf;g ;Dxfn]sf hfltsf dflg;x¿n] jf zf;sx¿ ljBdfg ;fdflhs e]befj–c;dfgtfnfO{ x6fP/ :jo+n] klg c¿ j+z jf hfltsf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;dfhnfO{ cem bl/nf] agfpg'kb{5 . cfqmd0f ug]{ 36gfx¿ ePsf] kfO“b}g . /fHo;Qf g]kfnL ;dfhdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿ sAhfsf qmddf ePsf] cfk;L åGåsf] s]xL kl/0ffd t cjZo} eof], t/ hg:t/df ljleGg hfltsf lxGb" hut\df j}lbssfndf ljsl;t j0f{Joj:yf dflg;x¿aLr hftLo, wfld{s, ;f“:s[lts, eflifs cyf{t\ sfd cg';f/sf] …hftÚ aGg] k/Dk/f kl5Nnf s'g} k|sf/sf ljz]if åGåx¿ ckjfbsf 36gfafx]s lbgx¿df cyf{t\ ;fdGtjfbL k|0ffnLdf hGdsf g]kfnL e"lddf ePsf 5}gg\ . o;/L g]kfnL ;dfhdf cfwf/df …hftÚ df ¿kfGtl/t x'g] k|rng ag]kl5 o'uf}+b]lv ljBdfg ;xcl:tTj, ;b\efj, ;dGjo / tyfslyt dflyNnf] j0f{sf dflg;x¿af6 tNnf] ;lxi0f'tfsf] ;+:s[lt /x]sf] 5 / To;nfO{ sfod ug'{ j0f{df /flvPsf …z"b|Ú hfltsf dflg;x¿nfO{ …c5'tÚ ckl/xfo{ 5 . hfltsf ¿kdf u|x0f ug'{ tTsfnLg ;fdGtjfbL ;dfhsf] 3f]/ cGofoL sbd lyof] . d"ntM lxGb" ljleGg hfthfltsf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af;sf ;dfhdf /x]sf] To; cGofoL Pj+ lje]bk"0f{ sbdsf] ;Gbe{df klg lxhf]sf lbgx¿df sltko :yfgdf df/n] clxn];Dd klg ef/tLo Pj+ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] s]xL hfltljz]ifsf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; eP tfklg Pp6f 7"nf] lx:;f lklN;O/x]sf] 5 . cem kl5Nnf cfhsf] ;dodf lglZrt If]qdf lglZrt hfltsf lbgdf af}4dfuL{x¿n] ;d]t To; s'k|yfnfO{ k|ToIf– dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af;sf] l:ylt sd /x]sf] 5 . ck|ToIf ;fy lb“bf c5't agfOPsf] ;f] ju{ yk cf]Nnf] ufp“ / kNnf] ufp“ jf cf]Nnf] 6f]n / kNnf] df/df kg{ uPsf] tYo klg :jod\l;4 5 . o;n] ubf{ 6f]n t xf]nf, t/ ;du|df Ps} hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] ;du| ;dfhaf6 pm PSnf] cZk[io aGof] . ;don] a;f]af;sf nflu tf]lsPsf] :yfg 5}g . zx/L If]qsf] of] r'gf}tLsf] cGTo vf]lh/x]sf] 5 . o:t} u/L g]kfnL t s'/} gu/f}“ u|fdL0f If]qdf klg v;–cfo{ tyf zf;sx¿sf] cb"/blz{tfsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k g]kfn dª\uf]n d"ncGtu{tsf ljleGg hfltsf dflg;x¿sf ul/a /fi6«sf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . of] cfd g]kfnL a:tLx¿ 5\of;ld; ¿kdf / cf]Nnf]–kNnf] ufp“sf hutdf lrGtfsf] ljifo 5 . ;fy;fy} /f]u, ef]s, ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ / æpgLx¿ lhp“bfsf hGtL tyf clzIff, c1fgtf cflb g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljz]if dbf{sf dnfdLÆ aGg'sf ;fy} cd{–kd{ cflb ;a} r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf v8f 5g\ . sfdx¿ ldlnh'nL ul//x]sf 5g\ . cf–cfºgf wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/fcg';f/sf /Lltl:ylt, vfgkfg, g]kfnL ;dfhdf hfltut cjwf/0ffn] k|>o kfpg e]ife"iff, gfrufg, wfld{s lqmofsnfkx¿ cflb lgaf{w yfn]kl5 ljsl;t xf]8afhLsf] cleofgdf cf–cfºgf ¿kn] rnfO/x]sf 5g\ . lxhf]sf lbgx¿df ljBdfg hfltsf] klxrfg / xs–clwsf/x¿ :yfkgf ug]{ hftLo s§/tfsf] efjgfaf6 dfly p7]/ cGt/hftLo ;jfnnfO{ lnP/ tyf hfltut Pstfsf] gf/fnfO{ ljjfxn] k|>o kfpg yfn]sf] 5 . ;dfhdf ljBdfg

244 UNITY JOURNAL cufl8 ;f/]/ ljleGg hftLo ;dfhx¿ lgdf{0f g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;d'Ggt ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ePsf 5g\ . cNk;ª\Vos ¿kdf /x]sf hfltsf Vofn /fvL /fHo cufl8 a9\g cfjZos 5 . hftLo dflg;x¿ dfq xf]Og, ax';ª\Vos¿kdf /x]sf /fHo lgdf{0fsf] cjwf/0ff xf]Og ls ;a} hfthfltsf hfltsf dflg;x¿ d"ntM If]qL / afx'gx¿ klg dflg;x¿sf] pTyfg / cem ul/aLsf] df/df 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf cf–cfºgf hftLo ;dfhdf ;ª\ul7t lklN;Psf hgtfx¿sf] pTyfgsf] of]hgf;lxt ljjfb x'“b} uO/x]sf] kfOG5 . cf–cfºgf hfltsf dflg;x¿ / lje]b/lxt ;ª\3Lo /fHox¿sf] lgdf{0f / ljsf; ;ª\ul7t aGg] s'/f cfkm}“df g/fd|f] gxf]nf, t/ Psn] clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] . ;du| g]kfn tyf ;Dk"0f{ csf]{k|lt cf/f]k k|Tof/f]k / Pscsf{sf] cl:tTjdfly hfthfltsf dflg;x¿sf] pTyfgsf] lrGtg, gLlt g} k|ZglrGx nufpg] l:yltsf] ljsf; x'g] xf] eg] / of]hgfsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf kf/blz{tf To;n] hfltut bª\uf tyf emu8f gNofpnf eGg sfod u/L cufl8 a9\g ;s]df ;fdflhs ¿kdf ;ls“b}g . olb To; k|sf/sf] b'ef{Uosf] cj:yf l;h{gf b]vf k/]sf ljjfbx¿ :jtM ;dfwfg x'g]5g\ . g]kfnL eof] eg] xhf/f}+ jif{b]lv ljBdfg g]kfnL ;dfhleqsf] hgtf cfk;L åGå / c/fhstf xf]Og', zflGt, ljsf; ;lxi0f'tfsf] ;+:s[lt (Syncretic Culture) sf] cy{ / ;b\efjk"0f{ cv08 g]kfn rfxG5g\ . ;/sf/, s] g} /xnf / < dw]zdf 6f]kL nufpg]x¿ / kxf8df /fhgLlts bn tyf ;fdflhs g]t[Tjsf] b[li6sf]0f wf]tL nufpg]x¿sf aLrdf clg r'Rr] gfs / o;df s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 . y]Kr] gfs ePsfx¿sf aLrdf ljjfb a9\g] xf] eg] lgisif{ g]kfnL ;dfhleq s:tf] b'b{zfsf] l:ylt /xnf < o; k|sf/sf] l:yltsf] sNkgf dfq ug'{ klg x'“b}g . o:t} k|fu}ltxfl;ssfnb]lv lgld{t g]kfnL ;dfhdf cg]sf}+ …lnDa"jfgÚ, …td"jfgÚ, …g]jfÚ tyf …:jtGq t/fO{ /fHoÚ hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] cl:tTj /x]sf] eP tfklg cflb h:tf gf/fn] /fli6«o cv08tf / ;fdflhs d"ntM g]kfnL ;dfh v;–cfo{ tyf dª\uf]n d"nsf Pstf sfod /xnf / < sltko hghfltx¿n] cf– dflg;x¿sf] ;d"xaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . s] afx'g, cfºgf gfdsf /fHo dfu ug]{ gf/fnfO{ c¿ hfltn] s] If]qL, s] u'?ª, s] du/, s] /fO{, s] lnDa", s] g]jf/, s;/L a'‰g] < afx'g, If]qL tyf blnt ju{ elgPsf s] sfdL, s] bdfO{, s] ofbj, s] /fhj+zL, s] nf]xf/, b]z}e/ 5l/P/ /x]sf hfltx¿ / cGo ljleGg ;fgf s] ;tf/ cflb ;a}sf] ;fdflhs Pstf g} g]kfnL hfltx¿sf] l:ylt s] x'g] < pgLx¿n] klg /fHosf] ;dfh xf] . o; ;dfhleq /x]sf] ;fdflhs Pstf dfu ug]{ ls gug]{ < o:tf cjwf/0ffx¿sf] ;dod} g} g]kfnLx¿sf] uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] . o; ;dfhleq cGTo x'g' h?/L 5 cGoyf wldnf] kfgLdf df5f dfg{ /x]sf ljs[ltx¿, ul/aL, k5f}6]kg, clzIff, c1fgtf vf]Hg] tŒj Pj+ j}b]lzs x:tIf]ksf] ;DefjgfnfO{ cflb ;a}nfO{ ;a} g]kfnLx¿ ldn]/ cGTo ug]{ gLlt ;d]t gsfg{ ;ls“b}g . ljut s]xL jif{ otf ljsl;t agfpg'kb{5 . oL dfdnfx¿df /fHosf] ;Daf]wg x'“b} cfPsf] / jt{dfgdf ;d]t To; k|sf/sf] x'g'kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ wd{lg/k]If wf/0ff /x]sf] of] l:ylt g]kfnL ;dfhsf] PstfnfO{ /fHosf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ub}{ ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs vnaNofpg] ljz]if r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf v8f ePsf] 5 . u0ftGqfTds d'n'ssf ¿kdf ;d]t :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ctM hftLo–wfld{s åGå pko'{Qm cfwf/df g]kfnsf] o; ljlzi6 kl/l:yltdf lgDTofpg] tyf ;fdflhs dfGotfdf vnn k'¥ofpg] /fHo tyf hfltut g]t[TjbfoL cª\u ;r]t / tyf em}–emu8f xf]Og ;dGjo u/L ;a} ;ª\3Lo ljj]s;Ddt ¿kn] cufl8 a9\g' cfjZos 5 . /fHox¿sf] ljsf; / d'n'ss} ljsf; x'g] gLlt /fHon]

245 UNITY JOURNAL lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ vf“rf] /x]sf] 5 . b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ e"–efu b]jsf]6f, /Tgfs/ -@)^$_, a[xt\ h'Dnf /fHosf] ;a}sf] ;femf cyf{t\ …lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{ sf]xL 5}g P]ltxfl;s ljj]rgf sf7df8f}+ M s'df/ v8\u k/fO{Ú eGg] efjgf ;a} b]zjf;Lx¿df sfod /lx/xg] k|fOe]6 :6l8h\ . gLlt lgdf{0f x'g h?/L 5 . g]kfnL hgtfdf /x]sf] ah|frfo{, wgah| -@)#)_, lnR5ljsfnsf clen]vx¿ ;lxi0f'tf tyf efjgfTds Pstfdf sxL“ st}af6 sLlt{k'/M g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| . klg s''7f/f3ft k/f];\ . d'n's / d'n'sjf;Ln] ;'vsf] sf“r'nL k]mg]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f xf];\ . cfd g]kfnL lji6, 8f]/axfb'/ -!(((_, km]6flnhd P08 8]enkd]G6 hgtfsf] oxL ck]Iff 5 . o; ck]IffnfO{ k"0f{tf k|bfg k6gfM cf]l/o06 nªd]g lnld6]8 . ug'{ ;/sf/, /fhgLlts bn tyf cfd hgtf;d]t nflukg'{ cfhsf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf v6\lsPsf] j}B, t'n;L/fd / dfgGw/, lq/Tg -!(*% O=_, qmfOd cg'ej eO/x]sf] 5 . P08 klgZd]06 Og\ g]kfn sf7df8f}+ M ljgL j}B P08 k"0f{b]jL dfgGw/ . ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL j}B, t'n;L/fd -@)^!_, PhDk;g ckm b /]lgª clwsf/L, ;"o{dl0f -@)%&_, ljZj Oltxf;sf] ¿k/]vf lkl/o8 ckm b ?n;{ P08 8fOgf:6Lh ckm b sf7df8f}+ M e'“8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg . k|f]6f] lx:6f]l/s lkl/o8 ckm g]kfn, lx:6f]l/of, kf]v/f M k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;, Oltxf; tyf –––––– -@)%(_, g]kfnL sf“u|];sf] Oltxf; sf7df8f}+ ;+:s[lt ljefu . M e'“8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg . j}B, t'n;L/fd, dfgGw/, lq/Tg / hf]zL, z+s/nfn s'“j/, wgaxfb'/ -@)^^_, æg]kfnsf jf:tljs -O{=!((#_, ;f]l;on lx:6«L ckm g]kfn, Go" lbNnL cflbjf;L M v; IfqLÆ v; IfqL ;Gb]z, -jif{ !, M cgdf]n klAns]zG; . c+s !_ k[=!$ . zdf{, hgsnfn -@)#(_, xfd|f] ;dfh Ps cWoog 1jfnL, ;"o{ljqmd -@)##_, k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg . bflh{lnª, g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng . >]i7, xl/ -@)%#_, g]kfnsf] k|fu}ltxfl;s Oltxf; 6';L, hL= -!(^@ O=_, g]kfn b l8:se/L ckm dNn M Ps ;+lIfKt cjnf]sg, lx:6f]l/of, kf]v/f M n08g M hh{ cn]g P08 clGjg lnld6]8 . k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;, Oltxf; tyf ;+:s[lt yfkf, s[i0faxfb'/ -!(** O=_, d]g cf:k]S6; ckm ljefu . ;f]l;on, Osglds P08 P8\ldlgi6«]l6e lxi6«L ckm df]8g{ g]kfn sf7df8f}+ M clDasf yfkf .

246 UNITY JOURNAL

Contributors

Anga Raj Timilsina, Global Programme Advisor on Anti-corruption, UNDP, Singapore Asafal Gautam, Journalist, President of Free Journalist Association, Kaski Aswasthama Bhakta Kharel, Assistant Professor, Central Department of Political Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Bashant Khadka, Foreign Affairs & Defence Correspondent, Nagarik Daily Bhabishor Ghimire, Statistics Officer, Central Statistics Department, Thapathali Bihari Krishan Shrestha, Anthropologist and former Additional Secretary of the Government of Nepal. Bikash Dhakal, Researcher & Board of Director at Nepal Institute of Foreign Affairs and Prosperity (NIFAP), Kathmandu, Nepal Chiranjibi Bhandari, Assistant Professor, Department of Conflict, Peace and Development, Tribhuwan University, Nepal Chiran Jung Thapa, Regional Security Advisor, Asia Region, OXFAM Dharma Bahadur Baniya, Former Brigadier General of the Nepali Army Dwarika Kumari Adhikari, Human Rights Officer, National Human Rights Commission Gaurav Bhattarai, International Relations Scholar and the faculty in the Department of International Relations and Diplomacy (DIRD), Tribhuvan University. Associated with the Nepali Military Academy, Kharipati as a faculty of Strategic Studies and Political Science Geja Sharma Wagle, International and Strategic Affairs Scholar, Co-editor of ‘Emerging Security Challenges of Nepal’ Gyan Bahadur Karki, Professor, History-Culture Department, Prithvi Narayan Campus, Pokhara, Tribhuvan University Jhamak Prasad Sharma, Former Joint Secretary, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs Kosh Raj Koirala, Associate Editor, Rebublica Daily Laxmi Bilas Koirala, Former Joint Secretary, Public Service Commission, Government of Nepal Man Bahadur Khattri, Lecturer at Central Deparment of Anthropology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

247 UNITY JOURNAL

Mani Ram Sharma, Faculty Member, Department of English Education, Mahendra Ratna Campus, Tahachal Manoj Barakoti, Student, Bachelor in Agriculture, Tribhuvan University Padma Bhakta Kharelopadhyaya, Editor in Chief, Dibya Chakshu Weekly Padam K Angbo, Former Brigadier General of the Nepali Army Pashupati Nepal, Professor of Geography, Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Phanindra Subba, Teaches Strategic Studies at the Nepali Military Academy, Kharipati. Pragya Ghimire, Freelance International Consultant and a Board Member of International Association for Women in Radio and Television (IWART) USA Chapter. Rajendra Sharma, Graduates of Conflict, Peace and Development Studies, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Ramesh Aryal, Under Secretary, Ministry of Finance Ratindra Khatri, Former Colonel of the Nepali Army, Crisis Emergency and Disaster Management Specialist, Kathmandu, Nepal Shailendra Bahadur Thapa, Trainer, Army Education Wing Sonika Adhikari, MBA Student, Tribhuvan University Sujan Adhikari, Master's Student, Tribhuvan University Thakur Prasad Baral, Advocate, Dhankuta Youba Raj Luintel, Associate Professor of Sociology, Tribhuvan University and Executive Member of Nepal Sociological Association

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