DOCSLIB.ORG

Botswana Defence Force in the Struggle for an African Environment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Botswana Defence Force in the Struggle for an African Environment pal-henk-00fm.qxd 10/3/07 2:51 PM Page i The Botswana Defense Force in the Struggle for an African Environment pal-henk-00fm.qxd 10/3/07 2:51 PM Page ii Initiatives in Strategic Studies: Issues and Policies James J. Wirtz General Editor Jeffrey A. Larsen T.V. Paul Brad Roberts James M. Smith Series Editors INITIATIVES IN STRATEGIC STUDIES provides a bridge between the use of force or diplomacy and the achievement of political objectives. This series focuses on the topical and timeless issues relating to strategy, including the nexus of political, diplomatic, psychological, economic, cultural, historic and military affairs. It provides a link between the scholarly and policy communities by serv- ing as the recognized forum for conceptually sophisticated analyses of timely and important strategic issues. Nuclear Transformation: The New U.S. Nuclear Doctrine Edited by James J. Wirtz and Jeffrey A. Larsen Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East: Directions and Policy Options in the New Century Edited by James A. Russell The Last Battle of the Cold War: The Deployment and Negotiated Elimination of Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces in Europe Maynard W. Glitman Critical Issues Facing the Middle East: Security, Politics and Economics Edited by James A. Russell Militarization and War Julian Schofield Global Politics of Defense Reform Edited by Thomas Bruneau and Harold Trinkunas pal-henk-00fm.qxd 10/3/07 2:51 PM Page iii The Botswana Defense Force in the Struggle for an African Environment Dan Henk pal-henk-00fm.qxd 10/3/07 2:51 PM Page iv THE BOTSWANA DEFENSE FORCE IN THE STRUGGLE FOR AN AFRICAN ENVIRONMENT Copyright © Dan Henk, 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS. Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978-0-230-60218-2 ISBN-10: 0-230960218-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Scribe Inc. First edition: January 2008 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America. pal-henk-00fm.qxd 10/3/07 2:51 PM Page v Contents List of Figures vii Preface ix Introduction 1 1 A Context for Biodiversity in Botswana 9 2 The Botswana Defense Force 31 3 Military Antipoaching in Botswana 49 4 Organizational Culture and Antipoaching Success 71 5 Government, Military, Society, and Antipoaching in Botswana 87 6 The Face of Environmental Security in Botswana 109 7 Lessons from Botswana 131 Notes 153 Bibliography 199 Index 221 This page intentionally left blank pal-henk-00fm.qxd 10/3/07 2:51 PM Page vii List of Figures Figure 1. Country map, Republic of Botswana, 2007 viii Figure 2. Botswana’s national parks and wildlife conservancies 19 Figure 3. Southern Africa in the 1970s 34 Figure 4. Botswana Defense Force garrison locations, 2007 45 Figure 5. The antipoaching operational area in northern Botswana 51 Figure 6. Botswana Defense Force antipoaching deployments in 2007 56 Figure 7. Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) transfrontier conservation areas, current and proposed 127 pal-henk-00fm.qxd 10/3/07 2:51 PM Page viii Figure 1. Country map, Republic of Botswana, 2007 pal-henk-00fm.qxd 10/3/07 2:51 PM Page ix Preface very author has a purpose and every book has an aim. This author E has two: first, to tell an interesting story; and second, to offer an example for emulation. This book is about an African success. It is a nar- rative of accomplishment that speaks well for a government and an army on a continent where both are widely held in disrepute, demonstrating that Africans are contributing meaningfully to emerging global thinking on security. Some of that thinking involves the environment. These points are illustrated in the experience of one African country that for two decades has employed its capable, professional armed forces to secure its wildlife resources. The information in this book is drawn from many sources. Some comes from the author’s own observations in fifteen years of close con- tact with events in Botswana, first as a military attaché accredited to the country in the early 1990s and then in regular visits on a variety of secu- rity-related projects. Much of the data is derived from the author’s inter- views of individuals in Botswana between 2004 and 2006, including local scholars, government officials, private citizens, foreign diplomats, mem- bers of nongovernmental organizations, and individual members of Botswana’s tourism and hunting industries. A substantial number of the people interviewed for this book were present or past members of the Botswana Defense Force, including its commander at the time, Lieutenant General Louis Matshwenyego Fisher, who greatly facilitated the research by granting open access to his subordinates and making them available for interviews. Despite the support and openness of Botswana’s senior military lead- ership, capturing the relevant details of the Defense Force’s history proved a demanding task. The country’s military history is short, its Defense Force having been founded in 1977. It might seem simple enough to reconstruct its brief past. And members of the military were eager to tell their individual stories, taking obvious pride in their service to the nation. But the Defense Force has never described its own evolu- tion in any comprehensive medium available to the public. Uncovering pal-henk-00fm.qxd 10/3/07 2:51 PM Page x x PREFACE historical detail required the memories of many individuals, and these varied significantly on many points. The difficulty in reconstructing Botswana’s military history was com- pounded by two interesting tendencies among its citizens. The first was an inclination to regard all security-related issues as sensitive and beyond the realm of public discourse. In its first forty years of inde- pendence, Botswana’s attentive public rarely debated security-related topics. Otherwise well-informed citizens were surprisingly uninformed about their own military and somewhat fearful of sharing opinions on security issues. A second obstacle to research was a pronounced hesita- tion among Botswana’s citizens to offer points of view that they consid- ered pejorative. Of course this was not true of everyone in the country. Some citizens were sharply critical of issues, individuals, and organiza- tions. Others may have feared repercussions for their candor. But the author had the strong impression that the widespread aversion to criti- cism was related to local norms of good manners and personal modesty. Uncovering the story required a research approach that probed deeply, sought out the dark cloud behind the silver linings, and carefully com- pared the data from multiple sources. To reconstruct the origins and development of the Defense Force, and even to analyze government choices about the use of the military in antipoaching operations, the author was obliged to “connect dots” and make educated guesses about processes and dynamics. The peculiarities of local political and cultural dynamics in Botswana may have posed a few obstacles to research, but these were far from daunting. Government workers, military officials, and private citizens were unfailingly gracious, even if some endeavored to avoid the author’s questions. Many were sympathetic to the research. Most officials were articulate and apparently candid. The author found capable scholars both in the University of Botswana and in the local civil society who proved to be good sources of credible information. Nor did the physical environment impede the research. Botswana was a pleasant place to live and work. Infrastructure throughout the country was good, facilitating access to people and institutions. Some individuals contributed so substantially that their assistance should be acknowledged here. The author is profoundly grateful to members of the Botswana Defense Force who offered information and encouragement. In addition to the Defense Force commander and many others who will remain unnamed, these included Brigadier E. B. Rakgole, Brigadier Otisitswe B. Tiroyamodimo, Colonel Gaolathe Galebotswe, Major Molefi Seikano, Major T. S. Makolo, Major Morogosi Baatweng, pal-henk-00fm.qxd 10/3/07 2:51 PM Page xi PREFACE xi and Major Max Nkgapha. Members of Botswana’s environmentalist community generously assisted the research, including Sedia C. Modise, former director of the Department of National Parks and Wildlife and now a local coordinator for the Peace Parks Foundation; Felix Monggae, the chief executive officer of the Kalahari Conservation Society; and Masego Madzwamuse, country program coordinator for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Larry Patterson, a Gaborone-based veterinarian, wildlife specialist, and consultant, shared repeatedly from his long association with wildlife management in various African countries. Faculty and students at the University of Botswana offered information and perspective. Of these, Professors Ken Good and Shelley Whitman were particularly helpful. Current and former members of the official U.S. community in Botswana assisted the study in multiple ways. Dr. Judy Butterman, an Africanist scholar with a long experience on the continent who was the political and economic affairs officer at the U.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Botswana Defence Force and Public Trust: the Military Dilemma in a Democracy
    The Botswana Defence Force and public trust: The military dilemma in a democracy Lekoko Kenosi Introduction The level of trust that citizens have in their armed forces is paramount to good civil–military relations. In a democracy, it is the responsibility of the armed forces to gain public confidence, because a military that is not trusted by the population lacks legitimacy and will have difficulties justifying its expenses and even its existence. Botswana is the oldest democracy in Africa. A look at the Botswana Defence Force (BDF) takes one into the journey of civil–military relations. Botswana has never been through a conventional war, whereas all her neighbours have been involved in some form of war. Zimbabwe went through the war of liber- ation, Namibia had an armed struggle for independence and South Africans fought a lengthy guerrilla war to claim their freedom. Although beyond her borders, these conflicts have had a major impact on civil–military dynamics in Botswana. The political volatility of Southern Africa has had a direct effect on the trust the nation has needed to place in the BDF. The interaction between the BDF and civil society is of great interest to soldiers and broader society. The Batswana attach a high price to the behaviour of their institutions, including the armed forces and the conduct of the BDF—both in peacetime and in times of conflict—is always a matter of public interest. Experience in Africa has taught us that an irresponsible military can pro- duce untold suffering. The often healthy but inherently suspicious relation- ship between the military and civil institutions calls for constant dialogue.
    [Show full text]
  • A First Step Towards Zero Down Time: the Creation of Synergy Through Equipment Acquisition Within the Constraints of a Small
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2005-06 A first step towards zero down time: the creation of synergy through equipment acquisition within the constraints of a small budget in an Army with civilian oversight - a case of the Botswana Defense Force (BDF) Mompati, Mothusi Glendon Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10017 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS A FIRST STEP TOWARDS ZERO DOWN TIME: THE CREATION OF SYNERGY THROUGH EQUIPMENT ACQUISITION WITHIN THE CONSTRAINTS OF A SMALL BUDGET IN AN ARMY WITH CIVILIAN OVERSIGHT - A CASE OF THE BOTSWANA DEFENCE FORCE (BDF). by Mothusi Glendon Mompati June 2005 Thesis Advisor: Keebom Kang Second Reader: John Dillard Approved for public release: distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202- 4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Cabo Ligado Monthly: July 2021 July Monthly: Ligado Cabo 16 August 2021 16 August with Insurgents in 22 Recorded Armed Clashes, Resulting in 95 Reported Fatalities
    OBSERVATORY CONFLICT CONFLICT 16 August 2021 Cabo Ligado Monthly: July 2021 Cabo Ligado — or ‘connected cape’ — is a Mozambique conflict observatory launched by ACLED, Zitamar News, and Mediafax. VITAL STATS • ACLED records 38 organized political violence events in July, resulting in 134 fatalities • Events took place in Ibo, Macomia, Mocimboa da Praia, Montepuez, Muidumbe, Nangade, and Palma districts VITAL TRENDS • Rwandan troops arrived in Cabo Delgado in July and quickly entered the fray; they were involved in 10 recorded organized political violence events resulting in 73 reported fatalities • Violence in Mocimboa da Praia district jumped sharply as Rwandan and Mozambican troops undertook an offensive that ultimately resulted in the re-taking of Mocimboa da Praia town in early August • Fighting also continued in Palma district, as Rwandan and Mozambican troops worked to clear the ar- eas around Palma town and the route from Palma to Nangade of insurgents IN THIS REPORT • Analysis of KiSwahili-language Islamic State propaganda streams and their relationship to the Cabo Delgado conflict • Explanation of the origins and functions of pro-government local militias in Cabo Delgado • Examination of the combat record and political position of Rwanda in the Cabo Delgado conflict • Update on international involvement in Cabo Delgado with a focus on how costs and responsibilities will be divided up between SADC member states in the SADC Standby Force mission JULY SITUATION SUMMARY In July 2021, the Cabo Delgado conflict became internationalized to an unprecedented extent. Rwandan troops entered the fray at the Mozambican government’s behest, sending police and military forces to assist the Mozambican counterinsurgency effort.
    [Show full text]
  • An Intergrated Air Defence System for Botswana Defence Force to Meet Current Security Challenges
    AN INTERGRATED AIR DEFENCE SYSTEM FOR BOTSWANA DEFENCE FORCE TO MEET CURRENT SECURITY CHALLENGES Lt Col M. Thembo JCSP 42 PCEMI 42 Service Paper Étude militaire Disclaimer Avertissement Opinions expressed remain those of the author and Les opinons exprimées n’engagent que leurs auteurs do not represent Department of National Defence or et ne reflètent aucunement des politiques du Canadian Forces policy. This paper may not be used Ministère de la Défense nationale ou des Forces without written permission. canadiennes. Ce papier ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation écrite. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, représentée par represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2016. le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2016. CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE – COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES JCSP 42 – PCEMI 42 2015 – 2016 JCSP SERVICE PAPER – PCEMI ÉTUDE MILITAIRE AN INTERGRATED AIR DEFENCE SYSTEM FOR BOTSWANA DEFENCE FORCE TO MEET CURRENT SECURITY CHALLENGES Lt Col M. Thembo “This paper was written by a student “La présente étude a été rédigée par un attending the Canadian Forces College stagiaire du Collège des Forces in fulfilment of one of the requirements canadiennes pour satisfaire à l'une des of the Course of Studies. The paper is a exigences du cours. L'étude est un scholastic document, and thus contains document qui se rapporte au cours et facts and opinions, which the author contient donc des faits et des opinions alone considered appropriate and que seul l'auteur considère appropriés et correct for the subject. It does not convenables au sujet.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the Botswana Defence Force, C. 1977-2007
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2021-01-11 Thebe ya Sechaba: A History of the Botswana Defence Force, c. 1977-2007 Mocheregwa, Bafumiki Mocheregwa, B. (2021). Thebe ya Sechaba: A History of the Botswana Defence Force, c. 1977-2007 (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/112986 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Thebe ya Sechaba: A History of the Botswana Defence Force, c. 1977 – 2007 by Bafumiki Mocheregwa A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA JANUARY, 2021 © Bafumiki Mocheregwa 2021 Abstract The protracted liberation struggles of Southern Africa that began in the 1960s, particularly in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe today) eventually prompted the Botswana government to establish its own defence force in 1977. Due to budgetary constraints and relative internal political stability, Botswana had relied on a small paramilitary force called the Police Mobile Unit (PMU) since the early 1960s for all defence – related issues. By the late 1970s, the sharp escalation of the struggle for Zimbabwe resulted in cross – border incursions by Rhodesian security forces who were pursuing armed freedom fighters.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Children As Soldiers in Africa Report
    The Use of Children as Soldiers in Africa report The Use of Children as Soldiers in Africa A country analysis of child recruitment and participation in armed conflict Preface The purpose of this report is to document and assess the extent of the military recruitment of African children and their use as soldiers in armed conflict. In particular, the report provides details of national legislation governing recruitment into the armed forces, national recruitment practice (which, sadly, does not always conform to the prevailing legislation), and, where armed conflict is ongoing, the extent of child participation in hostilities, whether as part of government armed forces, government-sponsored armed groups or militia, or non-governmental armed groups or militia. It also includes basic demographic data and information on the estimated size of governmental armed forces and non-governmental armed groups. An attempt has been made to include relevant and accurate information on the situation in each African country. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in the report is correct as at the end of February 1999. In a small number of cases information has proved impossible to obtain. Requests for information were sent to each of the States referred to in this report via their Embassies in Europe or their Permanent Missions to the United Nations in Geneva or New York. Where responses were received, these have been reflected in the report. This report is being presented as a background document to the African Conference on the Use of Children as Soldiers, which is taking place in Maputo, Mozambique, from 19-22 April 1999.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa Confidential
    www.africa-confidential.com 11 July 2003 Vol 44 No 14 AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL WEST AFRICA 2 LIBERIA A web of conflict Like arms traffickers and smugglers Meltdown in Monrovia of conflict diamonds, West Africa’s Sending peacekeepers into the capital without a political plan could wars are crossing frontiers. We trace cause yet more chaos and killing how the now beleaguered warlord Next week, the first component of 1,000 West African peacekeepers is due in Liberia to enforce a fragile President Charles Taylor and his allies set the region on fire. ceasefire between President Charles Taylor’s crumbling government and his rebel opponents. However, there is no political plan. No one knows whether Taylor will take up Nigeria’s offer of asylum, thus removing himself and the pretext for the continuing conflict. Few people know the intentions of the rebel GHANA 3groups – the Liberians United for Reconstruction and Democracy (LURD) and the Movement for Democracy in Liberia (Model). Will they emulate their forerunner militias, which in 1990 after ousting Diplomacy central President Samuel Kanyon Doe tortured him to death and then began a seven-year war among Accra has become the centre for themselves? Then a force of West African peacekeepers was sent in to stem the chaos with minimal both peace talks and peacekeeping support from outside the region. in Liberia – to the benefit of This time, United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan wants to bring in a broader-based force, with President John Kufuor’s government. Kufuor wants to substantial logistical help – and perhaps some marines – from the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Zimbabwean Liberation Struggle on Botswana: the Case of Lesoma Ambush, 1978
    The case of Lesoma ambush The impact of Zimbabwean liberation struggle on Botswana: the case of Lesoma ambush, 19781 CJ (John) Makgala ML (Matshwenego) Fisher University of Stellenbosch (formerly with Botswana Defence Force) Abstract Polelo e e lebegane le kganyaolo e e diragetseng ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole a le 27 ka ngwaga wa 1978 ele tlhaselo e e maatla thata go diragalela sesole sa Botswana Defence Force (BDF) se e neng ele gone se tlhamiwang. Tlhaselo e ne e dirwa ke sesole sa bo ntwa dumela se se kgethegileng sa difofane sa lefatshe la Rhodesia ka nako ya ntwa ya kgololesego ko Zimbabwe. Polelo e simolola ka go kanoka mekwalo e e se tseng e dirilwe le go lebelela merero ya tsa mafatse a sele mo lefatsheng la Botswana, ga mmogo le bokgoni ba sesole mo Botswana ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970. Polelo gape e itebaganya le seemo sa itshireletso ko molelwaneng wa Botswana le Rhodesia. Go tshabela mo Botswana ga batshabi ba Rhodesia le gone go a sekwa sekwa. Gape go buiwa ka go tlhamiwa le tiriso ya BDF ka tshoganetso ele go fokotsa manokonko a ditlheselo ko molelwaneng. Tlhaselo le kganyaolo ya masole a Botswana kwa motseng wa Lesoma le kgalo ya tirigalo e mo Botswana le mafatshe a bodichabachaba go a lebalejwa. Gape re bontsha gore tlhaselo e ene ya supa kemonokeng e ko godimo ya Batswana le bagwebi ka go ntsha dithuso go thusa ba ba neng ba amilwe ke tlhaselo ko Lesoma. Keywords: Liberation; Foreign policy; Military ambush; Instability; Patriotism; Zimbabwe liberation struggle; Botswana; Lesoma ambush.
    [Show full text]
  • Us Africa Command, Changing Security Dynamics, and Perceptions of Us Africa Policy
    US AFRICA COMMAND, CHANGING SECURITY DYNAMICS, AND PERCEPTIONS OF US AFRICA POLICY Stephen F. Burgess 2008 INSS RESEARCH PAPER US AIR FORCE INSTITUTE FOR NATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES USAF ACADEMY, COLORADO US AFRICA COMMAND, CHANGING SECURITY DYNAMICS, AND PERCEPTIONS OF US AFRICA POLICY By Stephen F. Burgess 2008 OVERVIEW This report will demonstrate that U.S. change agents in seeking transformation focused inwardly within the bureaucracy. They did not bother to consult with African leaders and made assumptions about African reactions to AFRICOM which demonstrated a lack of empathy. The authoritarian leadership style of Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld brought about an ―order that could not be refused,‖ including the unfortunate directive that AFRICOM headquarters should be placed on the African continent. The directive was rejected by most African leaders and media. A subsequent ―strategic communications‖ campaign to repackage AFRICOM and sell it to African leaders failed because of already established suspicions. Only the reversal of the directive to place the command on the continent brought grudging acceptance, along with US offers of training exercises and other forms of security assistance. Change agents within a bureaucracy must be careful to consult with foreign actors in attempting to bring about transformation. While African reaction to AFRICOM was largely negative, there was variation in types of responses. Some leaders in sub-regions and states feared terrorist attacks against an AFRICOM base that would undermine their regimes. Others feared the possibility of regime change. Sub-regional powers objected to US military presence in their areas of hegemonic control. Ideology was important, with non-aligned states rejecting AFRICOM and more liberal and pro-Western states accepting it.
    [Show full text]
  • [ 1977 ] Part 1 Sec 1 Chapter 9 Matters Relating to Africa
    Matters relating to Africa 133 Chapter IX Matters relating to Africa Matters concerning South Africa's apartheid policies The policies of apartheid of the Government of in June 1977; on a proposed International Anti- South Africa, and ways and means of intensifying Apartheid Year in 1978; and on relations between international action to secure the elimination of Israel and South Africa. Also during the year, the apartheid, were reviewed during 1977 by various Special Committee, in co-operation with the United Nations bodies. Organization of African Unity, organized the On 4 November, the Security Council, acting World Conference for Action against Apartheid, under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United held in Lagos, Nigeria, from 22 to 26 August. Nations,1 adopted a resolution (418(1977)) by The Secretary-General submitted a report on which it called on all States to cease the provision the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa, to South Africa of arms and related materiel of all to which was annexed the report of the Commit- types. It was noted by the Secretary-General that tee of Trustees of the Fund. the Council's action marked the first time in the At its thirty-second (1977) session, the General 32-year history of the Organization such action Assembly adopted a number of resolutions relat- had been taken under Chapter VII against a ing to various aspects of apartheid, namely: the Member State. United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa; In other actions, the Council, following events political prisoners in South Africa; International of 19 October in South Africa, condemned that Anti-Apartheid Year; trade union action against country for its resort to massive violence and apartheid; relations between Israel and South repression and demanded an end to repressive Africa; military and nuclear collaboration with measures.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf (Accessed September 24, 2007)
    Notes Chapter 1 1. In short, the frustration-aggression thesis says that “the occurrence of aggres- sive behaviour always presupposes the existence of frustration and, contrari- wise, that the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression” (Dollard et al. 1939, cited in Draman 2003, 9. 2. See also Luckham et al. 2001. 3. For research on the relationship between security and the environment, see Homer-Dixon 1991, 1999; Dabelko 1999; and Dokken 1997. 4. The classification is based on a similar classification done by Luckham et al. 2001 (4 ff). 5. The Derg (or Dergue) was a military junta that came to power after the oust- ing of Haile Selassie I. The Derg ruled the country from 1974 to 1987. 6. See, for instance, Bayart et al. 1999 on the criminalization of the state in Africa, and Reno 1998 on the increasing convergence between warlords and certain types of African government. 7. Transnationalism is a kind of interaction across international borders between both state and nonstate actors. The interaction is relatively regular and often (but not necessarily) hierarchically organized. Both formal and informal transnational processes have considerable influence on security politics within and between African states. Chapter 2 1. For a discussion of self-determination, territorial integrity, and the African state system, see Young 1991. 2. See Chazan et al. 1992 for more details on Cold War politics in Africa. 3. Reno’s approach is very similar to the one developed in Bayart, Ellis, and Hibou 1999. 4. Bokassa and his regime were also referred to by Linz as an example of a sul- tanistic regime (Chebabi and Linz 1998, 16–17).
    [Show full text]
  • Integration of Women in Botswana Defense Force
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2003-03 Expanding the shield and facing the challenges : integration of women in Botswana Defense Force Mophuting, Mpho C. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1084 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS EXPANDING THE SHIELD AND FACING THE CHALLENGES: INTEGRATION OF WOMEN IN THE BOTSWANA DEFENCE FORCE by Mpho C. Mophuting March 2003 Thesis Advisor: Karen Guttieri Second Readers: Donald Abenheim J. Holmes Armstead Approved for public release; distribution unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED March 2003 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: Expanding the Shield and Facing the Challenges: 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Integration of Women in Botswana Defence Force 6.
    [Show full text]