Matters relating to Africa 133

Chapter IX Matters relating to Africa

Matters concerning South Africa's apartheid policies

The policies of apartheid of the Government of in June 1977; on a proposed International Anti- South Africa, and ways and means of intensifying Apartheid Year in 1978; and on relations between international action to secure the elimination of Israel and South Africa. Also during the year, the apartheid, were reviewed during 1977 by various Special Committee, in co-operation with the United Nations bodies. Organization of African Unity, organized the On 4 November, the Security Council, acting World Conference for Action against Apartheid, under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United held in Lagos, Nigeria, from 22 to 26 August. Nations,1 adopted a resolution (418(1977)) by The Secretary-General submitted a report on which it called on all States to cease the provision the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa, to South Africa of arms and related materiel of all to which was annexed the report of the Commit- types. It was noted by the Secretary-General that tee of Trustees of the Fund. the Council's action marked the first time in the At its thirty-second (1977) session, the General 32-year history of the Organization such action Assembly adopted a number of resolutions relat- had been taken under Chapter VII against a ing to various aspects of apartheid, namely: the Member State. United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa; In other actions, the Council, following events political prisoners in South Africa; International of 19 October in South Africa, condemned that Anti-Apartheid Year; trade union action against country for its resort to massive violence and apartheid; relations between Israel and South repression and demanded an end to repressive Africa; military and nuclear collaboration with measures. It also established a committee to exam- South Africa; economic collaboration with South ine progress in implementing the mandatory Africa; dissemination of information on apart- arms embargo against South Africa. heid; the programme of work of the Special Com- The Special Committee against Apartheid sub- mittee against Apartheid; assistance to the national mitted to the General Assembly and the Security liberation movements of South Africa; the situa- Council reports on its activities for the year and tion in South Africa; the World Conference for on the major developments in South Africa during Action against Apartheid; an International Decla- that period. Its annual report to the Assembly ration against Apartheid in Sports; bantustans; contained a number of recommendations on ways investments in South Africa; and assistance to of intensifying concerted and effective interna- South African student refugees. tional action against the apartheid regime. The Details of these and other related decisions are Committee also submitted special reports: on given in the sections that follow. the Second International Trade Union Confer- 1 ence for Action against Apartheid, held in Geneva For text of Chapter VU of the Charter, see APPENDIX H.

Political and related developments

Security Council consideration in conformity with previous General Assembly of the question of South Africa and Security Council resolutions—in particular, the Assembly's decisions of 26 October and 9 No- Communications to Security Council (March 1977) vember 1976 (contained in the various sections On 9 March 1977, the representative of Nigeria, of resolution 31/6)2 and the Council's resolution Chairman of the Africa group of Member States of 19 June 1976 (392(1976)).3 at the United Nations for the month of March,

2 asked that a meeting of the Security Council be See Y.U.N., 1976, pp. 134-44, texts of resolutions 31/6 A and 31/6 C-K. convened to consider the question of South Africa, 3 Ibid., p. 133. 134 Political and security questions

On 21 March, the Liberian representative the arms embargo against South Africa; and con- transmitted the text of a message from the Pres- sider steps to achieve the cessation of further ident of Liberia, stating that the Liberian Gov- foreign investment in South Africa. Among those ernment and people appealed to the Security taking this position were Benin, Egypt, Ethiopia, Council and all Member States to demonstrate Ghana, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, through action under Chapter VII of the Charter Madagascar, Mauritania, Mongolia, Panama, of the United Nations,4 in particular Article 41, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, the that apartheid was a crime against humanity, which United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Yugoslavia, contravened the Charter as well as the Universal Zaire and Zambia. Declaration of Human Rights5 and which was Specific points made by speakers during the increasingly leading to a racial conflagration in debate included the following. southern Africa. The representative of Mauritius, opening the On 18 March, the Acting Executive Secretary discussion, said he felt compelled to draw the of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) to Council's attention to the imminent danger of a the United Nations transmitted a message from general war in southern Africa. South Africa, he the OAU Administrative Secretary-General to the declared, possessed an awesome military power effect that OAU expected the Security Council to and was continuing to develop its military capa- impose economic sanctions and a mandatory arms bilities at a rapid rate, building the most powerful embargo against South Africa. military machine in Africa south of the Sahara for the purpose of maintaining and protecting Consideration by Security Council (March 1977) its system of minority rule. This military power, The Security Council considered the question of he said, constituted a threat to neighbouring South Africa at nine meetings held between 21 States and other States farther afield; it had and 31 March 1977. The representatives of the mounted a full-scale invasion of Angola, imposed following States were invited, at their request, to an occupying army on Namibia, attacked Zambia participate in the Council's discussion without the and given and continued to give military assistance right to vote: Algeria, Bahrain, Botswana, Burun- to the Ian Smith regime in Southern Rhodesia. Its di, Cuba, Egypt, Ethiopia, the German Demo- policy was inflexible and aggressive, he asserted, cratic Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Indo- and it had, through foreign investment and for- nesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Mada- eign loans, created a garrison State to prevent, gascar, Mauritania, Mongolia, Nigeria, Senegal, not promote, change. Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sweden, the The representative of Nigeria, speaking as Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, the United Republic current Chairman of the African group of Mem- of Tanzania, Yugoslavia, Zaire and Zambia. An ber States and Chairman of the Special Commit- invitation was also extended to the President and tee against Apartheid, noted that the Security Coun- four members of the United Nations Council for cil continued to adopt resolutions on mandatory Namibia. sanctions against Rhodesia but would not apply The Council also agreed, at the request of Benin, them against South Africa, which, he said, pro- the Libyan Arab Republic and Mauritius, to extend vided the main loophole in those sanctions. It was invitations to Mfanafuthi Johnstone Makatini of easy for the Council to apply Chapter VII of the the African National Congress of South Africa Charter against Rhodesia because Western vested (ANC), Potlako Leballo of the Pan Africanist Con- interests there had been limited at the time of gress of Azania (PAC), Olof Palme of Socialist Ian Smith's unilateral declaration of indepen- International, Abdul S. Minty of the British Anti- dence in 1965, and because Rhodesia was not a apartheid Movement, and William P. Thompson major source of raw materials and was of little of the World Council of Churches. strategic importance. During the Council's discussion, a large number He went on to say that with every passing day of speakers criticized South Africa's policies of South Africa, with the assistance of Western apartheid as violating the provisions of the Char- States, was building itself into one of the world's ter. They called for action by the Council along important military and economic powers. He said the lines of General Assembly resolution 31/6,6 that in 1960, at the time of the Sharpeville massa- in various sections of which the Assembly had cre, the military budget of South Africa had been called upon the Security Council to, among other only 44 million rand; at the time of the events in things: take urgent action, under Chapter VII Soweto in 1976, it had risen to 1,350 million rand. of the Charter, to ensure the complete cessation 4 by all States of the supply of arms or military For text of Chapter VII of the Charter, see APPENDIX n. 5 See Y.U.N., 1948-49, pp. 535-37, text of Universal Declaration of equipment to South Africa; call upon all Govern- Human Rights. ments to take specific steps to implement fully 6 See footnote 2. Matters relating to Africa 135

Foreign investment in South Africa had risen and the army treated the African people with from 3,000 million rand in 1960 to 10,000 million utter disregard for human life. rand in 1976. The representative of Sri Lanka, who said he The Nigerian representative noted that the was speaking also as the representative of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of current Chairman of the 86 countries comprising OAU, meeting in Port Louis, Mauritius, in July the non-aligned group, said that the South African 1976, and the Fifth Conference of Heads of State Government's policies of apartheid continued to or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, be a threat to peace. The world was told that mea- meeting in Colombo, Sri Lanka, in August 1976, sures were being taken to eliminate what was had called for effective sanctions against the South described as petty apartheid, but there was, on the African regime, as had numerous non-govern- other hand, clear enough evidence that the re- mental organizations and a great number of Gov- gime was determined to safeguard and perpetu- ernments. The General Assembly had appealed ate the hard core of apartheid. The policy of to the Governments of France, the United King- bantustans, for example, was intended to pre- dom and the United States to desist from using serve the best land and resources within apartheid their veto power to protect the apartheid regime South Africa; impoverished and isolated shells and to facilitate the adoption of effective mea- were earmarked for bantustans. Tangible action sures, under Chapter VII, to deal with the grave should be taken, he went on to say, to ensure and situation in South Africa. He hoped that those hasten the observance of human rights in South powers, which had in the past vetoed mandatory Africa; those who had the capacity should use the arms embargoes against South Africa, would heed power at their disposal to compel the South Afri- the appeals from the overwhelming majority of can Government to give its black people—the Member States. vast majority of the population—at least a modi- According to the representative of Lesotho, cum of human rights. the system of apartheid practised by the white The spokesman for PAC said that for the Aza- minority Government of South Africa was a direct nian national liberation movement there was great threat to the peace of southern Africa and inter- significance in the fact that the Council's debate national security. South Africa had built legal, had opened on 21 March, the anniversary of the social and political institutions based on the belief Sharpeville-Langa massacres in 1960. Whether that the Afrikaaner was a chosen race, a superior the traditional supporters of apartheid South breed with a God-given right to suppress other Africa wished to acknowledge it or not, he said, peoples. The African in South Africa was con- the whites in that country were confronted by a fronted, he said, with a whole series of laws that tide of black anger. Those who were temporiz- circumscribed his every activity, that denied his ing had to bear the full consequences of the inev- very humanity. itable catastrophe impending for whites in South With regard to South Africa's relationship with Africa. Regarding the statements of those who Lesotho, he said that since October 1976, when sought to portray African liberation movements Pretoria granted its bogus independence to the as mere pawns for other powers, he said that such bantustan Transkei, Lesotho had faced serious crass nonsense was an unmitigated insult to the problems which continued to threaten its very dignity of the men, women and children who had existence as an independent State. (For details risen to restore their birthright in their own lands, about Lesotho's complaint against South Africa, whose objective was a non-racial, democratic see p. 226.) and non-aligned Azania. They were not struggling The representative of Botswana also termed so that they could become a sphere of influence the situation in southern Africa as a threat to for any foreign power, he declared. international peace and security, noting that the The ANC spokesman said that the United Na- Rhodesian regime was, with the full support of tions had still to take effective action against South Africa, engaging in vicious attacks against apartheid. The flow of noble words and resolu- independent neighbouring African States. South tions continued unceasingly, but nothing followed Africa boasted of a flourishing munitions industry from it, he said; no real action had been taken. and reports indicated that it might soon acquire As a result, South Africa had gained invaluable nuclear weapons. It was heavily militarizing the time to build its economic and military strength. international territory of Namibia, and had Far from abandoning apartheid, it had shown itself amended its Defence Law so that when it felt absolutely determined to preserve the status quo, threatened its armed forces could strike anywhere he said. Today, faced with a greatly intensified up to the Equator. Within South Africa itself, he struggle on the part of the South African people, said, oppression was the order of the day as more it had become a volatile and dangerous force on Draconian legislation was passed and the police the African continent, a standing threat to every 136 Political and security questions independent State south of the Equator. The tion and apartheid. This was, he said, an important representative of ANC went on to say that, para- hallmark of the new awakening of the Azanian doxically, as the situation became more and more people since the Sharpeville carnage in 1960. unusual, the doctrine of "business as usual" had The people were demanding an end to the system taken command. The successes of the liberation of apartheid in South Africa; they wanted to see struggle had been seen less as part of a process black power attained. of ending injustice and oppression than as a threat To sustain its tottering reactionary rule, he to the interests of certain powers, particularly the continued, the racist regime of B. John Vorster major Western powers. Those countries believed was stepping up its counter-revolutionary dual that by arming and protecting South Africa they tactics. The South African reactionary author- were also protecting their own interests in the ities, while continuing their political manoeuvres, southern African region. Thus, he said, South had intensified their violent repression of the Africa had been made a surrogate colonial power Azanian and Namibian peoples and their armed and was expected to perform the function of provocations against the neighbouring indepen- local gendarme. dent African countries. While the peoples of The representative of Sweden recalled that, southern Africa were waging fierce struggles during the 1976 session of the General Assembly, against the racist regimes, he went on, the two his country and others had sponsored a resolu- super-powers were locked in intensified rivalry tion by which the Assembly urged the Security over southern Africa. One super-power was Council to consider steps to achieve the cessation trying by every possible means to preserve its of further foreign investments in South Africa. enormous vested interests there. The other super- Now, he said, the Council had an opportunity to power, which paraded itself as a natural ally of consider such action, which would have a serious the African people and flaunted the signboards impact on South Africa's ambition to attain eco- of "opposing racism" and "supporting the nation- nomic self-sufficiency and continue its stunningly al liberation movement," was bent on dividing rapid military expansion programme. Sweden, the national liberation movements and under- he continued, applied the voluntary arms embargo mining the militant unity of the African coun- against South Africa strictly, and it urged the Se- tries in an intensified effort to effect infiltration curity Council to make that embargo mandatory. and expansion in southern Africa and thus to He noted that the Foreign Ministers of the five establish its hegemony there. China, he said, Nordic States—Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Nor- considered that the Security Council should adopt way and Sweden—had declared on 23 March resolutions strongly condemning the crimes of 1977 that they would welcome a decision by the the South African authorities, applying a manda- Council on a mandatory arms embargo against tory arms embargo and economic sanctions against South Africa and on the prevention of new for- South Africa, enjoining the South African author- eign investments in that country. ities to stop all repression and persecution of the The representative of Venezuela said that the Azanian people, and calling upon all peoples question of foreign investments in southern Africa and Governments to support and assist the peo- was the central issue of the debate. A report pre- ples of Azania and the rest of southern Africa in pared by the United Nations Centre on Trans- their just struggle for independence and libera- national Corporations on the activities of such tion. corporations in southern Africa—in Southern The representative of Bahrain, speaking as Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Namibia and South Africa current Chairman of the Arab group of Member —noted that foreign investments in southern States, observed that his participation on behalf Africa, besides increasing from day to day in vio- of the Arab group was not only a manifestation lation of United Nations resolutions, constituted of the Afro-Arab solidarity that had been ex- the most open and effective material support pressed at the historic First Conference of Heads of which the policy of apartheid enjoyed. Among the State and Government of the Organization of most serious aspects, he said, was the mining and African Unity and the League of Arab States, processing of uranium and the development of held at Cairo, Egypt, at the beginning of March nuclear energy carried out with the help of tech- 1977, but was also an integral part of their joint nology and foreign capital furnished by transna- struggle against racism, exploitation and foreign tional corporations. domination. A similar view was expressed by the The representative of China said that since the Syrian Arab Republic, which recalled that the Soweto massacre in June 1976, the heroic Azanian Assembly, by one of the sections of resolution people had started a mammoth struggle against 31/6, had strongly condemned the ever-increasing violent repression, directing their spearhead collaboration of the Zionist regime with the racist against the criminal system of racial discrimina- regime of Pretoria. Matters relating to Africa 137

The spokesman for Egypt said his Govern- untary, relying on the good will and national dis- ment had always drawn attention to the danger cretion of Member States. South Africa was cur- of the ever-increasing ties between the racist re- rently able to obtain a wide range of military equip- gime in South Africa and its counterpart in Israel. ment directly from several countries, and con- Those regimes had become full-fledged arsenals tinued to expand its domestic arms industry with of the most advanced and sophisticated destruc- the active and often enthusiastic co-operation of tive weapons situated in the south and to the north certain Western countries and their arms firms. of the African continent. He expressed hope that the Western powers According to the Cuban spokesman, the liber- would enforce a strict arms embargo against South ation of the oppressed African masses was a Africa and vote to make it mandatory, and also visible goal the attainment of which could not be that they would ban future loans and investments prevented or postponed. The emancipation of in South Africa. These were minimum measures, the former Portuguese colonies, the defeat of the he said. The question was whether the Western racist mercenary aggression against the people powers had the political will to confront apartheid. of Angola and the flourishing struggle of the peo- The representative of Canada believed that ples of Zimbabwe, South Africa and Namibia the core of the complex of problems comprising revealed a process, he said, which would inevi- the question of South Africa was the policy of tably lead to the total elimination of the last ves- apartheid of the South African Government. In tiges of colonialism and racism on the African con- one area of human rights the United Nations tinent. The complete victory of the African peo- could point to real progress, he said: the colo- ples would be achieved. The only question was nial era was virtually ended. The change of re- how long it would take, how long the imperialists gime in Portugal in 1974 foreshadowed the end would continue their support of the racist regimes. of that period of African history wherein the fate The struggle against colonialism and racism, now and future of African peoples were decided by entering its decisive stage, required the unity of foreign minorities, and in southern Africa there all progressive forces. Attempts to use "anti- remained to be resolved only the colonial situa- communist" arguments against the struggle would tions of Namibia and Southern Rhodesia. These, fail. The African peoples welcomed the support he said, were on their way to solution, whether given to their cause by the socialist countries. What- by the peaceful means called for by the United ever the agents of imperialism and their lackeys Nations Charter or by violence if the United Na- did, the Cuban representative said, Africa would tions failed in its efforts. The situation in South be free. Africa, however, was not a colonial situation but According to the representative of the German one in which people of different origins had been Democratic Republic, there was no longer a ques- sharing for some 300 years a large and prosper- tion of whether there would be a racial war in ous land but had not been sharing the privileges southern Africa but how to avert an even greater and obligations of common citizenship. disaster. The armaments of South Africa had, Canada believed that the Security Council had he said, increased dramatically through assistance at the moment the power to take a significant and from certain imperialist countries and institutions constructive step, he said, by adopting a declara- under their control, with the assistance of certain tion of principles on southern Africa which North Atlantic Treaty Organization circles. The would serve as a statement of purpose for all mem- foreign monopolies which obtained profits by bers of the Council in terms of their objectives exploiting the black workers of South Africa in that region of the world. The adoption by con- would never voluntarily give up the possibilities sensus of such a declaration would, he added, offered them by the apartheid regime. In South serve as an unequivocal declaration to South Africa, he said, there were more than 500 bran- Africa of the Council's intentions and as a vehicle ches of United Kingdom monopolies, 400 bran- to mobilize public opinion towards the Council's ches of monopolies of the Federal Republic of objectives. Germany and more than 350 branches of United Also calling for a declaration of principles by States monopolies. The first necessity, he declared, the Council was the representative of the Federal was a mandatory and full arms embargo against Republic of Germany. His Government, he said, South Africa and an end to all co-operation in was determined to back solutions which guar- the nuclear field. anteed respect for equal rights without racial dis- The spokesman from the British Anti-apartheid tinction but was deeply convinced that the use of Movement said that the international arms em- force had to be avoided at all costs. It had there- bargo against South Africa was considered the fore joined the other four Western members of only effective action taken by the United Nations the Security Council in advocating a new approach, to counteract apartheid, but it was essentially vol- and proposed that the Council, in a solemn decla- 138 Political and security questions ration, proclaim those principles concerning (2) expressed its support for, and solidarity southern Africa on which all were agreed. with, all those struggling for the elimination of The representative of France said that the Coun- apartheid and racial discrimination and all victims cil and the world community had three basic com- of violence and repression by the South African plaints against South Africa: its apartheid policies; racist regime; its illegal occupation of a territory with interna- (3) demanded that that regime (a) end vio- tional status, Namibia; and its failure to comply lence and repression against the black people and with the mandatory measures imposed by the Se- other opponents of apartheid, (b) release all per- curity Council against the illegal regime in South- sons imprisoned under arbitrary security laws ern Rhodesia. With regard to apartheid, he said, and all those detained for their opposition to Pretoria had to understand that the Council was apartheid, (c) cease forthwith its indiscriminate calling for precise changes, a re-examination in violence against peaceful demonstrators against depth of its apartheid policy. The current repres- apartheid, murders in detention and torture of sion was not only humiliating but also dangerous. political prisoners, (d) abolish the "Bantu educa- South Africa should avoid a fatal escalation of tion" system and all other measures of apartheid tension by abolishing as soon as possible all traces and racial discrimination, and (e) abolish the of racial separation and by co-operating with all policy of bantustanization, abandon the policy of those working to that end in the churches, in apartheid and ensure majority rule based on jus- business groups and in other organizations. It tice and equality; should recognize that all its inhabitants had a right (4) requested all Governments and organiza- to decide their own future. It should renounce tions to take all appropriate measures to secure the system of bantustans, which France and the the implementation of the paragraph immediately countries of the European Community had totally preceding; condemned. Above all, the very philosophy (5) further requested all Governments and which underlay the situation in South Africa organizations to contribute generously for assis- should be abandoned and replaced by an egali- tance to the victims of violence and repression, tarian political and economic system. The time including educational assistance to student refu- had come, he said, to strive to break the stalemate gees from South Africa; and and to obtain from South Africa the first really (6) requested the Secretary-General, in co- significant concessions. operation with the Special Committee against Four draft resolutions were submitted to the Apartheid, to follow the situation and report to the Council, each sponsored jointly by Benin, the Security Council, as appropriate, on the imple- Libyan Arab Republic and Mauritius. They were mentation of this resolution, and to submit a first not put to a vote. report not later than 16 June 1977. By the preamble to the first of these, the Coun- By the preamble to the second text, the Security cil would have, among other things, recalled its Council would, among other things, have ex- resolution of 19 June 19767 concerning events pressed its concern over the situation in South in Soweto and other areas of South Africa and Africa and southern Africa as a whole, and reaf- noted with deep anxiety and indignation that the firmed that the imposition of apartheid in South South African racist regime had continued vio- Africa and the massive violence and repression by lence and massive repression against the black its racist regime against the majority of the popula- people and all opponents of apartheid in defiance tion was seriously disturbing international peace of the Council's resolutions. It would have ex- and security. Inasmuch as the South African pressed its concern over reports of torture of polit- racist regime continued to occupy Namibia ille- ical prisoners and the deaths of a number of gally and through its military occupation force- detainees, and its conviction that the violence and fully prevented the United Nations from exercis- repression by the South African racist regime had ing its responsibility for the territory and its peo- greatly aggravated the situation in South Africa ple, the Council would have considered the re- and would certainly lead to violent conflict and gime to be in a state of war against the United racial conflagration with serious international Nations. It also would have considered that the repercussions. acts of violence and aggression, and defiance of By the operative part of this text, the Council the United Nations, by the South African regime would have: had resulted from its efforts to perpetuate the (1) strongly condemned the South African inhuman policy of apartheid and consolidate racist regime for its resort to massive violence oppression of the black majority in South Africa. and repression against the black people, who constituted the great majority in the country, as 7 well as all other opponents of apartheid; See footnote 3. Matters relating to Africa 139

By the operative part of the text, the Council to the Security Council on the progress of the would have: implementation of this resolution not later than (1) declared that the South African racist re- 31 August 1977; and gime had flagrantly and persistently violated the (5) decided to maintain this item on its agenda principles contained in the Charter of the United for further action as appropriate in the light of Nations; developments. (2) further declared that the policies and ac- By the fourth draft resolution, the Security tions of the regime had seriously disturbed peace Council, considering that the cessation of foreign in the region and constituted a grave threat to investment in South Africa and other measures international peace and security; to discourage economic co-operation with South (3) urgently called on the regime to take steps Africa would be an important step in dissuading to comply with its obligations under the Charter the South African racist regime from pursuing and the provisions of relevant resolutions of the its abhorrent policy of apartheid, and taking note Security Council; of a General Assembly resolution of 9 November (4) requested the Secretary-General to follow 197610 concerning investments in South Africa, the situation and report on the implementation would have: of this resolution not later than 31 August 1977; (1) called upon all Governments (a) to refrain and from any investments in, or loans to, the South (5) decided that, in case of non-compliance African racist regime or companies registered in with the third operative paragraph above, the South Africa, (b) to take all appropriate steps to Security Council would consider appropriate ensure that companies and financial institutions action under all the provisions of the Charter, within their jurisdiction ceased all further invest- including Articles 39 to 46 of Chapter VII.8 ments in, or loans to, that regime or companies By the third three-power draft resolution, registered in South Africa, and (c) to refrain from the Security Council—expressing regret that some any agreements or measures to promote trade or Governments had failed to implement the arms other economic relations with South Africa; embargo fully, recognizing that that embargo had (2) further called upon all specialized agencies to be strengthened and universally applied to and other international institutions of the United prevent a further aggravation of the grave situa- Nations to refrain from any loans, credits or assis- tion in South Africa, acting under Chapter VII tance to the South African racist regime or com- of the Charter, and recognizing that the military panies registered in South Africa; build-up and persistent acts of aggression by the (3) requested all States Members of the United South African racist regime against the neigh- Nations or members of the specialized agencies bouring States posed a grave threat to the security to report to the Secretary-General by 31 July 1977 and sovereignty of independent African States and on measures taken to implement this resolution; to the security of the great majority of the people (4) requested the Secretary-General to report of South Africa—would have: to the Security Council, not later than 31 August (1) decided that all States were to cease forth- 1977, on the progress of the implementation of with the sale and shipment to South Africa of this resolution; and arms, ammunition of all types and military equip- (5) decided to maintain this item on its agenda ment and vehicles, and equipment and materials for further action as appropriate in the light of for the manufacture and maintenance of arms, developments. ammunition and military equipment and vehicles; In connexion with the debate in the Security (2) further decided that all States were to Council, the representative of Italy, in a letter (a) implement fully the provisions of the para- dated 29 March, said that Italy had imposed upon graph of the Council's resolution of 23 July 19709 its arms industry strict adherence to the voluntary by which the Council called on all States to strength- arms embargo called for by the Security Council en the arms embargo, (b) refrain from any co- in its resolution of 4 February 1972.11 All ship- operation with the South African racist regime in ments of military aircraft had halted and the nuclear development, and (c) take steps necessary export of spare parts for all such aircraft had to prevent corporations under their jurisdiction ceased, the letter stated. An ad hoc committee had from providing any form of direct or indirect been set up to control export licences. assistance to the South African Government in its military build-up; 8 (3) requested all States to report to the Sec- For text of Articles 39 to 46 of Chapter VII of the Charter, see APPEN- DIX II. retary-General not later than 31 July 1977 on 9 See Y.U.N., 1970, pp. 146-47, text of resolution 282 (1970). 10 measures taken to implement this resolution; See Y.U.N., 1976, pp. 143-44, text of resolution 31/6 K. 11 (4) requested the Secretary-General to report See Y.U.N., 1972, p. 88, text of resolution 311 (1972). 140 Political and security questions

Communications (March-October 1977) The Co-ordinating Bureau said it rejected the On 22 March 1977, the representative of Ghana findings of the "inquiry" conducted by commit- transmitted the text of a resolution adopted by tees appointed by the Pretoria regime under the the Executive Committee of the World Federa- disreputable Internal Security Act of South Africa, tion of United Nations Associations at its session a spurious legislative device for the repression of held in Accra, Ghana, from 19 to 21 March 1977, all dissent and for the stifling of the demand for by which the Security Council was asked to con- freedom in South Africa. sider steps to ensure that no State, multinational The statement continued by pointing out that or other body, or person was allowed to provide the measures had been taken at the very moment South Africa or Southern Rhodesia with any when five Western powers, which were among the equipment, technology or production of nuclear major trading partners of the Pretoria regime, weapons of any kind. were endeavouring to arrive at a negotiated settle- By a letter dated 5 October, the representative ment of the problem of Namibia on the basis of a of Sri Lanka transmitted a statement on the situa- complete withdrawal of South Africa from the tion in southern Africa issued by Foreign Min- territory. The recent action by the Pretoria re- isters of non-aligned countries at a meeting held gime also coincided with the current debate on in New York on 30 September. The Ministers Namibia in the General Assembly in which almost among other things again declared their firm 100 Members of the United Nations had de- commitment to the complete elimination of colo- nounced that regime's conduct and had called for nialism, apartheid and racial discrimination in urgent action against it. The two situations were southern Africa and reaffirmed the inalienable inextricably linked, according to the statement by right of the peoples of Zimbabwe, Namibia and the Co-ordinating Bureau. South Africa to self-determination and indepen- By a letter dated 24 October, the representative dence and the legitimacy of the struggle of their of Finland transmitted a statement issued on national liberation movements to secure the enjoy- 23 October by his Government concerning repres- ment of that right by all means at their disposal. sive measures taken by the South African Govern- The Ministers further reiterated their firm sup- ment on 19 October 1977, which were aimed at port to the front-line States which faced the con- depriving the African and Coloured population tinuous aggressions of the racist regimes of Salis- of South Africa of its only remaining possibility bury and Pretoria, and considered that a campaign to express its views on the inhuman policies of should be launched for the total isolation of the apartheid and to try to achieve, through peaceful apartheid racist minority regimes; all efforts should means, a pluralistic society based on racial equality. be made to support effectively the liberation strug- The Finnish Government believed that it would gle of the oppressed peoples. be fatal if the South African Government, through On 20 October, the representative of Tunisia, its continued measures of suppression of the basic as current Chairman of the group of African human rights of the vast majority of the popula- Member States, requested the convening of the tion of the country, would force that population Security Council as soon as possible to resume to resort to the use of force as its only means for consideration of the question of South Africa. defending its inalienable rights. The international He stated that the African States considered that community had every right to demand that South the question required urgent consideration in the Africa, as a United Nations Member State, revoke light of a series of repressive measures which the forthwith its recent decisions. racist regime of Pretoria had taken recently against On 27 October, the Chinese representative the South African people. transmitted a statement issued on 24 October by On 21 October, the representative of Sri Lanka the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China noting transmitted the text of a communique issued by that, on 19 October, the Vorster racist regime had the Co-ordinating Bureau of Non-aligned Coun- flagrantly banned 18 anti-apartheid organizations tries condemning recent repressive measures in South Africa, shut down two newspapers run adopted by the South African regime involving by black people and searched for, arrested and a ban on major black organizations and their sup- detained leaders of black people's mass move- porters and on a large number of South African ments all over the country. This was another bar- publications, including the country's largest news- barous act of suppression committed by the reac- paper for blacks. The regime justified the action tionary South African regime against the Azanian on the pretext that the reports published by the people, and the Chinese Government and people newspapers and the activities of the organizations expressed their utmost indignation at and strong mentioned endangered the maintenance of law condemnation of this grave new crime perpetrated and order. by the reactionary Vorster regime. Matters relating to Africa 141

Consideration by Security Venezuela, called for adoption of the four three- Council (October-November 1977) power draft resolutions, revised versions of which The Security Council met on 24 October 1977 were submitted in the course of the Council's to continue its consideration of the question of discussion. South Africa and held 10 meetings on the item The representative of Nigeria said that, to his between 24 October and 4 November. The follow- Government, the recent acts of repression by ing States were invited, at their request, to partic- South Africa were indefensible, particularly at ipate in the Council's discussion without the right a time when South Africa was reported to be to vote: Algeria, Botswana, Ghana, Guinea, negotiating with the five Western members of Guyana, Lesotho, Mauritania, the Niger, Nigeria, the Security Council on modalities for indepen- Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, the Sudan, Togo, dence for Namibia. He said the Council should Tunisia, the United Republic of Cameroon, and impose an oil and arms embargo under Chap- Viet Nam. The Chairman of the Special Commit- ter VII and all Member States should promptly tee against Apartheid, at his request, was also invited halt new investments in South Africa and take to participate in the discussion. steps to dismantle their existing investments there. The Council also agreed, at the request of Benin, All nations which had been collaborating with the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Mauritius, to the South African regime either in terms of trade extend invitations to Mfanafuthi Johnstone Maka- or in the exchange of nuclear technology should tini of ANC, David M. Sibeko and Elias L. Ntloe- review those relations and join in the concerted dibe of PAC, and Horst Gerhard Kleinschmidt efforts of the international community to isolate of the Christian Institute of Southern Africa. South Africa. Nigeria, he added, was taking appro- The representative of Tunisia recalled that the priate steps to identify those transnational corpo- General Assembly, by its decisions of 9 November rations which were doing business with Nigeria 1976, had asked the Security Council to take while giving support to the apartheid system in action under Chapter VII of the Charter to im- South Africa. plement military sanctions against South Africa, Mr. Sibeko said that the Vorster regime had and to consider steps to achieve the cessation of taken drastic measures against at least 16 organi- further foreign investments there. Those appeals zations of the Azanian people and two white-led had remained unheeded, he noted. Seven months anti-apartheid groups. It had carried out whole- had elapsed since the Council had met, without sale arrests and detentions, and closed down two any concrete action having been taken. Once newspapers published for blacks. With these mea- again, he said, the Council was faced with massive sures, he said, Vorster was blackmailing the West- measures of repression, even more brutal than ern members of the Council, its traditional trad- before. The South African Government had taken ing partners and allies, who needed him to secure certain measures against various organizations of satisfactory results for their initiatives over Namib- the black population and their press agencies ia and Zimbabwe. If they refrained from cast- which were a follow-up to the Soweto killings ing their customary negative votes, thus leaving and the assassination in prison of Stephen Biko—a the way open for mandatory resolutions, Vorster's black nationalist leader. The situation in South threat was that he would not "play ball" over the Africa was deteriorating rapidly, and the Coun- decolonization of Namibia and Zimbabwe. His cil had to abandon its wait-and-see policy. The ransom price was another triple veto to prevent African group of Member States, he said, wanted the Security Council from taking action under him to express its hope that the Council would Chapter VII of the Charter. give unanimous approval to the four draft reso- Mr. Makatini said that the Council's debate gave lutions which had been submitted to it in March the States whose record of collaboration with by its three African members. South Africa was well known an opportunity to During the Council's discussion, a large number end that policy and make common cause towards of speakers condemned the recent actions of the crushing the cancerous system of apartheid. It was South African Government and called on the up to the Western countries, he felt, to take the Council to take measures under Chapter VII of initiative in expanding the punitive measures the Charter. Among those taking this position contained in the draft resolutions before the Coun- were Botswana, Ghana, Guyana, India, Lesotho, cil. Nothing less than immediate imposition of Mauritania, Pakistan, Panama, Romania, Togo economic sanctions and an oil and arms embargo and Viet Nam. would be an adequate response to the challenge, Many speakers, among them the Libyan Arab he said. Jamahiriya, the Niger, Senegal, Somalia, the Mr. Kleinschmidt said that on 19 October his Sudan, the United Republic of Cameroon, and organization, together with 17 others, had been 142 Political and security questions officially declared a banned organization. All his interests should not be jeopardized. The whites colleagues in executive positions had been banned of South Africa should be allowed to carve for and it had become impossible for them and the themselves a state in South Africa and the blacks members to meet in the name of the Christian to carve a state in the other part, he said. The two Institute of Southern Africa. All countries which states could be federalized if necessary. It seemed were offended by the regime should recognize to him that sanctions would not work and that a and support the liberation movement, ANC. solution could be found this way. What was According to the spokesman for the USSR, the wanted was action, not resolutions, he said. system of violence and repression had been ele- According to the spokesman for India, the vated by the South African regime to the level of regime in South Africa was not an obscure and State policy. The regime's military machine was small society with outlandish habits; it was a being continuously improved; its intention of self-righteous and vicious maverick among the acquiring weapons of mass destruction was a nation-States of modern time. Five generations challenge to Africa and to the whole world and of Africans had endured injustice peacefully in was contrary to the decisions of the United Na- the hope that the international community would tions and OAU urging that the continent of Africa be able to bring about a change. The African be regarded as a nuclear-free zone. people of South Africa had now apparently no He went on to note that the African proposals hope of any peaceful change for the better. Only before the Council rightly demanded, among two options were open—armed struggle or man- other things, that South Africa cease its violence datory action by the Security Council. The Council and repression of opponents of apartheid, release should take steps to convert, the existing voluntary political prisoners, desist from the policy of ban- arms embargo into an immediate mandatory tustanization and end its attacks against African arms embargo against South Africa. At the same countries. However, he wondered if South Africa time, it should begin the process of examination, would heed the demands of the Security Council study and legislation for the progressive imposi- unless they were backed by sanctions under Chap- tion of economic sanctions in the months to come, ter VII of the Charter, a step that he considered in what was going to be essentially a struggle be- long overdue. He charged that some Western tween the Pretoria regime and those who traded countries still refused to comply with the United with it. Thus, the willingness and capacity of the Nations call for an end to all military, economic Western world to maintain the tempo of sanctions and other co-operation with South Africa. Calling in the military and economic fields had to be taken for a dialogue with the South African Government into account and India had no doubt that Western was tantamount to connivance with racism and co-operation would be forthcoming. the policy of apartheid. Unless effective measures The Canadian representative observed that were taken now, the States preventing action the fact that the Council's debate on South Africa would bear a heavy responsibility for the future. and its apartheid policy had been suspended for The USSR, he said, supported the proposals of several months did not reflect any lack of interest the African States on this issue. It favoured a but, on the contrary, was the result of intensive mandatory arms embargo and economic and other international diplomatic efforts directed towards sanctions against South Africa. Not in words but the resolution of the problems of southern Africa. in deeds, it was prepared to take effective mea- At the conclusion of the March meetings, the sures to bring about an end to apartheid. five Western members of the Council had joined China's representative said his Government together in an initiative designed to bring about firmly supported the just positions expressed by the independence of Namibia; in addition, he the African States. The Security Council should said, the United Kingdom and the United States adopt a resolution to condemn strongly the atroc- had been involved in the elaboration of propo- ities committed by the South African authorities, sals designed to bring about early independence impose a mandatory arms embargo and economic and majority rule in Zimbabwe. He noted also sanctions against South Africa and call on all that in August 1977 the World Conference for Governments and peoples to render powerful Action against Apartheid had been convened at support and assistance to the people of Azania Lagos, Nigeria—the most significant such confer- and the rest of southern Africa in their just struggle ence yet held on the subject. for independence and liberation. In the wake of all these deliberations, he went The representative of Saudi Arabia proposed on, the Government of South Africa could have that, first of all, Namibia should be declared free no illusions as to how it was seen by the rest of so that any "disgruntled blacks" in South Africa the world: it had been advised by voices within could go and live there. Namibia should have an and without that it had set its country on a road open door, but at the same time white economic to disaster, which only a commitment in favour Matters relating to Africa 143 of fundamental change could avert. But the re- that it had to end its reprehensible and dangerous sponse had been uncompromising. The Cana- practices. In strictly legal terms, he said, no country dian Government, he said, was prepared to sup- could be denied the right of self-defence provided port the imposition of a mandatory arms em- for in Article 51 of the Charter;12 but the intention bargo against South Africa under Chapter VII here, in the aftermath of the recent crackdown and to support a call to all Governments to re- by the South African Government, was to protest view their economic relations with South Africa. against the stockpiling of weapons intended for The representative of the United Kingdom purposes of internal repression. The French Gov- observed that the Council was meeting in the ernment had therefore decided to vote in favour shadow cast by the death of Stephen Biko, the of a mandatory embargo on arms shipments to recent bannings of South African citizens and South Africa. organizations and the closures of South African The representative of the United States said newspapers. The United Kingdom, he said, his Government was prepared to join with others wanted a peaceful and democratic transformation in supporting Security Council action to estab- in South Africa rather than a disintegration into lish a mandatory arms embargo. The existing violence. For many years his Government had voluntary arms embargo had not stopped the observed a voluntary arms embargo against South flow of arms to South Africa, and the United Africa and did not co-operate in the nuclear field. States would join in measures requiring all States to It had come to the conclusion that the acquisi- cut off all sales or transfers of arms, spare parts tion by South Africa of arms and related material for previously delivered equipment, paramilitary in the current situation constituted a threat to the police equipment, and material for the mainte- maintenance of international peace and security nance and production of arms and munitions. He and it would therefore accept and vote in favour also said that the United States strongly believed of a mandatory arms embargo under Chapter VII that Africa should remain free of nuclear weapons of the Charter. He added that it would be naive, and it was urging South Africa, as well as others however, to believe that complex negotiations on which had not signed the Treaty on the Non- the peaceful, democratic transition to indepen- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,13 to do so dence elsewhere in southern Africa could take promptly and to put all their nuclear facilities place in a situation where South Africa had decided under full international safeguards. to isolate itself totally from the international com- At its meeting on 31 October, the Security Coun- munity. That Government, he said, had to begin cil proceeded to vote on the four draft resolu- to take serious steps to dismantle apartheid. Cos- tions before it, which had been submitted in March metic changes were not enough. Those who be- by Benin, the Libyan Arab Republic (subsequently lieved in a graduated response to the situation the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) and Mauritius, and rather than in isolation and revenge had a major revised by them—in general, to update the texts responsibility for seeking those changes which and set new dates for the submission of reports could avert a terrible tragedy in South Africa. to the Council. In some cases new provisions were The representative of the Federal Republic of added. Germany said that the events of 19 October were The first text (see p. 138)—by which the Coun- a challenge to all who had worked consistently cil among other things strongly condemned the for a peaceful change in South Africa; his Gov- South African regime for its resort to massive ernment had urged South Africa to rescind the violence and repression against the black majority measures it had taken, which had dealt a heavy and demanded that the regime end such prac- blow to all endeavours to halt the escalation of tices—was revised to make reference to events force in southern Africa. The acquisition of arms since 19 October 1977, to add a demand for by South Africa in the current circumstances abrogation of bans on organizations and news constituted a threat to peace and security, in the media and to change the date by which the Sec- Federal Republic's view, and consequently it was retary-General was to report. ready to accept and vote in favour of a manda- The Security Council adopted this revised tory arms embargo under Chapter VII. three-power text, by 15 votes to O, as resolution The representative of France said that the par- 417 (1977). By its preambular provisions, the Coun- tisans of the policy of apartheid could lead South cil among other things recalled its resolution of Africa to catastrophe. The Security Council had 19 June 197614 concerning events in Soweto and to take account of the feelings aroused through- other areas of South Africa, and noted with deep out the world, particularly in Africa, by the recent repressive measures taken by the South African 12 For text of Article 51 of the Charter, see APPENDIX II. 13 See Y.U.N., 1968, pp. 16-19, resolution 2373 (XXII) of 12 June 1968 authorities. The international community had to annexing text of Treaty. take measures to make South Africa understand 14 See footnote 3. 144 Political and security questions anxiety and indignation that the South African things, declared that the policies and actions of racist regime had continued violence and massive the South African regime constituted a grave repression against the black people and all oppo- threat to international peace and security and nents of apartheid in defiance of the Council's reso- called upon it to comply with its obligations under lutions. The Council expressed its concern over the Charter and resolutions of the Council. In the reports of torture of political prisoners and the event of non-compliance, the Council would con- deaths of a number of detainees, as well as the sider appropriate action under the Charter, mounting wave of repression against individuals, including Articles 39 to 46 of Chapter VII. organizations and the news media since 19 Octo- This text was revised by the sponsors so that ber 1977, and its conviction that such violence the Council would request the Secretary-General and repression had greatly aggravated the situa- to report on the implementation of the resolu- tion in South Africa and would certainly lead to tion by 17 February 1978 rather than by 31 August violent conflict and racial conflagration with se- 1977. It received 10 votes in favour and 5 against rious international repercussions. (Canada, France, the Federal Republic of Ger- By the operative part of this text, the Council: many, the United Kingdom and the United (1) strongly condemned the South African States), and was not adopted owing to negative racist regime for its resort to massive violence and votes by permanent members of the Council. repression against the black people, who consti- By the third three-power draft resolution (for tuted the great majority of the country, as well summary, see p. 139), the Council would have, as all other opponents of apartheid; among other things, expressed regret that some (2) expressed its support for, and solidarity Governments had failed to implement the arms with, all those struggling for the elimination of embargo fully and recognized that it had to be apartheid and racial discrimination and all victims strengthened and universally applied. It would of violence and repression by that regime; have decided: that all States would cease forth- (3) demanded that the racist regime of South with the sale and shipment to South Africa of Africa (a) end violence and repression against arms, ammunition of all types and military equip- the black people and other opponents of apart- ment and vehicles, and equipment and materials heid, (b) release all persons imprisoned under for the manufacture and maintenance of arms, arbitrary security laws and all those detained for ammunition and military equipment and vehi- their opposition to apartheid; (c) cease forthwith cles; and that all States would implement mea- its indiscriminate violence against peaceful dem- sures for strengthening the arms embargo, refrain onstrators against apartheid, its murders in de- from co-operating with South Africa in nuclear tention and its torture of political prisoners; development, and take steps to prevent corpora- (d) abrogate the bans on organizations and the tions under their jurisdiction from assisting the news media opposed to apartheid; (e) abolish the South African Government in its military build-up. "Bantu education" system and all other measures In the revised text, two preambular paragraphs of apartheid and racial discrimination; and (f) were added so that the Council would take note abolish the policy of bantustanization, abandon of the Lagos Declaration for Action against Apart- the policy of apartheid and ensure majority rule heid adopted at the World Conference in August based on justice and equality; 1977, and would express grave concern that South (4) requested all Governments and organi- Africa was at the threshold of producing nuclear zations to take all appropriate measures to secure weapons. the implementation of the above demands; A new operative paragraph was added to the (5) further requested all Governments and text in its revised version by which the Council organizations to contribute generously for assis- would call on all States to take measures to revoke tance to the victims of violence and repression, contractual arrangements with South Africa and including educational assistance to student refu- all existing licences granted to South Africa relat- gees from South Africa; and ing to the manufacture and maintenance of (6) requested the Secretary-General, in co- arms, ammunition of all types and military equip- operation with the Special Committee against ment and vehicles. Apartheid, to follow the situation and report to the The date by which States were to report to the Security Council, as appropriate, on the imple- Secretary-General on their measures of imple- mentation of this resolution, and to submit a first mentation was changed from 31 July 1977 to report not later than 17 February 1978. 1 April 1978; that by which the Secretary-General (For text of resolution 417 (1977), see DOCU- was to report to the Council, from 31 August MENTARY REFERENCES below.) 1977 to 1 May 1978. By the second three-power text (for summary, This text also received 10 votes in favour and see p. 138), the Council would have, among other 5 against (Canada, France, the Federal Republic Matters relating to Africa 145 of Germany, the United Kingdom and the United that Government on 19 October 1977 in ban- States), and was not adopted owing to negative ning individuals and organizations opposed to votes by permanent members of the Council. apartheid and struggling for self-determination, The fourth draft resolution submitted by the and in detaining large numbers of persons with- three African members (for summary, see p. 139), out trial in disregard of their fundamental rights. by which the Security Council would have called The Council then would strongly condemn the on Governments to refrain from making invest- South African Government for its acts of repres- ments in or loans to the South African racist sion, its defiant continuance of the system of regime and to take other measures to discourage apartheid, and its attacks against neighbouring economic co-operation with South Africa, was independent States. revised so that the Council would call on Govern- Expressing its view that the policies and acts ments to refrain from any investments in, loans of the South African Government were fraught to, "or any export and import credits" to the with danger to international peace and security, South African racist regime. The date by which and recalling its resolution of 7 August 196315 Governments and specialized agencies were to and other resolutions concerning a voluntary report to the Secretary-General on implementa- arms embargo against South Africa, the Council tion was changed from 31 July 1977 to 1 April would then express its conviction that a manda- 1978; that by which the Secretary-General was to tory arms embargo needed to be universally report to the Security Council was changed from applied against South Africa in the first instance. 31 August 1977 to 1 May 1978. Stating that it was acting therefore under Chap- The text received 10 votes in favour to 5 against ter VII of the Charter, the Council would: (Canada, France, the Federal Republic of Ger- (1) determine, having regard to the policies many, the United Kingdom and the United and acts of the South African Government, that States), and was not adopted owing to negative the acquisition by South Africa of arms and related votes by permanent members of the Council. material constituted a threat to the maintenance Speaking in explanation of vote, the USSR of international peace and security; representative said that the USSR had from the (2) direct all States to cease forthwith any pro- very outset endorsed the demand of the African vision of arms to South Africa, including the sale countries for an embargo on arms shipments to and transfer of arms, ammunition of all types, South Africa and for the adoption of economic military vehicles, and equipment and material and other sanctions. It was a matter for regret, for the manufacture and maintenance of arms he said, that the negative votes of the Western and ammunition, paramilitary police equipment, powers had blocked the application of the sanc- and spare parts for the aforementioned; tions proposed by the three African countries; (3) call upon all States not Members of the he added that it was perfectly clear who was re- United Nations to act strictly in accordance with sponsible for the fact that the Security Council had the provisions of this resolution; been unable to take the decision expected of it (4) request the Secretary-General to report by world opinion. to the Council on the progress of the implemen- The Tunisian representative, who said he was tation of this resolution, the first report to be sub- speaking at the request of a number of African mitted not later than 1 May 1978; and States, expressed the deep disappointment and (5) decide to keep this item on its agenda for disenchantment of the African group of Member further action as appropriate in the light of devel- States at the completely negative attitude of the opments. Western powers to the African initiatives. The representative of the Federal Republic of Following a suspension of the meeting, a draft Germany said that the Council's debate had resolution was submitted by Canada and the Fed- shown a wide margin of agreement, if not con- eral Republic of Germany, by the preambular sensus, that all 15 members favoured mandatory part of which the Security Council would recall action with regard to an immediate and effective that on 19 June 1976 it had strongly condemned arms embargo against South Africa, under Chap- the South African Government for its resort to ter VII. Canada and his Government had there- massive violence against and killings of African fore submitted a draft resolution which, he said, people, including schoolchildren, students had the support of all five Western members of and others opposing racial discrimination, and the Council and which the sponsors hoped would calling upon that Government urgently to end gain the approval of all Council members. violence against the African people and to take At the next meeting of the Council, on 4 No- urgent steps to eliminate apartheid and racial dis- crimination. It would express its grave concern 15 over the severe acts of repression perpetrated by See Y.U.N., 1963, p. 20, text of resolution 181 (1963). 146 Political and security questions vember, the draft resolution was withdrawn by its supplies and grants of licensing arrangements sponsors. Before the Council was the text of a new for the manufacture or maintenance of them; draft resolution on the subject of an arms embargo (3) called on all States to review, having re- which the President said had been prepared in gard to the objectives of this resolution, all exist- the course of intensive consultations. ing contractual arrangements with and licences The new draft resolution was adopted unan- granted to South Africa relating to the manufac- imously on 4 November as resolution 418 (1977). ture and maintenance of arms, ammunition of all By its preamble, the Security Council recalled types and military equipment and vehicles, with its resolution of 19 June 1976 strongly condemn- a view to terminating them; ing the South African Government for its resort (4) further decided that all States were to re- to massive violence against and killing of African frain from any co-operation with South Africa in people, including schoolchildren, students and the manufacture and development of nuclear others opposing racial discrimination, and calling weapons; upon that Government urgently to end violence (5) called upon all States, including States against the African people and take urgent steps non-members of the United Nations, to act strictly to eliminate apartheid and racial discrimination. in accordance with the provisions of this resolu- The Council said it recognized that the military tion; build-up and persistent acts of aggression by South (6) requested the Secretary-General to report Africa against the neighbouring States seriously to the Council on the progress of the implemen- disturbed the security of those States. It further tation of this resolution, the first report to be sub- recognized that the existing arms embargo had mitted not later than 1 May 1978; and to be strengthened and universally applied, with- (7) decided to keep the item on its agenda for out any reservations or qualifications whatsoever, further action, as appropriate, in the light of in order to prevent a further aggravation of the developments. grave situation in South Africa. The Council took (For text of resolution 418 (1977), see DOCU- note of the Lagos Declaration for Action against MENTARY REFERENCES below.) Apartheid. It said further that it was gravely con- In a statement following the vote, the Secre- cerned that South Africa was at the threshold of tary-General said the adoption of the resolution producing nuclear weapons. marked the first time in the 32-year history of the Also by the preambular provisions, the Council Organization that action had been taken under strongly condemned the South African Govern- Chapter VII of the Charter against a Member ment for its acts of repression, its defiant contin- State. He asked that all Governments provide him uance of the system of apartheid and its attacks with the most complete information as quickly as against neighbouring independent States, and possible on the measures taken by them to comply considered that the policies and acts of the South with this binding decision. African Government were fraught with danger Council members generally expressed satisfac- to international peace and security. tion at the adoption of the resolution and several Recalling its resolution of 7 August 1963 and speakers also noted that this was the first time in other resolutions concerning a voluntary arms the history of the United Nations that mandatory embargo against South Africa, the Council said sanctions had been imposed against a Member it was convinced that a mandatory arms embargo State. Romania said the vote was the expression needed to be universally applied against South of the will of Member States not to ease the po- Africa in the first instance. litical pressure on the racist regime of Pretoria After stating that it was acting under Chap- until it abandoned its policies of apartheid and ter VII of the Charter, the Council then, by the aggression. operative provisions of the text: The spokesman for the United States said the (1) determined, having regard to the policies Council had sent a clear message to the South and acts of the South African Government, that African Government that its measures announced the acquisition by South Africa of arms and re- on 19 October had created a new situation in South lated materiel constituted a threat to the mainte- Africa's relationship with the rest of the world. nance of international peace and security; The vote of the Council had been accompanied, (2) decided that all States were to cease forth- he said, by a vote of 347 to 54 in the House of with any provision to South Africa of arms and Representatives of the United States Congress related materiel of all types, including the sale or expressing its concern and condemnation of the transfer of weapons and ammunition, military acts in South Africa. At the same time, he wished vehicles and equipment, paramilitary police equip- to make clear to South Africa the desire of his ment, and spare parts for them, and were to cease Government for reconciliation, provided South as well the provision of all types of equipment and Africa was willing to begin progress towards the Matters relating to Africa 147 end of apartheid and the full participation of Africa. Also, the expressions of pious concern all South Africans in the political and economic for the peoples of South Africa were belied by life of their country. the fact that it was the international community's The representative of the United Kingdom policies of intervention that encouraged violence said his Government viewed the Council's action within South Africa and made a peaceful solution as a warning to South Africa that the interna- more difficult. tional community was in earnest about the need for The resolution adopted under Chapter VII, change and the desire to see a peaceful and demo- he said, would serve to stiffen the resolve of South cratic transformation rather than a disintegration Africans to do what was necessary to defend their into violence; it was also an appeal to it to heed country and increase their resistance to the dic- the views of the international community before tates of outsiders about their own affairs. The matters deteriorated further. arms embargo and the censure were not intended According to the representative of the USSR, to serve the well-being of the peoples of South the resolution bore the traces of compromise and Africa. The invocation of high principles of moral thus did not go as far as might have been wished. rectitude and human rights served merely as a Nevertheless, the USSR was able to support it pretext to hide a motley variety of less worthy since, by its adoption, the Security Council was in motivations, the Foreign Minister stated. essence taking the first definite step forward in He went on to express regret that the resolu- the matter of the application to South Africa of tions had been sponsored and supported by coun- mandatory sanctions in accordance with Chap- tries of the Western world from which a greater ter VII. sense of responsibility might have been expected. The representative of Benin also observed that He deplored their callous exploitation of a vul- the text was a compromise and did not entirely nerable situation extending far beyond the con- satisfy his country. He said his Government and fines of South Africa and he wondered whether Africa as a whole attached enormous importance they had considered the implications of their to the establishment in the near future of an appro- action and were prepared to accept full respon- priate committee to control the implementation sibility for what could only be termed incitement of the resolution. He added that Africa impatiently to violence. awaited a Council decision to impose an eco- nomic embargo because—when all was said and Consideration by Security Council (December 1977) done—that was the weapon that could most On 5 December, the representative of the United effectively and peacefully be wielded against the Republic of Cameroon, current Chairman of the racists of South Africa. Pakistan's representative African group of Member States, requested that expressed a similar view. a meeting of the Security Council be convened On 26 October, the Security Council decided to as soon as possible to consider the establishment issue as a document of the Council the Lagos Dec- of a body to supervise the implementation of laration for Action against Apartheid, which Council resolution 418 (1977) of 4 November, proposed several courses of action to be taken by concerning the mandatory arms embargo against Governments and by the Security Council with a South Africa. view to bringing an end to the policies of apart- The Security Council held two meetings on heid of the South African Government, South 9 December, at which Saudi Arabia and the United Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia, its aggres- Republic of Cameroon were invited, at their re- sion against neighbouring States and its assistance quest, to participate without the right to vote. to the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia. An invitation was also extended to the Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid, and Communication from South Africa to Mfanafuthi Johnstone Makatini of the African By a letter dated 4 November, the representa- National Congress as requested by the represen- tive of South Africa transmitted a statement by tatives of Benin, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the Minister for Foreign Affairs of South Africa Mauritius. in which he declared that the two resolutions The Council had before it a draft resolution— adopted by the Security Council said more about sponsored by Benin, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya the state of the world than about the state of South and Mauritius—which the representative of the Africa; they were, he said, a supreme example of United Republic of Cameroon said was an exten- the hypocrisy threatening the international com- sion of resolution 418 (1977) and was intended to munity because the members of the Security Coun- set up machinery to provide the Secretary-Gen- cil, while reserving the right to take the steps eral with additional means of discharging the deemed necessary to preserve order within their mission entrusted to him by the Council in that own borders, would deny that right to South resolution. 148 Political and security questions

The three-power text was adopted unanimously mandatory arms embargo. The Committee to on 9 December as resolution 421 (1977). By its be established should be enabled to exercise effec- preambular paragraphs the Security Council tive supervision over the implementation of the among other things said it was aware of the need resolution and also to consider the question of to have appropriate machinery in order to exam- economic sanctions against South Africa. ine the progress of implementation of the mea- The Canadian representative recommended sures envisaged by the provisions of resolution that when the Committee began its work it should 418 (1977), and noted that it had asked the Sec- adopt procedures similar to those evolved over retary-General to report to the Council on the the years by the Committee on sanctions against progress of the implementation of that resolution. Southern Rhodesia. The representatives of By the operative provisions, the Council: France, the Federal Republic of Germany and (1) decided to establish a Committee of the the United Kingdom shared that view. Security Council, consisting of all Council mem- The spokesman for the USSR said his Govern- bers, to undertake the following tasks and to re- ment looked on the Council's decision on a man- port on its work to the Council with its observa- datory arms embargo as the basis for the adoption tions and recommendations: (a) to examine the of further effective measures in the struggle report on progress in implementing resolution against apartheid and as a point of departure for 418 (1977) to be submitted by the Secretary-Gen- the application of effective economic and other eral, (b) to study ways and means by which the mandatory sanctions. mandatory arms embargo could be made more effective against South Africa, and to make rec- Subsequent communications ommendations to the Council, and (c) to seek As at 31 December 1977, the following coun- from all States further information regarding the tries had responded to a note sent by the Secre- action taken by them concerning the effective tary-General on 10 November concerning com- implementation of the provisions laid down in pliance with the provisions of resolution 418 (1977). resolution 418 (1977); They were Belgium, Bolivia, Bulgaria, the Byelo- (2) called upon all States to co-operate fully russian SSR, Canada, China, Colombia, Czecho- with the Committee and to supply such informa- slovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, the tion as the Committee might seek; German Democratic Republic, the Federal (3) requested the Secretary-General to provide Republic of Germany, Guyana, Hungary, India, all necessary assistance to the Committee and to Israel, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, the Libyan Arab make the necessary arrangements in the Secre- Jamahiriya, Mexico, Nauru, the Netherlands, tariat for that purpose, including the provision New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Peru, the Philip- of appropriate staff. pines, Poland, the Republic of Korea, Romania, (For text of resolution 421 (1977), see DOCU- Seychelles, Sweden, Turkey, the Ukrainian SSR, MENTARY REFERENCES below.) the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United The representative of China said that, since States. the adoption of the Council's resolution of 4 No- vember, the Vorster racist regime had ignored the Council's decisions and instead had stepped up Reports of Special Committee against Apartheid its brutal repression of the Azanian people's just On 1 November 1977, the Special Committee struggle against racism and for national libera- against Apartheid submitted its annual report to tion. Among other things it had recently stage- the General Assembly and the Security Council. managed a so-called general election, which It also submitted three special reports during excluded black and Coloured people—comprising 1977 on the June 1977 Second International 83 per cent of the population—and the farce of Trade Union Conference for Action against the sham independence of the bantustan Bophu- Apartheid; International Anti-Apartheid Year (to thatswana. It had arrested a large number of begin during 1978); and relations between Israel black people, including schoolchildren. Also, it and South Africa. was trying to shirk responsibility for the crime In its annual report, the Special Committee of torturing to death the black nationalist leader, reviewed its work for the year and submitted a Stephen Biko. The implementation of the Coun- number of conclusions and recommendations. cil's resolution would be by no means an easy An annex contained a review of developments matter, given the open contempt shown by the in South Africa since September 1976. Vorster authorities towards the Council's reso- Included in the annual report was an account lution of 4 November, and in that sense, he said, of the World Conference for Action against China supported the proposal of the African Apartheid, held in Lagos, Nigeria, from 22 to States for a body to supervise the progress of the 26 August 1977, in conformity with a decision Matters relating to Africa 149 taken by the General Assembly on 9 November national Convention on the Suppression and 1976.16 Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid,18 which The Conference was organized by the Special came into force on 18 July 1976. As at 30 Sep- Committee in co-operation with the Organization tember 1977, the Convention had been signed of African Unity and the Government of the and ratified or acceded to by 49 countries. (See Federal Republic of Nigeria, and in consultation also p. 686.) with the South African liberation movements The Special Committee's report also contained recognized by OAU. It was attended by more than an account of its consideration of developments 400 participants representing 112 States Mem- relating to apartheid, in particular: military, nu- bers of the United Nations and members of spe- clear, economic and other collaboration with cialized agencies, as well as representatives of a South Africa; repression against the opponents number of intergovernmental organizations, of apartheid; assistance to South African student other United Nations bodies dealing with the refugees in neighbouring countries; bantustans; problems of southern Africa, liberation move- and apartheid in sports. Other sections of the ments of South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe, report dealt with: missions to and consultations anti-apartheid movements, trade unions and non- with Governments; co-operation with other United governmental organizations active in the struggle Nations organs dealing with southern African against apartheid. problems; association of the South African libera- Participants discussed a number of proposals tion movements with the work of the Special on ways and means of promoting effective inter- Committee; co-operation with OAU; and co-opera- national action against apartheid, and the Confer- tion with non-governmental organizations. ence, on 26 August, adopted the Lagos Declara- The Special Committee concluded that the year tion on Action against Apartheid, in which it called under review had been a momentous period in upon all Governments and peoples of the world the long struggle of the South African people to lend their full support to international efforts, against racist domination, and represented a new under the auspices of the United Nations and in stage in international solidarity with the national co-operation with OAU and the liberation move- liberation movement of South Africa. According ments recognized by it, to eliminate apartheid and to the Special Committee, the militant nation-wide enable the South African people as a whole to resistance against apartheid which had come in attain their inalienable right to self-determination. the wake of the Soweto massacre of 16 June 1976 The Special Committee transmitted the Decla- had encompassed larger segments of the op- ration to the General Assembly and the Security pressed people than ever before, and reflected the Council. solidarity of all black people in the struggle for As in previous years, the Special Committee liberation. Demonstrations of black students promoted the observance of the International against discrimination in education had developed Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, into a mass movement against all aspects of apart- held to commemorate the incident at Sharpeville, heid. South Africa, on 21 March 1960 in which 69 dem- The Special Committee made recommenda- onstrators against pass laws were killed and 180 tions on a number of aspects of the apartheid ques- wounded. On 21 March 1977, the Special Com- tion and the steps which it felt should be taken by mittee held a solemn meeting at United Nations the international community to provide moral, Headquarters which was attended by the repre- political and material assistance to the oppressed sentatives of permanent missions to the United people of South Africa and their liberation move- Nations, specialized agencies, other United Nations ment. These included: a solemn commitment to bodies dealing with southern African questions, international action; recognition of the right of OAU and South African liberation movements. the oppressed people to resort to armed struggle; By a decision taken at its 1976 session, the Gen- cessation of collaboration with the apartheid re- eral Assembly proclaimed 16 June the Interna- gime, including military, nuclear and economic tional Day of Solidarity with the Struggling Peo- collaboration and collaboration in cultural, edu- ple of South Africa,17 to commemorate the killings cational, sporting and other fields; action against at Soweto on 16 June 1976. The Special Commit- bantustans; assistance to the oppressed people tee held a meeting on 21 June 1977 in connexion of South Africa and their national liberation move- with the observance of the International Day. ment; implementation of the International Con- On 11 and 12 October 1977, the Special Com- vention on the Suppression and Punishment of mittee held meetings in observance of the Day of Solidarity with South African Political Prisoners. 16 See Y.U.N., 1976, pp. 137-38, text of resolution 31/6 G. 17 Ibid., pp. 139-40, text of resolution 31/6 I of 9 November 1976. The Special Committee continued its efforts 18 See Y.U.N., 1973, pp. 103-5, resolution 3068 (XXVIII) of 30 No- to promote ratification of or accession to the Inter- vember 1973, annexing text of Convention. 150 Political and security questions the Crime of Apartheid; the release of political cial report, adopted on 28 October, concerning prisoners in South Africa; and dissemination of relations between Israel and South Africa, in information against apartheid. The Special Com- which it noted with concern the increasing colla- mittee also made detailed recommendations about boration by the Government of Israel with the its own programme of work, the need to strengthen apartheid regime in South Africa in the military, Secretariat services in the campaign against apart- nuclear, political, economic and other fields, and heid, and the question of co-operation with other considered that the General Assembly should United Nations bodies. The General Assembly once again condemn Israel and demand that it acted on these recommendations when it adopted cease collaboration with South Africa in all fields the various sections of resolution 32/105 later in forthwith. The Assembly acted on these recom- 1977 (see below). mendations when it adopted resolution 32/105 D The Special Committee also emphasized what on 14 December (see below). it called the imperative need for action by the Se- curity Council under Chapter VII of the United Decisions of Human Rights Commission Nations Charter to avert the threat to peace in and of the Economic and Social Council South Africa, and in southern Africa as a whole, resulting from the policies and actions of the World Conference for Action against Apartheid apartheid regime. On 13 May 1977, in adopting resolution The Special Committee also submitted three 2087 (LXII) without vote, the Economic and special reports during the year. The first of these, Social Council welcomed the offer of the Govern- adopted by the Committee on 21 June 1977 and ment of Nigeria to host the World Conference addressed to the General Assembly and the Se- for Action against Apartheid at Lagos in August curity Council, concerned the Second Interna- 1977. The Council urged the international com- tional Trade Union Conference for Action against munity and non-governmental organizations to Apartheid, which was held in Geneva, Switzerland, lend their maximum co-operation to ensure the on 10 and 11 June 1977, and attended by repre- success of the Conference, and invited the Spe- sentatives of over 300 international, regional and cial Committee against Apartheid to submit the national trade union organizations representing documents of the Conference to the World Con- about 200 million workers. The participants ference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimi- included five representatives of trade unions nation in 1978. from South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe. The text of resolution 2087 (LXII) was spon- The Conference unanimously adopted a reso- sored by Algeria, the Philippines, Uganda and lution which constituted a programme of action Yugoslavia. against apartheid. The Special Committee recom- (For text of resolution, see DOCUMENTARY REFER- mended that the General Assembly support the ENCES below.) resolution and commend it to all Governments and organizations. In particular, the Special Com- Decade for Action to Combat mittee drew the Assembly's attention to a provi- Racism and Racial Discrimination sion recommending annual meetings between The Economic and Social Council adopted reso- the Special Committee and a group of trade lution 2056 (LXII) on 12 May 1977 which con- unionists charged with reviewing developments in cerned the implementation of the Programme southern Africa and recommending action by for the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and the trade union organizations. Racial Discrimination. It contained the text of a On 28 October, the Special Committee adopted draft resolution which the Council recommended and transmitted to the General Assembly a second for adoption by the General Assembly at its thirty- special report, on the International Anti-Apart- second session later in 1977. (For details, see heid Year proposed to begin during 1978, to p. 674.) which was annexed a proposed programme for the Year providing for action by the United Na- World Conference to Combat tions, Governments, the specialized agencies, Racism and Racial Discrimination other intergovernmental bodies, trade unions, On 12 May 1977, the Economic and Social Coun- churches, anti-apartheid and solidarity movements cil adopted a resolution (2057 (LXII)) concerning and other non-governmental organizations, and arrangements for the World Conference to Com- by the Special Committee against Apartheid. The bat Racism and Racial Discrimination to be held programme was endorsed by the General Assem- in August 1978. The resolution also included bly when it adopted resolution 32/105 B on 14 De- the text of a draft resolution recommended for cember 1977 (see below). adoption by the General Assembly at its session The Special Committee submitted a third spe- later in 1977. (For details, see p. 675.) Matters relating to Africa 151

Infringements of trade union The Assembly discussed the question at plenary rights in southern Africa meetings held between 14 and 21 November By a resolution adopted on 13 May 1977 and on 14 and 16 December. The Special Political (2086 (LXII)), the Economic and Social Council Committee, at a meeting on 16 November, heard among other things expressed its concern at the statements by: Vassos Lyssarides, Secretary-Gen- increased use of arrests and bannings to suppress eral of the Continuation Committee of the World legitimate trade union activities among African Conference against Racism, Apartheid and Colo- workers in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe nialism in Southern Africa; Charlene Mitchell, and demanded full recognition of the trade union Executive Secretary of the National Alliance rights of those workers. (For details, see p. 726.) against Racist and Political Repression; Romesh Chandra, President of the World Peace Council; Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts Guenther Drehfuhl and Abe Feinglass, represen- On 4 March 1977, the Commission on Human tatives of the World Peace Council; Lennox Hinds, Rights adopted a resolution concerning the report National Director of the National Conference of of its Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on south- Black Lawyers; and Generali Ulimwengu, repre- ern Africa by which, among other things, the sentative of the Pan-African Youth Movement. Commission recognized the contribution made By decision 32/406, adopted without vote on by the Working Group to United Nations efforts 16 November 1977 on a suggestion by the Assem- to combat apartheid and racial discrimination bly President, the Assembly took note of the which continued unabated in South Africa, as report of the Special Political Committee on its well as in Namibia and Zimbabwe, and decided hearings of organizational representatives. to renew the Group's mandate. The Economic Statements were made during the Assembly's and Social Council, by its resolution 2082 A (LXII), deliberations by, among others, the Chairman of adopted on 13 May 1977, approved that decision the Special Committee against Apartheid, and the and decided that the Ad Hoc Working Group, in Rapporteur, who introduced the Special Com- conjunction with the Special Committee against mittee's annual report and its three special re- Apartheid, should examine the treatment of pris- ports; the President and the Rapporteur of the oners in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe, World Conference for Action against Apartheid; including the deaths of a number of detainees, the Rapporteur of the Ad Hoc Committee on the as well as police brutality during peaceful dem- Drafting of an International Convention against onstrations against apartheid in South Africa since Apartheid in Sports; Mfanafuthi Johnstone Maka- the Soweto massacre of 16 June 1976. tini, of the African National Congress of South By section B of the same resolution, the Coun- Africa; David M. Sibeko, of the Pan Africanist cil noted with indignation that the South African Congress of Azania; and Zehdi Labib Terzi, ob- racist regime had continued to employ violence server for the Palestine Liberation Organization. and massive repression against the black people During the discussion in the Assembly, the and all opponents of apartheid in defiance of Gen- majority of Members strongly condemned the eral Assembly resolutions. It recommended that inhuman policy of apartheid and stressed the need the Assembly declare 1978 International Anti- for effective measures by the international com- Apartheid Year. munity to eliminate racial discrimination and (For details, see p. 687.) repression in South Africa. They deplored the sudden death in detention, in suspicious circum- stances on 12 September, of the African leader, Consideration by the General Assembly Stephen Biko, and the recent wave of banning orders and other repressive measures. Many General aspects Members welcomed the recent unanimous deci- An item entitled "Policies of apartheid of the sion by the Security Council to impose a manda- Government of South Africa" was included in tory arms embargo against South Africa under the agenda of the thirty-second (1977) session of Chapter VII, but the view was also expressed the General Assembly. On the recommendation that mandatory economic sanctions were neces- of the General Committee, the Assembly decided sary to facilitate the speedy eradication of apart- on 23 September 1977 that representatives of heid. the Organization of African Unity and of national Condemnation of South Africa's bantustan liberation movements recognized by OAU should policy was expressed by most speakers; the con- be permitted to participate in the discussion in tinuing fragmentation of South Africa through plenary meetings and that organizations having the establishment of so-called independent home- a special interest in the question be permitted to lands was deplored, and the majority declared be heard by the Special Political Committee. that they had not, and would not, recognize them. 152 Political and security questions

It was noted that a growing number of States Committee for special projects in connexion with were supporting effective international action the Year. against the South African regime. The Chairman An annex to the resolution contained the pro- of the Special Committee against Apartheid noted gramme for the International Anti-Apartheid Year that the South African regime and the South recommended by the Special Committee against African people should be aware that the drive Apartheid (see section above). for international action came not alone from third (For text of resolution 32/105 B, list of sponsors world countries and socialist States, but from all and voting details, see DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES groups of States. below.) The General Assembly adopted 15 resolutions on the apartheid policies of South Africa—one of TRADE UNION ACTION AGAINST APARTHEID which (resolution 32/105 A) concerned the United A resolution (32/105 C) on trade union action Nations Trust Fund for South Africa and is de- against apartheid was adopted by the General scribed in the subchapter that follows—and one Assembly on 14 December by a recorded vote of on assistance to South African refugee students. 138 to 0. The text was sponsored by 63 Members. By the preambular part of the resolution, the INTERNATIONAL ANTI-APARTHEID YEAR Assembly among other things expressed itself On 14 December 1977, the General Assembly as strongly convinced of the importance of action proclaimed the year beginning on 21 March 1978 by the trade union movement, at the national and International Anti-Apartheid Year, and endorsed international levels, for the eradication of apart- the programme for the Year recommended by heid. By the operative part of the text it commend- the Special Committee against Apartheid in its ed the resolution adopted on 11 June 1977 by special report to the Assembly. The Assembly the Second International Trade Union Confer- took this action when it adopted resolution 32/ ence for Action against Apartheid to the attention 105 B—sponsored by 68 Members—by a recorded of all Governments and intergovernmental and vote of 141 to 0. non-governmental organizations; expressed its By the preamble to the text, the Assembly among appreciation to the trade union organizations other things expressed recognition of the imper- for their action against apartheid, particularly the ative need for stepping up the international cam- world-wide observance of a Protest Week against paign against apartheid, in pursuance of the Lagos Apartheid in January 1977; and invited the trade Declaration for Action against Apartheid, and took union organizations to continue and intensify note of the Economic and Social Council's recom- their support for the struggle of the oppressed mendation of 13 May 1977 that the Assembly people of South Africa and their national liber- declare 1978 International Anti-Apartheid Year. ation movement for the eradication of apartheid. By the operative part of the resolution, after The Special Committee against Apartheid was proclaiming the Year, the Assembly requested authorized by the Assembly to hold annual meet- all Governments, intergovernmental and non- ings with trade unions, as the Committee had governmental organizations, information media recommended in its special report, and to arrange and educational institutions to co-operate in the for the participation of representatives of trade effective observance of the Year and asked the union organizations from southern Africa. It was specialized agencies and other organizations of asked to take all appropriate steps to promote the United Nations system to participate. The and publicize trade union action against apartheid. Special Committee against Apartheid was invited (For text of resolution 32/105 C, list of sponsors by the Assembly to take all appropriate measures and voting details, see DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES to promote world-wide observance of the Year in below.) solidarity with the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement. RELATIONS BETWEEN ISRAEL AND SOUTH AFRICA Member States were called upon to report to the A resolution on relations between Israel and Secretary-General on the activities organized to South Africa, sponsored by 52 Member States, mark the Year. was adopted as resolution 32/105 D by the Gen- The Assembly asked the Secretary-General to eral Assembly on 14 December by a recorded vote encourage the widest possible observance of Inter- of 88 to 19, with 30 abstentions. national Anti-Apartheid Year by Governments and By the preamble to this text, the Assembly organizations and to provide all necessary assis- among other things recalled its repeated condem- tance to the Special Committee. The Assembly nations of the intensification of relations and col- also by this resolution decided to make a special laboration by Israel with the racist regime of South budgetary allocation of $300,000 to the Special Africa in the political, military, economic and Matters relating to Africa 153 other fields, noted that Israel had continued to MILITARY AND NUCLEAR strengthen those relations, and expressed the COLLABORATION WITH SOUTH AFRICA view that the collaboration had constituted an On 14 December, a resolution on military and encouragement to the racist regime of South nuclear collaboration with South Africa was adopt- Africa to persist in its criminal policy of apartheid ed by the General Assembly by a recorded vote and was a hostile act against the oppressed people of 113 to 7, with 17 abstentions, as resolution 32/ of South Africa and the entire African con- 105 F. It was proposed by 52 Members. tinent. By the text, the Assembly expressed its concern By the operative part of the text, the Assembly: over the continued and rapid military build-up again strongly condemned Israel for its continu- in South Africa, and its alarm at the frantic efforts ing and increasing collaboration with the racist by the racist regime of South Africa to acquire regime; demanded once again that Israel desist nuclear-weapon capability. It condemned the forthwith from such collaboration and, in partic- regime for, among other things, its massive vio- ular, terminate all collaboration in the military lence against the oppressed people of South Africa and nuclear fields; and requested the Special and its repeated acts of aggression against inde- Committee against Apartheid to keep the matter pendent African States; it recognized that South under constant review and report to the Assembly Africa's growing militarization and its plans for and Security Council as appropriate. nuclear development greatly aggravated the (For text of resolution 32/105 D, list of sponsors threat to international peace and security. and voting details, see DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES Also, the Assembly condemned the continued below.) collaboration by certain Governments and trans- national corporations with the racist regime in POLITICAL PRISONERS IN SOUTH AFRICA defiance of repeated resolutions of the United A resolution on political prisoners in South Nations, enabling it to develop its military arsenal Africa was adopted without a vote by the Gen- and to undertake nuclear development. eral Assembly on 14 December as resolution 32/ The Assembly recalled its requests to the Se- 105 E. It was sponsored by 79 States. curity Council to take mandatory measures, under By this resolution, the Assembly among other Chapter VII of the Charter, to secure the full things expressed its grave concern over the con- implementation of the arms embargo against tinuing repression in South Africa, including the South Africa and a cessation of all military co- killings of peaceful demonstrators and innocent operation with the racist regime of South Africa, school children, mass arrests and bannings, and and noted the adoption by the Council of its reso- trials under arbitrary repressive laws, as well as lution 418 (1977) on 4 November. ill-treatment, torture and killings of political de- After expressing regret that three permanent tainees. The Assembly then strongly condemned members of the Security Council—France, the the racist regime of South Africa for its killings United Kingdom and the United States—had and ruthless repression of opponents of apart- continued to resist a comprehensive embargo on heid and racial discrimination, and for its banning military and nuclear collaboration with the racist orders against organizations and the information regime, the Assembly: media, and again pledged its solidarity with all (1) called on all Governments to implement political prisoners and detainees in South Security Council resolution 418 (1977) without Africa. any reservations and qualifications whatsoever It reiterated its proclamation of 28 November and irrespective of any existing contracts and 197519 that the United Nations and the interna- licences already issued, and to ensure that all tional community had a special responsibility to- corporations, organizations, and individuals within wards the oppressed people of South Africa and their jurisdiction abided by its provisions; their liberation movements and towards those (2) called on all States, in particular France, imprisoned, restricted or exiled for their struggle the United Kingdom and the United States, to co- against apartheid. It asked the Special Committee operate fully in effective international action, in against Apartheid, in co-operation with the Centre accordance with Chapter VII, to avert the grave against Apartheid and all appropriate organiza- menace to the peace resulting from the policies tions, to publicize as widely as possible the cause and actions of the racist regime of South Africa; of the political prisoners, detainees and restric- (3) requested the Security Council, in partic- tees in South Africa and to promote campaigns ular, to call upon all States, under Chapter VII for their unconditional release. and irrespective of any existing contracts, to, (For text of resolution 32/105 E and list of spon- 19 sors, See DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.) See Y.U.N., 1975, pp. 149-50, text of resolution 3411 C (XXX). 154 Political and security questions among other things, refrain from supplying arms, terminate all incentives for trade and exchanges ammunition, military equipment or vehicles, or of trade missions with South Africa, to impose an spare parts thereof, to South Africa, without any embargo on the supply of petroleum and petro- exceptions; revoke all licences and terminate all leum products to and on investment in the petro- technical assistance for the manufacture of mili- leum industry in South Africa; and to deny facil- tary equipment and supplies in South Africa; and ities to airlines and shipping companies provid- prohibit companies, institutions or agencies within ing services to and from South Africa; their jurisdiction from any co-operation with (4) encouraged trade unions, churches, anti- South Africa, directly or through participation in apartheid movements and other organizations in companies registered in South Africa, in its mili- their campaigns against collaboration with South tary build-up or nuclear development; Africa; (4) further requested the Security Council to (5) requested the Special Committee against establish machinery for supervising the imple- Apartheid to: publicize all collaboration by transna- mentation of the measures referred to above; tional corporations with the racist regime; promote (5) invited all Governments and organizations an oil embargo against and termination of airline to take all appropriate action to promote the and shipping services to and from South Africa; purposes of this resolution; and and take all other appropriate steps to promote (6) authorized the Special Committee against implementation of this resolution; and Apartheid to follow and publicize all developments (6) requested all Governments and organiza- concerning military and nuclear collaboration tions to co-operate with the Special Committee with the racist regime of South Africa and to re- in that implementation. port to the Assembly and the Security Council (For text of resolution 32/105 G, list of sponsors all alleged violations of Council resolution and voting details, see DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES 418 (1977), and to consult with experts, hold hear- below.) ings and encourage conferences and campaigns to promote a total cessation of such collaboration DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION ON APARTHEID with the racist regime. On 14 December 1977, a resolution on dissemi- (For text of resolution 32/105 F, list of sponsors nation of information on apartheid was adopted and voting details, see DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES by the General Assembly by a recorded vote of below.) 140 to 0, as resolution 32/105 H. It was sponsored by 61 countries. ECONOMIC COLLABORATION WITH SOUTH AFRICA The Assembly thereby appealed to all Govern- A resolution on economic collaboration with ments to contribute generously to the Trust Fund South Africa—sponsored by 63 Members—was for Publicity against Apartheid and requested the adopted by the General Assembly on 14 Decem- Special Committee against Apartheid and the Cen- ber 1977 by a recorded vote of 111 to 7, with tre against Apartheid to utilize the Trust Fund 22 abstentions. particularly for the production of audio-visual By the preamble to the resolution, the Assembly material and for assistance to appropriate orga- among other things reaffirmed that any collabo- nizations, with a view to disseminating informa- ration with the racist regime of South Africa con- tion material on apartheid. Governments and stituted a hostile act against the oppressed people organizations were asked to co-operate with the of South Africa, and expressed its conviction that Special Committee and the Centre. mandatory economic sanctions under Chapter VII The Assembly asked the Secretary-General to of the Charter were essential to facilitate the undertake, in co-operation with Member States speedy eradication of apartheid. It also condemned whose transmitters could be heard in southern the increased collaboration by certain Govern- Africa, regular radio broadcasts directed at South ments and transnational corporations with the Africa, concerned with United Nations efforts racist regime. against apartheid and in support of the right of By the operative part of the text, the Assembly: self-determination as well as with related matters (1) requested the Security Council urgently of interest to the peoples of southern Africa. to consider mandatory economic sanctions against Those Member States were also urged to make South Africa; transmission facilities available. (2) called on all States to cease economic colla- The Assembly asked the Centre against Apart- boration with South Africa and take effective heid, in co-operation with the Office of Public action to prevent such collaboration by corpora- Information of the Secretariat, to lend assistance tions within their jurisdiction; for these transmissions, in particular to African (3) requested States in particular to prohibit radio stations broadcasting to South Africa, to all loans to and investments in South Africa, to expand the production and distribution of infor- Matters relating to Africa 155 mation material in various languages, giving spe- Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the cial attention to the production of audio-visual Executive Committee of the Programme of the material; and to organize essay competitions on United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees apartheid. The Secretary-General and Member (UNHCR) and other bodies concerned with apart- States were asked to issue special postage stamps heid and assistance to South Africans. It was encour- on apartheid. aged to promote international campaigns for: ces- The Assembly commended the United Nations sation of military, nuclear, economic and other Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization collaboration with the racist regime of South (UNESCO), the International Labour Organisation, Africa; unconditional release of all persons im- the World Health Organization and the Food and prisoned or restricted for their opposition to Agriculture Organization of the United Nations apartheid; and public collections to assist the op- for their studies and information activities on pressed people of South Africa and the South apartheid, and requested all the specialized agen- African liberation movements recognized by OAU. cies to co-operate with the Centre against Apart- (For text of resolution 32/105 I, list of sponsors heid towards co-ordinated efforts for the widest and voting details, see DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES possible dissemination of information on apart- below.) heid. (For text of resolution 32/105 H, list of spon- ASSISTANCE TO THE NATIONAL sors and voting details, see DOCUMENTARY REFER- LIBERATION MOVEMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA ENCES below.) The Assembly on 14 December adopted—by a recorded vote of 112 to 9, with 17 abstentions—a PROGRAMME OF WORK OF THE resolution (32/105 J) on assistance to the national SPECIAL COMMITTEE AGAINST APARTHEID liberation movement of South Africa, which was On 14 December, the Assembly adopted, by a sponsored by 65 powers. recorded vote of 136 to 0, with 4 abstentions, reso- By the preamble to this text, the Assembly lution 32/105 I on the programme of work of the among other things noted that the racist regime Special Committee against Apartheid, which was of South Africa had further aggravated racial sponsored by 58 Members. discrimination, domination and exploitation of By this resolution, the Assembly among other the great majority of the people of South Africa things approved the recommendations of the and had intensified ruthless repression in order Special Committee on its programme of work to enforce its criminal policy. The Assembly and on co-operation with other United Nations recognized that the policies and action of the bodies. The Special Committee was authorized racist regime had aggravated a threat to the peace to send missions to Member States and to the in southern Africa, that their continuation would headquarters of the specialized agencies and other lead to a wider conflict, and that the eradication intergovernmental organizations to promote of apartheid and the establishment of a non-racial international action against apartheid and the ob- society in South Africa were essential for peace servance of International Anti-Apartheid Year; to and security in southern Africa. intensify co-operation with the movement of non- By the operative part of the text, the Assembly: aligned countries and OAU, to participate in con- (1) reaffirmed the inalienable right of the people ferences concerned with apartheid; to invite repre- of South Africa as a whole, irrespective of race, sentatives of the South African liberation move- colour or creed, to determine, on the basis of ments recognized by OAU and those of other orga- majority rule, the future of South Africa; (2) fur- nizations active in opposition to apartheid, as well ther reaffirmed the legitimacy of the struggle of as experts, for consultations on various aspects the oppressed people of South Africa and their of and on international action against apartheid; national liberation movement for the eradication and to associate representatives of the South Afri- of apartheid and the exercise of their right of self- can liberation movements recognized by OAU with determination; (3) declared that, in view of the its missions. intransigence of the racist regime, its defiance The General Assembly further requested and of resolutions of the United Nations and its con- authorized the Special Committee, in co-opera- tinued imposition of the criminal policy of apart- tion with international and national organizations, heid, the national liberation movement had an to organize or promote the organization of con- inalienable right to continue its struggle for the ferences against apartheid, and to promote assis- seizure of power by all available and appropriate tance to the oppressed people of South Africa means of its choice, including armed struggle; and their liberation movements. The Committee and (4) further declared that the international was authorized to send representatives to attend community should provide all assistance to that meetings of the Governing Board of the United movement in its legitimate struggle, and exercise 156 Political and security questions all its authority, under the provisions of the Char- WORLD CONFERENCE FOR ACTION AGAINST APARTHEID ter, including Chapter VII, to facilitate the transfer A resolution (32/105 L) on the World Confer- of power from the minority racist regime to the ence for Action against Apartheid, held at Lagos, genuine representatives of all the people of South Nigeria, from 22 to 26 August 1977, was adopted Africa. on 14 December by the General Assembly by a (For text of resolution 32/105 J, list of spon- recorded vote of 140 to O, on a proposal by 74 sors and voting details, see DOCUMENTARY REFER- States. ENCES below.) By the text, the Assembly said it considered that the World Conference had been an impor- SITUATION IN SOUTH AFRICA tant event in promoting international action in On 14 December, the General Assembly adopted support of the struggle of the South African peo- a resolution on the situation in South Africa, ple to eradicate apartheid and racial discrimina- sponsored by 61 Member States and adopted by tion and to build a society based on the principle a recorded vote of 113 to O, with 27 abstentions, of equality of all persons, irrespective of race, as resolution 32/105 K. colour or creed. It expressed its awareness of the By the preamble to this text, the Assembly special responsibility of the United Nations and among other things expressed its awareness of the international community towards the op- the special responsibility of the United Nations pressed people of South Africa and their liberation and the international community towards the movements and towards those imprisoned, re- oppressed people of South Africa and their na- stricted or exiled for their struggle against apart- tional liberation movement and towards those heid. imprisoned, restricted or exiled for their struggle The Assembly then: (1) endorsed the Lagos against apartheid. It commended the heroic struggle Declaration for Action against Apartheid adopted of those people for their inalienable rights, and at the Conference and commended it to all Gov- noted that the racist regime was continuing its ernments and organizations for appropriate and policy of apartheid, repression, bantustanization urgent action; (2) requested the Secretary-Gen- and aggression, in flagrant defiance of United eral to ensure maximum publicity to that Decla- Nations resolutions, thereby gravely aggravating ration and all other Conference documents and the threat to international peace and security. records; (3) expressed its great appreciation to By the operative provisions of the text, the the Government of Nigeria, OAU, the South Afri- Assembly: (1) strongly condemned the illegitimate can liberation movements recognized by OAU and minority racist regime of South Africa for its crim- all others concerned for their co-operation in inal policies and actions; (2) declared that South ensuring the success of the Conference; and Africa belonged to all its people, irrespective of (4) encouraged the Special Committee against race, colour or creed; (3) proclaimed its full sup- Apartheid to take all appropriate steps, within its port of the national liberation movement as the mandate, towards the effective implementation authentic representative of the South African of the Lagos Declaration. people, in its just struggle; (4) again condemned (For text of resolution 32/105 L, list of spon- the establishment of bantustans and called upon sors and voting details, see DOCUMENTARY REFER- all Governments to implement fully the provi- ENCES below.) sions of its resolution of 26 October 1976;20 (5) declared that any collaboration with the racist INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION regime and apartheid institutions was a hostile act AGAINST APARTHEID IN SPORTS against the purposes and principles of the United The General Assembly on 14 December adopt- Nations; (6) commended all Governments and ed—by a recorded vote of 125 to 0, with 14 absten- organizations which had taken action against tions—resolution 32/105 M and proclaimed an apartheid and in support of the South African na- International Declaration against Apartheid in tional liberation movement in accordance with Sports, as proposed by 56 countries. United Nations resolutions; and (7) invited all By this text, the Assembly, after reaffirming States and organizations to take all appropriate the importance of effective international action measures to persuade Governments, transnational to abolish apartheid in sports and in all other fields, corporations and other institutions which con- adopted the International Declaration against tinued to collaborate with the racist regime of Apartheid in Sports (which it annexed to the reso- South Africa to abide by the resolutions of the lution), which had been recommended by the United Nations. Ad Hoc Committee on the Drafting of an Interna- (For text of resolution 32/105 K, list of spon- sors and voting details, see DOCUMENTARY REFER- 1 ENCES below.) See Y.U.N., 1976, p. 134, text of resolution 31/6 A. Matters relating to Africa 157 tional Convention against Apartheid in Sports. The (For text of resolution 32/105 N, list of sponsors Ad Hoc Committee was asked to draft an interna- and voting details, see DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES tional convention against apartheid in sports for below.) submission to the Assembly at its regular 1978 session. It was authorized to consult with repre- INVESTMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA sentatives of the organizations concerned and The General Assembly on 16 December adopt- experts on apartheid in sports. The Secretary- ed—by a recorded vote of 120 to O, with 5 absten- General was asked to provide all necessary assis- tions—a resolution on investments in South Africa, tance to the Committee. The International Decla- sponsored by 29 countries and adopted as resolu- ration annexed to the resolution contained a tion 32/105 O. preamble and 18 articles. By the preambular part of this text, the Assem- (For text of resolution 32/105 M, list of spon- bly among other things expressed its conviction sors and voting details, see DOCUMENTARY REFER- that a cessation of new foreign investments in ENCES below.) South Africa would constitute an important step in the struggle against apartheid, as such invest- BANTUSTANS ments abetted and encouraged the apartheid pol- A resolution on bantustans, sponsored by 63 icies of that country. The Assembly, while noting Members, was adopted by the General Assembly with regret that the Security Council had been on 14 December by a recorded vote of 140 to O, unable to reach agreement on steps to achieve as resolution 32/105 N. the cessation of such investments, welcomed as By the preambular part of this text, the Assem- positive steps governments decisions on measures bly among other things reiterated its view that the to achieve the cessation of investments from their bantustan policy was designed to divide the Afri- countries in South Africa. The Assembly also noted can people of South Africa and deprive them of that while there had been some decrease in the their inalienable rights in the country. It also flow of new foreign investments into South Africa expressed its conviction that the racist regime of since the Assembly's decision of 9 November South Africa sought to establish bantustans as 197621 a number of foreign economic and finan- reservoirs of cheap labour, strategic hamlets and cial interests had continued and increased their buffer zones against the struggle for freedom in investments. the country as a whole, and noted that the Afri- By the operative paragraph of this resolution, can people of South Africa had rejected and the Assembly urged the Security Council, when opposed bantustans and the tribal chiefs who had studying the problem of the continued struggle collaborated with the regime in their creation. against the apartheid policies of South Africa, to By the operative part of the text, the Assembly: consider again steps to achieve, at an early date, (1) again denounced the establishment of ban- the cessation of foreign investments in South tustans as designed to consolidate the inhuman Africa. policy of apartheid, to destroy the territorial integ- (For text of resolution 32/105 O, list of spon- rity of the country, to perpetuate white minor- sors and voting details, see DOCUMENTARY REFER- ity domination and to deprive the African people ENCES below.) of South Africa of their inalienable rights; (2) de- nounced the declaration of the so-called inde- ASSISTANCE TO SOUTH AFRICAN STUDENT REFUGEES pendence of Transkei and that of Bophuthatswana On the recommendation of its Third (Social, and any other bantustans which might be created Humanitarian and Cultural) Committee, the Gen- by the racist regime and declared them totally eral Assembly on 16 December adopted, without invalid; (3) reaffirmed the inalienable rights of vote, resolution 32/119, on assistance to South the African people of South Africa in the coun- African student refugees. The text was proposed try as a whole; (4) declared its firm support to in the Third Committee by 38 Members and Lesotho and any other State which might be sub- approved by it by consensus on 7 December. jected to threats and pressures by the racist regime By the preambular part of this text, the Assem- in the pursuit of its bantustan policy; (5) again bly among other things: expressed deep concern called on all Governments to deny any recognition that the Government of South Africa continued to the so-called independent bantustans, to re- to take more and more repressive measures against frain from any dealings with them and to reject students in that country; noted with concern the travel documents issued by them; and (6) again continuing influx of South African refugees, requested all States to take effective measures to including students in particular, into neighbour- prohibit all individuals, corporations and other ing countries; and expressed concern over the institutions under their jurisdiction from having 21 any dealings with those bantustans. Ibid., pp. 143-44, text of resolution 31/6 K. 158 Political and security questions pressure on the educational systems of the three other things: took note of a report of the Secre- host countries—Botswana, Lesotho and Swazi- tary-General on the status of the Convention; land—as a result of the continued influx of children expressed its satisfaction with the increase in the from South Africa seeking freedom from repres- number of ratifications and accessions; and re- sion and also an opportunity to further their quested States not parties to the Convention to studies. accede to it as soon as possible. By the operative part of the text, the Assembly (For details, see p. 686.) endorsed the measures taken by the Secretary- General and UNHCR for the mobilization of a pro- TORTURE OF POLITICAL PRISONERS gramme of assistance to South African student AND DETAINEES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA refugees in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. The General Assembly on 8 December 1977 It noted with appreciation the generous contribu- adopted resolution 32/65 on torture of political tions of the Governments of those three countries prisoners and detainees in southern Africa, by in providing asylum and making available educa- which, among other things, it condemned the tional facilities for student refugees, and the con- South African regime for its continuing viola- tributions made by Member States, organizations tion of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and United Nations agencies. It expressed con- and the Assembly's 1975 Declaration on the Pro- cern, however, that the total assistance received tection of All Persons from Being Subjected to fell short of needs and urged all Governments, Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrad- organizations and United Nations agencies to ing Treatment or Punishment.22 It reiterated its contribute generously towards the assistance pro- aversion to subjecting opponents of apartheid to grammes for these student refugees, both through summary banning, detention, imprisonment and financial support and by offering care and sub- sometimes murder, and condemned the practice sistence, education and vocational training. of subjecting political detainees and other victims The Assembly also requested all agencies and of apartheid to torture and other cruel, inhuman programmes of the United Nations system, includ- or degrading treatment or punishment. ing in particular UNESCO, UNDP, the United Na- The Assembly condemned in particular the tions Trust Fund for South Africa and the United arbitrary arrest, detention and torture which led Nations Educational and Training Programme to the murder of Stephen Biko by agents of the for Southern Africa, to assist the High Commis- South African regime. sioner in carrying out the humanitarian task en- Also by this resolution, the Assembly demanded trusted to him. It asked the Secretary-General that the apartheid regime: release all political pris- and the High Commissioner to strengthen their oners without pre-condition; lift all banning and efforts to mobilize emergency financial and other house arrest orders imposed on opponents of assistance for these student refugees in Botswana, apartheid; and end the indiscriminate use of vio- Lesotho, Swaziland and Zambia. It further asked lence against peaceful demonstrators against the Secretary-General to undertake a similar pro- apartheid and the persistent recourse to torture of gramme of assistance for South African student political detainees. refugees in Zambia, to arrange for a review of the (For details, see p. 712.) matter in time for it to be considered by the Eco- nomic and Social Council at its second regular PROTECTION OF PERSONS DETAINED 1978 session, and to report to the General Assem- FOR STRUGGLING AGAINST APARTHEID bly in 1978. By its resolution 32/122, adopted on 16 De- (For text of resolution 32/119 and list of spon- cember 1977, on protection of persons detained sors, See DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.) or imprisoned as a result of their struggle against apartheid, racism and racial discrimination, colo- Related Assembly decisions nialism, aggression and foreign occupation and The General Assembly at its regular 1977 ses- for self-determination, independence and social sion adopted a number of resolutions which had progress for their people, the General Assembly a bearing on the question of apartheid. The rele- recalled that the Security Council had strongly vant portions of these are described briefly below. condemned the policy of apartheid as a crime against the conscience and dignity of mankind STATUS OF THE CONVENTION and a serious breach of international peace and ON THE CRIME OF APARTHEID security, and had emphasized the legitimacy of By its resolution 32/12, adopted on 7 November 1977, on the status of the International Conven-

22 tion on the Suppression and Punishment of the See Y.U.N., 1975, pp. 624-25, resolution 3452 (XXX) of 9 Decem- Crime of Apartheid, the General Assembly among ber 1975, annexing text of Declaration. Matters relating to Africa 159 the struggle of the people of South Africa for IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARATION the elimination of apartheid and racial discrimi- ON THE GRANTING OF INDEPENDENCE nation. By resolution 32/42, adopted on 7 December The Assembly among other things demanded 1977, on implementation of the Declaration on the release of all such individuals and asked the the Granting of Independence to Colonial Coun- Commission on Human Rights to continue to give tries and Peoples, the General Assembly among particular attention to the question of their release. other things strongly condemned all collabora- (For details, see p. 712.) tion, particularly in the nuclear and military fields, with the Government of South Africa and called DECADE FOR ACTION TO COMBAT upon all States concerned to cease forthwith all RACISM AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION such collaboration. By a resolution (32/10) which it adopted on (For details, see p. 837.) 7 December 1977 concerning the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimi- ACTIVITIES OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC INTERESTS nation, the General Assembly among other things By resolution 32/35, adopted on 28 November reaffirmed its resolve to achieve the total elimina- 1977, on the activities of foreign economic and tion of racism, racial discrimination and apart- other interests which were impeding the imple- heid, and noted that, despite the support given mentation of the Declaration on the granting of to the Programme for the Decade by the interna- independence, the General Assembly strongly tional community, intolerable conditions con- condemned all States which collaborated politi- tinued to prevail in southern Africa and else- cally, diplomatically, economically and militarily where, including the inhuman and odious appli- with South Africa in flagrant violation of the rele- cation of apartheid and racial discrimination. It vant United Nations resolutions, particularly the was convinced that a serious threat was posed to United States, France, the United Kingdom, the international peace and security by the defiance Federal Republic of Germany, Israel, Japan, of United Nations decisions relating to apartheid Belgium and Italy. by the racist regimes of southern Africa. The Assembly also strongly condemned the The Assembly condemned once again the pol- United States, France, the Federal Republic of icies of apartheid, racism and racial discrimina- Germany and Israel for collaborating with South tion which prevailed in southern Africa and re- Africa in nuclear matters and requested all Gov- newed its strong support for oppressed peoples ernments to refrain from supplying the South struggling to liberate themselves. It further urged African regime, directly or indirectly, with installa- United Nations organs, specialized agencies and tions that might enable it to produce uranium, other organizations to increase their material and plutonium and other nuclear materials, reactors moral support to the national liberation move- or military equipment. It also requested all coun- ments and the victims of racism, racial discrimi- tries which supplied crude oil and petroleum nation and apartheid. products to cease forthwith all such exports to (For details, see p. 674.) the racist regimes in southern Africa and to take the necessary measures against oil companies UNIVERSAL REALIZATION OF which continued to deliver oil to those regimes in THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION violation of United Nations resolutions on sanc- By resolution 32/14, adopted on 7 November tions. 1977—on the importance of the universal reali- (For details, see p. 856.) zation of the right of peoples to self-determination and of the speedy granting of independence to IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARATION colonial countries and peoples for the effective ON THE DENUCLEARIZATION OF AFRICA guarantee and observance of human rights—the By resolution 32/81, adopted on 12 December General Assembly among other things affirmed 1977, on implementation of the Declaration on that bantustanization was incompatible with gen- the Denuclearization of Africa (adopted in 1964 uine independence, unity and national sover- by the Assembly of Heads of State and Govern- eignty and would have the effect of perpetuating ment of OAU), the General Assembly among other the power of the white minority and the racist things: condemned any attempt by South Africa system of apartheid in South Africa. It condemned to introduce nuclear weapons into the continent bantustanization and reiterated its support for of Africa; demanded that South Africa refrain the oppressed people of South Africa in their forthwith from conducting any nuclear explosion struggle against the racist minority regime in on that continent or elsewhere; and requested Pretoria. the Security Council to take appropriate effective (For details, see p. 703.) steps to prevent South Africa from developing 160 Political and security questions and acquiring nuclear weapons, thereby endanger- OAU'S Assistance Fund for the Struggle against ing international peace and security. The Assem- Colonialism and Apartheid. bly appealed to all States to refrain from any (For details, see p. 258.) co-operation with South Africa in the nuclear field that would enable it to acquire nuclear United Nations Educational and weapons, and to dissuade corporations, institu- Training Programme for Southern Africa tions and individuals within their jurisdiction from During 1977, a total of 460 South African stu- any such co-operation. dents were studying abroad—in 18 countries—on (For details, see p. 22.) scholarships granted under the United Nations Educational and Training Programme for South- ern Africa, which the General Assembly estab- CO-OPERATION BETWEEN THE UNITED NATIONS lished in 1967. AND THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY In the period from 1 October 1976 to 30 Sep- By resolution 32/19, adopted on 11 November tember 1977, 459 applications were received from 1977, on co-operation between the United Na- South Africans, 205 new awards were granted tions and the Organization of African Unity, the and 255 awards were extended. General Assembly among other things reaffirmed When the General Assembly reviewed the Pro- the determination of the United Nations, in co- gramme at its 1977 session, it adopted resolution operation with OAU, to intensify efforts to end 32/37 on 28 November by which, among other colonialism and racial discrimination and to end things, it appealed again to all States, organiza- apartheid in southern Africa. It requested the Sec- tions and individuals to make generous contribu- retary-General to continue taking measures neces- tions to the Programme in order to ensure its sary to strengthen co-operation at all levels between continuation and expansion in the light of the the two orgnizations in accordance with relevant increased needs. resolutions, particularly with regard to assistance (For additional information about the Pro- to the victims of colonialism and apartheid in South gramme and the Assembly's decisions thereon, Africa; in this connexion, it drew attention to see p. 261.)

Documentary references

Security Council consideration S/12363/Add.1-3 (A/32/22/Add.1-3). Special Reports of Special of the question of South Africa Committee against Apartheid. S/12364. Note verbale of 12 July from Secretary-General to COMMUNICATIONS TO SECURITY COUNCIL (MARCH 1977) President of Security Council (transmitting text of resolution S/12295. Letter of 9 March from Nigeria. 6 A (XXXIII) adopted by Commission on Human Rights on 4 March S/12301. Letter of 21 March from Liberia. 1977). S/12303. Letter of 18 March from Acting Executive Secretary S/12383. Note by President of Security Council (transmitting mes- of OAU (transmitting message from Administrative Secretary- sage to President of World Conference for Action against General of OAU). Apartheid, Lagos, Nigeria, 22-26 August 1977). S/12412 (A/32/266). Letter of 5 October from Sri Lanka CONSIDERATION BY SECURITY COUNCIL (MARCH 1977) (annexing statement by Foreign Ministers of non-aligned countries at extraordinary meeting, New York, 30 Sep- Security Council, meetings 1988-1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999. tember 1977). S/12420. Letter of 20 October from Tunisia. S/12295. Letter of 9 March from Nigeria (request to convene S/12422 (A/32/289). Letter of 21 October from Sri Lanka Council). (annexing communiqué of 21 October 1977 by Co-ordinat- S/12299, S/12300, S/12304. Letters of 21 and 23 March from ing Bureau of Non-Aligned Countries). Benin, Libyan Arab Republic and Mauritius (requests to extend S/12424 (A/32/300). Letter of 24 October from Finland invitations to address Council). (transmitting statement of 23 October 1977). S/12309-S/12312. Benin, Libyan Arab Republic, Mauritius: S/12427 (A/32/306). Letter of 27 October from China (annex- draft resolutions. ing statement of 24 October 1977). S/12314. Letter of 29 March from Italy. S/INF/33. Resolutions and decisions of Security Council, 1977. CONSIDERATION BY SECURITY Decision, pp. 3 and 4. COUNCIL (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 1977)

COMMUNICATIONS (MARCH-OCTOBER 1977) Security Council, meetings 2036-2040, 2042-2046. S/12302. Letter of 22 March from Federal Republic of Germany. S/12305 (A/32/63). Letter of 22 March from Ghana (transmitting S/12420. Letter of 20 October from Tunisia (request to con- resolution adopted at 117th Executive Committee session of vene Council). World Federation of United Nations Associations, Accra, 19-21 S/12423. Letter of 24 October from Benin, Libyan Arab Jama- March 1977). hiriya and Mauritius (request to extend invitation to address S/12321. Note verbale of 11 April from USSR. Council). S/12349. Letter of 15 June from Federal Republic of Germany. S/12429, S/12432. Letters of 28 and 31 October from Benin, S/12363 (A/32/22). Report of Special Committee against Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Mauritius (requests to extend Apartheid. invitations to address Council). Matters relating to Africa 161

S/12309/Rev.1. Benin, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritius: Mauritius: revised draft resolutions, rejected by Council, revised draft resolution. each having received the negative votes of 3 permanent members, on 31 October 1977, meeting 2045, by 10 votes Resolution 417 (1977), as proposed by 3 powers, S/12309/ to 5 (Canada, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, United Rev.1, adopted unanimously (15 votes to 0) by Council on Kingdom, United States). 31 October 1977, meeting 2045. S/12433. Canada and Germany, Federal Republic of: draft resolution. The Security Council, S/12436. Draft resolution. Recalling its resolution 392 (1976) of 19 June 1976, strongly condemning the racist regime of South Africa for its resort Resolution 418 (1977), as proposed following consultations to massive violence against and wanton killings of the Afri- among Council members, S/12436, and as orally corrected can people, including schoolchildren and students and others by Council President, adopted unanimously (15 votes to 0) opposing racial discrimination, and calling upon the South by Council on 4 November 1977, meeting 2046. African racist regime urgently to end violence against the Afri- can people and to take urgent steps to eliminate apartheid The Security Council, and racial discrimination, Recalling its resolution 392 (1976) of 19 June 1976, strongly Noting with deep anxiety and indignation that the South condemning the South African Government for its resort to African racist regime has continued violence and massive massive violence against and killings of the African people, repression against the black people and all opponents of including schoolchildren and students and others opposing apartheid in defiance of the resolutions of the Security Council, racial discrimination, and calling upon that Government urgently Gravely concerned over reports of torture of political pris- to end violence against the African people and to take urgent oners and the deaths of a number of detainees, as well as steps to eliminate apartheid and racial discrimination, the mounting wave of repression against individuals, organi- Recognizing that the military build-up by South Africa and zations and the news media since 19 October 1977, its persistent acts of aggression against the neighbouring States Convinced that the violence and repression by the South seriously disturb the security of those States, African racist regime have greatly aggravated the situation in Further recognizing that the existing arms embargo must South Africa and will certainly lead to violent conflict and be strengthened and universally applied, without any reserva- racial conflagration with serious international repercussions, tions or qualifications whatsoever, in order to prevent a further Reaffirming its recognition of the legitimacy of the struggle aggravation of the grave situation in South Africa, of the South African people for the elimination of apartheid Taking note of the Lagos Declaration for Action against and racial discrimination, Apartheid, Affirming the right to the exercise of self-determination by Gravely concerned that South Africa is at the threshold of all the people of South Africa as a whole, irrespective of race, producing nuclear weapons, colour or creed, Strongly condemning the South African Government for Mindful of its responsibilities under the Charter of the United its acts of repression, its defiant continuance of the system Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security, of apartheid and its attacks against neighbouring independent 1. Strongly condemns the South African racist regime States, for its resort to massive violence and repression against the Considering that the policies and acts of the South Afri- black people, who constitute the great majority of the country, can Government are fraught with danger to international peace as well as all other opponents of apartheid; and security, 2. Expresses its support for, and solidarity with, all those Recalling its resolution 181 (1963) of 7 August 1963 and struggling for the elimination of apartheid and racial discrimi- other resolutions concerning a voluntary arms embargo against nation and all victims of violence and repression by the South South Africa, African racist regime; Convinced that a mandatory arms embargo needs to be 3. Demands that the racist regime of South Africa: universally applied against South Africa in the first instance, (a) End violence and repression against the black people Acting therefore under Chapter VII of the Charter of the and other opponents of apartheid; United Nations, (b) Release all persons imprisoned under arbitrary security 1. Determines, having regard to the policies and acts of laws and all those detained for their opposition to apartheid; the South African Government, that the acquisition by South (c) Cease forthwith its indiscriminate violence against peace- Africa of arms and related materiel constitutes a threat to the ful demonstrators against apartheid, murders in detention maintenance of international peace and security; and torture of political prisoners; 2. Decides that all States shall cease forthwith any pro- (d) Abrogate the bans on organizations and the news media vision to South Africa of arms and related materiel of all opposed to apartheid; types, including the sale or transfer of weapons and ammuni- (e) Abolish the "Bantu education" system and all other meas- tion, military vehicles and equipment, paramilitary police equip- ures of apartheid and racial discrimination; ment, and spare parts for the aforementioned, and shall cease (f) Abolish the policy of bantustanization, abandon the as well the provision of all types of equipment and supplies policy of apartheid and ensure majority rule based on justice and grants of licensing arrangements for the manufacture or and equality; maintenance of the aforementioned; 4. Requests all Governments and organizations to take 3. Calls upon all States to review, having regard to the all appropriate measures to secure the implementation of objectives of the present resolution, all existing contractual paragraph 3 of the present resolution; arrangements with and licences granted to South Africa relat- 5. Further requests all Governments and organizations to ing to the manufacture and maintenance of arms, ammunition contribute generously for assistance to the victims of violence of all types and military equipment and vehicles, with a view and repression, including educational assistance to student to terminating them; refugees from South Africa; 4. Further decides that all States shall refrain from any 6. Requests the Secretary-General, in co-operation with the co-operation with South Africa in the manufacture and develop- Special Committee against Apartheid, to follow the situation ment of nuclear weapons; and report to the Security Council, as appropriate, on the 5. Calls upon all States, including States non-members implementation of the present resolution, and to submit a of the United Nations, to act strictly in accordance with the first report not later than 17 February 1978. provisions of the present resolution; 6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Se- S/12310/Rev.1-S/12312/Rev.1. Benin, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, curity Council on the progress of the implementation of the 162 Political and security questions present resolution, the first report to be submitted not later 3. Requests the Secretary-General to provide all necessary than 1 May 1978; assistance to the Committee and to make the necessary 7. Decides to keep this item on its agenda for further arrangements in the Secretariat for that purpose, including action, as appropriate, in the light of developments. the provision of appropriate staff for the servicing of the Committee. S/INF/33. Resolutions and decisions of Security Council, 1977. Decision, pp. 4-6. S/INF/33. Resolutions and decisions of Security Council, 1977. S/12426. Lagos Declaration for Action against Apartheid, Decision, p. 6. adopted by World Conference for Action against Apartheid, Lagos, Nigeria, 22-26 August 1977 (issued in accordance SUBSEQUENT COMMUNICATIONS with Security Council decision of 26 October 1977, meet- S/12440. Note by Secretary-General (transmitting letter of ing 2040). 7 November 1977 from Permanent Observer of Republic of Korea). COMMUNICATION FROM SOUTH AFRICA S/12447. Letter of 8 November from Philippines. S/12439. Letter of 4 November from South Africa. S/12449. Telegram of 8 November from Bolivia. S/12451. Telegram of 16 November from Italy. COMMUNICATIONS (OCTOBER 1977) S/12452 and Add.1. Letters of 11 November 1977 (annexing S/12425. Letter of 25 October from Benin (annexing "Freedom telegram) and 21 March 1978 from Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Charter" adopted at Congress of People, Kliptown, South S/12456. Telegram of 13 November from Colombia. Africa, 26 June 1955). S/12457. Note verbale of 24 November from USSR. S/12434 (A/32/317). Letter of 7 October from Chairman of S/12461. Letter of 25 November from Peru. Special Committee against Apartheid to Secretary-General S/12462. Note verbale of 28 November from Canada. (request to distribute Report of the World Conference for S/12464. Note verbale of 30 November from France. Action against Apartheid, Lagos, 22-26 August 1977). S/12467. Note verbale of 29 November from India. S/12470. Letter of 5 December from United Republic of Cam- CONSIDERATION BY SECURITY COUNCIL (DECEMBER 1977) eroon (request to convene Council). S/12472. Letter of 21 November from Panama. Security Council, meetings 2052, 2053. S/12473. Note verbale of 5 December from Byelorussian SSR. S/12470. Letter of 5 December from United Republic of Cam- S/12474. Note verbale of 7 December from Ukrainian SSR. eroon (request to convene Council). S/12475 and Add.1. Notes verbales of 7 December 1977 S/12477. Benin, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritius: draft and 3 April 1978 from Israel. resolution. S/12476. Note verbale of 29 November from Kuwait. S/12480. Letter of 9 December from Benin, Libyan Arab S/12479. Note verbale of 8 December from United States. Jamahiriya and Mauritius (request to extend invitation to S/12481. Note verbale of 6 December from Egypt. address Council). S/12482. Note verbale of 7 December from Guyana. S/12483. Note verbale of 25 November from Seychelles. Resolution 421 (1977), as proposed by 3 powers, S/12477, S/12484. Note verbale of 1 December from Czechoslovakia. adopted unanimously (15 votes to 0) by Council on 9 De- S/12485. Note verbale of 13 December from Hungary. cember 1977, meeting 2052. S/12487. Letter of 13 December from German Democratic Republic. The Security Council, S/12488. Note verbale of 14 December from Romania. Recalling its resolution 418 (1977) of 4 November 1977, S/12490. Letter of 2 December from Turkey. in which it determined, having regard to the policies and acts S/12491. Letter of 14 December from President of United of the South African Government, that the acquisition by South Nations Council for Namibia to President of Security Coun- Africa of arms and related materiel constituted a threat to the cil (transmitting statement adopted by Council for Namibia on maintenance of international peace and security and estab- 14 December 1977, meeting 267). lished a mandatory arms embargo against South Africa, S/12493. Note verbale of 14 December from Federal Repub- Mindful of the need to have appropriate machinery in order lic of Germany. to examine the progress of implementation of the measures S/12494 and Add.1. Notes verbales of 15 December 1977 envisaged in resolution 418 (1977), and 1 May 1978 from United Kingdom. Noting that it requested the Secretary-General to report to S/12495 and Add.1. Notes verbales of 12 December 1977 the Council on the progress of the implementation of resolu- and 11 April 1978 from Japan. tion 418 (1977), S/12496. Note verbale of 9 December from Bulgaria. 1. Decides to establish, in accordance with rule 28 of its S/12498. Note verbale of 16 December from Belgium. provisional rules of procedure, a Committee of the Security S/12501. Note verbale of 21 December from China. Council, consisting of all the members of the Council, to under- S/12505. Note verbale of 13 December from Mexico. take the following tasks and to report on its work to the Coun- S/12507. Note verbale of 22 December from Poland. cil with its observations and recommendations: S/12508 and Corr.1. Note verbale of 27 December from (a) To examine the report on the progress of the imple- Sweden. mentation of resolution 418 (1977) which will be submitted by S/12509 and Add.1. Notes verbales of 23 December 1977 the Secretary-General; and 24 January 1978 from Norway. (b) To study ways and means by which the mandatory S/12510 and Add.1. Notes verbales of 23 December 1977 arms embargo could be made more effective against South and 27 February 1978 from Denmark. Africa and to make recommendations to the Council; S/12511 and Add.1. Notes verbales of 28 December 1977 (c) To seek from all States further information regarding and 11 January 1978 from Finland. the action taken by them concerning the effective implemen- S/12513. Note verbale of 28 December from New Zealand. tation of the provisions laid down in resolution 418 (1977); S/12514. Letter of 28 December from Chairman of Special 2. Calls upon all States to co-operate fully with the Com- Committee against Apartheid to President of Security Coun- mittee in regard to the fulfilment of its tasks concerning the cil (transmitting text of statement by British Anti-apartheid effective implementation of the provisions of resolution Movement in Special Committee on 12 December, meet- 418 (1977) and to supply such information as may be sought ing 362). by the Committee in pursuance of the present resolution; S/12516. Note verbale of 21 December from Netherlands. Matters relating to Africa 163

S/12532. Note by Secretary-General (attaching note verbale of First Conference of Heads of State and Government of of 23 December from Nauru). OAU and League of Arab States, Cairo, 7-9 March 1977). A/32/63 (S/12305). Letter of 22 March from Ghana. Reports of Special Committee against Apartheid A/32/133. Letter of 6 July from Libyan Arab Jamahiriya A/32/22 (S/12363). Report of Special Committee against (transmitting final communique of 8th Islamic Conference of Apartheid. (Annex II: List of documents of Special Com- Foreign Ministers, Tripoli, 16-22 May 1977). mittee.) A/32/166. Letter of 16 August from Israel. A/32/22/Add.1-3 (S/12363/Add.1-3). Special reports of Spe- A/32/184. Letter of 24 August from USSR. cial Committee against Apartheid. (First special report: A/32/190. Letter of 25 August from Turkey. Second International Trade Union Conference for Action A/32/193. Note by Secretary-General (transmitting Human against Apartheid, Geneva, 10 and 11 June 1977; Second Rights Commission resolution 6 A (XXXIII) of 4 March 1977). special report: International Anti-Apartheid Year, 1978; Third A/32/226. Letter of 16 September from Chairman of the Spe- special report: Relations between Israel and South Africa.) cial Committee against Apartheid to Secretary-General (transmitting special report of Ad Hoc Working Group of Decisions of Economic and Social Council Experts of Commission on Human Rights). A/32/235. Letter of 23 September from Libyan Arab Jama- Economic and Social Council—62nd session hiriya (transmitting resolutions of 8th Islamic Conference Plenary meetings 2051, 2052, 2058, 2060. of Foreign Ministers, Tripoli, 16-22 May 1977). A/32/244. Letter of 29 September from Pakistan (transmitting E/L.1764. Algeria, Philippines, Uganda, Yugoslavia: draft reso- declaration adopted by Ministers for Foreign Affairs of States lution. members of "Group of 77," New York, 29 September 1977). A/32/250. First report of General Committee, paras. 20 and Resolution 2087 (LXII), as proposed by 4 powers, E/L.1764, 24 (a) (ii). as orally amended by sponsors, adopted without vote by A/32/259. Letter of 5 October from USSR. Council on 13 May 1977, meeting 2060. A/32/266 (S/12412). Letter of 5 October from Sri Lanka. A/32/267. Letter of 4 October from Belgium (transmitting text The Economic and Social Council, of Code of Conduct for Companies with Subsidiaries, Recalling General Assembly resolution 3057 (XXVIII) of Branches or Representation in South Africa, adopted by 2 November 1973 and its own resolution 1990 (LX) of 11 May EEC, Brussels, 20 September 1977). 1976, A/32/289 (S/12422). Letter of 21 October from Sri Lanka. Recalling that the General Assembly, in its resolution 31/6 G A/32/300 (S/12424). Letter of 24 October from Finland. of 9 November 1976, authorized the Special Committee A/32/306 (S/12427). Letter of 27 October from China. against Apartheid to organize a World Conference for Action A/32/310. Letter of 25 October from Tunisia (transmitting against Apartheid in 1977, resolutions and decisions of 29th regular session of Coun- Recalling further its resolution 2082 B (LXII) in which it cil of Ministers of OAU, Libreville, Gabon, 23 June-3 July recommended that the General Assembly should declare 1978 1977, and of 14th regular session of Assembly of Heads International Anti-Apartheid Year, of State and Government of OAU, Libreville, 2-5 July 1977). Conscious of the imperative need for effective interna- A/C.5/32/79 and Corr.1. Administrative and financial impli- tional action against apartheid during the Decade for Action cations of, inter alia, draft resolutions contained in docu- to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, ments A/32/L.21-L.34. Statement by Secretary-General. 1. Welcomes the generous offer made by the Government A/32/8/Add.22, A/32/455. Administrative and financial impli- of Nigeria to act as host to the World Conference for Action cations of, inter alia, draft resolutions and revisions con- against Apartheid at Lagos from 22 to 26 August 1977; tained in documents A/32/L.21/Rev.1, L.22/Rev.1, L.23-L.33 2. Urges all Member States, specialized agencies and other and L.34/Rev.1. Reports of ACABQ and Fifth Committee. bodies of the United Nations concerned, and intergovernmental A/32/L.21. Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, and non-governmental organizations to lend their maximum co- Botswana, Bulgaria, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Chad, operation to ensure the success of the World Conference Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Egypt, for Action against Apartheid; Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, 3. Invites the Special Committee against Apartheid to sub- Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, mit the report and documents of the World Conference for Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libyan Arab Action against Apartheid to the World Conference to Combat Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Mali, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mongo- Racism and Racial Discrimination. lia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philip- pines, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Consideration by the General Assembly Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of General Assembly—32nd session Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, General Committee, meeting 1. Viet Nam, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia: draft resolution. Special Political Committee, meeting 25. A/32/L.21/Rev.1 and Rev.1/Corr.1 and Rev.1/Add.1. Afghan- Third Committee, meetings 60, 62-65, 71. istan, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Fifth Committee, meeting 62. Botswana, Bulgaria, Burundi, Chad, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Plenary meetings 5, 67-76, 102, 104, 105. Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Report of the World Conference for Action against Apartheid, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, India, Lagos, Nigeria, 22-26 August 1977, Vols. I and II. U.N.P. Indonesia, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Sales Nos.: E.77.XIV.2 and corrigendum; E.77.XIV.3 and Democratic Republic, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mada- corrigendum. gascar, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, A/32/2. Report of Security Council, 16 June 1976-15 June Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Ro- 1977, Chapter 2 A and B. mania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sey- A/32/22 (S/12363). Report of Special Committee against chelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syrian Apartheid. Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, A/32/22/Add.1-3 (S/12363/Add.1-3). Special reports of Spe- United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Cameroon, United cial Committee against Apartheid. Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Viet Nam, Yemen, A/32/61. Letter of 15 March from Egypt (annexing documents Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia: revised draft resolution. 164 Political and security questions

Resolution 32/105 B, as proposed by 68 powers, A/32/L.21/ national Anti-Apartheid year, in full solidarity with the op- Rev.1 and Rev.1/Add.1, adopted by Assembly on 14 De- pressed people of South Africa and their national liberation move- cember 1977, meeting 102, by recorded vote of 141 to O, ment; as follows. 6. Calls upon Member States to report to the Secretary- General on the activities organized to mark the International In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Anti-Apartheid year; Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, 7. Requests the Secretary-General to encourage the Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, widest possible observance of the International Anti-Apartheid Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Canada, Cape Verde, year by Governments and organizations and to provide all Central African Empire, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, necessary assistance to the Special Committee in the dis- Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czecho- charge of its responsibilities; slovakia, Democratic Yemen, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican 8. Decides to make a special allocation of $300,000 to Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, the budget of the Special Committee from the budget of the France, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, United Nations, to be utilized for special projects to be decid- Germany, Federal Republic of, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, ed upon by the Committee in observance of the International Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Anti-Apartheid year in consultation with the Secretary-General. Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab ANNEX Jamahiriya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mon- Programme for the International Anti-Aparheid Year golia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, I. PURPOSE OF THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Prin- 1. The main objective of the International Anti-Apartheid cipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Year should be to make world opinion fully aware of: Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Surinam, Swaziland, (a) The inhumanity of apartheid and its wider dangers to Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad international peace; and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, (b) The struggle of the oppressed people, under the leader- USSR, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United ship of their liberation movements, to attain freedom and Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, United human equality; States, Upper Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, (c) The noble objectives of the liberation movements of the Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia South African people and their contribution to the purposes Against: None. of the United Nations; (d) The cause of all those imprisoned, banned, banished International Anti-Apartheid Year and otherwise persecuted for their opposition to apartheid; (e) The imperative need for the cessation of any collabora- The General Assembly, tion with the South African regime in the military, political, Recognizing the imperative need for stepping up the inter- economic or other fields which encourages it to persist in the national campaign against apartheid, under the auspices of policies of apartheid; the United Nations and in pursuance of the Lagos Declara- (f) The need for international assistance to enable the tion for Action against Apartheid adopted by the World Confer- South African people to eradicate apartheid and establish a ence for Action against Apartheid, held at Lagos from 22 to new society, based on the exercise of the right to self- 26 August 1977, determination by all the people of the country as a whole, Taking note of Economic and Social Council resolution irrespective of race, colour or creed. 2082 B (LXII) of 13 May 1977, in which the Council recom- 2. The observance of the International Anti-Apartheid year mended that the General Assembly should declare 1978 Inter- should promote: national Anti-Apartheid Year, (a) Further isolation of the South African regime; Further taking note of resolution CM/Res.591 (XXIX) adopt- (b) Intensification of the international campaign against ed by the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African apartheid; Unity at its twenty-ninth ordinary session, held at Libreville (c) Greatly increased assistance to the oppressed people from 23 June to 3 July 1977, regarding the International Anti- of South Africa and their liberation movements by Govern- Apartheid Year, ments and organizations as well as the public in general; Having considered the special report of the Special Com- (d) Maximum publicity to the inhumanity of apartheid and mittee against Apartheid concerning the proposed International the international efforts for its elimination. Anti-Apartheid Year, 3. During the International Anti-Apartheid year, efforts 1. Proclaims the year beginning on 21 March 1978 Inter- should be made to promote the establishment of anti-apart- national Anti-Apartheid Year; heid and solidarity movements or committees, with broad 2. Endorses the Programme for the International Anti- public support, in all regions where they do not exist and to Apartheid Year recommended by the Special Committee encourage practical arrangements for closest liaison among against Apartheid in its special report, as set forth in the annex such organizations and between them and the United Nations. to the present resolution; 3. Requests all Governments, intergovernmental and non- II. PROGRAMME FOR THE INTERNATIONAL governmental organizations, information media and educational ANTI-APARTHEID YEAR institutions to co-operate in the effective observance of the International Anti-Apartheid year; A. General 4. Requests the specialized agencies and other organi- 4. The President of the General Assembly, the Secretary- zations of the United Nations system, in particular, to partic- General and the Chairmen of all United Nations bodies con- ipate fully in the observance of the International Anti-Apart- cerned (Special Committee against Apartheid, Special Com- heid Year, in accordance with their mandates and in co- mittee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of operation with the United Nations; the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial 5. Invites the Special Committee to take all appropriate Countries and Peoples, United Nations Council for Namibia measures to promote the world-wide observance of the Inter- and Commission on Human Rights), as well as the executive Matters relating to Africa 165 heads of the specialized agencies, should be invited to issue the cessation of military, nuclear, economic and other collab- messages in connexion with the International Anti-Apartheid oration with South Africa; Year. These messages should be widely disseminated all (g) To increase moral, material and political assistance to over the world. the oppressed people of South Africa and their liberation 5. The United Nations bodies concerned should be invited movements; to consider, as early as possible, their contribution to the (h) To invite leaders of the liberation movements and other observance of the International Anti-Apartheid Year. opponents of apartheid in South Africa in order to publicize 6. All Heads of State and Government should be invited the objectives of the struggle for freedom and human dignity to issue special messages in connexion with the International in South Africa; Anti-Apartheid Year. (i) To arrange, wherever practicable, public collections for 7. All Governments and organizations should be invited assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and their to ensure the most effective observance of the International liberation movements; Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (21 March), (j) To make generous special contributions to the United the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggling People Nations Trust Fund for Publicity against Apartheid for the of South Africa (16 June) and the Day of Solidarity with observance of the International Anti-Apartheid Year, and to South African Political Prisoners (11 October). increase contributions to funds for assistance to the oppressed 8. All those Governments which have not done so should people of South Africa. be urged to cease completely all kinds of collaboration with the apartheid regime in military, political, economic, cultural D. Action by specialized agencies and other and any other fields and to implement the corresponding deci- intergovernmental organizations sions and resolutions of the United Nations. 15. The specialized agencies and other institutions within 9. All those Governments which have not done so should the United Nations system, as well as other intergovernmental be urged to become parties to the International Convention organizations, should be requested: on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apart- (a) To publicize, each within its mandate, the inhumanity heid during the International Anti-Apartheid Year. of apartheid and the international efforts for its elimination; 10. The General Assembly should devote a special meet- (b) To publicize more widely, or initiate, studies on apart- ing on 11 October or 10 December 1978 to the International heid, within their mandates, in consultation with the Special Anti-Apartheid Year. Committee against Apartheid. 16. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul- B. Action by the Secretary-General tural Organization, in particular, should be invited, in co- 11. The Secretary-General should be requested to pub- operation with the United Nations, to publicize the actions licize as widely as possible, through the Centre against Apart- of all United Nations agencies against apartheid and to pay held and the Office of Public Information of the Secretariat, special attention to material for educational institutions and to and through all media: audio-visual information. (a) Actions taken by the United Nations and the specialized 17. The International Labour Organisation should be invited agencies for the eradication of apartheid; to co-operate closely with the Special Committee against (b) Information on political prisoners in South Africa; Apartheid with regard to the observance of the International (c) Documents on the struggle for liberation in South Africa. Anti-Apartheid Year by the trade union movement at the 12. He should be requested to take all appropriate steps international and national levels. to promote the full implementation of the resolutions of the 18. The Universal Postal Union should be invited to encour- United Nations on apartheid and the Lagos Declaration for age the issuance of special stamps for the International Anti- Action against Apartheid. Apartheid year. 13. He should further be requested to make appropriate 19. The World Health Organization and the Food and arrangements, in consultation with the agencies concerned, Agriculture Organization of the United Nations should be invited, for the co-ordination of plans for the observance of the Inter- in co-operation with the United Nations, to publicize widely national Anti-Apartheid Year by the United Nations system the effects of apartheid within their respective mandates. of organizations. 20. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees should be invited, in co-operation with the United Nations and C. Action by Governments other agencies, to publicize the needs for assistance of the 14. All Governments should be requested: refugees from South Africa and the inhumanity of the apart- (a) To proclaim the International Anti-Apartheid Year and heid system which caused the efflux of refugees. encourage cities and non-governmental organizations to pro- 21. The specialized agencies and other institutions within claim the Year; the United Nations system, as well as other intergovernmental (b) To encourage parliaments to hold special sessions organizations, should be requested to review assistance pro- devoted to the International Anti-Apartheid Year, for instance vided by them to the oppressed people of South Africa and on 21 March 1978, the International Day for the Elimination their liberation movements and consider means to increase of Racial Discrimination; such assistance as required. (c) To establish national committees for the International Anti-Apartheid Year to ensure maximum publicity for its E. Action by trade unions, churches and other objectives, or to designate the anti-apartheid movements or non-governmental organizations similar organizations, where they exist, as the national com- 22. Trade unions, churches, anti-apartheid and solidarity mittees for the Year; movements and other non-governmental organizations should (d) To encourage the information media to give maximum be requested: publicity to the International Anti-Apartheid Year and its pur- (a) To undertake further action against apartheid in the poses and; in this connexion, to the just struggle of the light of the relevant resolutions of the United Nations, par- oppressed people of South Africa and their liberation move- ticularly General Assembly resolution 31/6 J of 9 November ments; 1976 entitled "Programme of Action against Apartheid"; (e) To promote the widest dissemination of information (b) To give priority during the International Anti-Apartheid against apartheid in educational institutions; Year to action against apartheid and formulate concrete (f) To review actions taken in accordance with the reso- programmes for that purpose; lutions of the United Nations on apartheid and to consider (c) To co-operate with the Special Committee against further action, particularly for the full implementation of the Apartheid in promoting the widest and most effective obser- Lagos Declaration for Action against Apartheid concerning vance of the International Mil-Apartheid Year. 166 Political and security questions

F. Action by the Special Committee against Apartheid Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, 23. The Special Committee against Apartheid should be Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome requested to take any appropriate action to promote the widest and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and most effective observance of the International Anti-Apart- Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, heid Year and, in this connexion: Tunisia, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, United Arab Emirates, (a) To maintain close co-operation with the Secretary-Gen- United Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, eral, the specialized agencies, the Organization of African Upper Volta, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia: revised Unity and other intergovernmental and non-governmental draft resolution. organizations concerned; (b) To take active steps to promote increased assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and their liberation Resolution 32/105 C, as proposed by 63 powers, A/32/L.22/ movements—through funds of the United Nations and of the Rev.2 and Rev.2/Add.1, adopted by Assembly on 14 De- Organization of African Unity and other channels—and, in cember 1977, meeting 102, by recorded vote of 138 to O, this connexion, to encourage public collections for this purpose; as follows: (c) To promote the cessation of any political, military, nu- clear, economic and other collaboration with the apartheid In favour: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, regime; Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, (d) To arrange, in co-operation with Governments and Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, appropriate organizations, regional seminars and seminars for Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Canada, Cape Verde, Central workers, students, women and churchmen on aspects of African Empire, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, apartheid; Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Demo- (e) To participate effectively in the World Conference to cratic Yemen, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination; Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, (f) To promote accession by all States which have not yet Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Germany, done so to the International Convention on the Suppression Federal Republic of, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, 24. The Special Committee against Apartheid should be India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Ivory Coast, authorized to send delegations to meet with the executive Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's heads of specialized agencies and other intergovernmental Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jama- and non-governmental organizations concerned to consult hiriya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mal- on plans for the International Anti-Apartheid Year. It should dives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, be authorized further to send representatives to various re- Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, gions of the world to consult with Governments, organizations Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, and the information media to promote the Year. Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, 25. Under the guidance of the Special Committee against Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Apartheid, the Centre against Apartheid should be requested Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Spain, and authorized: Sri Lanka, Sudan, Surinam, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian (a) To increase publicity against apartheid and give special Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, emphasis to audio-visual material; Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United (b) To publish, in co-operation with the Office of Public Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic of Cam- Information, a bulletin on the observance of the International eroon, United Republic of Tanzania, United States, Upper Anti-Apartheid Year; Volta, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, (c) To take any other appropriate action to promote the Zambia observance of the International Anti-Apartheid year in all Against: None. countries. Trade union action against apartheid [For text of Assembly resolution 32/105 A, see subchapter below on THE UNITED NATIONS TRUST FUND FOR SOUTH AFRICA; The General Assembly, for texts of Assembly resolutions 32/105 C-O, see immedi- Having considered the special report of the Special Com- ately below.] mittee against Apartheid concerning the Second International Trade Union Conference for Action against Apartheid, held at A/32/L.22. Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Geneva on 10 and 11 June 1977, Burundi, Chad, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic Yemen, Strongly convinced of the importance of action by the trade Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, union movement, at the national and international levels, for Guinea, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, the eradication of apartheid, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libyan Arab 1. Commends the resolution adopted by the Second Inter- Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, national Trade Union Conference for Action against Apartheid Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Romania, on 11 June 1977 to the attention of all Governments and Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations; Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, 2. Expresses its appreciation to the trade union organiza- United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Cameroon, tions for their action against apartheid, particularly the world- United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Yugoslavia, wide observance of the Protest Week against Apartheid in Zaire, Zambia: draft resolution. January 1977; A/32/L.22/Rev.1. Revised draft resolution, sponsored by 3. Invites the trade union organizations to continue and above 55 powers and German Democratic Republic, Norway, intensify their active support for the struggle of the oppressed Sierra Leone and Ukrainian SSR. people of South Africa and their national liberation move- A/32/L.22/Rev.2 and Rev.2/Add.1. Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, ment for the eradication of apartheid; Bangladesh, Benin, Burundi, Chad, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, 4. Authorizes the Special Committee against Apartheid to Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, hold annual meetings with trade unions, as recommended Ethiopia, Gabon, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, in paragraph 11 of its special report, and to arrange for the Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, participation of representatives of trade union organizations Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic from southern Africa; Republic, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, 5. Requests the Special Committee to take all appropriate Matters relating to Africa 167 steps to promote and publicize trade union action against 1. Again strongly condemns Israel for its continuing and apartheid. increasing collaboration with the racist regime of South Africa; 2. Demands once again that Israel desist forthwith from A/32/L.23 and Corr.1 and Add.1. Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, such collaboration and, in particular, terminate all collabora- Bangladesh, Benin, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Chad, tion in the military and nuclear fields; Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Egypt, 3. Requests the Special Committee against Apartheid to Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indo- keep the matter under constant review and report to the Gen- nesia, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic eral Assembly and the Security Council as appropriate. Republic, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, A/32/L.24 and Add.1. Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Qatar, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sey- Bangladesh, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burundi, Byelo- chelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Re- russian SSR, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, public, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, United Arab Czechoslovakia, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Egypt, Emirates, United Republic of Cameroon, United Republic Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Finland, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia: draft Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, resolution. Ireland, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Resolution 32/105 D, as proposed by 52 powers, A/32/L.23 Nepal, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philip- and Add.1, adopted by Assembly on 14 December 1977, pines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and meeting 102, by recorded vote of 88 to 19, with 30 absten- Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, tions, as follows: Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Syrian Arab Repub- lic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukrainian In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, SSR, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Cameroon, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Bulgaria, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Viet Nam, Yemen, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Cape Verde, Chad, China, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia: draft resolution. Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Demo- cratic Yemen, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, Gambia, German Resolution 32/105 E, as proposed by 79 powers, A/32/L.24 Democratic Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and Add.1, and as orally amended by sponsors, adopted Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Jamaica, without vote by Assembly on 14 December 1977, meet- Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, ing 102. Lesotho, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia, Political prisoners in South Africa Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, The General Assembly, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Gravely concerned over the continuing repression in South Leone, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syrian Arab Africa, including the killings of peaceful demonstrators and Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, innocent schoolchildren, mass arrests and bannings, and trials Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United Arab Emirates, under arbitrary repressive laws, as well as ill-treatment, tor- United Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, ture and killings of political detainees, Upper Volta, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Noting the reports of the Special Committee against Apart- Zambia heid and the Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Southern Against: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Africa of the Commission on Human Rights, as well as Secu- Finland, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, Guatemala, rity Council resolution 417 (1977) of 31 October 1977, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Recalling its resolution 31/6 C of 9 November 1976 on soli- Zealand, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States darity with South African political prisoners, Abstaining: Argentina, Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Considering that the killings and repression by the racist Central African Empire, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Domi- regime of South Africa further aggravate the threat to inter- nican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, Greece, Hon- national peace and security, duras, Iran, Ivory Coast, Japan, Liberia, Malawi, Mexico, 1. Strongly condemns the racist regime of South Africa Nepal, Nicaragua, Panama, Portugal, Singapore, Surinam, for its killings and ruthless repression of opponents of apart- Swaziland, Thailand, Uruguay. heid and racial discrimination, and its banning orders against organizations and the information media; Relations between Israel and South Africa 2. Again pledges its solidarity with all political prisoners and detainees in South Africa; The General Assembly, 3. Reiterates its proclamation, in resolution 3411 C (XXX) Recalling its repeated condemnations of the intensification of 28 November 1975, that the United Nations and the inter- of relations and collaboration by Israel with the racist regime national community have a special responsibility towards the of South Africa in the political, military, economic and other oppressed people of South Africa and their liberation move- fields, in particular resolution 31/6 E of 9 November 1976, ments, and towards those imprisoned, restricted or exiled Taking note of the special report of the Special Commit- for their struggle against apartheid: tee against Apartheid concerning recent developments in 4. Requests the Special Committee against Apartheid, in relations between Israel and South Africa, co-operation with the Centre against Apartheid and all appro- Recalling Security Council resolution 418 (1977) of 4 No- priate organizations, to publicize as widely as possible the vember 1977, cause of the political prisoners, detainees and restrictees in Noting with grave anxiety that Israel has continued further South Africa and to promote campaigns for their unconditional to strengthen its relations with the racist regime of South Africa release. in defiance of the resolutions of the General Assembly, Considering that the collaboration by Israel has constituted A/32/L.25 and Add. 1. Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Benin, Bul- an encouragement to the racist regime of South Africa to garia, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Chad, Congo, Cuba, persist in its criminal policy of apartheid and is a hostile act Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Egypt, against the oppressed people of South Africa and the entire Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, German Democratic African continent, Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Hungary, 168 Political and security questions

Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libyan of the Security Council—France, the United Kingdom of Great Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Mongolia, Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of Amer- Mozambique, Nigeria, Qatar, Sao Tome and Principe, Sene- ica—have continued to resist a comprehensive embargo on gal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab military and nuclear collaboration with the racist regime of Republic, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, United South Africa, Arab Emirates, United Republic of Cameroon, United Repub- Considering the need for urgent measures to secure the lic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Yemen, Zambia: draft reso- full implementation of Security Council resolution 418 (1977) lution. and to promote its extension to cover all co-operation with the racist regime of South Africa which, directly or indirectly, Resolution 32/105 F, as proposed by 52 powers, A/32/L.25 facilitates its military buildup and nuclear development, as and Add.1, adopted by Assembly on 14 December 1977, well as all military and nuclear co-operation with it, meeting 102, by recorded vote of 113 to 7, with 17 absten- Taking note of the Lagos Declaration for Action against tions, as follows: Apartheid adopted by the World Conference for Action against Apartheid, held at Lagos from 22 to 26 August 1977, In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, 1. Calls upon all Governments forthwith to implement Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin, Bhutan, Security Council resolution 418 (1977) without any reservations Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Byelo- and qualifications whatsoever and irrespective of any existing russian SSR, Cape Verde, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, contracts and licences already issued and to ensure that all Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Demo- corporations, organizations and individuals within their jurisdic- cratic Yemen, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, tion abide by its provisions; Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic 2. Calls upon all States, in particular France, the United Republic, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory States of America, to co-operate fully in effective international Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao Peo- action, in accordance with Chapter VII of the Charter of the ple's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab United Nations, to avert the grave menace to the peace result- Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, ing from the policies and actions of the racist regime of Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Mozambique, South Africa; Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua 3. Requests the Security Council, in particular, to call New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, upon all States, under Chapter VII of the Charter and irre- Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, spective of any existing contracts: Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, (a) To refrain from any supply of arms, ammunition, mili- Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, tary equipment or vehicles, or spare parts thereof, to South Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Africa, without any exceptions; SSR, USSR, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of (b) To ensure that such supplies do not reach South Africa Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Uru- through other countries; guay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia (c) To refrain from importing any military equipment or Against: Belgium, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, supplies manufactured by, or in collaboration with, South Italy, Luxembourg, United Kingdom, United States Africa; Abstaining: Australia, Austria, Canada, Central African (d) To cease any exchange of military, naval or air attaches Empire, Costa Rica, Denmark, Guatemala, Iceland, Ireland, with South Africa; Malawi, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Por- (e) To terminate any form of military co-operation with tugal, Spain, Surinam. South Africa; (f) To revoke all licences and terminate all technical assis- Military and nuclear collaboration with tance for the manufacture of military equipment and supplies South Africa in South Africa; (g) To end all transfer of nuclear equipment or fissionable The General Assembly, material or technology to South Africa; Gravely concerned over the continued and rapid military (h) To prohibit companies, institutions or agencies within build-up in South Africa, their jurisdiction from any co-operation with South Africa, Alarmed at the frantic efforts by the racist regime of South directly or through participation in companies registered in Africa to acquire nuclear-weapon capability, South Africa, in its military build-up or nuclear development; Strongly condemning the racist regime of South Africa for (i) To prevent their nationals from working in South Africa its massive violence against the oppressed people of South in establishments producing supplies for military and police Africa, its continued illegal occupation of Namibia, its assis- forces, or engaged in nuclear development; tance to the illegal racist minority regime in Southern Rhodesia (j) To deny visas to South African military and police per- and its repeated acts of aggression against independent sonnel and persons engaged in nuclear research and devel- African States, opment; Recognizing that the growing militarization of South Africa 4. Further requests the Security Council to establish and its plans for nuclear development greatly aggravate the machinery for supervising the implementation of the mea- threat to international peace and security, sures referred to in paragraph 3 above; Condemning the continued collaboration by certain Govern- 5. Invites all Governments and organizations to take ments and transnational corporations with the racist regime all appropriate action to promote the purposes of the present in defiance of repeated resolutions of the United Nations, resolution; enabling that regime to develop its military arsenal and to 6. Authorizes the Special Committee against Apartheid: undertake nuclear development, (a) To follow and publicize all developments concerning Recalling its requests to the Security Council to take military and nuclear collaboration with the racist regime of mandatory measures, under Chapter VII of the Charter of the South Africa and to report to the General Assembly and the United Nations, to secure the full implementation of the arms Security Council all alleged violations of Council resolution embargo against South Africa and a cessation of all military 418 (1977) that may come to its notice; co-operation with the racist regime of South Africa, (b) To consult with experts, to hold hearings and to encour- Taking note of Security Council resolution 418 (1977) of age conferences and campaigns in order to promote a total 4 November 1977, cessation of military and nuclear collaboration with the racist Expressing serious regret that three permanent members regime of South Africa. Matters relating to Africa 169

A/32/L.26 and Add.1. Algeria, Angola, Bahrian, Bangladesh, (c) To end exchanges of trade missions with South Africa; Benin, Bulgaria, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Chad, Congo, (d) To impose an embargo on the supply of petroleum and Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, petroleum products to South Africa and on investment in the Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, German Demo- petroleum industry in South Africa; cratic Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, (e) To deny facilities to airlines and shipping companies Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, providing services to and from South Africa; Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libyan Arab 4. Encourages trade unions, churches, anti-apartheid Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, movements and other organizations in their campaigns against Mozambique, Nigeria, Pakistan, Romania, Rwanda, Sao collaboration with South Africa; Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, 5. Requests the Special Committee against Apartheid: Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Tunisia, (a) To publicize all available information on collaboration Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, United Arab Emirates, United by transnational corporations with the racist regime of South Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Africa in its pursuit of apartheid, in order that Governments Volta, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia: draft resolution. and organizations may take appropriate action to secure a termination of such collaboration; Resolution 32/105 G, as proposed by 63 powers, A/32/L.26 (b) To take all appropriate steps, in co-operation with the and Add.1, adopted by Assembly on 14 December 1977, Organization of African Unity, to promote an oil embargo meeting 102, by recorded vote of 111 to 7, with 22 absten- against South Africa; tions, as follows: (c) To promote action towards the termination of airline and shipping services to and from South Africa; In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, (d) To take all other appropriate steps to promote the Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin, Bhutan, implementation of the present resolution; Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, 6. Requests all Governments and organizations to co- Cape Verde, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, operate with the Special Committee in the implementation of Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Demo- the present resolution. cratic Yemen, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, German Demo- A/32/L.27 and Add.1. Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, cratic Republic, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Bangladesh, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Egypt, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea- Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jama- Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Jordan, hiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauri- Kenya, Kuwait, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malay- tania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, sia, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua Pakistan, Philippines, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Lanka, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Cameroon, United Surinam, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Yugoslavia, Zaire, and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, Zambia: draft resolution. USSR, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Venezuela, Viet Resolution 32/105 H, as proposed by 61 powers, A/32/L.27 Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia and Add.1, adopted by Assembly on 14 December 1977, Against: Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Federal meeting 102, by recorded vote of 140 to 0, as follows: Republic of, Luxembourg, United Kingdom, United States Abstaining: Australia, Austria, Botswana, Central African In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Empire, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Italy, Japan, Malawi, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Swaziland, Sweden, Uruguay. Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Empire, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Economic collaboration with South Africa Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Yemen, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, The General Assembly, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Recalling its resolution 31/6 H of 9 November 1976, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Germany, Reaffirming that any collaboration with the racist regime of Federal Republic of, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, South Africa constitutes a hostile act against the oppressed Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, people of South Africa and a contemptuous defiance of the India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Ivory Coast, United Nations and the international community, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Firmly convinced that mandatory economic sanctions, under Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jama- Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, are essen- hiriya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, tial to facilitate the speedy eradication of apartheid, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Taking note of the report of the Special Committee against Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Apartheid, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Condemning the continued and increased collaboration by Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, certain Governments and transnational corporations with the Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi racist regime of South Africa, Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Spain, 1. Requests the Security Council urgently to consider man- Sri Lanka, Sudan, Surinam, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian datory economic sanctions against South Africa; Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, 2. Calls upon all States to cease economic collaboration Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United with South Africa and to take effective action to prevent such Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic of Cam- collaboration by corporations within their jurisdiction; eroon, United Republic of Tanzania, United States, Upper 3. Requests all States, in particular: Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, (a) To prohibit all loans to and investments in South Africa; Zaire, Zambia (b) To terminate all incentives for trade with South Africa; Against: None. 170 Political and security questions

Dissemination of information on apartheid eroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Viet Nam, Zaire, Zambia: draft resolution. The General Assembly, Strongly convinced of the need to intensify greatly the efforts to acquaint world public opinion with the imperative need for Resolution 32/1051, as proposed by 58 powers, A/32/L.28 the eradication of apartheid in South Africa, and Add.1, adopted by Assembly on 14 December 1977, Noting the insidious propaganda activities of the racist meeting 102, by recorded vote of 136 to O, with 4 absten- regime of South Africa and its supporters, as well as its tions, as follows: repressive measures designed to silence all opposition to apartheid and racial discrimination inside South Africa, In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Having considered the report of the Special Committee Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, against Apartheid, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Commending the Centre against Apartheid for its efforts, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Canada, Cape Verde, in consultation with the Special Committee against Apartheid, Central African Empire, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, to promote the dissemination of information against apartheid, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czecho- Expressing its appreciation to all Governments which have slovakia, Democratic Yemen, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican contributed to the Trust Fund for Publicity against Apartheid, Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, Recognizing the important contribution of the specialized Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, agencies to the dissemination of information against apartheid, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, 1. Appeals to all Governments to contribute generously Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, to the Trust Fund for Publicity against Apartheid; Ireland, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, 2. Requests the Special Committee against Apartheid Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, and the Centre against Apartheid to utilize the Trust Fund Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, particularly for the production of audio-visual material and for Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, assistance to appropriate organizations with a view to dissem- Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nether- inating information material on apartheid; lands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, 3. Requests all Governments and organizations to co- Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philip- operate with the Special Committee and the Centre against pines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Apartheid towards the widest possible dissemination of Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, information on apartheid; Singapore, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Surinam, 4. Requests the Secretary-General to undertake, in co- Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, operation with Member States whose transmitters can be Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian heard in southern Africa, a regular programme of radio SSR, USSR, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Cam- broadcasts directed at South Africa and concerned with United eroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Uruguay, Nations efforts against apartheid and in support of the right Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia of self-determination, as well as with related matters of interest Against: None to the peoples of southern Africa; Abstaining: France, Germany, Federal Republic of, United 5. Urges Member States whose radio transmitters can Kingdom, United States. reach South Africa and adjacent territories to make avail- able transmission facilities for these broadcasts; Programme of work of the Special Committee 6. Requests the Centre against Apartheid, in co-operation against Apartheid with the Office of Public Information of the Secretariat: (a) To lend all appropriate assistance for these transmis- The General Assembly, sions, in particular to African radio stations broadcasting to Having considered the report of the Special Committee South Africa; against Apartheid and its special reports, (b) To expand the production and distribution of informa- Commending the Special Committee for its activities in the tion material in various languages and give special attention discharge of the mandate given to it by the General Assembly, to the production of audio-visual material; Considering the need for the intensification and expansion (c) To organize essay competitions on apartheid; of the activities of the Special Committee during the Interna- 7. Requests the Secretary-General and Member States tional Anti-apartheid Year and in view of the urgent need for to issue special postage stamps on apartheid; effective and co-ordinated international action to eradicate 8. Commends, in particular, the United Nations Educa- apartheid and to enable the South African people as a whole, tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the International on the basis of equality, to exercise its right to self-deter- Labour Organisation, the World Health Organization and the mination, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for Recognizing the importance of adequate assistance by the their studies and information activities on apartheid; Centre against Apartheid to the Special Committee in the 9. Requests all the specialized agencies to co-operate discharge of its mandate, with the Centre against Apartheid towards co-ordinated Reiterating its determination, as expressed in General efforts by the agencies and institutions within the United Na- Assembly resolution 3411 C (XXX) of 28 November 1975, tions system for the widest possible dissemination of infor- to devote increasing attention and all necessary resources to mation on apartheid. concert international efforts, in close co-operation with the Organization of African Unity, for the speedy eradication of A/32/L.28 and Add.1. Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, apartheid in South Africa and the liberation of the South Benin, Burundi, Chad, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic African people, Yemen, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, 1. Encourages the Special Committee against Apartheid Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indo- to intensify its activities to promote the implementation of the nesia, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Programme of Action against Apartheid, the Lagos Declaration Democratic Republic, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, for Action against Apartheid adopted by the World Conference Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, for Action against Apartheid, held at Lagos from 22 to Nigeria, Pakistan, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Prin- 26 August 1977, and all relevant resolutions of the United cipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Nations in the light of paragraph 309 of the report of the Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Special Committee; Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Cam- 2. Approves the recommendations of the Special Commit- Matters relating to Africa 171 tee on its programme of work and on co-operation with other Tunisia, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, United Arab Emirates, United Nations bodies; United Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, 3. Authorizes the Special Committee: Upper Volta, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia: draft (a) To send missions to Member States and to the head- resolution. quarters of the specialized agencies and other intergovern- mental organizations, as required, to promote international Resolution 32/105 J, as proposed by 65 powers, A/32/L.29 action against apartheid and the observance of the Interna- and Add.1, adopted by Assembly on 14 December 1977, tional Anti-Apartheid Year; meeting 102, by recorded vote of 112 to 9, with 17 absten- (b) To itensify co-operation with the movement of non- tions, as follows: aligned countries, the Organization of African Unity and other appropriate organizations; In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, (c) To participate in conferences concerned with apartheid; Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin, Bhutan, (d) To invite representatives of the South African liberation Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Byelo- movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity russian SSR, Cape Verde, Central African Empire, Chad, and those of other organizations active in opposition to China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, apartheid, as well as experts, for consultations on various Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Domi- aspects of apartheid and on international action against nican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, apartheid; Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Greece, (e) To associate representatives of the South African liber- Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, India, ation movements recognized by the Organization of African Indonesia, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Unity with its missions; Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, 4. Requests and authorizes the Special Committee, in Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, co-operation with the international and national organizations Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mon- concerned, to organize or promote the organization of confer- golia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, ences against apartheid; Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, 5. Requests the Special Committee to promote assistance Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, to the oppressed people of South Africa and their liberation Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, movements in accordance with the recommendations con- Sri Lanka, Sudan, Surinam, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Repub- tained in its report; lic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, 6. Requests all specialized agencies and other institutions Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United Arab Emirates, United within the United Nations system to review and expand their Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper programmes of assistance to the oppressed people of South Volta, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Africa, in consultation with the Special Committee; Zambia 7. Authorizes the Special Committee to send represen- Against: Belgium, France, Germany, Federal Republic tatives to attend meetings of the Governing Board of the of, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom, United United Nations Development Programme, the Executive States, Uruguay Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Abstaining: Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Commissioner for Refugees and other bodies concerned with Guatemala, Honduras, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Italy, New apartheid and assistance to South Africans; Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Portugal, Spain Sweden. 8. Encourages the Special Committee to promote inter- national campaigns for: Assistance to the national liberation movement (a) Cessation of military, nuclear, economic and other of South Africa collaboration with the racist regime of South Africa; (b) Unconditional release of all persons imprisoned or The General Assembly, restricted for their opposition to apartheid; Noting that the racist regime of South Africa has further (c) Public collections to assist the oppressed people of aggravated racial discrimination, domination and exploitation South Africa and the South African liberation movements of the great majority of the people of South Africa and has recognized by the Organization of African Unity; intensified ruthless repression in order to enforce its criminal 9. Requests all specialized agencies and other institutions policy, within the United Nations system to co-operate with the Spe- Recognizing that the policies and action of the racist regime cial Committee in the discharge of its task; of South Africa have aggravated a threat to the peace in 10. Requests the Secretary-General, in consultation with the southern Africa and that their continuation would lead to a Special Committee, to strengthen the Centre against Apart- wider conflict, heid and provide it with the necessary resources for the per- Further recognizing that the eradication of apartheid and the formance of its responsibilities, in the execution of the deci- establishment of a non-racial society in South Africa are essen- sions of the Special Committee, for promoting more effective tial for peace and security in southern Africa, and co-ordinated action against apartheid; Recalling its resolutions on the policies of apartheid of the 11. Decides that verbatim records should be provided racist regime of South Africa, for special meetings held by the Special Committee in obser- 1. Strongly reaffirms the inalienable right of the people of vance of the international days designated by the General South Africa as a whole, irrespective of race, colour or creed, Assembly. to determine, on the basis of majority rule, the future of South Africa; A/32/L.29 and Add.1. Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, 2. Further reaffirms the legitimacy of the struggle of the Benin, Bulgaria, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Chad, Comoros, oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Yemen, movement for the eradication of apartheid and the exercise Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, German of the right of self-determination by the people of South Africa Democratic Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, as a whole; Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, India, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, 3. Declares that, in view of the intransigence of the racist Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libyan Arab regime, its defiance of resolutions of the United Nations and Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, its continued imposition of the criminal policy of apartheid, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Qatar, Romania, the national liberation movement has an inalienable right to Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, continue its struggle for the seizure of power by all available Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, and appropriate means of its choice, including armed struggle; 172 Political and security questions

4. Further declares that the international community should Commending the heroic struggle of the oppressed people provide all assistance to the national liberation movement of of South Africa for their inalienable rights, South Africa in its legitimate struggle and exercise all its Conscious of the crucial stage of the struggle for freedom authority, under the provisions of the Charter of the United in South Africa and its international significance, Nations, including Chapter VII, to facilitate the transfer of power Noting that the racist regime of South Africa is continuing from the minority racist regime to the genuine representatives its policy of apartheid, repression, "bantustanization" and of all the people of South Africa. aggression, in flagrant defiance of United Nations resolutions, and is thereby gravely aggravating the threat to international A/32/L.30 and Add.1. Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, peace and security, Benin, Bulgaria, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, 1. Strongly condemns the illegitimate minority racist regime Cyprus, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial of South Africa for its criminal policies and actions; Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, 2. Declares that South Africa belongs to all its people, Haiti, India, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's irrespective of race, colour or creed; Democratic Republic, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, 3. Proclaims its full support of the national liberation move- Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, ment of South Africa, as the authentic representative of the Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, South African people, in its just struggle; Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, 4. Again condemns the establishment of bantustans and Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Tunisia, calls upon all Governments to implement fully the provisions Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, United Arab Emirates, United of its resolution 31/6 A of 26 October 1976; Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper 5. Declares that any collaboration with the racist regime Volta, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia: draft resolution. and apartheid institutions is a hostile act against the purposes and principles of the United Nations; Resolution 32/105 K, as proposed by 61 powers, A/32/L.30 6. Commends all Governments and intergovernmental and Add.1, adopted by Assembly on 14 December 1977, and non-governmental organizations which have taken action meeting 102, by recorded vote of 113 to O, with 27 absten- against apartheid and in support of the South African national tions, as follows: liberation movement in accordance with resolutions of the United Nations; In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argen- 7. Invites all States and organizations to take all appro- tina, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin, priate measures to persuade those Governments, transna- Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, tional corporations and other institutions which continue to Byelorussian SSR, Cape Verde, Central African Empire, collaborate with the racist regime of South Africa to abide Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, by the resolutions of the United Nations. Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,* Ethiopia, Report of the World Conference for Action against Apartheid, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Lagos, Nigeria, 22-26 August 1977. Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Vol. I: Report, including Lagos Declaration for Action India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, against Apartheid. U.N.P. Sales No.: E.77.XIV.2 and Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, corrigendum. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Vol. II: Annexes. U.N.P. Sales No.: E.77.XIV.3 and corri- Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, gendum. Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, A/32/317 (S/12434). Letter of 7 October from Chairman of Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Special Committee against Apartheid to Secretary-General. Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, A/32/L.31 and Add.1. Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Benin, Bulgaria, Burundi, Canada, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Surinam, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Repub- Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Yemen, Denmark, lic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Finland, Gabon, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United Arab Emirates, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea- United Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Jamaica, Upper Volta, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Zaire, Zambia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Against: None Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, New Zealand, Abstaining: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Finland, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, Greece, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Guatemala, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Malawi, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay. United Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia: draft resolution. * Subsequently El Salvador advised the Secretariat that it had intended to abstain. Resolution 32/105 L, as proposed by 74 powers, A/32/L.31 and Add.1, adopted by Assembly on 14 December 1977, Situation in South Africa meeting 102, by recorded vote of 140 to O, as follows:

The General Assembly, In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Having considered the reports of the Special Committee Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, against Apartheid and the report of the World Conference for Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Action against Apartheid, held at Lagos from 22 to 26 August Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Canada, Cape Verde, 1977, Central African Empire, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Mindful of the special responsibility of the United Nations Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czecho- and the international community towards the oppressed peo- slovakia, Democratic Yemen, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican ple of South Africa and their national liberation movement Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, and towards those imprisoned, restricted or exiled for their Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic struggle against apartheid, Republic, Germany, Federal Republic of, Ghana, Greece, Matters relating to Africa 173

Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, meeting 102, by recorded vote of 125 to O, with 14 absten- Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, tions, as follows: Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Arab Jamahiriya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Australia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nether- Byelorussian SSR, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African lands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Empire, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philip- Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic pines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Yemen, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, German Singapore, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Surinam, Democratic Republic, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, SSR, USSR, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, United Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, States, Upper Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Against: None. Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra World Conference for Action against Apartheid Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Surinam, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thai- The General Assembly, land, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Having considered the report of the World Conference for Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United Arab Emirates, United Repub- Action against Apartheid, held at Lagos from 22 to 26 August lic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, 1977, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Considering that the Conference has been an important Zambia event in promoting international action in support of the struggle Against: None of the South African people to eradicate apartheid and racial Abstaining: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, discrimination and to build a society based on the principle Federal Republic of, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, of equality of all persons, irrespective of race, colour or creed, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, United Kingdom, Mindful of the special responsibility of the United Nations United States. and the international community towards the oppressed people of South Africa and their liberation movements and towards International Declaration against Apartheid those imprisoned, restricted or exiled for their struggle against in Sports apartheid, 1. Endorses the Lagos Declaration for Action against Apart- The General Assembly, heid and commends it to all Governments and to all inter- Recalling its resolution 31/6 F of 9 November 1976 on governmental and non-governmental organizations for appro- apartheid in sports, priate and urgent action; Reaffirming the importance of effective international action 2. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure maximum to abolish apartheid in sports and in all other fields, publicity to the Lagos Declaration and to all the documents Having considered the report of the Ad Hoc Committee and records of the World Conference for Action against on the Drafting of an International Convention against Apart- Apartheid; heid in Sports, 3. Expresses its great appreciation to the Government of 1. Adopts and proclaims the International Declaration Nigeria, the Organization of African Unity, the South African against Apartheid in Sports, recommended by the Ad Hoc liberation movements recognized by the Organization of Afri- Committee on the Drafting of an International Convention can Unity and all others concerned for their co-operation in against Apartheid in Sports and annexed to the present reso- ensuring the success of the Conference; lution; 4. Encourages the Special Committee against Apartheid 2. Requests the Ad Hoc Committee to draft an interna- to take all appropriate steps, within its mandate, towards the tional convention against apartheid in sports for submission to effective implementation of the Lagos Declaration. the General Assembly at its thirty-third session; 3. Authorizes the Ad Hoc Committee to consult with A/32/36. Report of Ad Hoc Committee on Drafting of an representatives of the organizations concerned and experts International Convention against Apartheid in Sports. on apartheid in sports; A/32/L.32 and Add.1. Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, 4. Decides that summary records should be provided for Benin, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, meetings of the Ad Hoc Committee; Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, 5. Requests the Secretary-General to provide all neces- Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, sary assistance to the Ad Hoc Committee in the discharge Haiti, India, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's of its task. Democratic Republic, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Pakistan, ANNEX Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab International Declaration against Apartheid in Sports Republic, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, The General Assembly, Upper Volta, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia: draft Recalling the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, resolution, annexing International Declaration against in which Member States pledge to take joint and separate Apartheid in Sports. action in co-operation with the Organization for the achieve- ment of universal respect for, and observance of, human rights Resolution 32/105 M, as proposed by 56 powers, A/32/L.32 and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, and Add.1, adopted by Assembly on 14 December 1977, sex, language, or religion, 174 Political and security questions

Considering the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Recognizing that participation in sports exchanges with which states that all human beings are born free and equal teams selected on the basis of apartheid violates the funda- in dignity and rights and that everyone is entitled to all the mental human rights of the great majority of the people of rights and freedoms set forth in the Declaration without South Africa and directly abets and encourages the commis- distinction of any kind such as race, colour or national ori- sion of the crime of apartheid, as defined in the International gin, Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime Recalling that, in accordance with the principles of the of Apartheid, and encourages the racist regime in its pursuit International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of of apartheid, Racial Discrimination, States undertake not to sponsor, de- Condemning sports contacts with any country practising fend or support racial discrimination, apartheid and recognizing that participation in apartheid in Recalling further that the International Convention on the sports condones and strengthens apartheid and thereby be- Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid de- comes the legitimate concern of all Governments, clares that apartheid is a crime violating the principles of Convinced that an international declaration against apart- international law, in particular the purposes and principles of heid in sports would make it possible to take more effective the Charter of the United Nations, and constituting a serious measures at the international and national levels, with a view threat to international peace and security, to completely isolating and eliminating apartheid, Recalling that the General Assembly has adopted a number Proclaims this International Declaration against Apartheid of resolutions in which the policies and practices of apart- in Sports: heid, including the application of apartheid in the field of sport, and collaboration with the racist regime in all areas, Article 1 are condemned, States affirm and support this Declaration as an expression Reaffirming the legitimacy of the struggle of the people of of international condemnation of apartheid and as a measure South Africa for the total elimination of apartheid and racial to contribute towards the total eradication of the system of discrimination, apartheid, and to this end resolve to take strong action and Recognizing that the eradication of apartheid and render- to exert the greatest possible influence in order to ensure ing of assistance to the South African people to establish a the total elimination of apartheid in sports. non-racial society is one of the primary concerns of the inter- national community, Article 2 Convinced that more effective measures must be taken as States shall take all appropriate action to bring about the a matter of priority, during the International Anti-Apartheid total cessation of sporting contacts with any country practis- Year and the Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrim- ing apartheid and shall refrain from official sponsorship, ination, to eliminate apartheid in all its manifestations, assistance or encouragement of such contacts. Reaffirming its unqualified support for the Olympic principle that no discrimination be allowed on the grounds of race, Article 3 religion or political affiliation and its belief that merit should States shall take all appropriate action towards the exclusion be the sole criterion for participation in sports activities, or expulsion of any country practising apartheid from inter- Considering that international representative sporting con- national and regional sports bodies. They shall give full tacts based on the Olympic principle can play a positive role support to national sports bodies attempting to exclude such in promoting peace and the development of friendly relations countries from membership of international and regional sports among nations of the world, associations or to prevent such countries from participation Recognizing that there can be neither adherence to the in sports activities. principle of merit selection nor fully integrated non-racial sport in any country practising apartheid until the apartheid system Article 4 itself is eradicated, 1. States shall publicly declare and express total opposi- Condemning the enforcement, by the racist regime of South tion to apartheid in sports as well as full and active support Africa, of racial discrimination and segregation in sports, for the total boycott of all teams and sportsmen from the racist Commending the sportsmen inside South Africa who are apartheid sports bodies. struggling against apartheid and upholding the principle of 2. States shall pursue a vigorous programme of public non-racialism in sport, education aimed at securing strict adherence to the Olympic Condemning the repressive measures taken by the racist principle of non-discrimination in sports and widespread nation- apartheid regime against the non-racial sports bodies and al acceptance for the spirit and letter of United Nations their leaders in South Africa, resolutions on apartheid in sports. Rejecting the policy of so-called "multinational" sport, 3. Sports bodies shall be actively encouraged to withhold enunciated by the South African racist regime, as no more any support from sporting events organized in violation of than a device for perpetuating apartheid in sports and an the Olympic principle and United Nations resolutions. To this attempt by the regime to mislead international public opinion end, States shall convey the United Nations resolutions on in order to gain acceptance for participation in international apartheid in sports to all national sports bodies, urging them: sport, (a) To disseminate such information to all their affiliates Recognizing the importance in the international campaign and branches; against apartheid of the boycott of South African sports (b) To take all necessary action to ensure strict compliance teams selected on the basis of apartheid, with those resolutions. Convinced that an effective campaign for the total boycott of South African sports teams can be an important measure Article 5 in demonstrating the abhorrence of apartheid by Governments States shall take appropriate actions against their sporting and peoples, teams and organizations whose members collectively or indi- Commending all Governments, sportsmen, sports bodies vidually participate in sports activities in any country practis- and other organizations which have taken action against ing apartheid or with teams from a country practising apart- apartheid in sports, heid, which in particular shall include: Noting with concern that some national and international (a) Refusal to provide financial or other assistance to enable sports bodies have continued contacts with racist apartheid sports bodies, teams or individuals to participate in sports sports bodies in violation of the Olympic principle and resolu- activities in countries practising apartheid or with teams and tions of the United Nations, individual sportsmen selected on the basis of apartheid; Matters relating to Africa 175

(b) Refusal to provide financial or other assistance for any Article 14 purpose to sports bodies whose team members or affiliates International sports bodies shall not impose financial or participate in such sporting activities; other penalties on affiliated bodies which, in accordance with (c) Withdrawal of access to national sporting facilities to United Nations resolutions and the spirit of the Olympic such teams or individuals; Charter, refuse to participate in sports contact with any coun- (d) Non-recognition by States of all professional sporting try practising apartheid. contracts which involve sporting activities in any country prac- tising apartheid, or with teams or individual sportsmen selected Article 15 on the basis of apartheid; National sports bodies shall take appropriate action to per- (e) Denial and withdrawal of national honours or awards to suade their international federation to exclude racist apart- such teams or individuals; heid sports bodies from membership and from all interna- (f) Denial of official receptions to teams or sportsmen par- tional activities. ticipating in sports activities with teams or individual sportsmen from any country practising apartheid. Article 16 All national Olympic committees shall declare their opposi- Article 6 tion to apartheid in sports and to sports contact with South States shall deny visas and/or entry to representatives of Africa, and shall actively encourage all affiliates and con- sports bodies, members of teams or individual sportsmen stituent members to end all sports contact with South Africa. from any country practising apartheid. Article 17 Article 7 The provisions of this Declaration concerning the boycott States shall establish national regulations and guidelines of South African sports teams shall not apply to non-racial against participation with apartheid in sports and shall ensure sports bodies endorsed by the Special Committee against that effective means exist for bringing about compliance with Apartheid the Organization of African Unity and the South such guidelines. African liberation movements recognized by it and their members. Article 8 States shall co-operate with anti-apartheid movements and Article 18 other organizations which are engaged in promoting the imple- All international, regional and national sports bodies and mentation of the principles of this Declaration. Olympic committees shall endorse the principles of this Decla- ration and support and uphold all provisions contained therein. Article 9 States undertake to encourage actively and publicly all A/32/L.33 and Add.1. Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, official bodies, private enterprises and other groups engaged Benin, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Chad, Comoros, Congo, in promoting, organizing or servicing sports activities to refrain Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, from undertaking any action which in any way supports, assists Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, or enables the organization of activities involving apartheid Haiti, Hungary, Indonesia, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, in sports. Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Article 10 Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, States shall urge all their regional, provincial and other Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, authorities to take whatever steps are necessary to ensure Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sudan, the strict compliance with the provisions of this Declaration. Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Cameroon, Article 11 United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Viet Nam, Yugo- States agree to use their best endeavours to terminate the slavia, Zambia: draft resolution. practice of apartheid in sports, in accordance with the prin- ciples contained in this Declaration and, to this end, States Resolution 32/105 N, as proposed by 63 powers, A/32/L.33 agree to work towards the prompt preparation and adoption and Add.1, and as orally amended by sponsors, adopted of an international convention against apartheid in sports by Assembly on 14 December 1977, meeting 102, by based on the principles contained in this Declaration which recorded vote of 140 to 0, as follows: would include sanctions for violation of its terms. In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Article 12 Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bar- 1. States and international, regional and national sports bados, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, bodies shall actively support projects, undertaken in collabora- Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Canada, tion with the Organization of African Unity and the South Cape Verde, Central African Empire, Chad, Chile, China, African liberation movements recognized by it, towards the Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, formation of non-racial teams truly representative of South Czechoslovakia, Democratic Yemen, Denmark, Djibouti, Africa. Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, 2. To this end, States and all appropriate organizations Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic shall encourage, assist and recognize genuine non-racial Republic, Germany, Federal Republic of, Ghana, Greece, sports bodies in South Africa endorsed by the Special Com- Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Hon- mittee against Apartheid, the Organization of African Unity and duras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, the South African liberation movements recognized by it. Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, 3. States shall also give active support to sportsmen and Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan sports administrators in their opposition to apartheid in sports. Arab Jamahiriya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malay- sia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Article 13 Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, New International, regional and national sports bodies shall up- Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, hold the Olympic principle and cease all sports contact with Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, the racist apartheid sports bodies. Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Prin- 176 Political and security questions

cipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Surinam, Swaziland, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belgium, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, Byelorussian SSR, Cape Verde, Central African Empire, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, United States, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Upper Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Fin- Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia land, Gabon, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Greece, Against: None. Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Ivory Coast, Bantustans Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mada- The General Assembly, gascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Recalling its resolution 31/6 A of 26 October 1976, entitled Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, "The so-called independent Transkei and other bantustans," New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Condemning the racist regime of South Africa for its threats Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Roma- against Lesotho for having refused recognition of the so- nia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Sene- called "independent" Transkei, gal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Further condemning the racist regime of South Africa for Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, its stubborn pursuit of the bantustan policy and its plans to Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, declare the so-called "independence" of Bophuthatswana, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United Arab Emirates, United Repub- Reiterating that the bantustan policy is designed to divide lic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Venezuela, the African people of South Africa and deprive them of their Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia inalienable rights in the country, Against: None Convinced that the racist regime seeks to establish ban- Abstaining: Canada, France, Germany, Federal Republic tustans as reservoirs of cheap labour, strategic hamlets and of, United Kingdom, United States. buffer zones against the struggle for freedom in the country as a whole, Noting that the African people of South Africa have rejected Investments in South Africa and opposed bantustans and the tribal chiefs who have collaborated with the racist regime in the creation of these The General Assembly, bantustans, Recalling its resolution 31/6 K of 9 November 1976, 1. Again denounces the establishment of bantustans as Having considered the report of the Special Committee designed to consolidate the inhuman policy of apartheid, to against Apartheid, destroy the territorial integrity of the country, to perpetuate Convinced that a cessation of new foreign investments in white minority domination and to deprive the African people South Africa would constitute an important step in the struggle of South Africa of their inalienable rights; against apartheid, as such investments abet and encourage 2. Denounces the declaration of the so-called "indepen- the apartheid policies of that country, dence" of the Transkei and that of Bophuthatswana and Noting with regret that the Security Council has been unable any other bantustans which may be created by the racist to reach agreement on steps to achieve the cessation of regime of South Africa and declares them totally invalid; such investments in South Africa, 3. Reaffirms the inalienable rights of the African people Welcoming as positive steps the decisions of those Gov- of South Africa in the country as a whole; ernments which have taken measures to achieve the cessa- 4. Declares its firm support to Lesotho and any other tion of further investments from their countries in South Africa, States which may be subjected to threats and pressures by Noting that while there has been some decrease in the the racist regime in the pursuit of its bantustan policy; flow of new foreign investments into South Africa since reso- 5. Again calls upon all Governments to deny any form lution 31/6 K was adopted, a number of foreign economic and of recognition to the so-called "independent" bantustans, to financial interests have continued and increased their invest- refrain from any dealings with them and to reject travel docu- ments, ments issued by them; Urges the Security Council, when studying the problem of 6. Again requests all States to take effective measures to the continued struggle against the apartheid policies of prohibit all individuals, corporations and other institutions under South Africa, to consider again steps to achieve, at an early their jurisdiction from having any dealings with the so-called date, the cessation of further foreign investments in South "independent" bantustans. Africa.

A/32/L.34. Benin, Congo, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, Guinea- Assistance to South African student refugees Bissau, Guyana, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, A/32/65 and Add.1. Emergency assistance for South African Malaysia, Mauritius, Mozambique, Netherlands, Nigeria, student refugees. Report of Secretary-General (transmitting Norway, Pakistan, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Togo, report of mission). United Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, A/C.3/32/L.38. Algeria, Botswana, Burundi, Comoros, Congo, Yugoslavia: draft resolution. Ethiopia, Germany, Federal Republic of, Guinea-Bissau, A/32/L.34/Rev.1 and Rev.1/Corr.1 and Rev.2. Congo, Den- Malawi, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Swazi- mark, Egypt, Finland, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Ice- land, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia: draft resolution. land, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Madagascar, Malaysia, A/C.3/32/L.38/Rev.1. Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Mauritius, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Denmark, Ethiopia, Norway, Pakistan, Romania, Sao Tome and Principe, Sey- Gabon, Germany, Federal Republic of, Ghana, Guinea, chelles, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Togo, United Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Republic of Tanzania, Yugoslavia: revised draft resolution. Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Togo, Tunisia, Resolution 32/105 O, as proposed by 29 powers, A/32/L.32/ Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Rev.2, adopted by Assembly on 16 December 1977, meet- Upper Volta, Zaire, Zambia: revised draft resolution, approved ing 104, by recorded vote of 120 to O, with 5 abstentions, by consensus by Third Committee on 7 December 1977, as follows: meeting 71. Matters relating to Africa 177

A/32/458. Report of Third Committee (on report of Economic providing asylum and making available educational facilities for and Social Council), draft resolution III. student refugees; 3. Notes with satisfaction the contributions so far made by Resolution 32/119, as recommended by Third Committee, Member States and intergovernmental and non-governmental A/32/458, adopted without vote by Assembly on 16 De- organizations and United Nations agencies; cember 1977, meeting 105. 4. Expresses concern, however, that the total assistance received to date falls short of the needs; The General Assembly, 5. Urges all Governments, intergovernmental and non- Recalling its resolution 31/126 of 16 December 1976, in governmental organizations and United Nations agencies to which it requested the Secretary-General to take immediate contribute generously towards the assistance programmes for steps to organize and provide emergency financial and other these student refugees, both through financial support and appropriate forms of assistance for the care, subsistence and by offering the necessary opportunities for their care and sub- education of South African student refugees, sistence, education and vocational training; Recalling also Security Council resolution 417 (1977) of 6. Requests all agencies and programmes of the United 31 October 1977, in which the Council, inter alia, requested Nations system, including in particular the United Nations all Governments and organizations to contribute generously Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the United for assistance to the victims of violence and repression, includ- Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Trust ing educational assistance to South African student refugees, Fund for South Africa and the United Nations Educational Noting the appointment by the Secretary-General of the and Training Programme for Southern Africa, to assist the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees as Co-ordi- High Commissioner in carrying out the humanitarian task nator of assistance within the United Nations system to South entrusted to him; African student refugees, 7. Requests the Secretary-General and the High Com- Expressing deep concern that the Government of South missioner to strengthen their efforts for the mobilization of Africa continues to take more and more repressive measures emergency financial and other appropriate forms of assistance against students in that country, for these student refugees in Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland Noting with concern the continuing influx of South African and Zambia; refugees, including in particular students, into neighbouring 8. Further requests the Secretary-General: countries, (a) To undertake a similar programme of assistance for Concerned over the pressure on the educational systems South African student refugees in Zambia; of the three host countries—Botswana, Lesotho and Swazi- (b) To arrange for a review of the matter in time for it to land—as a result of the continued influx of children from be considered by the Economic and Social Council at its South Africa seeking freedom from repression and also an sixty-fifth session; opportunity to further their studies, (c) To report to the General Assembly at its thirty-third Having examined the reports of the Secretary-General on session. the progress achieved in regard to the assistance required by and provided to these refugees in Botswana, Lesotho and A/SPC/32/5. Letter of 15 November from President of Gen- Swaziland, eral Assembly to Chairman of Special Political Committee. Recognizing that the needs of South African student refu- A/32/347. Report of Special Political Committee. gees are also imposing serious pressures on Zambia, A/32/45. Resolutions and decisions adopted by General 1. Endorses the measures taken by the Secretary-General Assembly during its 32nd session, 20 September-21 De- and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees for cember 1977 (decision 32/406). the mobilization of a programme of assistance to South Afri- can student refugees in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland; Other documents 2. Notes with appreciation the generous contributions of Basic Facts on the Republic of South Africa and the Policy the Governments of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland in of Apartheid. U.N.P. Sales No.: E.78.II.K.2.

The United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa

Reports of the Secretary-General tions from States, organizations and individuals, and of the Committee of Trustees was established by the General Assembly in On 28 October 1977, the Secretary-General 1965 to be used for grants to voluntary organi- and the Committee of Trustees of the United zations, Governments of host countries of refu- Nations Trust Fund for South Africa reported gees from South Africa, and other appropriate to the General Assembly on the operation of bodies, towards relief, education and assistance the Fund since October 1976. Contributions to persons persecuted under the repressive had been received from Governments of 45 and discriminatory legislation of South Africa, Member States totalling $1,269,217; pledges Namibia and Southern Rhodesia and to their from 19 Governments totalling $75,538 were families, and towards relief for refugees outstanding. In accordance with decisions of from South Africa. the Committee of Trustees, seven grants total- In its report, the Committee of Trustees said ling $915,000 had been made from the Fund it had been gravely concerned over the wide- during the period under review. Total contri- spread and escalating repression in South Africa butions to the Fund since its inception, includ- during the period under review. Many hundreds ing interest, amounted to $5,679,275, and the of persons had been killed and thousands total of grants made was $5,226,950. wounded as a result of the shooting of peace- The Fund, made up of voluntary contribu- ful demonstrators by police. Thousands of per- 178 Political and security questions sons, especially youths, had been imprisoned (For text of resolution 32/105 A and list of for participation in demonstrations. Hundreds sponsors, see DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.) of others had been detained and charged under Contributions pledged and paid to the Trust the Terrorism Act and other arbitrary repressive Fund in 1977 were as follows: legislation. The situation in Namibia and South- Amount ern Rhodesia had also continued to deteriorate, Country (in US dollars) the Committee said. Australia 16,286 In its report, the Committee noted with satis- Austria 26,000 Barbados 500 faction a substantial increase in contributions Belgium 27,027 to the Trust Fund during the year, enabling Botswana 288 larger grants to be made for assistance inside Brazil 10,000 Canada 9,615 South Africa, Namibia and Southern Rhodesia Chile 1,000 and for assistance to refugees. But it stressed Cyprus 241 Denmark 126,072 that the needs continued to grow constantly Finland 78,761 and that even larger contributions were indis- France 30,000 Germany, Federal Republic of 100,000 pensable in the coming period. Ghana 1,305 Greece 1,000 Guinea 1,001 Hungary 2,000 Consideration by the General Assembly Iceland 1,500 India 11,000 At the General Assembly's thirty-second (1977) Indonesia 2,500 session, the reports of the Secretary-General Iran 4,000 and the Committee of Trustees were discussed Iraq 10,000 Ireland 5,812 during the Assembly's consideration of the Italy 10,072 policies of apartheid of the Government of South Jamaica 1,540 Japan 20,000 Africa. Liberia 1,000 On 14 December 1977, the Assembly adopt- Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 12,423 ed, without a vote, resolution 32/105 A, spon- Malaysia 2,000 Mali 2,000 sored by 45 Members, by which, among other Mauritania 524 things, it expressed grave concern over the Morocco 4,000 Netherlands 240,600 widespread repression against all opponents New Zealand 7,642 of apartheid in South Africa, including frequent Niger 501 Nigeria 11,000 shootings of peaceful demonstrators and the Norway 171,363 series of deaths of detainees. It reaffirmed Oman 5,000 Pakistan 3,000 that humanitarian assistance to those perse- Peru 1,000 cuted under repressive and discriminatory legis- Philippines 10,000 lation in South Africa, Namibia and Southern Saudi Arabia 75,516 Singapore 500 Rhodesia was appropriate and essential. Somalia 500 The Assembly then: (1) commended the Syrian Arab Republic 1,000 Sweden 230,548 Committee of Trustees for its efforts to pro- Thailand 1,500 mote humanitarian assistance; (2) expressed its Togo 600 appreciation to contributors and to the volun- Trinidad and Tobago 1,250 Tunisia 50,000 tary agencies engaged in rendering human- Turkey 1,250 itarian assistance to the victims of apartheid and Uganda 1,018 United Arab Emirates 5,000 racial discrimination; and (3) appealed for United Republic of Cameroon 1,500 continued and increasing contributions to the Viet Nam 1,000 Trust Fund and to the voluntary agencies con- Yugoslavia 4,000 cerned. Total 1,344,755

Documentary references

General Assembly—32nd session Republic of, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Iceland, Indone- Fifth Committee, meeting 62. sia, Ireland, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Plenary meetings 69-71, 73-76, 102. Kuwait, Malaysia, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Neth- erlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philip- A/32/302. Report of Secretary-General. (Annex: Report of Com- pines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Sweden, Syrian mittee of Trustees of United Nations Trust Fund for South Arab Republic, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Repub- Africa.) lic of Cameroon: draft resolution. A/32/L.20 and Add.1. Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangla- A/C.5/32/79 and Corr.1, A/32/8/Add.22, A/32/455. Admin- desh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Comoros, Cyprus, Den- istrative and financial implications of, inter alia, 45-power mark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Federal draft resolution, A/32/L.20 and Add.1. Statements by Sec- Matters relating to Africa 179

retary-General and reports of ACABQ and Fifth Committee. Africa, Namibia and Southern Rhodesia is appropriate and essential, Resolution 32/105 A, as proposed by 45 powers, A/32/L.20 Considering the need for increased contributions to the and Add.1, adopted without vote by Assembly on 14 De- Trust Fund and to the voluntary agencies concerned, in order cember 1977, meeting 102. to enable them to meet the growing needs resulting from escalating repression, United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa 1. Commends the Committee of Trustees of the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa for its efforts to promote The General Assembly, humanitarian assistance; Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on 2. Expresses its appreciation to the Governments, orga- the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa, to which is nizations and individuals that have contribued to the Trust annexed the report of the Committee of Trustees of the United Fund and to the voluntary agencies engaged in rendering Nations Trust Fund for South Africa, humanitarian assistance to the victims of apartheid and Gravely concerned over the widespread repression against racial discrimination; all opponents of apartheid in South Africa, including frequent 3. Appeals for continued and increasing contributions to shootings of peaceful demonstrators and the series of deaths the Trust Fund and to the voluntary agencies concerned. of detainees, Reaffirming that humanitarian assistance to those perse- [For texts of Assembly resolutions 32/105 B-O, see sub- cuted under repressive and discriminatory legislation in South chapter above on POLITICAL AND RELATED DEVELOPMENTS.]

The situation in Southern Rhodesia

Various aspects of the situation in Southern Later in 1977, at its thirty-second regular Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) continued during 1977 session, the General Assembly adopted two to receive consideration by a number of United resolutions incorporating many of the Special Nations bodies. Committee's recommendations. Among other In May, the Security Council considered a things, it reaffirmed the principle that there recommendation by its Committee on sanctions, should be no independence before majority established pursuant to a Council resolution of rule in the territory and reaffirmed the rele- 29 May 1968,23 that the flow of capital from vant provisions of the Maputo Declaration in Southern Rhodesia for certain purposes be Support of the Peoples of Zimbabwe and Namib- included within the scope of the mandatory ia and the Programme of Action for the liber- sanctions against the territory. The Council ation of the two territories adopted at the unanimously decided on 27 May that Member International Conference in Support of the States were to prohibit the use or transfer of Peoples of Zimbabwe and Namibia earlier in funds in their territories by the illegal regime the year. The Assembly also condemned Gov- in Southern Rhodesia. ernments which continued to collaborate with On 29 September, after having received pro- the illegal regime, as well as the continued fail- posals by the United Kingdom for a settlement ure of certain Member States to enforce strictly in Southern Rhodesia, the Security Council the sanctions called for by the Security Council. decided, at the request of the United King- The Assembly also deemed it imperative that dom, to ask the Secretary-General to appoint the scope of the sanctions be widened to include a representative to enter into discussions with all the measures envisaged under Article 41 of the British Resident Commissioner-designate, the Charter of the United Nations25 and again and with all the parties, concerning the mili- asked the Council to consider taking measures tary and associated arrangements necessary to in that regard. The Council was also asked to effect a transition to majority rule in Southern impose a mandatory embargo on the supply Rhodesia. The Council's Committee on sanc- of petroleum and its products to South Africa, tions submitted an interim report later in 1977 since such products were transported from and, early in 1978, it submitted its tenth reg- that country into Southern Rhodesia. ular report, covering its activities from 16 De- cember 1976 to 15 December 1977. 23 See Y.U.N., 1968, pp. 152-54, text of resolution 253 (1968). Two resolutions on the situation in Southern 24 See Y.U.N., 1960, pp. 49-50, resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 Decem- ber 1960, containing text of Declaration. Rhodesia were adopted on 8 August by the 25 Article 41 of Chapter VII of the Charter reads as follows: "The General Assembly's Special Committee on the Security Council may decide what measures not involving the use of Situation with regard to the Implementation armed force are to be employed to give effect to its decisions, and it may call upon the Members of the United Nations to apply such mea- of the Declaration on the Granting of Indepen- sures. These may include complete or partial interruption of econom- dence to Colonial Countries and Peoples24— ic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations." one on general aspects of the situation, the For full text of Chapter VII, and other Charter Articles mentioned other on the question of sanctions. herein, see APPENDIX II. 180 Political and security questions

During the year, decisions on Southern mercial or financial transactions of any kind Rhodesia were also taken by the Commission with Southern Rhodesia was liable to punish- on Human Rights and the Economic and So- ment by imprisonment of up to two years and cial Council. by a fine of up to four times the amount of Details of these and other related decisions the transaction in question. on the territory taken by United Nations bodies The letter went on to say that Italy had been in 1977 are described in the sections that follow. among the first to open embassies in the two newly independent "front-line" countries, Communications to and consideration by Angola and Mozambique. The Italian author- the Security Council (February-June 1977) ities had recently decided to supply concrete aid, through OAU, to the liberation movements Communications (18-29 March) of Zimbabwe, and were considering in a posi- On 28 February 1977, the Secretary-General tive light contributing to and participating in drew the attention of the Security Council to the forthcoming Maputo (Mozambique) Inter- the General Assembly's resolution of 20 De- national Conference in Support of the Peoples cember 197626 by which, among other things, of Zimbabwe and Namibia, in May 1977. it had reiterated its conviction that the scope of the sanctions against the illegal regime in Meeting of the Security Council (27 May) Southern Rhodesia had to be widened to in- The Security Council discussed the second clude all the measures envisaged under Arti- special report of the Committee on sanctions cle 41 of the United Nations Charter, and had at a meeting on 27 May. In that report, which asked the Security Council to consider taking had been submitted on 31 December 1976,28 the necessary measures in that regard as a the Committee—bearing in mind the reserva- matter of urgency. tions expressed by some of its members—de- On 18 March, by a letter addressed to cided to recommend to the Security Council that the President of the Security Council, the Act- the flow of capital from Southern Rhodesia ing Executive Secretary of the Organization of for certain purposes be included within the African Unity (OAU) to the United Nations con- scope of mandatory sanctions against Southern veyed a message from the Administrative Sec- Rhodesia. retary-General of OAU to the effect that OAU The Council had before it a draft resolution expected from the Council nothing short of a sponsored by all 15 members. By the preamble widening of the existing economic sanctions to this text, the Council would, among other against the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia things, reaffirm that the measures provided and the imposition of economic sanctions and for in its earlier resolutions on the question of a mandatory arms embargo against apartheid sanctions, as well as the measures initiated by South Africa. Member States in pursuance thereof, were to The representative of Ghana on 22 March continue in effect. It would also reaffirm that transmitted the text of a resolution which had the current situation in Southern Rhodesia been adopted at a session of the Executive constituted a threat to international peace and Committee of the World Federation of United Na- security. The Council would then, stating that tions Associations, held in Accra, Ghana, from it was acting under Chapter VII of the Charter 19 to 21 March 1977. By the resolution, the of the United Nations: Executive Committee requested that the Secu- (1) decide that all Member States were to rity Council urgently consider taking immediate prohibit the use or transfer of any funds in steps to ensure that no State, multinational or their territories by the illegal regime in South- other body or person be allowed to provide ern Rhodesia, including any office or agent South Africa or Southern Rhodesia with any thereof, or by other persons or bodies within equipment, technology, experts or material Southern Rhodesia, for the purposes of any for development or production of nuclear office or agency of the regime that was estab- weapons of any kind. lished within their territories other than one In a letter dated 29 March, the representa- established exclusively for pensions purposes; tive of Italy gave details of, among other things, (2) urge States not Members of the United the stand and action taken by Italy on imple- Nations to act in accordance with the provisions mentation of measures against Southern Rho- of this resolution, having regard to this prin- desia: following the adoption of the Security Council's resolution of 29 May 1968,27 the 26 See Y.U.N., 1976, pp. 159-60, text of resolution 31/154 B. Italian Parliament had adopted a bill which 27 See footnote 23. stipulated that any individual caught in com- 28 See Y.U.N., 1976, p. 156. Matters relating to Africa 181 ciple as stated in Article 2, paragraph 6, of the repressive policies directed at keeping the ma- Charter; and jority of the people of Zimbabwe in a state (3) decide to meet not later than 11 No- of subjugation and domination. vember 1977 to consider the application of However, several speakers welcomed the further measures under Charter Article 41, provision of the draft resolution by which the and meanwhile request the Committee on sanc- Council would undertake to meet later in 1977 tions to examine, in addition to its other func- to consider the application of further mea- tions, the application of such measures and to sures under Article 41. The representative of report to the Council thereon as soon as pos- the USSR and others considered that, although sible. that provision was a step in the right direction, The representative of Mauritius, in introduc- it was only through the application of all mea- ing the draft resolution, said that the recom- sures under that Article, including the com- mendation of the Committee on sanctions was plete or partial interruption of road, sea, air, aimed at suppressing the propaganda, pro- postal and other means of communication, that motional and similar activities performed abroad the just demands of the Zimbabwe people by the various offices and agencies of the illegal could be satisfied. regime that depended on funds transmitted China, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Ro- to them by that regime. The draft resolution, mania said the Council should seriously con- he said, despite its inadequacies, was a step in sider expanding the sanctions to cover South the right direction and would, if adopted, be Africa, which they said continued to support the eighth resolution by the Security Council the illegal regime in disregard of decisions of imposing progressive sanctions—most of them the Council and in defiance of appeals by the mandatory—against the rebel regime in South- international community. ern Rhodesia. With regard to the paragraph referring to He regretted that the absence of consensus further action which the Council might take in the Committee and the Council resulted in under Article 41, the representative of the the adoption of mandatory measures only pro- United Kingdom said that some elements of gressively or in doses, thus affording the ille- that Article posed difficulties for some mem- gal regime an opportunity to adjust its eco- bers of the Council, including the United King- nomic programme. The process also provided dom; however, there were many elements in convenient loopholes through which the sanc- the Article and his Government would be ready tions could be effectively evaded. The draft to seek ways in which the application of the resolution, for instance, did not appear to cover economic sanctions which the Council adopted transfers of funds by individuals or bodies in could be improved. Southern Rhodesia, or even by the illegal regime The French representative said that in adopt- itself, for use by, or benefit of, persons or ing the draft resolution the Council would be bodies abroad not connected with the regime. taking another step towards tightening the circle It was such loopholes, he said, that contributed of sanctions around Rhodesia. His Government to the subsistence of the illegal regime. believed that the international community had Council members generally agreed that the to keep up its pressure against the Salisbury draft resolution represented a further step in authorities and even intensify it. However, he increasing the scope of the sanctions against observed, the application of sanctions would the illegal regime by imposing additional restric- not in itself put an end to the ongoing rebel- tions on the movement of capital, enabling lion and bring about the independence of States to take action to frustrate the operations Zimbabwe and the introduction of majority of offices or agencies maintained by the regime rule. The Council should not lose sight of the outside the territory. Several speakers, how- political dimensions of the problem. ever, felt that the draft resolution was inade- The Security Council unanimously adopted quate and they expressed dissatisfaction with the draft resolution on 27 May 1977, without another round of what they considered to be a vote, as resolution 409 (1977). (For text of half-hearted measures by the Council. resolution, see DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.) Pakistan's spokesman, for example, said that the sanctions that had been imposed thus far Communication (June 1977) had been limited and had not succeeded in In a letter dated 2 June 1977, the repre- achieving their objective, namely, the dislodg- sentative of Australia said, in connexion with ing of the illegal regime of Ian Smith, which the Security Council's resolution of 27 May continued to defy the will of the international (409(1977)), that the Australian Government community and persisted in short-sighted and fully supported the application of sanctions in 182 Political and security questions respect of Southern Rhodesia and would con- other things, it decided that the Working tinue to comply with the requirements of man- Group, in conjunction with the Special Com- datory resolutions voted by the Council. The mittee against Apartheid, should examine the letter further stated that the Secretary-General treatment of prisoners in South Africa, Namib- would be kept informed of the progress of ia and Zimbabwe, including the deaths of a legislation to be introduced in the Australian number of detainees. (For details, see p. 687.) Parliament to give effect to the resolution. On 13 May, the Council also adopted a reso- lution (2086(LXII)) on infringements of trade Decisions of Human Rights Commission union rights in southern Africa, by which it and of the Economic and Social Council expressed its concern at the increased use of On 4 March 1977, the Commission on Human arrests and bannings to suppress legitimate Rights adopted a resolution on the report of trade union activities among African workers its Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on south- in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe, con- ern Africa. The Commission thereby, among demned the continued gross infringements of other things: reaffirmed the inalienable right trade union rights in South Africa, Namibia of the peoples of Namibia and Zimbabwe to and Zimbabwe, called for the immediate release self-determination and independence and their of all trade unionists under detention in south- right to enjoy all the rights recognized in the ern Africa and for the lifting of all banning Universal Declaration of Human Rights and orders imposed on persons engaged in trade in the various international instruments on union activities, and demanded full recognition human rights; condemned the activities of of all trade union rights of African workers countries which, either directly or through in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe. (For their nationals, were helping to perpetuate the details, see p. 726.) current situation in Namibia, Zimbabwe and On 3 August, the Council adopted resolution South Africa, and urged them to refrain from 2101 (LXIII) on the implementation of the such activities; recommended that the United Declaration on the Granting of Independence Nations intensify its co-operation in the human- to Colonial Countries and Peoples by the spe- itarian field by supplying the countries neigh- cialized agencies and international institutions bouring on Zimbabwe with assistance, partic- associated with the United Nations. By this ularly medicines and foodstuffs; and decided text, the Council among other things expressed that the Ad Hoc Working Group should con- its concern that assistance by those agencies tinue to study the policies and practices which and organizations to colonial peoples, partic- violated human rights in South Africa, Namib- ularly those of Zimbabwe and Namibia, and to ia and Zimbabwe. (For details, see p. 687.) their national liberation movements, was far On 4 March, the Commission also adopted from adequate in relation to their needs. In a resolution on the adverse consequences for this connexion, the Council urged those agen- the enjoyment of human rights of various forms cies and organizations, in the light of the inten- of assistance given to colonial and racist re- sification of the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe gimes in southern Africa. Among other things, and Namibia, to do everything possible to render by this text it denounced and condemned the increased assistance to the peoples of those political, military, economic and other assistance territories in their struggle for liberation, and, given by certain States to South Africa and to in particular, in consultation with OAU, to work the illegal minority regime of Southern Rhode- out and implement programmes of assistance sia, either directly or through national or mul- within their fields of competence, with the active tinational companies. It also reaffirmed that collaboration of the national liberation move- arms sales, nuclear co-operation agreements ments concerned. and the economic activities of national and mul- The Council also requested the specialized tinational companies in South Africa, Namibia agencies and other organizations within the and Southern Rhodesia constituted blatant United Nations system to continue to withhold acts of complicity in the crime of apartheid (a any financial, economic, technical or other crime against humanity) and encouragement of assistance to South Africa and Southern Rho- the continuation of the policy of racial dis- desia, to discontinue all support to them until crimination and colonialism. (For details, see they restored to the peoples of Zimbabwe and p. 691.) Namibia their inalienable right to self-deter- On 13 May 1977, the Economic and Social mination and independence, and to refrain Council adopted a resolution (2082 A (LXII)) from any action which might imply recognition on the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group of, or support for, the illegal domination of of Experts on southern Africa, by which, among the territories. (For details, see p. 845.) Matters relating to Africa 183

International Conference in Support and moral support for the peoples of Zimbabwe of the Peoples of Zimbabwe and Namibia and Namibia and their national liberation move- In accordance with a decision of the General ments. It called on Governments: to refrain Assembly of 17 December 1976,29 the Interna- from any collaboration with the illegal regime tional Conference in Support of the Peoples in Southern Rhodesia; to observe strictly the of Zimbabwe and Namibia was organized, and arms embargo; to enact legislation declaring met from 16 to 21 May 1977 at Maputo, Mozam- the recruitment, assembly, financing and train- bique. Its aim was to mobilize international sup- ing of mercenaries in their territories to be port for, and assistance to, the peoples of the punishable as a criminal act and to discourage two territories in their struggle for self-deter- and prohibit their nationals from serving as mination and independence. mercenaries; to take measures against corpora- The Conference was attended by about 500 tion and trade interests operating in violation representatives of 92 Member States and a of sanctions; to prevent companies registered number of intergovernmental and non-govern- in their territories from supplying oil, directly mental organizations, specialized agencies and or indirectly, to the illegal regime; to take mea- national liberation movements. At the conclu- sures to ensure compliance by all individuals, sion of its meetings it adopted the Maputo associations and bodies corporate under their Declaration in Support of the Peoples of Zim- jurisdiction with the sanctions and to prohibit babwe and Namibia and a Programme of Action any form of collaboration by them with the ille- for the Liberation of Zimbabwe and Namibia. gal regime; and to prevent or discourage the In the Declaration, the Conference among emigration to Southern Rhodesia of any individ- other things proclaimed its full support for uals or groups of individuals under their juris- the people of Zimbabwe in their struggle for diction. independence, reaffirmed that there should The Conference called upon the United Na- be no independence before majority rule and tions among other things to reiterate its con- that any settlement relating to the future of viction that the scope of sanctions against the the territory had to be worked out with the regime had to be widened to include all the full participation of the Zimbabwe people measures envisaged under Article 41 of the represented by their national liberation move- Charter, and it asked the Security Council ment. It strongly condemned the illegal racist urgently to consider the necessary measures minority regime and denounced its brutal and in that regard. repressive measures. (For further details, see p. 828.) The Conference noted that all reasonable and meaningful proposals which would have Consideration by the Special Committee secured a negotiated settlement for an inde- The General Assembly's Special Committee pendent Zimbabwe on the basis of majority rule on the Situation with regard to the Implemen- had been totally rejected by the illegal racist tation of the Declaration on the Granting of minority regime, and the freedom fighters, con- Independence to Colonial Countries and Peo- fronted with the intransigence of that regime, ples considered the question of Southern Rho- had intensified the armed struggle. desia at meetings held in New York between The Conference considered that strict enforce- 19 April and 8 August 1977, with the participa- ment of existing mandatory sanctions was an tion of Chakanyuka Chikosi of the African important element in the collective effort of National Council of Zimbabwe (ANC), Callistus the international community, and it deplored Nkobi Ndlovu of the Patriotic Front (Zimbabwe the fact that some States continued to violate African People's Union), and Mukudzei Mudzi those sanctions and thus limit their effect on of the Patriotic Front (Zimbabwe African Na- the economy of Southern Rhodesia. The per- tional Union), who made statements. Garfield sistent acts of aggression committed by the ille- Todd, former Prime Minister of Southern gal regime against Botswana, Mozambique and Rhodesia, was also invited to make a statement. Zambia were condemned by the Conference. The representative of the United Kingdom It declared that the natural resources of Zim- told the Special Committee that his Govern- babwe were the birthright of its people; the ment remained committed to attaining a just exploitation of those resources by the illegal and lasting settlement in the territory and he regime, in association with foreign economic expressed the hope that the illegal regime in interests, violated the Charter and United Na- Southern Rhodesia would see that it had to tions resolutions. make the necessary compromises in order to In the Programme of Action, the Conference 29 among other things called for political, material See Y.U.N., 1976, pp. 160-61, text of resolution 31/145. 184 Political and security questions achieve an early, orderly and peaceful transi- soon whether it would be worth while for the tion to majority rule. The efforts his Govern- two countries to co-sponsor a conference on ment had made to arrive at a peaceful settle- Southern Rhodesia, with the aim of developing ment of the Southern Rhodesian problem were a timetable for achieving majority rule in the continuing, he said; he described the proposals territory in 1978. his Government had put forward to the con- Mr. Chikosi said that the nationalists were cerned parties at the Geneva conference in the not surprised at the illegal regime's rejection latter part of 1976 and which had been rejected of the proposals put forward at the Geneva by Ian Smith on 24 January 1977. conference because they had not been convinced The proposals, he went on to say, had in- that the regime had been ready to hand over cluded the following points, among others: power to the majority. His organization, he said, guerrilla activity would cease as soon as agree- believed that armed struggle remained the nation- ment had been reached on the setting up of alists' only course. The African National Coun- the transitional government; and British read- cil of Zimbabwe was totally opposed to any iness to continue to play a part in the agreed internal settlement, which would no doubt turn transitional arrangements would be conditional the future Zimbabwe into a neo-colonial State. upon all other parties abiding by that agree- It was not opposed in principle to constitu- ment. The transitional government, to have tional talks if they were designed to hand over been headed by an interim commissioner power. However, he said, the hand-over must appointed by the British Government after be complete and unconditional, and must in- due consultations, was to have had three prin- volve all parties to the dispute. He then out- cipal organs: a council of ministers; an advisory lined his party's five-point plan for the attain- council of senior ministers; and a national secu- ment of a peaceful settlement in the territory: rity council. that Ian Smith unequivocally surrender political The council of ministers, he said, was to have power to the black majority; that all detainees contained an equal number of members from and political prisoners be released; that the each of the political groups represented by the United Kingdom assume its decolonization role delegations to the Geneva conference and a in the territory; that all Zimbabweans partici- further similar number of members appointed pate in a national referendum; and that the by the interim commissioner from among mem- United Kingdom convene a full constitutional bers of the European minority. It would thus conference to work out the details of the inde- have had a substantial African majority. The pendence constitution. council of ministers was to have had full execu- Mr. Ndlovu said that his party rejected the tive and legislative competence subject to the idea of a conference convened and co-chaired interim commissioner's reserve powers. Defence by the United Kingdom and the United States. and internal security would have been the It could not accept any direct United States responsibility of the national security council, involvement as that would risk internationaliz- and the day-to-day organization and operation- ing the problem. He said that the war in the al control of the armed forces and the police territory was not against white people but would have been the responsibility of the respec- against a system of racism which kept African tive chiefs of staff and the commissioner of people in a state of slavery. police. Mr. Mudzi said that imperialist powers were Further, the council of ministers was to have seeking to frustrate the march of the Zimbabwe been responsible for the implementation of the people to true freedom and independence programme for independence and in particular and the Anglo-American plan was a deadly for the working out of the independence consti- scheme contrived behind the backs of the Zim- tution. It would have appointed a constitutional babwe people. The Smith regime must hand committee—to include representatives of the over State power to the African people with- various political parties, with the task of for- out any further delay. He said that the armed mulating recommendations to the council of struggle was intensifying and the enemy's losses ministers—which would have been presided were growing. over by the interim commissioner. The representative of Australia observed that Following the rejection of the proposals, the Ian Smith, by rejecting the United Kingdom's representative went on to say, the United King- Geneva proposals and announcing his inten- dom Secretary of State for Foreign and Com- tion to seek an internal settlement, had brought monwealth Affairs had held discussions with to a standstill negotiations that had been warmly the various parties in co-operation with the welcomed by the international community as United States and hoped to be able to report offering the best path to peaceful decoloniza- Matters relating to Africa 185 tion in Zimbabwe. The situation had since the United States to buy chrome from Rho- deteriorated: the guerrilla war had grown in desia. intensity, with tragic losses on all sides; young Other speakers also called attention to the Zimbabweans, denied adequate expression of United Kingdom Government's responsibility their nationalist sentiments, were leaving South- for the territory, which the representative of ern Rhodesia to join their compatriots already Ethiopia, for example, said was as valid as it outside the territory. had been in 1965. The United Kingdom had Australia, he went on, was encouraged by to show decisiveness in dealing with the con- the concern of the United States for develop- tinued rebellion of Ian Smith against the British ments in southern Africa, expressed at the Crown, and, while it was free to get help from highest levels of the United States Administra- any quarter in dealing with the problem, such tion, and it hoped that all parties would bear help should not compromise the legal and in mind the potential of the United States for constitutional basis of the continued responsi- assisting the United Kingdom in the search for bility of the United Kingdom. genuine majority rule. He reiterated that his India's spokesman said it was tragic that a Government's objective was peaceful, genuine small minority of white racists had been allowed decolonization in Zimbabwe, with a genuinely to usurp power physically from the colonial democratic government elected by the Zimbab- power, but what was important was that the wean people, and Australia believed that no United Kingdom had never disowned its respon- substantial element of political opinion, inside sibility or, indeed, its liability. On the contrary, or outside Zimbabwe, should be excluded from he said, it had continued its efforts to correct negotiations, provided they accepted the prin- that deviation and it deserved to be assisted in ciple of majority rule. the complex task of discharging its legal respon- According to the representative of the United sibility, as well as the sacred trust it had as- Republic of Tanzania, the Geneva conference sumed in terms of the Charter for the well-being had failed because of the calculated obstruction of the inhabitants of the territory. of the Smith regime, which had attended the The representative of Czechoslovakia said conference not to negotiate seriously but to get it was a well-established fact that the Smith an endorsement for leaving power in the hands regime could not exist even for a day without of the white minority. While the negotiations the military, economic and political assistance were going on, Smith intensified his acts of extended to it by the imperialist States, partic- aggression against the neighbouring indepen- ularly the members of the North Atlantic Treaty dent African States of Zambia, Botswana and Organization (NATO). He charged, among other Mozambique. Repressive measures against the things, that mercenaries from Australia, Bel- black majority inside Zimbabwe were increased. gium, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Wanton mass killings of innocent Africans and United Kingdom, South Africa and the United continued detentions were the order of the day. States were fighting in the army of Southern The Tanzanian representative went on to Rhodesia. The participation of those merce- say that the international community had naries in the military operations against the waited long enough: Smith had to be removed national liberation movements attested clearly from power; the period for appeasing and to the military assistance of imperialism to the tolerating the racist minority regime should be racist regime. Even if regular units of the afore- over. Her Government, she said, had no objec- mentioned Western countries had not been tion to the reconvening of the conference for used, the mercenaries were equipped with a negotiated settlement in Zimbabwe, but it weapons from imperialist countries and most wished to reiterate that Rhodesia was a respon- of them had already fought in other parts of sibility primarily of the United Kingdom Gov- the world—Asia and Latin America—against ernment as the legal authority and decoloniz- nations struggling for their liberation. ing power. The Australian representative said that while The Organization of African Unity, she said, his Government was not empowered to pre- had pledged its full support to the armed vent Australians from leaving Australia, it had struggle until there was majority rule in Zim- strongly discouraged the recruitment or train- babwe; sanctions should be intensified and ing of mercenaries for service in any country. extended to include all the provisions of Arti- Draft legislation was currently before its Parlia- cle 41 of the United Nations Charter. In that ment to prohibit recruitment in Australia for respect, she commended the step taken by the any armed service outside the country. United States Government to repeal the so- The Bulgarian representative charged that called Byrd amendment, which had allowed the arms expenditures of the regime had risen 186 Political and security questions dramatically in recent years, thanks to finan- The representative of Yugoslavia and others cial assistance from imperialist circles and from said that the racist regime had been attempt- international institutions under their influence. ing, by a series of aggressive military actions With NATO assistance, strong military forces in against Zambia, Mozambique and Botswana, Southern Rhodesia had been created and a to internationalize the conflict and to obtain large industrial complex had been built up. It military assistance and protection from abroad was obvious, he added, that the enormous on the pretext of an alleged threat of interna- natural resources, the cheap labour and the tional communism. However, that attempt extremely high profits derived from the exploi- would not succeed, and Smith's minority regime tation of the Zimbabwean people, as well as seemed aware of that fact, as shown by the global military-strategic interests, were the basic exodus of increasing numbers of white emi- reasons for the particular interest of Western grants from Southern Rhodesia. The era of countries and their monopolies in the preser- colonialism and racism had become historically vation of the Smith regime. He said that Bul- obsolete, and their vestiges in southern Africa garia, like so many other States, believed that could not endure. it was time to adopt more decisive and effective A number of speakers called for increased international measures against the racist regime, unity among the nationalist leaders, which pursuant to Chapter VII of the United Nations Norway called a prerequisite for new progress. Charter. Australia urged that all nationalist elements The USSR representative said that the ille- work to minimize their differences, so that all gal regime of Ian Smith, with the overt sup- might contribute their respective strengths to port of the racists of South Africa and the con- the nationalist movement as a whole; a united na- nivance of imperialist circles, continued its tionalist front would strengthen the hand of those racist policy of violence, exploitation and aggres- working for a resumption of genuine nego- sion and was guilty of gross and mass viola- tiations. tions of the human rights of the African popu- The representative of India wondered how lation. The numerous decisions of the United there could be majority rule when the majority Nations, including resolutions of the Security seemed to be divided and its components at Council, were ignored and flouted. The racist cross purposes. It was sad indeed that the unity regime continued to perpetrate mass slaughter of the majority should be eroded at a time of innocent people and to put behind bars with- when the need for unity and solidarity was out trial those Zimbabweans who favoured the vitally important. transfer of power to the African majority. The USSR said that the patriots of Zimbabwe The Chinese representative said that, dur- had scored a number of major successes and ing the preceding year, the patriotic armed caused severe losses to the enemy both in man- forces of Zimbabwe had continued to grow in power and technology. Those who were par- strength and had expanded their areas of oper- ticipating in the armed struggle had closed ation from the north-eastern region to the their ranks and turned themselves into a single northern, eastern, north-western and south- united liberation army. The Patriotic Front eastern regions, covering more than half of enjoyed growing support from the front-line Zimbabwe. The freedom fighters had caused African States, many of the countries of OAU heavy casualties among the colonial troops, and socialist and other progressive forces winning continuous victories. In their struggle throughout the world. against the Smith regime, he said, the people The Norwegian representative urged con- of Zimbabwe had gained a profound under- tinued efforts by the international community standing that the independence and liberation to solve the Rhodesian conflict at the negotiat- of Zimbabwe could be won only through their ing table. She observed that every day, as new unremitting struggle, that the revolutionary lives were lost, the differences between the people must in all circumstances use revolu- white minority and the African majority wid- tionary tactics to deal with the counter-revo- ened and the possibilities for a negotiated solu- lutionary tactics, that armed struggle was the tion became fewer. Norway, she said, hoped reliable means for overthrowing colonial and that the latest British-American initiative would racist rule and for achieving national libera- lead to resumed negotiations between all parties tion, that negotiations had to be based on fight- concerned and that the front-line States could ing, and that, until the enemy had laid down be drawn in to the preparatory work. She also his arms and real independence was won, said that South Africa bore the main respon- armed struggle had to be strengthened and sibility for the ineffectiveness of the sanctions not weakened. against the Smith regime: without supply lines Matters relating to Africa 187 to South Africa, the minority regime would be creation of concentration camps; (b) the uncon- forced to come to the negotiating table in a ditional and immediate release of all political very short time. The Norwegian Government prisoners, detainees and restrictees, the removal also believed that the sanctions against Rhode- of all restrictions on political activity and the sia should be broadened. establishment of full democratic freedom and On 8 August 1977, the Special Committee equality of political rights, as well as the resto- unanimously adopted two resolutions, one of ration of fundamental human rights; (c) the which related to the question of Southern Rho- cessation of the influx of immigrants into the desia in general. By its terms, the Special Com- territory and the immediate withdrawal of all mittee among other things: reaffirmed the in- mercenaries therefrom; and (d) the immediate alienable right of the people of Zimbabwe to cessation of all acts of aggression and threats self-determination, freedom and independence against neighbouring African States. and the legitimacy of their struggle to secure The Special Committee then: appealed to by all the means at their disposal the enjoyment all States to take all necessary and effective of that right; condemned the continued war of measures to prevent advertisement for, and repression and the intensified oppressive mea- recruitment of, mercenaries for Southern Rho- sures against those people by the illegal racist desia; requested all States to give immediate minority regime; condemned the regime for and substantial material assistance to enable the repeated acts of aggression and threats Mozambique to strengthen its defence capa- against Botswana, Mozambique and Zambia; bility; requested all States, directly and through and condemned South Africa for its continued their action in the specialized agencies and support of the illegal regime in contravention other organizations and programmes, to extend, of United Nations resolutions. in consultation with OAU, to the people of Zim- By this text, the Special Committee also: babwe and their liberation movement all the reaffirmed the principle that there should be moral, material, political and humanitarian no independence before majority rule in Zim- assistance necessary in their struggle for their babwe and that any settlement relating to the inalienable rights; invited all Governments, the future of the territory had to be worked out specialized agencies, other organizations and with the full participation of the people of the the Secretary-General to publicize through all territory and in accordance with their true media information on the situation in Zimbabwe aspirations; called on the United Kingdom, in and on the relevant decisions and actions of the discharge of its primary responsibility as the United Nations, with particular reference the administering power, to take all effective to the application of sanctions against the ille- measures to enable Zimbabwe to accede to gal regime; and decided to keep the situation independence in accordance with the aspira- in the territory under review. tions of the majority of the population, and By the text of the second resolution, which under no circumstances to accord to the illegal dealt with sanctions, the Special Committee regime any of the powers or attributes of among other things: strongly condemned the sovereignty. policies of the Governments, particularly that The Special Committee also: firmly supported of South Africa, which, in violation of United the people of Zimbabwe under the leadership Nations resolutions and in open contravention of their national liberation movement in their of their specific obligations under Article 25 struggle to achieve majority rule, and empha- of the United Nations Charter, continued to sized the importance of maintaining a united collaborate with the illegal regime, and called leadership within that movement. It reaffirmed upon them to cease such collaboration; con- the relevant provisions of the Maputo Decla- demned all violations of the mandatory sanc- ration and the Programme of Action for the tions imposed by the Security Council, as well Liberation of Zimbabwe and Namibia, in par- as the continued failure of certain Member ticular those provisions calling for assistance States to enforce those sanctions strictly, as to the front-line States which were victims of being contrary to their Charter obligations; and aggression. condemned South Africa for its continued sup- Also by the resolution, the Special Commit- port of the illegal regime. tee demand: (a) the termination of all repres- The Special Committee also called upon all sive measures perpetrated by the regime Governments which had not done so: to ensure against the people of Zimbabwe and in partic- strict compliance with the sanctions by all enti- ular the wanton killings and executions, the ties under their jurisdiction; to prevent or arbitrary closure of African areas, the eviction, discourage emigration to Southern Rhodesia transfer and resettlement of Africans and the by individuals or groups; to discontinue any 188 Political and security questions action which might confer a semblance of (6) an independence constitution providing for legitimacy on the illegal regime, inter alia by a democratically elected government, the abolition forbidding the operation and activities of Air of discrimination, the protection of individual human rights and the independence of the judi- Rhodesia, the Rhodesia National Tourist Board ciary; and and the Rhodesian Information Office, or any (7) a development fund to revive the economy other activities which contravened the aims and of the country which the United Kingdom and purposes of the sanctions; and to invalidate the United States viewed as predicated upon the passports and other documents for travel to implementation of the settlement as a whole. the territory. The Special Committee also requested all While it was impossible at that stage, the States, directly and through their action in the foreword stated, to lay down an exact time- specialized agencies and other organizations table, it was the intention of the British Gov- and programmes, to extend to Mozambique ernment that elections would be held, and that financial, technical and material assistance to Rhodesia would become independent, as Zim- enable it to overcome economic difficulties in babwe, not later than six months after the connexion with its application of economic return to legality. To achieve that end, it sanctions against the regime and the severe eco- would be necessary to proceed, as quickly as nomic loss and destruction of property brought possible after the return to legality, to the about by the acts of aggression committed by registration of voters, to the delimitation of the regime. The Security Council was asked constituencies, to the detailed drafting of the to undertake a periodic review of economic independence constitution and to its enactment assistance to Mozambique as well as to Zambia. under the authority of the British Parliament. Finally, the Special Committee deemed it im- A detailed account of the proposals was perative that the scope of the sanctions be given, followed by annexes containing the prin- widened to include all the measures envisaged cipal points of the proposed constitution, the under Article 41, and reiterated its request constitutional arrangements during the transi- that the Security Council urgently consider tion period, and details of the development taking the necessary measures in that regard. fund. The precise provisions of the indepen- dence constitution were to be elaborated in Communications to and consideration further detailed discussions with the parties and by the Security Council (September 1977) in due course were to be considered at a con- stitutional conference to be held during the Communications (1-23 September) transition period. On 1 September, the representative of the A section on the transition stated among United Kingdom communicated to the Presi- other things that the British Government would dent of the Security Council the text of pro- place before the Security Council its proposal posals for the restoration of legality in South- for the independence constitution and for the ern Rhodesia and the settlement of the South- administration of the territory during the tran- ern Rhodesian problem. The letter said that sition period leading up to independence. The the proposals had been drawn up by the United latter was to comprise the following elements: Kingdom Government with the full agreement of the United States Government and after (a) the appointment by the British Government, consulting all the parties concerned. either under existing statutory powers or under The proposals, which were attached to the new powers enacted for the purpose, of a Resi- letter, were described in a foreword as being dent Commissioner and a Deputy. The role of the Resident Commissioner would be to administer based on the following elements: the country, to organize and conduct the general election which, within a period not exceeding six (1) the surrender of power by the illegal regime months, would lead to independence for Zim- and a return to legality; babwe, and to take command, as Commander- (2) an orderly and peaceful transition to inde- in-Chief, of all armed forces in Rhodesia, apart pendence in the course of 1978; from a United Nations Zimbabwe Force; (3) free and impartial elections on the basis of (b) the appointment, by the Secretary-General universal adult suffrage; of the United Nations on the authority of the Secu- (4) the establishment by the British Govern- rity Council, of a special representative whose role ment of a transitional administration, with the task would be to work with the Resident Commissioner of conducting the elections for an independent and to observe that the administration of the coun- government; try and the organization and conduct of the elec- (5) a United Nations presence, including a tions were fair and impartial; United Nations force, during the transition period; (c) the establishment, by resolution of the Secu- Matters relating to Africa 189

rity Council, of a United Nations Zimbabwe Force British Government to secure the necessary whose role could include: the supervision of the mandate for the establishment of the United cease-fire; support for the civil power; and liaison Nations Zimbabwe Force. He hoped that the with the existing Rhodesian armed forces and with Council, by providing for the United Nations the forces of the liberation armies. The Secretary- General would be invited to appoint a represen- role in Zimbabwe, would at the same time tative to enter into discussions, before the transi- endorse the agreements reached and thus put tion period, with the British Resident Commis- the weight of the international community be- sioner-designate and with all the parties, with a hind them. He went on to say that the British view to establishing in detail the respective roles and United States Governments, while not of all the forces in Rhodesia; underestimating the intense difficulties that (d) the primary responsibility for the mainte- still needed to be faced, believed that it was nance of law and order during the transition possible to achieve an internationally accepted period was to lie with the police forces. They negotiated settlement on the basis of the pro- were to be under the command of a Commissioner of Police, to be appointed by and responsible to posals, and intended to go forward on that the Resident Commissioner. The special represen- basis. tative of the Secretary-General might appoint liai- On 23 September, the United Kingdom, son officers to the police forces; referring to its previous letters, requested that (e) the formation, as soon as possible after the a meeting of the Security Council be convened establishment of the transitional administration, and noted that, under the proposals for settle- of a new Zimbabwe National Army which would in ment of the Rhodesian problem, it was stated due course replace all existing armed forces in that the Secretary-General of the United Na- Rhodesia and would be the army of the future tions would be invited to appoint a represen- independent State of Zimbabwe; and (f) the establishment by the Resident Com- tative to enter into discussions, before the tran- missioner of an electoral and boundary commis- sition period, with the British Resident Com- sion, with the role of carrying out the registration missioner-designate and with all the parties, of voters, the delimitation of constituencies and with a view to establishing in detail the respec- the holding of a general election for the purposes tive roles of all the forces in Rhodesia. The of the independence constitution. United Kingdom Government currently wished to extend that invitation to the Secretary-Gen- It was stated in conclusion that the United eral through the Security Council, the letter Kingdom and United States Governments be- stated. lieved that the proposals provided security, In accordance with a request contained in but not privilege, under the rule of law for a letter dated 28 September from the repre- all the citizens of independent Zimbabwe, equal sentative of Benin, a statement issued at Maputo political rights without discrimination, and the on 12 September 1977 by the Patriotic Front right to be governed by a government of their of Zimbabwe on the British proposals for a own choice. The two Governments also be- settlement in Southern Rhodesia was issued as lieved that the proposed arrangements for the a document of the Security Council. transfer of power were calculated to ensure a quick, orderly and peaceful transition to inde- pendence and had agreed to use their joint Meetings of the Security influence to the full to put the proposals into Council (28 and 29 September) effect. The Security Council considered the situa- On 8 September, the United Kingdom repre- tion in Southern Rhodesia at meetings on 28 sentative transmitted a statement issued by the and 29 September. The representatives of United Kingdom Secretary of State for Foreign Gabon and Kenya, at their request, were invited and Commonwealth Affairs, David Owen, in to participate in the discussion without the Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, on 1 September, right to vote. At the request of Benin, the regarding the proposals published that day. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Mauritius, the The statement dealt with the basic proposals, President of the Council also extend an invi- their implementation, the role of the various tation to Joshua Nkomo and Callistus Nkobi forces, the Zimbabwe National Army and the Ndlovu of the Patriotic Front of Zimbabwe. United Nations Zimbabwe Force. The Council had before it the text of a draft Among other things, the Foreign Secretary resolution sponsored by the United Kingdom, said that the agreed results of the discussions by the preambular part of which the Security on the cease-fire, on the transition period and Council would take note of the letters dated on the Zimbabwe National Army would be 1 September and 8 September 1977 from the brought before the Security Council by the United Kingdom, as well as the invitation to 190 Political and security questions the Secretary-General in the letter dated 23 Sep- independence and majority rule without the tember, to appoint a representative. in-fighting and dissension inevitably accom- By the operative provisions of the text, the panying the struggle for freedom when not Council would: accompanied by the support of the interna- (1) request the Secretary-General to appoint tional community. a representative to enter into discussions with Mr. Nkomo said that the Patriotic Front, the the British Resident Commissioner-designate liberation movement of Zimbabwe, recognized and with all the parties concerning the military the positive role of the United Nations and and associated arrangements that were consid- the specialized agencies in the process of decol- ered necessary to effect the transition to major- onization. However, the proposed United Na- ity rule in Southern Rhodesia; tions role in Zimbabwe was different from what (2) further request the Secretary-General to it had been: this time, it was the colonizer who transmit a report on the result of these dis- was requesting the Security Council to come cussions to the Council as soon as possible; and to his aid. If the United Kingdom's motive was (3) call upon all parties to co-operate with to make the United Nations play the role of the representative of the Secretary-General in partner in the furtherance of colonial inter- the conduct of the discussions. ests, he and his movement vehemently opposed David Owen, Foreign and Commonwealth the move. If, on the other hand, the United Secretary of the United Kingdom, said that Nations presence was sought to facilitate the his Government had striven within the inter- complete decolonization of Zimbabwe, the Pa- national community to bring about an end to triotic Front would have nothing against it. In the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia and other words, unless the role of the United Na- to achieve at the earliest possible date a trans- tions representative was specifically defined, fer to majority rule and an independent, free there was a danger that he might be seduced Zimbabwe. There were many different views into playing a role inimical to the interests of about the form of a settlement; in his judge- the United Nations and of the people of Zim- ment it was impossible to reach a total agree- babwe. ment among all the parties. The crucial issue He continued by stating that if the United at the current stage was to try to end the fight- Nations were to fulfil the objective of decolo- ing and bring about a cease-fire. The princi- nization in Southern Rhodesia, its representa- ples involved, he said, were that Ian Smith and tive's role had to be defined in terms which the illegal regime had to "stand down" before advanced that objective in a concrete and prac- a transitional administration was set up, that tical way; the instrument by which he was there be free and fair elections, and that they appointed should make clear, first, that his be conducted on the basis of one person, one appointment was made by the Secretary-Gen- vote. The United Kingdom had advocated a eral acting in close consultation with the mem- role for the United Nations because it believed bers of the Security Council and the parties it offered an assurance to the nationalist leader- to the armed conflict, and, second, that his ship by guaranteeing the impartiality of elec- duties, powers and functions were determined tions and by guarding against any fears they in close consultation with those same members might have of recolonization because of the and parties. presence of a resident commissioner under the Support for the United Kingdom proposal British Government. for appointment of a United Nations repre- The Security Council was not being asked sentative was expressed by a number of speak- at this stage to pass judgement on the pro- ers, among them Canada, France, the Federal posals, he said, but only to take a limited step Republic of Germany, Pakistan, Panama and regarding the appointment of a special repre- Venezuela. The representative of France added sentative of the Secretary-General. that the Council, after receiving the expected The spokesman for the United States said report from the representative, would be in that the United States supported the propo- a position to decide whether or not to go ahead sals, which he referred to as Anglo-African- with the application of the latest proposals. American proposals, which had come about Benin, India, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, because of initiatives on the part of nations Mauritius, and Romania generally supported and peoples of Africa themselves. The appoint- the proposal to appoint a representative of the ment of the Secretary-General's representative Secretary-General as an exploratory and limit- as a first step would offer a chance to explore ed step. The representative of Benin insisted the possibilities of a permanent solution, and that the mandate of the representative be de- give Zimbabwe an opportunity to move towards fined in such a way as not to undermine the Matters relating to Africa 191 national liberation movement of Zimbabwe. According to the Chinese representative, the The Romanian representative emphasized that substance of the proposals was not in accord the appointment of the special representative with the spirit of the relevant resolutions of was in no way to be used as justification for the General Assembly and the Security Coun- evading previous Security Council and Gen- cil, and was in some respects even contradic- eral Assembly resolutions concerning Southern tory. Although the proposals were only pre- Rhodesia, or as a pretext for putting off a liminary, the Council was being requested to settlement. The spokesman for the Libyan confirm one of them—that is, the appoint- Arab Jamahiriya also wished to ensure that ment of a representative of the Secretary-Gen- the representative was not committed to the eral—which could create the impression that acceptance of any matter of substance in the the Council had basically approved or con- Anglo-American proposals. His Government, firmed the proposals themselves, and thereby he said, would not accept any interpretation weaken and disrupt the armed struggle of the Zim- of the representative's mission that would im- babwe people. He said that China could not ply support for the suspension of the just support the draft resolution and would not struggle of the people of Zimbabwe. participate in the vote. The USSR representative said his Govern- The representative of Gabon, speaking ment categorically favoured the earliest possi- on behalf of the current Chairman of the ble transfer of State power in Zimbabwe to Organization of African Unity, agreed with the genuine representatives of the people— Mr. Nkomo that the representative of the Sec- the national liberation movement headed by retary-General should be chosen and his man- the Patriotic Front. The external policy of the date determined in close consultation with the USSR, he added, was aimed at the total elim- members of the Council and the parties to the ination of all remnants of colonial oppres- conflict. For free and independent Africa, the sion, of the infringement of the equality and negotiations which were about to begin could independence of peoples, and of all hotbeds be productive only if no pre-conditions were of colonialism and racism. It sought no priv- set and if they were held between the colonial ileges for itself in Africa, nor did it covet con- power—the United Kingdom—and the Patri- cessions or bases, nor did it impose on Afri- otic Front, the latter being the only organiza- can countries its own world outlook. tion qualified to represent the interests of the He went on to say that if the racist regime Zimbabwe people. The appointment of a repre- still dared to defy the world community it was sentative of the Secretary-General in Southern only because the appropriate measures and Rhodesia, which OAU accepted, should not be sanctions had not been observed by certain a delaying tactic that would make it possible Member States of the United Nations. As for for the Smith regime to get its second wind the recent Anglo-American plan for a settle- and annihilate the aspirations of the Zimbabwe ment in Southern Rhodesia, he said the USSR people. could accept neither direct nor indirect forms The representative of Kenya did not feel of recognition of that plan as a possible basis that the United Nations should take any action for a settlement. The representative of the Pa- that would shift, however briefly, the respon- triotic Front of Zimbabwe and a number of sibility of the administering power to the United African countries had pointed to the neo-colo- Nations, which should not be called upon to nialist tendencies of its provisions, and the undertake negotiations which had been going USSR categorically objected to the fact that on between that power and the rebel regime the United Nations should be involved in mea- for the past 12 years. sures connected with a Rhodesian settlement Amendments to the text put forward by which might be prejudicial to the national lib- Benin, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Mau- eration struggle of the people of Zimbabwe. ritius were accepted by the United King- Even though the Foreign Secretary of the dom: one proposed the addition of a new pre- United Kingdom had said that a decision of ambular paragraph by which the Council would the Council to appoint a representative of the state that it had heard the statement of Joshua Secretary-General would in no way mean Nkomo, co-leader of the Patriotic Front of approval of the Anglo-American plan, never- Zimbabwe; by another, the Council would re- theless the USSR feared that such a decision quest the Secretary-General to appoint his might be used to approach the plan by the representative in consultation with the mem- back door. It could not therefore support the bers of the Security Council. draft resolution, but would not impede its The Council, at its meeting on 29 Septem- adoption. ber, adopted the revised draft resolution—by 192 Political and security questions

13 votes to O, with 1 abstention (USSR)—as the Council, after considering a complaint by resolution 415 (1977). China did not participate Mozambique (see p. 237), adopted resolution in the vote. 411 (1977), by an operative paragraph of which (For text of resolution 415 (1977), see DOCU- it had requested the Committee to examine as MENTARY REFERENCES below.) a matter of priority further effective measures The Secretary-General said he would imme- to tighten the scope of sanctions in accordance diately take the necessary action to appoint a with Article 41 and urgently submit its recom- personal representative, paying particular atten- mendations to the Council. tion to experience and the special circumstances. Accordingly, the Committee reported, it had He added that he was under no illusion as to considered the subject of the expansion of sanc- the complexities and difficulties of the task tions against Southern Rhodesia together with entrusted to him and his representative. Suc- the implementation of the two Security Coun- cess would depend on the co-operation and cil decisions. Proposals submitted by Benin, understanding of the parties concerned and India, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the on the degree of their determination to find USSR were annexed to the report. The Com- a solution to the problem by peaceful means. mittee said, among other things, that, while all He said he would report to the Council as soon the members shared the conviction that a fur- as possible on the results of his representative's ther expansion of sanctions was an important discussions with the British Resident Commis- weapon against the illegal regime in Southern sioner and with all the parties concerned. Rhodesia, no consensus had been achieved on the measures proposed. In a note dated 4 October 1977, the Presi- With regard to the question of submitting dent of the Security Council said he had been a report, the representatives of the United informed on 30 September of the Secretary- Kingdom and the United States took the posi- General's intention to appoint Lieutenant-Gen- tion that, in view of the current developments eral Dewan Prem Chand as his representative concerning Southern Rhodesia as a whole, it in accordance with the Security Council's reso- would be prudent to defer that action. They lution of 29 September (415(1977)). The Pres- were supported by Canada, France and the ident said he had informed the Secretary-Gen- Federal Republic of Germany. Bearing in mind eral, after consultations, that the appointment the current negotiations, in some of which the was acceptable to 14 members of the Council; representative of the Secretary-General was China dissociated itself from the matter. The also involved, they felt that the time was not President also said that, in a further commu- opportune for recommending any further spe- nication of 4 October, the Secretary-General cific measures before the outcome of those nego- had informed him that in the light of those tiations was known. consultations, he had appointed General Prem The other 10 members of the Committee Chand as his representative and had asked felt, however, that it was obliged, under the him to come to United Nations Headquarters provisions of the relevant Security Council reso- to consult with the Secretary-General and to lutions, to submit the requested report as soon organize his mission. as possible. They were of the opinion that fur- ther sanctions were indispensable. Besides, the Interim report of the Committee on sanctions question of the timing for considering further On 18 November 1977, the Security Coun- measures against the illegal regime in Southern cil's Committee on sanctions (established in Rhodesia was for the Council to decide when pursuance of Council resolution 253 (1968) of the Committee's report was before it. Benin, 29 May 1968)30 submitted an interim report India, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritius, regarding the implementation of two decisions Pakistan, Panama, Romania, the USSR and taken by the Security Council earlier in 1977 Venezuela said that the Committee had a spe- on the expansion of sanctions against South- cific mandate entrusted to it by the Security ern Rhodesia. The first of these decisions was Council and should fulfil it. The representative taken on 27 May when the Council adopted of China was in favour of strengthening and resolution 409 (1977) (see above), by the third expanding sanctions against Southern Rhode- operative paragraph of which the Council sia, and believed that the Committee should requested the Committee to examine, in addi- proceed with its work. tion to its other functions, the application of The Committee reached consensus to the further measures under Article 41 of the Char- effect that it should submit to the Security ter and report thereon as soon as possible. The 30 other decision was taken on 30 June, when See footnote 23. Matters relating to Africa 193

Council an interim report which would reflect Zimbabwe—in particular, how to retain in that the current status of the Committee's delibera- country the skills and commitment of the white tions as to the proposals before it and as to population. It was accepted by the British and the timing of the submission of a full report. United States Governments, he said, that vio- lence would be likely to continue until the nation- alists were confident that the Rhodesian front Consideration by the General Assembly would hand over power. He said that Bishop Abel Muzorewa, the General aspects leader of the united African National Coun- At its thirty-second session in 1977, the Gen- cil, and the Reverend Sithole both had ex- eral Assembly referred the question of South- pressed support for the new initiative. Joshua ern Rhodesia to its Fourth Committee, which Nkomo, speaking for the Patriotic Front on considered the item at meetings held between 5 July, had said that the front was unwilling 15 November and 12 December. to discuss a constitution until negotiations for During the Fourth Committee's considera- the hand-over of power had been completed. tion, Tirivafi Kangai and Callistus Nkobi Ndlo- Ian Smith, however, had said in Salisbury on vu, representatives of the Patriotic Front (Zim- 18 July that he did not believe that there would babwe), participated as observers and made be a successful outcome to the negotiations, and statements. Requests for a hearing were also had announced that a general election would granted to: the Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole, be held on 31 August to seek the electorate's of the Zimbabwe African National Union; Elton support for an internal settlement. Mr. Owen Razemba, of the African National Council of had told the House of Commons on 25 July Zimbabwe; Romesh Chandra, Gordon Schaffer, that an internal settlement did not satisfy the Karen Talbot and Camillo Perez, of the World prime commitment to fair elections; it would Peace Council; the Reverend Michael Scott, of allow a continuation of the armed struggle, the International League for Human Rights; making it difficult to hold elections. Any Gov- and Bernard Rivers, of the Haslemere Group. ernment in Zimbabwe, either black or white, The Rapporteur of the Special Committee needed to have recognition by the international on the Situation with regard to the Implemen- community. Furthermore, to exclude any nation- tation of the Declaration on the Granting of alist leaders from a fair electoral process would Independence to Colonial Countries and Peo- be a recipe for continued strife. Mr. Owen had ples introduced the chapter of the Special Com- also informed the House of Commons that the mittee's report dealing with Southern Rhodesia Anglo-American consultative group was close and expressed the hope that the recommen- to producing proposals which, although not dations contained therein would be endorsed consensuses, were proposals on which it was by the Fourth Committee. possible to reach some measure of agreement. The representative of the United Kingdom The representative then went on to describe noted that intensive negotiations over the Rho- the United Kingdom's proposals for a settle- desian problem had been going on elsewhere ment which were published on 1 September while the General Assembly was in session, and (see p. 188), and said the administering power he gave the Committee an account of recent could not presume to decide what political efforts by his Government. answers were to be given by the people of the He said that following the visit to southern country after independence. But it had a real Africa in April by David Owen, the Foreign responsibility, which his Government had almost and Commonwealth Secretary of the United without exception been able to discharge in its Kingdom, to discuss a new approach with all other colonies, to ensure that at independence the interested parties, a joint Anglo-American power and legality were transferred to a gov- consultative group had visited southern Africa ernment which the people themselves had in May and again in July for discussions with chosen. In Southern Rhodesia the pre-condi- representatives of the main nationalist group- tions for discharging that responsibility had ings and the Rhodesian front in Southern Rho- simply not existed. Past elections had been con- desia, as well as with officials of the front-line fined to all intents and purposes to the white States and South Africa. The consultations had minority of the population, and in recent years centred on the possible contents of an inde- the illegal character of the regime and conse- pendence constitution, on the democratic elec- quent isolation of its society had produced an toral process needed to bring about transition abnormal political climate, so that even the to majority rule by 1978, and on the measures apparently overwhelming support given to necessary to support the future economy of Mr. Smith might not reflect accurately what 194 Political and security questions the white minority really thought on some of constituted the best solution to enable the peo- the basic issues. ple of Zimbabwe to choose their political lead- Continuing, he said that the absence of elec- ers and bring freedom and majority rule to tions had not simply prevented the black major- that country. Although the various parties had ity from having a proper say in the destiny of expressed reservations concerning the United their own country; it had also meant that the Kingdom's proposal, none of them had re- majority had not been able to select their own jected it, he noted. The position of the United leaders, or to prove clearly what leaders they States was that independence for Zimbabwe did support. The frustration of the black popu- had to involve a genuine transfer of power to lation, confronted with a situation in which the a government representing the majority of the peaceful path to change through the ballot-box people and selected on the basis of fair elec- seemed irrevocably blocked, had inevitably led tions involving the participation of all parties, to the armed struggle currently taking place, namely the nationalists outside, as well as inside, and those who had taken up arms had estab- the country. Negotiations which intended to lished an undeniable claim to a voice in fram- exclude certain nationalist forces were destined ing the terms of an eventual settlement. He to fail and could only aggravate the conflict. added that it was no secret that there were dis- He went on to say that the United States putes over who genuinely spoke for the major- was prepared to take the necessary steps to ity in Rhodesia; the United Kingdom had been secure the implementation of the proposals severely handicapped in its efforts by disunity and to support a consensus resolution based among some of the nationalist leaders con- on the recommendations of the Special Com- cerned. It was obvious that the illegal regime would mittee on granting independence. He noted continue to seek to exploit such disputes. that a number of Members believed that an The representative of the United Kingdom immediate expansion of sanctions against South- then gave a detailed account of the negotia- ern Rhodesia was advisable The United States tions which Field-Marshal Lord Carver—the agreed that the sanctions, and also the armed British Resident Commissioner-designate—and struggle, had been an important factor that the Secretary-General's representative, General could lead to the eventual downfall of the Smith Prem Chand, had been conducting on the basis regime, but it urged that such action be post- of the Security Council's resolution 415 (1977) poned so that the negotiating process could of 29 September (see above). His Government take its course. was continuing to work urgently on the elab- Support for the efforts being made was oration of its proposals and to remain in touch expressed by a number of speakers, including with the various parties. Argentina, Austria, Iran, Italy, Japan, the Sudan In connexion with a recent announcement and Zaire. Belgium's representative, for exam- of Mr. Smith's acceptance of the principle of ple, speaking on behalf of the nine members majority rule, he said the small print might of the European Economic Community (EEC), need careful examination, and it remained to said the Anglo-American settlement proposals, be seen whether Mr. Smith had unequivocally which had been patiently put forward in con- accepted the principle of one person, one vote. tinuous consultations with all the parties con- Independence for Zimbabwe had to involve cerned, deserved consideration and support. a genuine transfer of power to a government The EEC countries, he said, welcomed the fact representing the majority of the people of that the United Nations had recently assumed Southern Rhodesia following elections on the a more direct role in the search for a final basis of universal adult suffrage, he declared, and peaceful solution to the Southern Rho- and all peoples and parties who intended to desian problem. The Council's resolution call- live in a future Zimbabwe had to be free to ing for the appointment of a representative participate if they wished to do so, whether to enter into talks with the British Resident they were currently living inside or outside Commissioner-designate and with all the par- Rhodesia. It was very important for Zimbabwe, ties was a clear indication of the international he said, that its new government should win community's acquiescence in the Anglo-Amer- wide acceptance in the world and that the world ican endeavours to bring about a peaceful settle- should not cast doubt on the validity of the ment and accession to independence. The EEC result. countries, he added, would certainly abide The representative of the United States said strictly by the Security Council sanctions, and that his Government would continue to seek a they awaited the time when they would be able settlement that took account of the interests to establish links with the government of an of all parties and Governments concerned and independent Zimbabwe to which they would Matters relating to Africa 195 offer their support, co-operation and friend- ulation and the international community that ship. the national liberation movements perpetrated The French representative said that France acts of brutality against their own people, the subscribed to the principles motivating the Kenyan representative said. authors of the Anglo-American plan, and hoped The Anglo-American proposals were very that the temporary setbacks they had recently laudable, he said, but the administering power suffered would not prevent their proposals had to ensure that Ian Smith was forced out. from serving as a basis for negotiations. The Until he was, Kenya would continue to support plan had already clearly had some effects, since the armed struggle and the strict application Mr. Smith had recognized that privileged vot- of sanctions. Kenya was in favour of the pres- ing was not the only way to ensure the survival ence of a representative of the Secretary-Gen- of the white community and had given grounds eral in the territory, but took the view that it for believing that he subscribed to the princi- was still the responsibility of the administer- ple that all men and women had the right to ing power to ensure a rapid and complete vote. It was important not to take hasty deci- transfer of power to the black majority. sions which might jeopardize the United King- The spokesman for Madagascar said that the dom's initiative. responsibility for the current serious situation The spokesman for Ghana said that the in Zimbabwe lay primarily with the United Anglo-American proposals deserved better Kingdom which, as administering power, should success than they had thus far achieved. For understand its role clearly and fulfil its obliga- the first time in a very long period, the admin- tions honestly. It should not seek to shift its istering power had seemed ready and willing responsibility to another country; the partici- to assume its full responsibilities within the ter- pation of the United States in the so-called ritory during an interim period. The idea of a Anglo-American proposals could only interna- United Nations force to support the mainte- tionalize the conflict and make it more com- nance of internal law and order during the plex. The United States had no constitutional transition seemed basically a very sound one, responsibility in Zimbabwe and it was not for though it needed to be defined more precisely. it to preside over negotiations concerning the The package was not perfect, he said, but it decolonization of the territory. The United could provide a basis for negotiation. Kingdom should implement the Declaration on The representative of Zambia said that her the Granting of Independence to Colonial country could not but welcome the fact that Countries and Peoples by transferring power the United Kingdom had at last decided to to the Zimbabwean people through the Patriot- assume its responsibilities in Southern Rhode- ic Front without restriction. He said he failed sia. Zambia's position was that the Anglo-Amer- to understand why the administering power, ican proposals were acceptable only to the in submitting the so-called Anglo-American extent that they constituted a basis for nego- settlement plan, rather than recognize the exis- tiations; they were not in themselves an agree- tence of the nationalist armed forces and nego- ment. The Patriotic Front had the right to tiating directly with the Patriotic Front, had accept, amend or reject any part of the pro- proposed a transitional system which entirely posals. The only point which was not nego- violated the fundamental principles of the Dec- tiable, she said, was the principle of indepen- laration. The United Kingdom's move sought dence on the basis of majority rule. She also to put down the popular revolution in Zim- noted that at their summit conference held in babwe and to maintain in the region a new Maputo, Mozambique, in September, the front- bastion of imperialism and neo-colonialism. line States had accepted the Anglo-American The USSR representative said that while the proposals as a basis for negotiations. Anglo-American proposals might contain some According to Kenya, the situation in South- seemingly attractive features, they were actually ern Rhodesia constituted a threat to interna- designed to impose a neo-colonialist settlement tional peace and security. In the face of the of the problem. They did indeed recommend intensification of the guerrilla war, the racist the departure of Smith, but they also contained regime was expanding the armed forces, im- provisions which in reality provided for the proving their weapons and egging them on to capitulation of the armed forces of the Patriot- take terrible vengeance on the guerrillas. One ic Front. The authors of the proposal had army unit, the Selous Scouts, even posed as tried to conceal that neo-colonialist aspect by guerrillas and inflicted acts of brutality on the inviting the United Nations to participate in African civilian population. The illegal regime the execution of the project. Bulgaria said that hoped in that way to convince the African pop- the negotiations were clearly being used by 196 Political and security questions

Smith to gain time for the consolidation of it had simply been transferred from one minor- his illegal occupation of Zimbabwe. Others ity to another. making this point were Guyana, Hungary, Iraq, Mr. Kangai, observer for the Patriotic Front the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the (Zimbabwe), said that the Reverend Sithole was Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. no longer the President of ZANU, a function The spokesman for Mongolia condemned which was exercised by Robert Mugabe; ZANU the Smith régime for disregarding world public had allied itself with ZAPU in the Patriotic Front opinion and the resolutions of the General and, despite their differences, those two orga- Assembly, for perpetrating acts of repression nizations were united in the fight against the and violence against the people of Zimbabwe, common enemy. The Reverend Sithole was no and for launching attacks against neighbouring longer a guerrilla leader; the fact he had been sovereign States, which had suffered enormous well received in South Africa and by Ian Smith material damage. proved that. He and Bishop Muzorewa were He and others also strongly condemned the actually recruiting Zimbabweans into Smith's military assistance received by the regime from army. Mr. Kangai said that the Patriotic Front South Africa and certain Western powers. These did not shoot civilians; it attacked the Rhodesian speakers maintained that attempts to reach a army, army posts, police and farmers who settlement in Southern Rhodesia had failed as were military reservists and who used their a result of that assistance and the oppressed farms as intelligence posts for the enemy. If peoples had the right to obtain freedom, even the United Kingdom and Smith handed over by means of armed struggle. The unity of the power to a few black puppets who would con- liberation movements and the support of pro- tinue to exploit the black majority, the revolu- gressive countries throughout the world, includ- tion would continue, he said. ing the socialist countries, would ensure the Mr. Razemba, of the African National Coun- triumph of their just cause. Among those mak- cil of Zimbabwe, observed that the Zimbabwe ing these points were Bulgaria, the German liberation struggle had been troubled in recent Democratic Republic, Hungary and Romania. years by a lack of unity and by changes in lead- Kenya, the Sudan, the USSR and others said ership. Issues dividing factions of the libera- that the natural resources of the territory were tion movement included the question of con- being drained by multinational corporations. stitutional talks with the illegal regime, ideology Many speakers, including Ethiopia, the German and the relationship between the military cadres Democratic Republic, Madagascar, Nepal, and the political leadership. In that connexion, Norway and Sri Lanka, observed that many he stressed that the so-called Patriotic Front, States had not fully implemented Security Coun- which had been devised by the leaders of cer- cil resolutions by which sanctions against South- tain front-line States and imposed by them on ern Rhodesia had been called for. A number the liberation struggle, was a club of outsiders of Members called for the full application of with strong backing from abroad but entirely sanctions under Article 41 of the Charter and unknown in Zimbabwe. It was also a regrettable for the extension of comprehensive sanctions fact that the military cadres fighting in Zim- against South Africa, which they charged with babwe were as divided as the political lead- aiding and abetting Southern Rhodesia in vio- ership. lating sanctions. On 12 December 1977, the Fourth Commit- The Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole, speaking tee approved two draft resolutions on the ques- as founding President of the Zimbabwe African tion of Southern Rhodesia, both of which were National Union, referred to repeated statements sponsored by the same 43 members. The first that power should be transferred to the Patriot- text related to the territory as a whole and was ic Front and asked how the Patriotic Front approved by consensus. The second concerned could represent the majority of Zimbabweans the question of sanctions and was approved by when it did not exist as such in Zimbabwe. He 112 votes to O, with 10 abstentions. Both texts challenged Members to send investigators to were adopted by the General Assembly on Zimbabwe to look into the presence of the Pa- 16 December 1977—the first without vote, as triotic Front there. They would find ZANU and resolution 32/116 A, the second by a recorded ZAPU—both of which had been banned—and vote of 113 to 0, with 10 abstentions, as reso- the united African National Council. The Pa- lution 32/116 B. triotic Front was not a political reality but an By the preambular part of the first text, the international political gimmick designed to im- Assembly among other things reaffirmed that pose leaders on Zimbabwe. If power was trans- any attempts to negotiate the future of Zim- ferred to the Patriotic Front it would mean that babwe with the illegal regime on the basis of Matters relating to Africa 197 independence before majority rule would be lation and not to accord to the illegal regime in contravention of the inalienable rights of the any of the powers or attributes of sovereignty; people of the territory and contrary to provi- firmly supported the people of Zimbabwe in sions of the Charter of the United Nations and their struggle to exercise their inalienable right of the Declaration on the granting of indepen- to self-determination and independence by all dence. It condemned the deliberate sabotage means at their disposal; and reaffirmed the by the illegal racist minority regime of the nu- relevant provisions of the Maputo Declaration merous, intensive efforts being made to secure in Support of the Peoples of Zimbabwe and a negotiated settlement in Zimbabwe on the Namibia and the Programme of Action for the basis of majority rule, and stressed the grave Liberation of Zimbabwe and Namibia. responsibility of the international community The Assembly demanded: that all repressive to take all possible measures in support of the measures perpetrated by the illegal regime people of Zimbabwe in their liberation struggle be terminated, in particular the wanton killings and in minimizing their hardship and suffer- and executions of Africans and their freedom ing. The Assembly expressed its indignation at fighters, the brutality committed in the "oper- the arbitrary imprisonment and detention of ational area," the arbitrary closure of African political leaders and others, the massacre of areas, the eviction, transfer and resettlement freedom fighters and the continued denial of of Africans and the creation of concentration fundamental human rights, including in partic- camps; the unconditional and immediate release ular the wanton beating, torture and murder of all political prisoners, detainees and restric- of innocent villagers, arbitrary criminal mea- tees, the removal of all restrictions on political sures of collective punishment and measures activity and the establishment of full democratic designed to create an apartheid State in Zim- freedom and equality of political rights, as well babwe. In addition, the Assembly commended as the restoration to the population of funda- the firm determination of the people of Zim- mental human rights; the cessation of the influx babwe, under the leadership of their national of foreign immigrants into the territory and liberation movement, to achieve freedom and the immediate withdrawal of all mercenaries independence, it expressed its conviction that therefrom; and the immediate cessation of all their unity and solidarity were fundamental to acts of aggression and threats against neigh- the rapid attainment of that objective, and it bouring African States. expressed its outrage over acts of aggression States were called on to: take effective mea- against neighbouring independent African sures to prevent advertisement for, and re- States, including the most recent aggression cruitment of, mercenaries for Southern Rho- against Mozambique. desia; give material assistance to Mozambique By the operative part of the text, the Assem- and Botswana to strengthen their defence capa- bly: reaffirmed the inalienable right of the peo- bility; extend to the people of Zimbabwe and ple of Zimbabwe to self-determination, freedom their liberation movement all the assistance and independence and the legitimacy of their necessary in their struggle for their inalienable struggle to secure by all the means at their dis- rights; and give publicity through all the media posal the enjoyment of that right; reaffirmed to information on the situation in Zimbabwe the principle that there should be no indepen- and on the relevant United Nations decisions, dence before majority rule in Zimbabwe and in particular the application of sanctions against that any settlement relating to the future of the illegal regime. the territory had to be worked out with the full The Assembly also by this text asked the participation of the people of Zimbabwe and United Kingdom to continue to co-operate with in accordance with their true aspirations; con- the Special Committee on granting indepen- demned the continued war of repression and dence and to report to the Special Committee the intensified oppressive measures by the ille- and to the Assembly at its regular 1978 session. gal regime, as well as its continuing acts of The Special Committee was asked to keep the aggression and threats against Mozambique, situation under review as a matter of priority Zambia and Botswana; and strongly con- and also to report to the Assembly in 1978. demned South Africa for its continued support (For text of resolution 32/116 A and list of of the illegal regime. sponsors, see DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.) The Assembly also, by this text: called on the By the preambular part of resolution 32/ United Kingdom, as the administering power, 116 B, the Assembly among other things: de- to take all effective measures to enable Zim- plored the increasing collaboration of certain babwe to accede to independence in accordance States, particularly South Africa, with the ille- with the aspirations of the majority of the popu- gal regime, thus impeding the effective appli- 198 Political and security questions cation of sanctions; considered that develop- about by the acts of aggression committed by ments in the area called for concerted interna- the regime, and asked the Security Council to tional action to impose maximum isolation on undertake a periodic review of the question the regime; and expressed its concern that the of economic assistance to the two Governments; measures approved by the Security Council (6) deemed it imperative that the scope of had thus far failed to bring an end to the ille- the sanctions be widened to include all the mea- gal regime, and its conviction that sanctions sures envisaged under Article 41 of the Char- would not put an end to that regime unless ter, and reiterated its request that the Council they were comprehensive, mandatory and strictly consider taking the necessary measures in that supervised and unless measures were taken regard as a matter of urgency; against States which violated them; (7) requested the Security Council to impose By the operative provisions of this resolu- a mandatory embargo on the supply of petro- tion, the Assembly: leum and petroleum products to South Africa, (1) condemned the policies of those Gov- since such products were transported from ernments, particularly the Government of South there into Southern Rhodesia; and Africa, which, in violation of United Nations (8) requested the Special Committee on the resolutions and in open contravention of spe- granting of independence to follow the imple- cific obligations under the Charter, continued to mentation of this resolution, and invited the collaborate with the illegal regime in Southern Security Council's Committee on sanctions to Rhodesia, and called on them to cease such continue to co-operate in the related work of collaboration; the Special Committee. (2) condemned all violations of the manda- (For text of resolution 32/116 B, list of spon- tory sanctions imposed by the Security Coun- sors and voting details, see DOCUMENTARY REFER- cil, as well as the continued failure of certain ENCES below.) Member States to enforce the sanctions strictly; During the discussion in the Fourth Commit- (3) condemned South Africa for its con- tee, the United Kingdom proposed the addi- tinued support of the illegal regime in contra- tion to the preamble of the first draft resolu- vention of Council resolutions on sanctions; tion of a paragraph by which the Assembly (4) called on all Governments which had would take note of the negotiations following not done so (a) to ensure strict compliance by Security Council resolution 415 (1977) and the all individuals, associations and bodies corpo- current initiative of the administering power rate under their jurisdiction with the sanctions for the accession of Zimbabwe to independence. and to prohibit any collaboration by them with After a suspension of the meeting to consider the illegal regime, (b) to prevent or discourage the proposal, the United Kingdom withdrew emigration to the territory by any individuals it in view, it said, of the difficulties it caused. or groups of individuals under their jurisdic- Several Members—Denmark, France, Israel, tion, (c) to discontinue any action which might Japan, New Zealand, Portugal and Uruguay confer a semblance of legitimacy on the illegal among them—in explaining their votes, ex- regime by, among other things, forbidding the pressed reservations about some of the provisions operation and activities of Air Rhodesia, the of the draft resolution on sanctions. Rhodesia National Tourist Board and the Rho- The representative of Belgium, speaking on desian Information Office, or any other activi- behalf of the nine countries of EEC, said that ties which contravened the aims and purposes the operative paragraph by which Govern- of the sanctions, (d) to invalidate passports and ments were called on to take certain specific other documents for travel to the territory, measures to reinforce the sanctions did not and (e) to take measures against international take into account that, for humanitarian rea- companies and agencies which supplied petro- sons, total suppression of services affecting leum and petroleum products to the illegal re- personal relations between individuals should gime; not be recommended; moreover, some of those (5) requested all States, directly and through measures were not compatible with certain con- the specialized agencies and other organizations stitutional provisions of EEC countries. They and programmes within the United Nations also had reservations about the operative para- system, to extend to Mozambique and Zambia graphs requesting Security Council action, since all forms of financial, technical and material it was for the Council to decide on the desir- assistance for overcoming economic difficulties ability of widening the scope of sanctions and stemming from the application of economic applying them to South Africa. The United sanctions against the illegal regime and the eco- States expressed a similar reservation. nomic loss and destruction of property brought The representative of the United Kingdom Matters relating to Africa 199 agreed with the position taken by Belgium on international institutions associated with the behalf of EEC and said it was ironic that the United Nations. By this text, adopted on 28 No- Fourth Committee should have ignored the vember, the Assembly said, among other things, Anglo-American proposals: they represented that the struggle of the peoples of Zimbabwe a balanced package and the only coherent basis and Namibia for self-determination and inde- for a settlement, which recent raids by the ille- pendence had entered its final and most cru- gal regime into Mozambique had made more cial stage and it was therefore incumbent upon urgent than ever. If the proposals were accept- the entire international community to intensify ed and put into effect, he said, the illegal ré- concerted action in support of them. It ex- gime could not survive. pressed concern that the assistance extended thus far by the agencies and organizations to the Related General Assembly decisions colonial peoples, particularly those of Zimbabwe At its 1977 session, the General Assembly and Namibia, was far from adequate. It regret- took a number of decisions having a bearing ted that the International Bank for Reconstruc- on various aspects of the situation in Southern tion and Development and the International Rhodesia. These are described briefly below. Monetary Fund had not taken the necessary measures towards implementing the Declara- IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARATION tion and other relevant resolutions and contin- ON THE GRANTING OF INDEPENDENCE ued to co-operate with South Africa, and urged On 7 December 1977, the General Assembly those agencies to formulate specific programmes adopted a resolution (32/42) on the implemen- beneficial to the peoples of the colonial terri- tation of the Declaration on the Granting of tories, particularly Zimbabwe and Namibia. It Independence to Colonial Countries and Peo- also urged the agencies and other organizations ples by which, among other things, it con- within the United Nations system to withhold demned the continued colonialist and racist re- financial, economic, technical or other assistance pression of millions of Africans, in Namibia from South Africa and the illegal regime in by South Africa and in Zimbabwe by the illegal Southern Rhodesia and to refrain from taking regime, and stressed the need to take all neces- any action which might imply recognition of sary measures to eliminate the last vestiges of the legitimacy of the domination of the terri- colonialism, particularly with respect to Namib- tories by those regimes. ia and Zimbabwe. It deprecated the policies (For details, see p. 847.) of States which continued to collaborate with South Africa and the illegal regime in South- ACTIVITIES OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC INTERESTS ern Rhodesia. It asked all States to withhold On 28 November 1977, the General Assembly assistance of any kind from South Africa and adopted resolution 32/35, by which, among the illegal regime until they restored to the other things, it affirmed that the natural resour- peoples of Namibia and Zimbabwe their inalien- ces of all colonial territories, particularly Zim- able right to self-determination and indepen- babwe and Namibia, were the heritage of the dence, and to refrain from any action which peoples of those territories and that the exploi- might imply recognition of the legitimacy of tation of those resources by foreign economic their domination of the territories. It also urged interests in conjunction with the illegal regimes all States to provide all moral and material constituted a direct violation of the rights of the assistance to the oppressed peoples of Namib- inhabitants. The Assembly condemned the ia and Zimbabwe. support which the regimes continued to receive The Assembly requested the Special Commit- from foreign interests which were collaborat- tee on granting independence to continue to ing in the exploitation of the natural and examine compliance by Member States with human resources of, and in the entrenchment resolutions relating to Namibia and Southern of domination over, Namibia and Southern Rho- Rhodesia, and to take all necessary steps to desia, respectively. The Assembly expressed its enlist world-wide support in achieving the ob- conviction that the scope of the sanctions adopt- jectives of the Declaration on the granting of ed against the illegal regime in Southern Rho- independence and implementing resolutions desia should be expanded to cover all the mea- concerning the oppressed peoples of the two sures contemplated in Article 41 of the Charter, territories. and expressed the hope that the Security Coun- (For details, see p. 837.) cil would envisage adopting appropriate mea- The General Assembly also adopted a reso- sures to that end. The Assembly, further, con- lution (32/36) on the implementation of the demned all violations of the mandatory sanc- Declaration by the specialized agencies and tions as well as the continued failure of certain 200 Political and security questions

Member States to enforce those sanctions, and bly adopted resolution 32/37, by which, among it strongly condemned the racist minority re- other things, it recognized that, because of the gime of South Africa for its continued collab- continuing influx of refugee students from oration with the regime in Southern Rhode- southern Africa into neighbouring States and sia, calling on it to cease such collaboration the significant increases in the cost of educa- immediately. tional and training awards, additional funds (For details, see p. 856.) were essential if the Programme was to con- tinue in operation at a satisfactory level, and it appealed once again to all States, organiza- UNIVERSAL REALIZATION OF tions and individuals to make generous contri- THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION butions to the Programme in order to ensure On 7 November, the Assembly adopted a its continuation and expansion in the light of resolution (32/14) relating to the importance increased needs. of the realization of the right to self-determi- (For further information about the Pro- nation, by which, among other things, it reaf- gramme, see p. 261.) firmed the inalienable right of the peoples of Namibia and Zimbabwe, of the Palestinian peo- ple and of all peoples under alien and colonial Tenth report of the Committee on sanctions domination to self-determination, national inde- On 24 January 1978, the Committee on sanc- pendence, territorial integrity, national unity tions submitted its tenth report, covering its and sovereignty without external interference. work from 16 December 1976 to 15 December (For details, see p. 703.) 1977. The Committee reported that during the period under review, the Committee had con- CO-OPERATION BETWEEN THE UNITED NATIONS tinued the examination of 90 cases of suspect- AND THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY ed violations of sanctions carried over from On 11 November, the Assembly adopted a previous reports and 37 new cases, including resolution (32/19) relating to co-operation be- four cases that were opened on information tween the United Nations and the Organization supplied by individuals and non-governmental of African Unity by which among other things organizations. It had also received information it declared its awareness of the urgent need to from Governments on actions they had taken give increased assistance and support to the to prevent violations or actions taken against victims of colonialism, racial discrimination and violators. The Committee had decided that apartheid resulting from intensified acts of ag- 27 cases should be closed. gression against neighbouring countries by the Also reviewed in the report were activities apartheid regime in South Africa and Namibia involving the Committee aimed at promoting and the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia. more effective implementation of sanctions It invited the specialized agencies and other through continuing co-operation with the Orga- organizations to intensify their co-operation nization of African Unity and with the with OAU and, through it, with the national Commonwealth Secretariat in London. The liberation movements of Zimbabwe and Namib- Committee also considered matters relating to: ia. (For details, see p. 258.) consular and other representation in Southern Rhodesia and representation of the illegal re- gime abroad; airlines operating to and from United Nations Educational and Southern Rhodesia; and immigration and tour- Training Programme for Southern Africa ism. During 1977, a total of 505 Southern Rho- Annexes to the tenth report included: a re- desian students were studying abroad in 19 port of the Chairman of the Committee on his countries on scholarships granted under the personal visits with representatives of Govern- United Nations Educational and Training Pro- ments from which replies were pending; re- gramme for Southern Africa, which was estab- ports on cases carried over from previous re- lished by the General Assembly in 1967. Be- ports, and new cases; and correspondence con- tween 21 October 1976 and 30 September 1977, ducted with Governments, non-governmental the Programme received 1,498 applications organizations and individuals concerning all from Southern Rhodesians, granted 239 new the cases considered. A note and statistical data awards and extended 266 awards. on Southern Rhodesian trade for the year 1976 On 28 November 1977, the General Assem- was in preparation. Matters relating to Africa 201

Documentary references

Communications to and consideration by COMMUNICATION (JUNE 1977) Security Council (February-June 1977) S/12341. Letter of 2 June from Australia. S/12303. Letter of 18 March from OAU. S/12305 (A/32/63). Letter of 22 March from Ghana (trans- International Conference in Support mitting resolution of 117th Executive Committee session of of the Peoples of Zimbabwe and Namibia World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA), S/12344/Rev.1 (A/32/109/Rev.1). Letter of 6 June from Chair- Accra, 19-21 March 1977). man of Special Committee on Situation with regard to Imple- S/12314. Letter of 29 March from Italy. mentation of Declaration on Granting of Independence to S/12293. Letter of 28 February 1977 from Secretary-Gen- Colonial Countries and Peoples and Acting President of eral to President of Security Council (transmitting text of United Nations Council for Namibia (transmitting report of Assembly resolution 31/154 B of 20 December 1976). International Conference in Support of Peoples of Zimbabwe and Namibia, Maputo, Mozambique, 16-21 May 1977). MEETING OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL (27 MAY) (Annex V: Maputo Declaration in Support of Peoples of Zimbabwe and Namibia and Programme of Action for Liber- Security Council, meeting 2011. ation of Zimbabwe and Namibia.)

S/12296. Second special report, dated 31 December 1976, of Security Council Committee established in pursuance of Consideration by the Special Committee resolution 253 (1968) concerning question of Southern Rho- desia on expansion of sanctions against Southern Rhodesia. Special Committee on Situation with regard to Implementa- S/12339. Benin, Canada, China, France, Germany, Federal tion of Declaration on Granting of Independence to Colo- Republic of, India, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritius, Pak- nial Countries and Peoples, meetings 1071, 1072, 1074- istan, Panama, Romania, USSR, United Kingdom, United 1076, 1078, 1086, 1089, 1090. States, Venezuela: draft resolution. A/32/23/Rev.1, Vols. I and II. Report of Special Committee (covering its work during 1977). Vol. I: Chapters I, II and Resolution 409 (1977), as proposed by 15 powers, S/12339, IV-VI; Vol. II: Chapter VII (Section B: Resolutions adopted and as orally amended by Mauritius, adopted unanimously, by Special Committee on 8 August 1977, meeting 1090). without vote, by Council on 27 May 1977, meeting 2011.

The Security Council, Communications to and consideration by Reaffirming its resolutions 216 (1965) of 12 November and the Security Council (June-September 1977) 217 (1965) of 20 November 1965, 221 (1966) of 9 April and 232 (1966) of 16 December 1966, 253 (1968) of 29 May 1968, COMMUNICATIONS (JUNE-AUGUST) 277 (1970) of 18 March 1970 and 388 (1976) of 6 April 1976, S/12340 (A/32/98). Letter of 3 June from Sri Lanka (transmit- Reaffirming that the measures provided for in those reso- ting communiqué issued by Co-ordinating Bureau of Non- lutions, as well as the measures initiated by Member States Aligned Countries). in pursuance thereof, shall continue in effect, S/12347 (A/32/115). Letter of 14 June from Mongolia (trans- Taking into account the recommendations made by the mitting statement issued by Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Security Council Committee established in pursuance of reso- 7 June 1977). lution 253 (1968) concerning the question of Southern Rho- S/12380, S/12381. Letters of 9 and 17 August from Acting desia in its second special report of 31 December 1976 on Chairman and Chairman of Special Committee on Situa- the expansion of sanctions against Southern Rhodesia, tion with regard to Implementation of Declaration on Grant- Reaffirming that the present situation in Southern Rhode- ing of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples sia constitutes a threat to international peace and security, (transmitting texts of resolutions adopted by Special Com- Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United mittee on 8 and 2 August 1977, respectively, meetings Nations, 1090 and 1087). 1. Decides that all Member States shall prohibit the use or transfer of any funds in their territories by the illegal regime COMMUNICATIONS (1-23 SEPTEMBER) in Southern Rhodesia, including any office or agent thereof, S/12393. Letter of 1 September from United Kingdom (com- or by other persons or bodies within Southern Rhodesia, for municating proposals for settlement of Rhodesia problem). the purposes of any office or agency of the illegal regime S/12395. Letter of 8 September from United Kingdom (trans- that is established within their territories other than an office mitting statement issued by Secretary of State for Foreign or agency so established exclusively for pensions purposes; and Commonwealth Affairs at Salisbury, Southern Rhode- 2. Urges, having regard to the principle stated in Article 2, sia, on 1 September 1977). paragraph 6 of the Charter of the United Nations, States S/12402. Letter of 23 September from United Kingdom. not Members of the United Nations to act in accordance with S/12406. Letter of 28 September from Benin (enclosing pa- the provisions of the present resolution; per issued by Zimbabwe Patriotic Front, at Maputo, Mozam- 3. Decides to meet not later than 11 November 1977 to bique, on 12 September 1977). consider the application of further measures under Article 41 of the Charter, and meanwhile requests the Security Council MEETINGS OF THE SECURITY Committee established in pursuance of resolution 253 (1968) COUNCIL (28 AND 29 SEPTEMBER) concerning the question of Southern Rhodesia to examine, in addition to its other functions, the application of further mea- Security Council, meetings 2033, 2034. sures under Article 41 and to report to the Council thereon as soon as possible. S/12402. Letter of 23 September from United Kingdom (re- quest to convene Council). S/INF/33. Resolutions and decisions of Security Council, S/12404 and Rev.1. United Kingdom: draft resolution and 1977. Decision, p. 7. revision. 202 Political and security questions

S/12405. Letter of 28 September from Benin, Libyan Arab A/32/98 (S/12340). Letter of 3 June from Sri Lanka (trans- Jamahiriya and Mauritius (request to extend invitation to mitting communique issued by Co-ordinating Bureau of Non- participate in Council discussions). Aligned Countries). S/12407. Letter of 29 September from Benin, Libyan Arab A/32/109/Rev.1 (S/12344/Rev.1). Letter of 6 June from Chair- Jamahiriya and Mauritius (request to extend invitation to man of Special Committee on Situation with regard to Imple- participate in Council discussions). mentation of Declaration on Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples and Acting President of Resolution 415 (1977), as proposed by United Kingdom, S/ United Nations Council for Namibia (transmitting report of 12404/Rev.1, adopted by Council on 29 September 1977, International Conference in Support of Peoples of Zimbabwe meeting 2034, by 13 votes to O, with 1 abstention (USSR) and Namibia, Maputo, Mozambique, 16-21 May 1977). (China did not participate in voting). A/32/115 (S/12347). Letter of 14 June from Mongolia (trans- mitting statement issued by Ministry of Foreign Affairs on The Security Council, 7 June 1977). Taking note of the letters dated 1 September and 8 Sep- A/32/235. Letter of 23 September from Libyan Arab Jama- tember 1977 from the Permanent Representative of the United hiriya (transmitting resolutions of 8th Islamic Conference of Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Presi- Foreign Ministers, Tripoli, 16-22 May 1977). dent of the Security Council, A/32/259. Letter of 5 October from USSR. Noting also the invitation to the Secretary-General, in the A/32/266 (S/12412). Letter of 5 October from Sri Lanka letter dated 23 September 1977 from the Permanent Repre- (transmitting statement by Foreign Ministers of non-aligned sentative of the United Kingdom to the President of the Secu- countries at extraordinary meeting, New York, 30 September rity Council, to appoint a representative, 1977). Having head the statement of Mr. Joshua Nkomo, Co-leader of the Patriotic Front of Zimbabwe, A/C.4/32/6. Implementation of Declaration on Granting of 1. Requests the Secretary-General to appoint, in consul- Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. Request tation with the members of the Security Council, a represen- for hearing. tative to enter into discussions with the British Resident Com- A/C.4/32/10 and Add.1-3. Requests for hearings. missioner designate and with all the parties concerning the A/C.4/32/L.31. Algeria, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Burundi, military and associated arrangements that are considered Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Egypt, Ethiopia, necessary to effect the transition to majority rule in Southern Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Rhodesia; India, Iraq, Kenya, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libyan 2. Further requests the Secretary-General to transmit a Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, report on the results of these discussions to the Security Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Council as soon as possible; Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, 3. Calls upon all parties to co-operate with the represen- Togo, Tunisia, United Republic of Cameroon, United Repub- tative of the Secretary-General in the conduct of the discus- lic of Tanzania, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia, Zambia: draft reso- sions referred to in paragraph 1 of the present resolution. lution A, approved by consensus by Fourth Committee on 12 December 1977, meeting 35; draft resolution B, approved S/12411. Note, dated 4 October 1977, by President of Secu- by Fourth Committee on 12 December 1977, meeting 35, rity Council. by 112 votes to 0, with 10 abstentions. S/INF/33. Resolutions and decisions of Security Council, A/32/461. Report of Fourth Committee, draft resolution A. 1977. Decisions, pp. 8 and 9. Resolution 32/116 A, as recommended by Fourth Commit- INTERIM REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON SANCTIONS tee, A/32/461, adopted without vote by Assembly on 16 De- S/12450. Interim report of Security Council Committee estab- cember 1977, meeting 104. lished in pursuance of resolution 253 (1968) concerning question of Southern Rhodesia regarding implementation The General Assembly, of paragraphs 3 and 12 of Security Council resolutions Having considered the question of Southern Rhodesia 409 (1977) and 411 (1977), respectively. (Zimbabwe), Having examined the relevant chapters of the report of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Imple- Consideration by the General Assembly mentation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, General Assembly—32nd session Taking into account the Maputo Declaration in Support of Fourth Committee, meetings 9, 18, 22, 23, 25, 27-35. the Peoples of Zimbabwe and Namibia and the Programme Plenary meeting 104. of Action for the Liberation of Zimbabwe and Namibia, adopt- ed by the International Conference in Support of the Peoples A/32/23/Rev.1, Vols. I and II. Report of Special Committee of Zimbabwe and Namibia, held at Maputo from 16 to 21 May on Situation with regard to Implementation of Declaration 1977, as well as the Lagos Declaration for Action against on Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peo- Apartheid, adopted by the World Conference for Action against ples. Vol. I: Chapters I, II and IV-VI; Vol. II: Chapter VII. Apartheid, held at Lagos from 22 to 26 August 1977, A/32/57. Letter of 28 January from Sri Lanka (transmitting Having heard the statement of the representative of the communiqué of 26 January 1977 issued by Co-ordinating administering Power, Bureau of Non-Aligned Countries on complaint by Botswana). Having heard the statements of the representatives of the A/32/61. Letter of 15 March from Egypt (transmitting docu- national liberation movement who participated in an observer ments of First Conference of Heads of State and Govern- capacity in the consideration of the item, ment of OAU and League of Arab States, Cairo, 7-9 March Recalling its resolutions 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960, 1977). containing the Declaration on the Granting of Independence A/32/63 (S/12305). Letter of 22 March from Ghana (trans- to Colonial Countries and Peoples, and 2621 (XXV) of 12 Octo- mitting resolution adopted at 117th Executive Committee ber 1970, containing the programme of action for the full session of WFUNA, Accra, 19-21 March 1977). implementation of the Declaration, as well as all other reso- A/32/92. Letter of 20 May from Sri Lanka (transmitting com- lutions relating to the question of Southern Rhodesia adopted muniqué issued by Co-ordinating Bureau of Non-Aligned by the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Spe- Countries on 20 May 1977). cial Committee, Matters relating to Africa 203

Bearing in mind that the Government of the United King- 8. Reaffirms the relevant provisions of the Maputo Decla- dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, as the administer- ration in Support of the Peoples of Zimbabwe and Namibia ing Power, has the primary responsibility for putting an end and the Programme of Action for the Liberation of Zimbabwe to the critical situation in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and Namibia, in particular the provisions calling for assis- which, as repeatedly affirmed by the Security Council, con- tance to those front-line States which are victims of repeated stitutes a threat to international peace and security, acts of aggression by the racist minority regime; Reaffirming that any attempts to negotiate the future of 9. Demands: Zimbabwe with the illegal regime on the basis of indepen- (a) The termination forthwith of all repressive measures dence before majority rule would be in contravention of the perpetrated by the illegal racist minority regime against the inalienable rights of the people of the Territory and contrary people of Zimbabwe, in particular the wanton killings and exe- to the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and of cutions of Africans and their freedom fighters carried out by resolution 1514 (XV), that regime, the brutality committed in the "operational area," Condemning the deliberate sabotage by the illegal racist the arbitrary closure of African areas, the eviction, transfer minority regime of the numerous, intensive efforts being made and resettlement of Africans and the creation of concentra- to secure a negotiated settlement in Zimbabwe on the basis tion camps; of majority rule, (b) The unconditional and immediate release of all political Bearing in mind the resolutions on Zimbabwe adopted by prisoners, detainees and restrictees, the removal of all restric- the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Orga- tions on political activity and the establishment of full demo- nization of African Unity at its fourteenth ordinary session, cratic freedom and equality of political rights, as well as the held at Libreville from 2 to 5 July 1977, restoration to the population of fundamental human rights; Stressing the grave responsibility of the international com- (c) The cessation of the influx of foreign immigrants into munity to take all possible measures in support of the peo- the Territory and the immediate withdrawal of all mercenaries ple of Zimbabwe in their liberation struggle and in minimizing therefrom; the hardship and suffering of Zimbabweans in that regard, (d) The immediate cessation of all acts of aggression and Indignant at the arbitrary imprisonment and detention of threats against neighbouring African States; political leaders and others, the massacre of freedom fight- 10. Calls upon all States to take all necessary and effec- ers and the continued denial of fundamental human rights, tive measures to prevent advertisement for, and recruitment including in particular the wanton beating, torture and murder of, mercenaries for Southern Rhodesia; of innocent villagers, arbitrary criminal measures of collective 11. Requests all States to give immediate and substantial punishment and measures designed to create an apartheid material assistance to enable the Governments of Mozam- State in Zimbabwe, bique and Botswana to strengthen their defence capability in Commending the firm determination of the people of Zim- order to safeguard effectively their sovereignty and territorial babwe, under the leadership of their national liberation move- integrity; ment, to achieve freedom and independence, and convinced 12. Requests all States, directly and through their action that their unity and solidarity are fundamental to the rapid in the specialized agencies and other organizations within the attainment of that objective, United Nations system of which they are members, as well Outraged and deeply concerned by the continuing acts of as the non-governmental organizations concerned and the aggression against neighbouring independent African States, various programmes within the United Nations system, to including the most recent aggression against Mozambique extend, in consultation and co-operation with the Organization which resulted in loss of human lives and destruction of prop- of African Unity, to the people of Zimbabwe and their national erty, liberation movement all the moral, material, political and hu- 1. Reaffirms the inalienable right of the people of Zimbabwe manitarian assistance necessary in their struggle for the resto- to self-determination, freedom and independence and the ration of their inalienable rights; legitimacy of their struggle to secure by all means at their 13. Invites all Governments, the specialized agencies and disposal the enjoyment of that right as set forth in the Char- other organizations within the United Nations system, the ter of the United Nations and in conformity with the objectives United Nations bodies concerned and non-governmental orga- of General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV); nizations having a special interest in the field of decoloniza- 2. Reaffirms the principle that there should be no indepen- tion, as well as the Secretary-General, to take steps, as appro- dence before majority rule in Zimbabwe and that any settle- priate, to give widespread and continuous publicity through ment relating to the future of the Territory must be worked all the media at their disposal to information on the situation out with the full participation of the people of Zimbabwe and in Zimbabwe and on the relevant decisions and actions of in accordance with their true aspirations; the United Nations, with particular reference to the applica- 3. Condemns the continued war of repression and the tion of sanctions against the illegal regime; intensified oppressive measures against the people of Zim- 14. Requests the Government of the United Kingdom to babwe by the illegal racist minority regime; continue to co-operate with the Special Committee on the 4. Strongly condemns the illegal racist minority regime for Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration its continuing, brutal acts of aggression and threats against on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Mozambique, Zambia and Botswana; Peoples in the discharge of the mandate entrusted to the 5. Strongly condemns South Africa for its continued sup- latter by the General Assembly, and to report thereon to the port of the illegal racist minority regime in contravention of Special Committee and to the Assembly at its thirty-third the provisions of all the resolutions and decisions of the United session; Nations on the question of Southern Rhodesia; 15. Requests the Special Committee to keep the situation 6. Calls upon the Government of the United Kingdom of in the Territory under review as a matter of priority and to Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in the discharge of its pri- report thereon to the General Assembly at its thirty-third mary responsibility as the administering Power, to take all session. effective measures to enable Zimbabwe to accede to inde- pendence in accordance with the aspirations of the majority A/32/461. Report of Fourth Committee, draft resolution B. of the population and not under any circumstances to accord to the illegal regime any of the powers or attributes of sover- eignty; Resolution 32/116 B, as recommended by Fourth Committee, 7. Firmly supports the people of Zimbabwe in their struggle A/32/461, adopted by Assembly on 16 December 1977, to exercise their inalienable right to self-determination and meeting 104, by recorded vote of 113 to 0, with 10 absten- independence by all means at their disposal; tions, as follows: 204 Political and security questions

In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, strictly, as being contrary to the obligations assumed by them Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Benin, under Article 2, paragraph 5, and Article 25 of the Charter; Bhutan, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Bye- 3. Condemns South Africa for its continued support of lorussian SSR, Cape Verde, Central African Empire, Chad, the illegal racist minority regime in Southern Rhodesia in Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, contravention of the resolutions of the Security Council on Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, sanctions against that regime; Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, German 4. Calls upon all Governments which thus far have not Democratic Republic, Ghana, Greece, Guinea-Bissau, done so: Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, (a) To take stringent enforcement measures to ensure strict Iraq, Ireland, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, compliance by all individuals, associations and bodies corpo- Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Libe- rate under their jurisdiction with the sanctions imposed by ria, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauri- the Security Council and to prohibit any form of collaboration tius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New by them with the illegal regime; Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Panama, Peru, (b) To take effective steps to prevent or discourage the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, emigration to Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) of any individ- Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Sin- uals or groups of individuals under their jurisdiction; gapore, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, (c) To discontinue any action which might confer a sem- Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and blance of legitimacy on the illegal regime, inter alia, by for- Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, bidding the operation and activities of "Air Rhodesia," the "Rho- United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Cameroon, United desia National Tourist Board" and the "Rhodesian Informa- Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, tion Office," or any other activities which contravene the aims Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia and purposes of the sanctions; Against: None (d) To invalidate passports and other documents for travel Abstaining: Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Federal to the Territory; Republic of, Iran, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, United Kingdom, (e) To take all effective measures against international United States. companies and agencies which supply petroleum and petro- leum products to the illegal regime of Southern Rhodesia; The General Assembly, 5. Requests all States, directly and through their action Having adopted resolution A above on the question of in the specialized agencies and other organizations within Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), the United Nations system of which they are members, and Strongly deploring the increasing collaboration, in violation the various programmes within the United Nations system to of Article 2, paragraph 5, and Article 25 of the Charter of the extend to the Governments of Mozambique and Zambia all United Nations and of the relevant decisions of the United forms of financial, technical and material assistance in order Nations, which certain States, particularly South Africa, main- to enable those Governments to overcome economic difficul- tain with the illegal racist minority regime, thereby seriously ties in connexion with their application of economic sanctions impeding the effective application of sanctions and other mea- imposed against the illegal regime and the severe economic sures taken thus far against the illegal régime, loss and destruction of property brought about by the acts Deeply disturbed at widespread violations of United Nations of aggression committed by the regime, and requests the sanctions, including the operation of Southern Rhodesian air- Security Council to undertake a periodic review of the question craft for international passenger and cargo traffic, as well as of economic assistance to the two Governments; the continued functioning of information and airline offices of 6. Deems it imperative that the scope of sanctions against the illegal regime outside Southern Rhodesia and the resul- the illegal regime must be widened to include all the mea- tant influx of foreign tourists into the Territory, sures envisaged under Article 41 of the Charter and reiterates Considering that developments in the area call in particular its request that the Security Council consider taking the neces- for positive, concerted international action with a view to im- sary measures in that regard as a matter of urgency; posing maximum isolation on the illegal regime, 7. Requests the Security Council to impose a mandatory Deeply concerned that the measures approved by the Secu- embargo on the supply of petroleum and petroleum products rity Council have so far failed to bring an end to the illegal to South Africa in view of the fact that petroleum and petro- regime and convinced that sanctions cannot put an end to leum products are transported from South Africa into South- that regime unless they are comprehensive, mandatory and ern Rhodesia; strictly supervised and unless measures are taken against 8. Requests the Special Committee on the Situation with States which violate them, regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Grant- Reaffirming the relevant provisions of the Maputo Declara- ing of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples to tion in Support of the Peoples of Zimbabwe and Namibia and follow the implementation of the present resolution and invites the Programme of Action for the Liberation of Zimbabwe and the Security Council Committee established in pursuance of Namibia, adopted by the International Conference in Support resolution 253 (1968) concerning the question of Southern of the Peoples of Zimbabwe and Namibia, held at Maputo Rhodesia to continue to co-operate in the related work of the from 16 to 21 May 1977, in particular those provisions relat- Special Committee. ing to sanctions against the illegal regime, Conscious of the urgent and special economic needs of S/12412 (A/32/266). Letter of 5 October from Sri Lanka (trans- Mozambique and Zambia arising from their full implementa- mitting statement issued by Foreign Ministers of non-aligned tion of the relevant decisions of the Security Council, countries at extraordinary meeting, New York, 30 Septem- 1. Strongly condemns those Governments, particularly the ber 1977). Government of South Africa, which, in violation of the rele- S/12466. Note verbale of 1 December from Mozambique. vant resolutions of the United Nations and in open contraven- S/12492, S/12506. Notes verbales of 14 and 20 December tion of their specific obligations under Article 2, paragraph 5, from Zaire. and Article 25 of the Charter of the United Nations, continue to collaborate with the illegal racist minority regime, and calls Tenth report of the Committee on sanctions upon those Governments to cease forthwith all such collabo- S/12529/Rev.1 and Rev.1/Corr.1, Vols. I and II. Tenth report ration; of Security Council Committee established in pursuance of 2. Condemns all violations of the mandatory sanctions resolution 253 (1968) concerning question of Southern Rho- imposed by the Security Council, as well as the continued desia (Security Council Official Records, 33rd Year, Spe- failure of certain Member States to enforce the sanctions cial Supplement No. 2, Vols. I and II and corrigendum). Matters relating to Africa 205

Other documents A/32/310. Letter of 25 October from Tunisia (transmitting Report of the World Conference for Action against Apart- resolutions and decisions of 29th regular session of Council heid, Lagos, Nigeria, 22-26 August 1977. Vol. I: Report, of Ministers of OAU, Libreville, Gabon, 23 June-3 July 1977, including Lagos Declaration for Action against Apartheid. and of 14th regular session of Assembly of Heads of State U.N.P. Sales No.: E.77.XIV.2 and corrigendum; Vol. II: and Government of OAU, Libreville, 2-5 July 1977). Annexes. U.N.P. Sales No.: E.77.XIV.3 and corrigendum.

The question of Namibia

The question of Namibia again received con- also reaffirmed its continued support for the sideration in 1977 by various United Nations people of Namibia, led by their national libera- bodies. The General Assembly, the Assembly's tion movement, SWAPO, and it appealed to Special Committee on the Situation with regard Members to contribute to the United Nations to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Fund for Namibia and, through it, to the Insti- Granting of Independence to Colonial Coun- tute for Namibia. tries and Peoples, and the United Nations Coun- The International Conference in Support of cil for Namibia all took decisions on the matter. the Peoples of Zimbabwe and Namibia, held Related decisions were taken by the Commis- at Maputo, Mozambique, from 16 to 21 May, sion on Human Rights and by the Economic approved the Maputo Declaration in Support and Social Council. of the Peoples of Zimbabwe and Namibia and A detailed account of the deliberations of a Programme of Action for the Liberation of these bodies and their decisions is given on Zimbabwe and Namibia. pp. 897-924. The Conference proclaimed its full support On 14 March, the General Assembly's Spe- for the struggle of the people of Namibia cial Committee on implementation of the Decla- under the leadership of SWAPO, strongly con- ration on granting independence adopted a demned the colonial and illegal occupation of consensus statement on general aspects of the Namibia by South Africa, condemned the pol- situation in the territory by which, among other icies of apartheid and homelands which had things, it denounced the South African regime been extended to Namibia, and considered that for its continued illegal occupation of Namibia; all possible pressure should be brought to bear considered that the war being waged there by on the Pretoria regime to cease its barbaric South Africa constituted a threat to international repression of the Namibian people. peace and security; and recommended to the In the Programme of Action, the Conference Security Council that it declare mandatory the among other things called upon Governments arms embargo against South Africa without to provide increased material and financial sup- any qualifications whatsoever. port to the people of Namibia and their na- The Special Committee reaffirmed the need tional liberation movement; urged all Mem- to hold free elections under the supervision ber States and specialized agencies to extend and control of the United Nations in the whole assistance to the front-line States to enable of Namibia as one political entity, and stressed them to implement United Nations resolutions that any negotiations leading to the indepen- supporting the liberation struggle more effec- dence of the territory had to be entered into tively; and called upon the United Nations to by the South African regime with the South increase its support for the Council for Namib- West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), for ia and to consider the possibility of establish- the sole purpose of deciding the modalities of ing a university of Namibia. the transfer of power to the people of Namib- As measures to be taken against the illegal ia. The Special Committee categorically reject- South African administration in Namibia, the ed all manoeuvres, such as tribal talks, by which Conference among other things called on Gov- the South African regime might seek to impose ernments: to reject and denounce all manoeu- its will upon the Namibian people, and strongly vres by which South Africa might seek to im- urged all States to refrain from according any pose its will on the Namibian people; to refrain recognition to any authority or regime which from recognizing any regime which South Africa the South African regime might install in Namib- might install in the territory; to end foreign eco- ia by such means. Should South Africa seek nomic activities or consular representation there; to transfer any powers to such a puppet inter- and to implement the arms embargo against im regime, the General Assembly should meet South Africa without exception. It also called in special session to determine what action on the Security Council to impose, under Chap- might be required. The Special Committee ter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, 206 Political and security questions a mandatory arms embargo against South the United Nations Educational and Training Africa, and called on the General Assembly to Programme for Southern Africa. Also during convene a special session on Namibia. 1977, the Council developed the Nationhood The report of the United Nations Council Programme for Namibia, which was intended for Namibia, covering the period from 21 Octo- to provide comprehensive assistance to the ter- ber 1976 to 5 October 1977, summarized the ritory from within the United Nations system Council's activities in exercising its responsibil- during both the pre-independence period and ities both as a policy-making organ of the the initial period of independence. As a first United Nations and as the legal Administering step, the Council carried out a review of the Authority for Namibia. It reported that during assistance given by the specialized agencies. the year it had: intensified its efforts in sup- The Council's report also contained a review port of self-determination, freedom and nation- of the activities of the United Nations Com- al independence for the Namibian people missioner for Namibia, and included a number under their sole and authentic liberation move- of recommendations for action by the General ment, SWAPO; denounced South Africa's mili- Assembly. tarization of Namibia; condemned as illegal the Later in 1977, at its thirty-second session, activities of all foreign corporations operating the General Assembly on 4 November adopt- there under the illegal administration of South ed eight resolutions—which, for the most part, Africa; and condemned South Africa's decision embodied the recommendations of the Coun- to administer Walvis Bay as part of South cil for Namibia—on the following aspects of Africa's Cape Province. It had also condemned the question: implementation of the Nation- South Africa's brutal and massive repression of hood Programme for Namibia; the United Na- the Namibian people. tions Fund for Namibia; dissemination of infor- The Council for Namibia also sought further mation on Namibia; the situation in Namibia practical forms of assistance to Namibians: in resulting from the illegal occupation of the ter- addition to serving as trustee of the United ritory by South Africa; action by intergovern- Nations Fund for Namibia, which continued to mental and non-governmental organizations serve as the main vehicle through which the with respect to Namibia; the programme of Council channelled assistance to Namibians, it work of the Council for Namibia; intensifica- continued to sponsor the Institute for Namib- tion and co-ordination of United Nations action ia in Lusaka, Zambia, which provided both in support of Namibia; and a decision to hold training and employment for Namibians; it a special session on the question of Namibia was expected that 300 students would be en- before the Assembly's thirty-third (1978) reg- rolled by 1980. The Council continued to co- ular session. ordinate its own scholarship programme with

Questions concerning Angola

Complaint by Angola against South Africa guard its national sovereignty and territorial By a letter of 20 July 1977, the representa- integrity. tive of Angola transmitted to the Secretary- On 22 July, the representative of South Africa General a message of the previous day from transmitted to the Secretary-General a letter the Minister for External Relations of Angola from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of South in which the Minister stated that, on 12 July, Africa strongly and categorically denying armed South African forces concentrated in the Angolan allegations. The South African Namibian territory had shot down an aircraft Government invited the Secretary-General to while it was landing at the Angolan village of send a representative to South West Africa to Cuangar. As a result, 12 persons had lost their investigate the two incidents. lives. On 13 July, the Calueque Dam had been attacked with heavy enemy artillery, causing a number of casualties. Assistance to Angola In the face of the permanent state of tension At its July/August 1977 session, the Econom- along its southern frontier, the Minister con- ic and Social Council considered the question tinued, Angola reserved its legitimate right to of assistance to Angola. The Council was in- strike back and, if necessary, to appeal to the formed that, in accordance with a General solidarity of friendly countries in order to safe- Assembly decision of 21 December 1976 calling Matters relating to Africa 207 for an international programme of assistance adopted without a vote, the Council reaffirmed and the establishment of an international the Assembly's request that the Secretary-Gen- fund for Angola,31 the Secretary-General intend- eral continue his efforts to mobilize assistance ed to send a mission to Angola to evaluate the for Angola from Member States and the United country's reconstruction needs. Nations system. On 29 July 1977, the Council adopted deci- Reporting to the regular 1977 session of the sion 252 (LXIII), by which it took note of state- General Assembly, the Secretary-General said ments made on behalf of the Secretary-General he had transmitted the text of the Assembly's in the Economic and Social Council on assis- 1976 appeal for assistance to Angola to Mem- tance in emergency situations; it also noted the ber States and to the specialized agencies and observations made regarding Angola in the other organizations of the United Nations sys- 1977 report of the Committee for Develop- tem. He noted as well his willingness to send ment Planning, which had been requested to a mission to Angola to consult with the Govern- consider the inclusion of Angola in the list of ment on the nature of its needs at a time the least developed among the developing coun- deemed appropriate by that Government. tries. The Committee for Development Plan- On 13 December 1977, the Assembly, on the ning had pointed out that, although the per recommendation of its Second (Economic and capita gross domestic product of Angola ap- Financial) Committee, adopted decision 32/ peared to be higher than the limiting value 425, whereby it took note of the report of the used by the Committee, in view of the serious Secretary-General on assistance to Angola. difficulties facing Angola it would examine The text of the decision was approved with- more recent and detailed information at its out vote by the Second Committee on 22 No- next session. vember on a proposal by its Chairman. In addition, by decision 252 (LXIII), which 31 was proposed by the Council President and See Y.U.N., 1976, p. 187, text of resolution 31/188.

Documentary references

Complaint by Angola against South Africa General Assembly—32nd session S/12368. Letter dated 20 July from Angola (transmitting mes- Second Committee, meetings 9, 51. sage of 19 July 1977). Plenary meeting 101. S/12370. Letter of 22 July from South Africa. Assistance to Angola A/32/3. Report of Economic and Social Council on work of its organizational session for 1977, of its 3rd special session Economic and Social Council—63rd session and of its 62nd and 63rd sessions, Chapter III F. Plenary meetings 2081-2083. A/32/209. Report of Secretary-General. A/32/265/Add.1. Report of Second Committee (part II) (on E/5939 and Corr.1. Report of Committee for Development report of Economic and Social Council), draft decision, Planning on its 13th session, Headquarters, New York, para. 39. 11-21 April 1977. A/32/45. Resolutions and decisions adopted by General E/L.1786. Draft decision proposed by Council President. Assembly during its 32nd session, 20 September-21 De- E/6020. Resolutions and decisions of Economic and Social cember 1977 (decision 32/425). Council, 63rd session (decision 252)LXIII)).

Complaint by Benin

Communications (January-February 1977) and ammunition after causing some loss of life In a letter dated 26 January 1977, the repre- and material damage. sentative of Benin requested that a meeting of The President of the Council received four the Security Council be convened to consider letters in this connexion: from the President a "cowardly and barbarous aggression commit- of Guinea; from Sri Lanka on behalf of the Co- ted by the imperialists and their mercenaries ordinating Bureau of Non-Aligned Countries; against the People's Republic of Benin." Ac- from Jordan on behalf of the Arab group of cording to the letter, on 16 January 1977 a Member States at the United Nations; and from commando unit of mercenaries, brought by a Rwanda on behalf of the African group of Mem- military aircraft, had attacked the airport and ber States. All said they supported Benin's re- city of Cotonou but had been forced to retreat, quest for action by the Council against the abandoning a considerable quantity of weapons activities of international mercenaries. 208 Political and security questions

Consideration by the Security against the whole of Africa, and the Council Council (7 and 8 February 1977) had to act quickly and with foresight by assist- The Security Council met on 7 and 8 Feb- ing Benin in pinpointing responsibility for this ruary 1977 to consider Benin's complaint. The barbarous and illegal act. He introduced a draft representatives of Algeria, Cuba, Guinea, Mada- resolution, on behalf of Benin, the Libyan Arab gascar, Mali, Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia and Republic (subsequently the Libyan Arab Jama- Togo were invited, at their request, to partici- hiriya) and Mauritius, by the preambular part pate in the discussion without the right to vote. of which the Council among other things would The representative of Benin said that on note that all Member States had to refrain in 16 January, at 0703 hours local time, a pirate their international relations from the threat or DC-7 aircraft landed at the airport in Cotonou. use of force against the territorial integrity or It had on board a gang of mercenaries who, political independence of any State, or from once disembarked, ruthlessly attacked the air- any manner inconsistent with the purposes of port with automatic weapons. They took up a the United Nations. position, then advanced towards the city of By the operative provisions of the text, the Cotonou in columns, performing a drag-net Council would: affirm that the territorial integ- operation and then concentrating all their equip- rity and political independence of Benin had ment and weapons on the Palace of the Presi- to be respected; decide to send to Benin a spe- dency of the Republic, which clearly had been cial mission of three Council members, to be one of their principal targets. Severe damage, appointed after consultations between the Pres- the representative said, had been inflicted on ident and the members of the Council, to several buildings, including those at the airport, investigate and to report at the end of Feb- the television building, the Hall of Congress, ruary 1977; and decide to remain seized of the the new Embassy of Nigeria and the Palace of question. the Presidency. The weapons and equipment During the Security Council's discussion, gen- of the gang of mercenaries were extremely so- eral support for the draft resolution was ex- phisticated and were mainly of French and pressed. Several representatives cited repeated Belgian manufacture. After approximately instances of the use of mercenaries in Africa three hours of fierce fighting, he continued, the during recent years. The representative of attackers were repulsed and retreated to their Togo, for example, said that mercenaries had aircraft. In the course of their hasty take-off, operated in most parts of Africa—in Zaire, the mercenaries left behind certain documents, Guinea, Nigeria and elsewhere. It was high on the basis of which it could be asserted that time that the international community heeded they were mainly whites who had been recruit- the repeated appeals of African States, realized ed, trained and equipped by the secret ser- the universal dimension of the problem and vices of powerful financial circles. took account of the resolutions by which, for On the basis of this tangible proof, it could many years, the Organization of African Unity be concluded that the attack was a case of for- had been calling on all States to cease to tol- eign aggression directed against Benin's people erate the recruitment, training and equipping and its democratic and popular revolution, the of mercenaries in their territories and not to Beninese representative went on to say. That allow their nationals to serve in their ranks. view had been supported by the testimony of Merely to condemn the use of mercenaries was accredited diplomatic representatives in Benin, not enough, he said; the machinery of that including the Ambassadors of the Democratic practice had to be dismantled, and it was im- People's Republic of Korea, Egypt, France, portant that specific steps be taken to eradicate the Federal Republic of Germany and Zaire. it utterly. He said that his Government demanded that The spokesman for Somalia called for an light be shed on this foreign aggression and it international convention that would effectively wished the Security Council to dispatch a spe- prevent recruitment, arming and training of cial mission to Cotonou to ascertain the facts mercenaries. objectively, determine who had been respon- The representative of the USSR said that sible and help Benin assess the damage. Benin the events in Benin were further evidence of hoped that appropriate action would subse- the fact that peace and security on the African quently be taken to repair material damage continent were under a constant threat. They and to prevent a recurrence of such barbaric bore out the correctness of the warning by pro- acts of aggression by foreign mercenaries. gressive forces in Africa to be vigilant with re- The representative of Mauritius said that gard to imperialism and neo-colonialism, and the attack against Benin had been an attack indicated the grave danger represented by inter- Matters relating to Africa 209 national mercenary forces to the sovereignty requested an extension until 8 March of the and independence of those States. The USSR deadline for submission of its report, and that, favoured the complete and immediate libera- following consultations with Council members, tion of Africa by the liquidation of all hotbeds the date had been extended accordingly. of racism, colonialism and apartheid. The terri- torial integrity and political independence of Benin had to be respected, he asserted. The Report of the Special Mission to Benin Security Council should support Benin's request On 7 March 1977, the Security Council Spe- that a special mission be sent to the spot to cial Mission to the People's Republic of Benin elucidate the facts. reported that it had visited Benin from 16 to The representative of France joined with 25 February and had met with the President all those States had that expressed abhorrence of Benin, interviewed members of the diplo- at the intervention of which Benin had been matic corps, taken testimony from witnesses the victim. He added that his country had been and a member of the attacking force who had particularly devoted to the principle of respect been taken prisoner, inspected the sites where for the independence of States and non-inter- the events of 16 January had occurred, and ference in their internal affairs; there must be examined material evidence and documentation no exceptions to that principle. Reference had that had been left behind by the attacking force. been made to some munitions of French ori- In annexes to its report, the Special Mission gin, he continued. So that no link might be published the texts of the testimony it had established, even by implication, between that heard, photocopies of the documentation left reference and responsibility for the interven- at Cotonou by the attacking force, and an in- tion in question, France, he said, reasserted ventory of the abandoned armaments, muni- its belief that the principle of non-interference tions and supplies. in internal affairs was an absolute principle, The Special Mission said it had concluded, regardless of the ideological or political choices on the basis of its on-the-spot investigations, of Member States of the United Nations. For that the following events had occurred at Coto- that reason France would support the dispatch nou. At about 0700 hours on Sunday, 16 Janu- by the Council of a fact-finding mission to Benin. ary 1977, a four-engine aircraft with no identi- The representative of China said that the fication marks had made an unauthorized land- incident in Cotonou constituted an encroach- ing at Cotonou international airport. An attack- ment by imperialism and its mercenaries on ing force of about 100 persons in military uni- the independence, territorial integrity and sov- form had disembarked, the majority of whom ereignty of Benin. China was convinced that were white and spoke French. They carried a the Beninese Government and people would large quantity of various types of arms and continue to safeguard their national indepen- ammunition. dence and State sovereignty, and it would sup- After landing, the bulk of the attacking force port the dispatch by the Security Council of a had marched in three separate columns towards special mission to Benin. the city of Cotonou, firing indiscriminately at The sponsors of the three-power draft reso- civilians and non-military establishments along lution revised their text to incorporate some the way. The Beninese armed forces had re- drafting changes and to add a provision where- pulsed the attack, but had been unable to pre- by the Secretary-General would provide the vent the retreating attackers from taking off. special mission with the necessary assistance. The whole episode had lasted about three hours, On 8 February 1977, the Council adopted during which time two members of the attack- the text by consensus as resolution 404 (1977). ing force had been killed—one European and (For text of resolution, see DOCUMENTARY one African. The casualties on the Benin side REFERENCES below.) were six dead and 51 wounded. During the fighting, a number of foreigners of different In a note issued on 10 February 1977, the nationalities residing in Benin had also been President of the Security Council stated that wounded. The Beninese forces had captured after consultations agreement had been reached one member of the attacking force, a national that the Council's Special Mission to Benin of Guinea, who was currently being held would be composed of India, the Libyan Arab prisoner. The fighting had also resulted in sub- Republic and Panama. The representative of stantial damage to a number of public and Panama would serve as Chairman. private buildings, including the premises of In a note of 23 February, the Council Pres- some diplomatic missions at Cotonou and a ident indicated that the Special Mission had hospital. 210 Political and security questions

The report concluded that, on the basis of the veracity of the information given to the the testimony received and evidence examined Special Mission. by the Special Mission, Benin had been sub- By two letters dated 4 April, the represen- jected to an armed attack with the primary ob- tative of Benin transmitted two reports pre- jective of overthrowing the Government. There pared by his Government. The first report was no doubt that Benin had been subjected contained an evaluation of damages and losses to aggression and most of the attackers, not incurred as a result of the aggression of 16 Janu- nationals of Benin, had acted for pecuniary ary. The total figures were: 5 million CFA motives and thus were mercenaries. francs for damage to buildings; 622 million The report further stated that according to CFA francs for national defence losses; and the testimony of the prisoner held in Benin 362 million CFA francs for bodily injury. The and parts of the documentation left behind by second report was on the armed aggression the attacking force, the attackers, who had committed on 16 January against the People's been recruited in Europe and Africa, had come Republic of Benin; it had been adopted by a to Morocco from Paris, Dakar (Senegal) and joint special session of the Central Committee Abidjan (Ivory Coast), had been trained at a of the Party of the People's Revolution of Benin, base near Marrakesh (Morocco), had been trans- the National Council of the Revolution and the ported from Morocco to Gabon on 15 January Revolutionary Military Government. The sec- and, from there, had embarked on their mis- ond report concluded, among other things, sion to Benin in a different aircraft, arriving that the aggression had been carefully pre- at Cotonou the following morning. The same pared, financed and perpetrated by French im- sources indicated that a Colonel Maurin was perialism in collaboration with the Governments in charge of the operation; he had been hired of Morocco, Gabon and Togo and with the com- by an organization called the Front de libera- plicity of the Governments of the Ivory Coast and tion et de rehabilitation du Dahomey, whose Senegal. objective was to overthrow the Government of In a letter dated 8 April, the representative Benin and establish in its place a regime of its of the Ivory Coast stated that Benin's second own choice. According to the documents, a report of 4 April 1977 contained serious accu- French national, Gilbert Bourgeaud, who had sations against his country, in reply to which been employed as an adviser to the President he submitted a statement which had been issued of Gabon since 3 August 1976, had been iden- on 16 March by the Political Bureau of the tified by photograph by the prisoner as Colonel Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast, denying any Maurin. However, the Special Mission knowledge of mercenaries having been re- stated that the terms of its mandate, as well cruited in the Ivory Coast. It pointed out that as the time at its disposal, had not permitted 1.2 million non-Ivory Coast Africans were liv- it to investigate further and verify the testimony ing in the Ivory Coast, and they had all been of the prisoner or the suggestive evidence con- officially advised not to abuse the hospitality tained in the documentation. of the country nor to engage in any activities from the Ivory Coast directed against their countries of origin. Communications (March-April 1977) On 28 March 1977, the Secretary-General Consideration by the circulated the text of a telegram from the Pres- Security Council (April 1977) ident of Gabon in which the President expressed The Security Council considered the report his astonishment at the conclusion contained of its Special Mission to Benin at six meetings in the report of the Security Council Special held between 6 and 14 April 1977. At their Mission to Benin and his disappointment at request, the following States were invited to the cursory manner in which the inquiry had participate in the discussion without the right been conducted. He invited members of the to vote: Algeria, Botswana, Cuba, Egypt, Equa- Special Mission to visit Gabon to supplement torial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, the Ivory Coast, their information and added that his country the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Mada- had at no time been involved in the alleged gascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia, Morocco, aggression. Mozambique, the Niger, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, On 4 April, the Secretary-General circulated Somalia, Togo, the United Republic of Tan- the text of a letter dated 23 March by which zania, and the Upper Volta. the President of Gabon requested authoriza- The representative of Panama, Chairman of tion for another mission to visit Gabon to con- the Special Mission, introduced the report. He duct a full counter-investigation and ascertain drew attention to the conclusions of the Spe- Matters relating to Africa 211 cial Mission that Benin had indeed been sub- cil should adopt a resolution which would have jected to aggression, and that a majority of the broad applicability and would prohibit the attacking force were mercenaries. He added planning of subversion and the recruitment, that the Mission had concluded that a similar training, equipping and/or transport of mer- operation could be conducted elsewhere against cenaries. small defenceless countries for similar purposes. The representative of Mozambique said that The representative of Benin said that the if the international community was seriously Special Mission's report had confirmed the fol- concerned with eradicating international ter- lowing: Benin had been subjected to an aggres- rorism, specific measures had to be taken to sion on 16 January by mercenaries; most of end the use of mercenaries in Africa and to the members of the armed force were white; discourage those who armed, employed and their lingua franca was French; their chief of assisted them in their operations. staff was a French officer; their point of depar- The USSR said that the Special Mission's re- ture and arrival was Paris; and their air tickets port left no doubt that Benin had been the were bought from Air France and UTA (Union victim of an armed attack whose main purpose de transports aériens). Thus, Benin had well- was the overthrow of its Government; this con- founded reasons for proclaiming that those pri- stituted a clear-cut case of armed aggression. marily responsible for the armed aggression The international community must severely were reactionary neo-colonialist circles in France condemn the use of mercenaries for the sup- who found intolerable the revolutionary process pression of national liberation movements and under way in Benin since 26 October 1972. for the restoration of colonial and neo-colonial Benin would, through the Council, ask France domination. for its co-operation in seeing to it that those Gabon, the Ivory Coast and Morocco, which persons who had committed crimes against had been accused by Benin of complicity, de- the people of Benin were brought to justice. nied involvement in the aggression and called Meanwhile, Benin was asking the Council for for a fuller investigation, citing the Special Mis- vigorous condemnation of this act of armed sion's own statement that both time and the aggression, of the role played by the financial terms of its mandate had precluded verification powers responsible, and the international mer- of the prisoner's testimony and of the numer- cenaries involved. The representative of Benin ous documents the Mission had been shown. added that the consequences of the aggression The representative of Gabon, after respond- for Benin's economy were serious, and his coun- ing in detail to the allegations, said that, in try was asking the Council to ensure compen- order to help establish the truth, his country sation for damage and to provide assistance. reiterated its invitation extended through the Many speakers condemned the armed aggres- Secretary-General to the same Special Mission sion against Benin, the violation of its territorial to go also to Gabon, together with the alleged integrity, independence and sovereignty, and mercenary captured at Cotonou, in order to the use of mercenaries in Africa and elsewhere. supplement his information on the spot. In this connexion, the representative of Mauri- The representative of Morocco expressed his tius stated that the Council was in a position country's profound indignation at the decision to condemn strongly the activities of interna- of Benin to circulate a report designed to cast tional mercenaries and acts of aggression to suspicion on neighbouring heads of State. destabilize States. In his country's view, the Although it rejected all Benin's accusations, adoption of international criminal legislation Morocco was alarmed by the increase in mer- through a convention would be a timely initia- cenary operations in Africa, to which another tive for dealing with "mercenarism," which country, Zaire, had just fallen victim. should be outlawed as an international crime, The Algerian representative said that the like piracy and genocide. Council could not be content merely with indig- The representative of Somalia said that the nant denials by the Governments implicated United Nations should invite all States not only in the matter. Instead, those Governments to enact national legislation aimed at combat- should voluntarily help to clarify the informa- ing mercenaries but also to take effective and tion furnished by the Mission. The Security stringent measures to deter and prevent the Council had to deal with recourse by certain recurrence of such acts of aggression. He added Governments to mercenaries for political aims that the problem of international mercenaries in other countries, he continued. The whole was serious enough to warrant Security Coun- system of mercenaries could not be main- cil action in accordance with Article 1 of the 32 32 Charter of the United Nations, and the Coun- For text of Article 1 of Chapter I of the Charter, see APPENDIX II. 212 Political and security questions

tained without the complicity, or at least the transit of mercenaries, designed to overthrow complacency, of certain Governments. the Government of any Member State. It also The spokesman for France said that France called on all States to consider taking neces- associated itself with those countries which had sary measures to prohibit, under their respec- condemned the acts against Benin. It respected tive domestic laws, the recruitment, training the independence of States and was committed and transit of mercenaries on their territory to non-intervention in their internal affairs. and territories under their control, and con- That principle brooked no exception, the demned all forms of external interference in French representative said; the actions of ad- the internal affairs of Member States, includ- venturers against independent African States ing the use of international mercenaries to de- had to be condemned unequivocally. France, stabilize States and/or to violate the territorial however, could not accept the allegation that integrity, sovereignty and independence of the whole operation originated and was mount- States. ed in France and was led and carried out by The Council then asked the Secretary-Gen- Frenchmen. Movement of persons, purchase eral to provide technical assistance to help the of airline tickets and opening of bank accounts Government of Benin in assessing and evaluat- were subject to no limitations and required no ing the damage resulting from the aggression special authorization, he added. It was, thus, committed in January, and appealed to all not always in the power of the French Govern- States to provide material assistance to Benin to ment to prevent adventurers from engaging in enable it to repair the damage and losses. It certain initiatives. was noted by the Council that Benin had re- The representative of the United States ex- served its right with respect to any eventual pressed the concern of his Government over claims for compensation which it might wish to the armed attack on Benin and the loss of life assert. and damage to property, and its concern at The Council called on all States to provide the apparent violation of Benin's territorial it with any information they might have in integrity. The United States, he said, opposed connexion with the events in Cotonou on the use of mercenaries to intervene in the inter- 16 January likely to throw further light on nal affairs of other countries and was committed those events, asked the Secretary-General to to enforcement of its laws concerning recruit- follow closely the implementation of this reso- ment of United States citizens as mercenaries. lution, and decided to remain seized of the On 14 April, the Security Council adopted question. by consensus, as resolution 405 (1977), a text (For text of resolution 405 (1977), see DOCU- proposed by Benin, India, the Libyan Arab MENTARY REFERENCES below.) Jamahiriya, Mauritius and Panama. By this text, the Council—after expressing its grave concern at the violation of the territorial in- Communications (October-November 1977) tegrity, independence and sovereignty of Benin By a letter dated 13 October 1977, the repre- and its grief at the loss of life and substantial sentative of Benin transmitted the text of a damage to property caused by the invading revised report by his Government evaluating force during its attack on Cotonou on 16 Janu- the damages resulting from the aggression ary 1977—took note of the Special Mission's committed at Cotonou on 16 January. The re- report, expressed appreciation for its work, port, superseding the one circulated in April, and strongly condemned the act of armed ag- was based on new statistical data and on reports gression against Benin in January. prepared by two expert consultants who had The Council then reaffirmed its resolution visited Cotonou from 27 June to 26 July 1977 of 10 July 196733 by which it had condemned in accordance with the Security Council's reso- any State which persisted in permitting or tol- lution of 14 April. It concluded that the direct erating the recruitment of mercenaries, and and indirect losses incurred amounted to ap- the provision of facilities to them, with the ob- proximately 7,000 million CFA francs, or $28 jective of overthrowing the Governments of million. Texts of the two expert's reports, on States Members of the United Nations. material damage and on damage to persons, It called on all States to exercise the utmost were annexed. vigilance against the danger posed by interna- By a letter dated 4 November, the represen- tional mercenaries and to ensure that their ter- tative of Benin requested that a meeting of the ritory and nationals, and territories under their Security Council be convened to resume con- control, were not used for the planning of sub- 33 version, and the recruitment, training and See Y.U.N., 1967, p. 130, text of resolution 239 (1967). Matters relating to Africa 213 sideration of the question of the armed aggres- in accordance with its laws. The investigation sion against it of 16 January. produced nothing, as the Government of Benin had been informed on 8 August. The myste- Consideration by the Security rious circumstances of the attack, whereby the Council (22-24 November 1977) raiders had left documentary evidence on the The Security Council resumed its considera- spot, cast doubts on the value of the documents tion of Benin's complaint at three meetings appended to the report of the Council Mission. held between 22 and 24 November 1977. The According to the French representative, those representatives of Algeria, Angola, the Congo, doubts appeared well-founded, now that the Cuba, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Madagascar, French investigation was over. Raids by adven- Mali, Mozambique and Viet Nam, at their re- ture-seekers against independent States of Africa quest, were invited to participate in the dis- were a scourge of the times, he said. France cussion without the right to vote. supported the efforts of international organiza- The representative of Benin said the Coun- tions to end such interventions, which it viewed cil should take stock of the situation since the as inadmissible interference in the internal adoption of its resolution of 14 April. Addi- affairs of States. But France could not allow any tional information gathered by Benin since accusation of itself with regard to events in then, when the Council had considered the re- which it was not involved in any way. port of its Special Mission, had confirmed that The representative of the USSR said that the aggression of 16 January was an operation events like those in Benin caused serious alarm organized by international imperialism to end in his country, which considered that the inter- Benin's revolutionary process. Acting in accor- national community had a duty to take effec- dance with the Council's resolution, Benin had tive measures to prevent the use of mercenar- requested from various Governments informa- ies for crushing national liberation movements. tion aimed at shedding light on the events sur- The USSR also considered that the armed rounding that attack and had been surprised attack on Benin was the latest link in a chain by the silence of the French Government; Benin of criminal acts of international neo-colonialism could only conclude from additional informa- and imperialism on African soil which were de- tion it had gathered that high-level French offi- signed to get rid of inconvenient Governments. cials in Cotonou were aware of the aggression The representative of China said his coun- long before its execution and that two French try supported the just position of the Govern- agents in Cotonou had participated in its actual ment of Benin in condemning the use of mer- preparation and execution. Since that attack, cenaries to threaten and overthrow sovereign the representative said, Benin had been con- States, and expressed profound sympathy for tinually subjected to imperialist pressures and the losses suffered by the people of Benin in discriminatory economic measures. A vast cam- the incident. He added that, with the intensi- paign had totally modified Benin's trade and fication of the contention and rivalry between financial relations with some partners. The the super-powers in Africa, the organization Council, he said, should adopt effective mea- and use of mercenaries had assumed greater sures to eliminate the scourge of mercenaries importance in acts of aggression and expan- and end their use against the sovereignty, sion. The representative called attention to re- integrity and territorial independence of small cent expressions of unity among numerous and practically defenceless States. The Council African countries against the common enemy should again ask all States whose nationals took and their firm determination to combat super- part in the aggression to co-operate with Benin power hegemonism and its use of mercenaries to take action against those mercenaries who for aggression and expansion. were still alive. Many speakers, including Algeria, Angola, The French representative said his Govern- Cuba, Equatorial Guinea and Mali, expressed ment wished to make quite clear its denial that their solidarity with the people and Govern- the French Government or any French service ment of Benin. They said that the international had any responsibility for the preparation and community should not hesitate to assume its execution of the raid of 16 January on Coto- responsibilities and come to the aid of the vic- nou. France formally condemned that opera- tim of aggression. They added that the esti- tion. The French Government, noting that doc- mated damage of $28 million could be consid- uments communicated by Benin to the Security ered only an approximate figure, since the Council Special Mission mentioned individuals moral damage and long-term implications for who were termed French nationals, had under- the economy and life of the people of Benin taken an investigation on its own initiative and could not be measured. 214 Political and security questions

On 24 November, a text sponsored by Benin, (2) took note of the report on evaluation of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Mauritius, and damages submitted by Benin; revised by them, was adopted by the Security (3) called on all States to co-operate closely Council without a vote as resolution 419 (1977). to gather all useful information concerning By the preamble to the text, the Council the mercenaries involved in the events of among other things expressed its concern over 16 January; the danger which international mercenaries (4) took note of the desire of the Govern- represented for all States, in particular the ment of Benin to have the mercenaries who smaller ones, and said it was convinced of the participated in the attack subjected to due pro- necessity of co-operation among all States to cess of law; collect more information about the mercenar- (5) appealed to all States and all appropri- ies who operated against Benin on 16 Janu- ate international organizations, including the ary 1977. United Nations and its specialized agencies, to By the operative provisions of the text, the assist Benin to repair the damage caused by Council: the act of aggression; (1) reaffirmed its resolution of 14 April (6) requested the Secretary-General to pro- (405(1977)) by which it had, among other pro- vide all necessary assistance to Benin for the visions, taken note of the report of the Special implementation of the foregoing provision; Mission and strongly condemned the aggres- (7) requested the Secretary-General to watch sion against Benin on 16 January and all forms over the implementation of this resolution and of external interference in the internal affairs to report to the Security Council not later than of Member States, including the use of inter- 30 September 1978; and national mercenaries to destabilize States and/ (8) decided to remain seized of the matter. or to violate their territorial integrity, sover- (For text of resolution 419 (1977), see DOCU- eignty and independence; MENTARY REFERENCES below.)

Documentary references

Communications (January-February 1977) State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes S/12278. Letter of 26 January from Benin. of the United Nations, S/12281. Letter of 4 February from Guinea (transmitting mes- 1. Affirms that the territorial integrity and political indepen- sage from President of Guinea). dence of the People's Republic of Benin must be respected; S/12283. Letter of 7 February from Sri Lanka (transmitting 2. Decides to send a Special Mission composed of three communiqué issued by Co-ordinating Bureau of Non-Aligned members of the Security Council to the People's Republic of Countries on 31 January 1977). Benin in order to investigate the events of 16 January 1977 S/12284. Letter of 8 February from Jordan (transmitting com- at Cotonou and report not later than the end of February 1977; munique issued by Arab group on 8 February 1977). 3. Decides that the members of the Special Mission will S/12285. Letter of 8 February from Rwanda. be appointed after consultations between the President and the members of the Security Council; Consideration by the Security 4. Requests the Secretary-General to provide the Special Council (7 and 8 February 1977) Mission with the necessary assistance; 5. Decides to remain seized of the question. Security Council, meetings 1986, 1987. S/12286, S/12289. Notes, dated 10 and 23 February 1977, S/12278. Letter of 26 January from Benin (request to con- by President of Security Council. vene Council). S/INF/33. Resolutions and decisions of Security Council, S/12282 and Rev.1. Benin, Libyan Arab Republic, Mauritius: 1977. Decisions, pp. 16-17. draft resolution and revision. Report of the Special Mission to Benin Resolution 404 (1977), as proposed by 3 powers, S/12282/ S/12294/Rev.1. Report of Security Council Special Mission Rev.1, adopted by consensus by Council on 8 February to People's Republic of Benin established under resolution 1977, meeting 1987. 404 (1977) (Security Council Official Records, 32nd Year, Special Supplement No. 3). The Security Council, Taking note of the letter dated 26 January 1977 from the Communications (March-April 1977) Chargé d'Affaires, a.i., of the Permanent Mission of the Peo- S/12313, S/12317. Letters of 28 March and 4 April from Sec- ple's Republic of Benin to the United Nations addressed to retary-General (transmitting telegram, and letter of 23 March the President of the Security Council, 1977, from Gabon). Having heard the statement of the Permanent Represen- S/12318 and Add.1. Letter of 4 April from Benin (transmitting tative of the People's Republic of Benin, report of Government) (cover note). Add.1: Report. Bearing in mind that all Member States must refrain in S/12319 and Add.1. Letter of 4 April from Benin (transmit- their international relations from the threat or use of force ting report adopted by Government on 12 March 1977) against the territorial integrity or political independence of any (cover note). Add.1: Report. Matters relating to Africa 215

S/12320. Letter of 8 April from Ivory Coast (transmitting state- S/INF/33. Resolutions and decisions of Security Council, 1977. ment issued at Abidjan on 16 March 1977). Decisions, pp. 17-18.

Consideration by the Communications (October-November 1977) Security Council (April 1977) S/12415. Letter of 13 October from Benin (transmitting re- vised report). Security Council, meetings 2000-2005. S/12437. Letter of 4 November from Benin.

S/12294/Rev.1. Report of Security Council Special Mission to People's Republic of Benin established under resolution Consideration by the Security 404 (1977). Council (22-24 November 1977) S/12322. Benin, India, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritius, Panama: draft resolution. Security Council, meetings 2047-2049.

S/12437. Letter of 4 November from Benin (request to con- Resolution 405 (1977), as proposed by 5 powers, S/12322, vene Council). adopted by consensus by Council on 14 April 1977, meeting S/12454 and Rev.1. Benin, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauri- 2005. tius: draft resolution and revision.

The Security Council, Resolution 419 (1977), as proposed by 3 powers, S/12454/ Having considered the report of the Security Council Spe- Rev.1, adopted without vote or objection by Council on cial Mission to the People's Republic of Benin established 24 November 1977, meeting 2049. under resolution 404 (1977) of 8 February 1977, Gravely concerned at the violation of the territorial integ- The Security Council, rity, independence and sovereignty of the State of Benin, Having heard the statement of the Permanent Represen- Deeply grieved at the loss of life and substantial damage tative of the People's Republic of Benin to the United Nations, to property caused by the invading force during its attack on especially regarding the threats of aggression by mercenaries, Cotonou on 16 January 1977, Deeply concerned over the danger which international mer- 1. Takes note of the report of the Special Mission and cenaries represent for all States, in particular the smaller expresses its appreciation for the work accomplished; ones, 2. Strongly condemns the act of armed aggression per- Convinced of the necessity of co-operation between all petrated against the People's Republic of Benin on 16 Janu- States, in conformity with paragraph 10 of resolution 405 (1977) ary 1977; of 4 April 1977, to collect more information about the mer- 3. Reaffirms its resolution 239 (1967) of 10 July 1967, by cenaries who operated against the People's Republic of Benin which, inter alia, it condemns any State which persists in per- on 16 January 1977, mitting or tolerating the recruitment of mercenaries and the 1. Reaffirms its resolution 405 (1977), in which it had, provision of facilities to them, with the objective of overthrow- among other provisions, taken note of the report of the Secu- ing the Governments of Member States; rity Council Special Mission to the People's Republic of Benin 4. Calls upon all States to exercise the utmost vigilance established under resolution 404 (1977) of 8 February 1977 against the danger posed by international mercenaries and and strongly condemned the act of armed aggression per- to ensure that their territory and other territories under their petrated against the People's Republic of Benin on 16 Janu- control, as well as their nationals, are not used for the plan- ary 1977 and all forms of external interference in the internal ning of subversion and recruitment, training and transit of mer- affairs of Member States, including the use of international cenaries designed to overthrow the Government of any Mem- mercenaries to destabilize States and/or to violate their terri- ber State; torial integrity, sovereignty and independence; 5. Further calls upon all States to consider taking neces- 2. Takes note of the report on the evaluation of damages sary measures to prohibit, under their respective domestic contained in document S/12415; laws, the recruitment, training and transit of mercenaries on 3. Calls upon all States to work in close co-operation in their territory and other territories under their control; order to gather all useful information concerning all merce- 6. Condemns all forms of external interference in the inter- naries involved in the events of 16 January 1977, in compli- nal affairs of Member States, including the use of international ance with paragraph 10 of resolution 405 (1977); mercenaries to destabilize States and/or to violate their terri- 4. Takes note of the desire of the Government of Benin torial integrity, sovereignty and independence; to have the mercenaries who participated in the attacking 7. Requests the Secretary-General to provide appropriate forces against the People's Republic of Benin on 16 Janu- technical assistance to help the Government of Benin in assess- ary 1977 subjected to due process of law; ing and evaluating the damage resulting from the act of armed 5. Appeals to all States and all appropriate international aggression committed at Cotonou on 16 January 1977; organizations, including the United Nations and its specialized 8. Appeals to all States to provide material assistance to agencies, to assist Benin to repair the damage caused by the the People's Republic of Benin in order to enable it to repair act of aggression; the damage and losses inflicted during the attack; 6. Requests the Secretary-General to provide all neces- 9. Notes that the Government of Benin has reserved its sary assistance to Benin for the implementation of paragraph 5 right with respect to any eventual claims for compensation of the present resolution; which it may wish to assert; 7. Requests the Secretary-General to watch over the 10. Calls upon all States to provide the Security Council implementation of the present resolution, with particular refer- with any information they might have in connexion with the ence to paragraphs 3, 4, 5 and 6, and to report to the Secu- events at Cotonou on 16 January 1977 likely to throw further rity Council not later than 30 September 1978; light on those events; 8. Decides to remain seized of the matter. 11. Requests the Secretary-General to follow closely the implementation of the present resolution; S/INF/33. Resolutions and decisions of Security Council, 1977. 12. Decides to remain seized of this question. Decisions, p. 18. 216 Political and security questions

Questions concerning Botswana

Complaint by Botswana against Southern Rhodesia tions of Botswana's territorial integrity by the security forces of Southern Rhodesia since Communications Botswana's accession to independence in 1966 On 22 December 1976, the representative of including murder, arson, kidnapping and the Botswana submitted a complaint to the Security destruction of houses by explosives, and he Council in connexion with what he termed se- cited a number of specific instances. The in- rious acts of aggression committed against Bot- cursions into Botswana were becoming more swana by the illegal regime in Southern Rho- frequent and more serious and amounted to desia, and requested an urgent meeting of the unprovoked acts of war. He said that Botswana Council to consider the situation.34 remained determined to continue to open its On 11 January 1977, the representative of doors to those who were persecuted and op- Morocco, on behalf of the African group of pressed for political reasons in their own coun- Member States at the United Nations, informed tries. Botswana could not afford to develop an the President of the Security Council that the army but had decided, he said, to increase the African group fully supported Botswana's re- size of its police mobile unit and equip it for quest. greater resistance. Such an expansion—which In a letter dated 12 January, the represen- would be at the expense of the country's vari- tative of Botswana conveyed additional infor- ous development projects—would cost about mation concerning his country's complaint, $29 million over the next four years, and he charging, among other things, that a Southern appealed to the United Nations and to the Rhodesian special commando force, the so- international community in general to provide called Selous Scouts, was being trained to carry the necessary financial assistance. out missions of sabotage, abductions and attacks The Foreign Minister went on to say that in in Botswana and that the regime had declared Botswana's view the current acts of aggression the entire 400-mile border between Southern by the regime in Southern Rhodesia could, if Rhodesia and Botswana a war zone. It de- unchecked, eventually engulf the whole of scribed recent violations of Botswana's territorial southern Africa in racial conflagration. It was integrity and sovereignty; stated that Botswana clear that, as the war of liberation against the intended to stand by its decision to grant polit- illegal regime intensified, the regime would be- ical asylum to those who fled from oppression come more and more desperate and look for in the minority-ruled States of southern Africa; scapegoats. Recent attacks against Mozambique outlined Botswana's response to the acts of (see subchapter below) and Botswana and threats aggression being committed against it; and de- against Zambia, he said, were clear manifesta- scribed the type of assistance it was seeking tions of the aggressive intentions of the regime from the United Nations and the international of Ian Smith. The Security Council should pro- community to ensure that its development pro- nounce itself without any equivocation on the gramme was not disrupted by the diversion of issue in the hope that the regime would desist funds for security measures. from further acts of aggression against neigh- bouring States. He attributed the unprovoked Consideration by the Security aggression against Botswana to the denial of Council (12-14 January 1977) the right of self-determination to the vast ma- The Security Council considered Botswana's jority of the people of Southern Rhodesia and complaint against Southern Rhodesia at three he urged the Council to use the opportunity meetings held between 12 and 14 January 1977. to reaffirm its belief in the inalienable right The following States were invited, at their re- of all those people to self-determination and quest, to participate in the Council's discussion independence on the basis of majority rule. without the right to vote: Botswana, Cuba, The representative of Zambia said that the Equatorial Guinea, the German Democratic aim of the Smith regime was to pressure Bot- Republic, Kenya, Lesotho, Mali, Morocco, swana into not granting political asylum to those Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, who fled from Southern Rhodesia. Smith, he Togo, the United Republic of Tanzania, Yugo- said, was pursuing the victims of oppression slavia and Zambia. into Botswana on the pretext of counteracting The Minister for External Affairs of Bot- 34 swana said that there had been about 36 viola- See Y.U.N., 1976, p. 171. Matters relating to Africa 217 the activities of the freedom fighters of Zim- long period of time the Southern Rhodesian babwe; but he was refusing to reckon with the racist regime had ceaselessly sent armed forces fact that the freedom fighters were operating to commit unbridled aggression against Bot- within Zimbabwe itself and not from Botswana swana—which it accused of supporting and or any other neighbouring State. Smith had harbouring freedom fighters—causing tremen- no one to blame but himself for the devastat- dous losses to the lives and property of the ing blows currently being dealt his regime by people of Botswana. He said that the racist the freedom fighters and should not look for regime had recently intensified its counter- scapegoats as a reaction to their onslaught. revolutionary dual tactics: on the one hand, The Zambian representative went on to say it was engaged in political fraud by hypocriti- that the United Kingdom, as the colonial au- cally professing its readiness to bring about thority for Southern Rhodesia, should ensure reconciliation; on the other, it was greatly in- that the illegal regime did not carry out acts creasing its defence budget, prolonging the of aggression against Botswana and other neigh- term of military service, stepping up its repres- bouring African countries. The Smith regime, sion of the armed struggle of the Zimbabwe with the connivance of apartheid South Africa people and even wantonly sending troops for and in direct or indirect collaboration with incessant aggression against the sovereign States countries which sold arms to the rebel British of Zambia, Mozambique and Botswana in an colony or had vested economic interests in attempt to force those countries to abandon southern Africa, was determined to maintain their support for the just struggle of the Zim- the status quo, even to the extent of engulfing babwe people. In China's view, the Security the entire area in a nuclear war. The recent Council should adopt a resolution sternly con- unprovoked acts of aggression against Botswana demning the criminal acts of aggression com- and Mozambique had to be seen in that con- mitted by the Southern Rhodesian racist regime text, he said; the underlying cause of the whole against Botswana, enjoining that regime to cease conflict was the existence of the illegal racist immediately those acts, commending the just minority regimes in the region. Botswana had stand of Botswana and calling upon all Govern- every right to expect and receive assistance ments and peoples to give firm support and from the international community. The Secu- powerful assistance to Botswana's just struggle. rity Council should condemn the illegal regime The representative of the USSR said that of Southern Rhodesia for its acts of aggression the ruling circles in Salisbury were attempting against Botswana and call on it to desist forth- to maintain domination by the white minority with from committing further aggression. through military raids and acts of provocation A number of these points were also made on the part of the Rhodesian army against by Benin, Equatorial Guinea, India, Kenya, Mozambique, acts of aggression against Bot- Lesotho, the Libyan Arab Republic (subsequent- swana, violations of the sovereignty of Zambia ly the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Mali, Mauritius, and the stepping up of repression. The aggres- Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Pakistan, Pa- sive actions against Botswana were viewed by nama, Sierra Leone, Somalia and the United his Government, he said, as one more crime Republic of Tanzania. on the part of the racists and a most flagrant The representative of Yugoslavia said that violation of the principles of international law. the Smith regime, while paying lip service to Responsibility for the situation belonged not negotiations, was by its military actions violat- only to those who were acting as the direct arm ing the territorial integrity and sovereignty of of aggression but also was shared by those who neighbouring African countries, killing inno- connived with the racists; the material respon- cent civilians and destroying the material goods sibility for providing compensation for the in- of those developing countries. The German jury caused to Botswana and other African Democratic Republic supported the request countries by the racist regime of Southern Rho- by Botswana for assistance and called for un- desia should be borne by that regime and also ambiguous measures by the Security Council by those States and monopolies which support- against the racists in Pretoria and Salisbury. ed it and maintained economic and other ties The representative of Romania said that the with it. positive experience accumulated by the Secre- The representatives of Canada, France, the tary-General in similar situations, as well as the Federal Republic of Germany and the United possibility of using the machinery of the United States observed that their Governments were Nations, should be taken into account in finding supporting the efforts being undertaken by the most effective means of helping Botswana. the United Kingdom through the Geneva con- The spokesman for China said that over a ference to move towards majority rule in South- 218 Political and security questions ern Rhodesia, which they considered to be the swana to strengthen its security in order to true solution to problems involving Southern safeguard its sovereignty, territorial integrity Rhodesia. and independence. Finally by the preamble, The representative of Canada said that the the Council reaffirmed the legal responsibility Security Council had two primary, overriding of the United Kingdom over Southern Rhode- responsibilities with regard to Botswana's com- sia, in accordance with relevant resolutions of plaint: first, to do everything in its power to the United Nations. By the operative provi- stop the violations of that country's territorial sions of the text, the Security Council: sovereignty; and, second, until that result was (1) strongly condemned all acts of provoca- obtained, to give all possible help in counter- tion and harassment, including military threats ing the special economic hardships confronting and attacks, murder, arson, kidnapping and Botswana because of the defence obligations destruction of property, committed against Bot- imposed on it. swana by the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia; The representative of the Federal Republic (2) condemned all political repression by of Germany said that, within the framework that regime that violated fundamental rights of its development aid programme, his Gov- and freedoms of the people of Southern Rho- ernment would continue and strengthen its aid desia and contributed to instability and absence in the current year and was prepared to sup- of peace in the region as a whole; port any solution which would be of genuine (3) deplored all acts of collaboration and assistance to Botswana. The representative of collusion which sustained the illegal regime and the United States said his Government had in encouraged defiance with impunity of Council the past provided developmental assistance to resolutions, with adverse consequences for peace Botswana and would continue to do so in the and security in the region; future. It would also continue to work for the (4) demanded the immediate and total ces- kind of peaceful political settlement in south- sation of all hostile acts committed against Bot- ern Africa that would truly ensure the inde- swana by the illegal regime; pendence and integrity of Botswana. (5) took cognizance of the special economic The spokesman for the United Kingdom said hardship confronting Botswana as a result of his Government had already contributed sub- the need to divert funds from development stantial economic aid to Botswana, had tradi- projects to security measures needed to defend tionally been a major aid donor, and would itself against attacks and threats by the illegal continue its assistance. He shared the view that regime in Southern Rhodesia; the incidents along the border were really a (6) accepted Botswana's invitation to dis- facet of the continuing problem of Southern patch a mission to assess its needs in carrying Rhodesia and would cease if a negotiated settle- out its development projects in the circum- ment to the Rhodesian problem could be stances, and accordingly requested the Secretary- achieved. He noted that his Government was General, in collaboration with United Nations currently engaged in efforts to achieve such a organizations, to organize immediate finan- settlement through the Geneva conference. cial and other assistance and to report to the On 14 January, the Security Council adopted, Security Council by 31 March 1977; as resolution 403 (1977), a draft text sponsored (7) requested the United Nations and the by Benin, India, the Libyan Arab Republic, organizations and programmes concerned, in- Mauritius, Pakistan, Panama, Romania and cluding the Economic and Social Council, the Venezuela. The vote was 13 in favour to O United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul- against, with 2 abstentions (the United King- tural Organization, the World Health Organiza- dom and the United States). tion, the United Nations Development Pro- By the preambular part of the text, the Coun- gramme, the Food and Agriculture Organiza- cil among other things expressed its concern tion and the International Fund for Agricul- at the dangerous situation created by the pro- tural Development, to assist Botswana to carry vocative and hostile acts committed by the ille- out the development projects without interrup- gal regime in Southern Rhodesia against the tion; security and well-being of Botswana, and at the (8) appealed to all States to respond posi- loss of human life and damage to property tively in providing assistance to Botswana, in caused by those acts. It noted with apprecia- the light of the report of the Secretary-Gen- tion Botswana's decision to continue to give eral's mission; and asylum to political refugees fleeing from in- (9) decided to remain seized of the matter. human oppression by the illegal regime, and (For text of resolution 403 (1977), see DOCU- expressed its awareness of the need for Bot- MENTARY REFERENCES below.) Matters relating to Africa 219

Explaining his vote on the eight-power text, either not been included in Botswana's national the representative of the United Kingdom said development plan for 1976-1981 or, if included, that, as his Government had said it was willing needed to be modified or accelerated. These to assume a direct role in a transitional govern- were: (1) the expansion of the police mobile ment in Southern Rhodesia, it believed it should unit; (2) projects to safeguard Botswana's beef abstain in the vote. He emphasized, however, industry from foot-and-mouth disease, to re- that the abstention should not be taken as mean- duce tension along the border, and to allow ing that the United Kingdom was in any way the Government to patrol the area to protect indifferent to infringements of the territorial citizens and their property; (3) projects to safe- integrity of Botswana. guard Botswana against deterioration or col- The United States representative explained lapse of the railway; (4) projects to meet emer- his abstention by pointing out that his Govern- gency food requirements and to provide a stra- ment had played a particular role in seeking tegic food reserve; and (5) projects to allow to bring all sides together in the search for a Botswana to deal with the refugee situation. peaceful solution of the underlying problem The Mission summarized the financial impli- regarding Southern Rhodesia; its ability to con- cations of the projects and estimated the diver- tinue to contribute in that way would be best sion of resources from normal development served by joining the United Kingdom which, that would be required to carry them out. It he said, had a very special role in the current identified four major means by which the inter- effort to find a peaceful settlement of the Rho- national community could assist Botswana to desian problem. carry out its normal development projects in Following the adoption of the resolution, the new circumstances: (1) general programme the Secretary-General said he had taken note assistance to match the diversion of funds from of the Council's request that he organize as normal development; (2) project assistance for soon as possible financial and other forms of project included in the national development assistance to Botswana and dispatch a mission plan for which financing had not yet been to assess its needs. He said he would carry out arranged; (3) assistance in carrying out emer- his responsibility in close co-operation with gency projects; and (4) agreement by financing the appropriate organizations of the United agencies to reduce or waive local cost contribu- Nations system. tions to development projects and programmes. The Canadian spokesman said that Canada, By a letter dated 18 April, the Secretary-Gen- as a country with a very substantial involve- eral transmitted to all Member States of the ment in development programmes in Botswana, United Nations and members of the specialized would wish to consider very carefully the im- agencies the report of the Mission to Botswana pact of any proposals arising out of the dis- and pointed out that, according to the report, patch of a mission, and that in the meantime the sum required by Botswana to enable it to its support of the resolution was without preju- continue with its normal development would dice to the position it might take on such amount to $53.5 million over the next three proposals. years. He expressed confidence that all States would respond positively to the Security Coun- Report of the Mission to Botswana cil's appeal by providing Botswana with the On 28 March 1977, the Secretary-General financial and material help it so urgently transmitted the report of the Mission to Bot- needed. swana which was appointed in the context of the Security Council's resolution of 14 Janu- ary (403(1977)). He noted that, following con- Consideration by the Security sultations with the Minister for External Affairs Council (24 and 25 May 1977) of Botswana, he had appointed a six-member The Security Council considered the report Mission to advise him on the special economic of the Mission to Botswana at two meetings hardships confronting Botswana and to assess held on 24 and 25 May 1977. The represen- the needs of Botswana in carrying out its de- tatives of Botswana and Sierra Leone were in- velopment projects in the prevailing circum- vited, at their request, to participate in the dis- stances. cussion without the right to vote. The report described the deteriorating secu- In introducing the report of the Mission, the rity situation of the country and the problems Secretary-General said that the Government of posed by the influx of refugees from South Botswana would need to divert almost $28 mil- Africa and Southern Rhodesia. It recommended lion from development resources to unplanned five groups of emergency projects which had and unbudgeted security needs, which would 220 Political and security questions include the cost of protection, transport and and other assistance to alleviate Botswana's eco- supervision of refugees; in addition, approx- nomic difficulties. imately $25 million would be required for un- The representative of the Libyan Arab Jama- planned emergency projects during the next hiriya said that, in view of the acts of aggres- two to three years, with corresponding increases sion and the increasing threat to the peace and in recurrent expenditures. He drew the Coun- security of the world, the Security Council cil's attention to his letter of appeal of 18 April could no longer delay the adoption of effec- to Member States and to concerned organiza- tive measures to put an end to the illegal mi- tions and said he would convene at United Na- nority regime in Southern Rhodesia. The peace tions Headquarters, on 6 June 1977, a meet- and security of the area could be achieved only ing of representatives of Governments inter- by granting to the people of Zimbabwe their ested in contributing to the programme of right to self-determination and independence. assistance recommended in the Mission's report. The continued existence of the illegal regime The Minister for External Affairs of Bot- in Southern Rhodesia could only result in the swana said that the diversion of resources to increased oppression of the Zimbabwe people Botswana's security needs had started even be- and in repeated acts of aggression against Bot- fore the Mission made its report, as the situa- swana and other neighbouring countries. His tion called for urgent action. The National Government endorsed the recommendations Assembly had recently passed an act creating of the Mission to Botswana, and urged that the Botswana Defence Force, whose first re- all possible assistance and support be extended cruits were already in active service. Drastic to the Government of Botswana to help it over- cuts had been made from various projects to come the consequences of those acts of aggres- make that possible. sion. He went on to say that the state of tension The recommendations of the Mission were continued as a result of continuing attacks by also endorsed by India, Pakistan, Panama, Ro- the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia, and mania and Venezuela. the security situation along Botswana's border The representative of the United Kingdom continued to deteriorate. One of the most se- said that his Government was offering £200,000 rious violations occurred on 16 May, he said, to the United Nations High Commissioner for when Botswana was invaded and attacked at Refugees to provide assistance for Rhodesian two points by about 150 rebel troops in heli- refugees, particularly children, who found copters and troop-carriers. The situation could themselves in countries adjacent to Southern easily escalate as a result of the Rhodesian Rhodesia and, particularly, in Botswana. The regime's announced policy of "hot pursuit" of United Kingdom was studying the Mission's freedom fighters, whether real or fake, into report to determine what response it might be Botswana, Mozambique and Zambia. The attacks able to make. It deplored the reported recent on Botswana were systematic and carefully con- incursions into Botswana by military forces of trived to cause panic among the people and the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia, partic- wreak havoc in the refugee camps, which the ularly the serious attack on 16 May, and had regime referred to as "guerrilla bases" to create communicated to Ian Smith its condemnation a pretext for an attack on them, and to intim- of that action. idate Botswana into refusing asylum to those The representative of the Federal Republic fleeing from oppression. That, he said, Bot- of Germany said his Government had been swana would never do. active in bilateral and multilateral programmes The representative of Sierra Leone, speaking of aid to Botswana. Its pledge for 1977 was as current Chairman of the African group of 23 million marks. In response to an urgent call Member States at the United Nations, also said from the Botswana Government for humanitarian that, despite the Council's unanimous condem- aid to assist refugees from Zimbabwe, his Gov- nation of the acts of aggression against Bot- ernment had provided an additional 100,000 swana, more such acts were being reported marks to Botswana on 14 February. daily against Botswana and Zambia, and the The Canadian representative said that his situation along the Rhodesia/Botswana and Government's assistance to Botswana would Zambia/Rhodesia borders had considerably total $22 million for the period 1978-1983 and worsened. On behalf of the African group, he would be focused on strengthening the coun- unequivocally condemned the continued acts try's key economic sectors, including mining, of aggression committed by the illegal racist transportation, education and agriculture. regime against Botswana and appealed to the The representative of the United States said international community to provide financial his Government was discussing financing for Matters relating to Africa 221 educational assistance with the Government of conviction that international solidarity with Botswana and was taking steps to make addi- Botswana, a neighbouring State to Southern tional funds available to help ease the finan- Rhodesia, was essential for the promotion of cial impact of the influx of refugees and to a solution to the question of Southern Rho- assist Botswana in its development projects. desia—expressed full support for Botswana in The French representative said that France its efforts to safeguard its sovereignty, territo- would contribute to the effort that the Euro- rial integrity and independence, and fully en- pean Community planned to make on behalf dorsed the assessment and recommendations of Botswana. By the end of the period 1975- of the Mission to Botswana, as well as the appeal 1980, nearly $23 million would have been given by the Secretary-General to give urgent atten- to Botswana from the European Development tion to providing Botswana with the financial Fund for specific development projects relating and material help it urgently needed. The Coun- to cattle-raising, economic and social infrastruc- cil requested the United Nations, and its orga- ture, communications, technical assistance, and nizations and programmes concerned, to assist training and assistance to small businesses. Botswana in the fields identified in the Mis- The USSR representative said that, while sion's report, asked the Secretary-General to fully supporting the principle that international give the matter of assistance to Botswana his and bilateral assistance should be extended on continued attention and keep the Security Coun- a voluntary basis to the African States that had cil informed, and decided to remain seized of suffered in the current situation, his Govern- the matter. ment also fully realized that a definitive elimi- (For text of resolution 406 (1977), see DOCU- nation of the threat posed by the racist regimes MENTARY REFERENCES below.) to independent African States and created by those regimes in southern Africa could be re- solved only by putting an end to them. The Assistance to Botswana USSR believed that effective measures should be adopted by the Security Council concern- Decision by the Economic and Social Council ing support for independent African States. On 29 July 1977, at its sixty-third session, Only such measures could bring closer the day the Economic and Social Council adopted with- when the struggling peoples of Zimbabwe, out a vote a resolution on assistance to Bot- Namibia and South Africa would win their swana which had been introduced by Yugo- independence. slavia on behalf of States members of the Coun- The representative of China noted that since cil belonging to the "Group of 77" developing the adoption of the Council's resolution on countries. 14 January, the Southern Rhodesian racist regime By this resolution (2095(LXIII)), the Council had shown not the slightest restraint in its aggres- among other things expressed its full support sor arrogance. The illegal regime had dared act so for Botswana in its effort to safeguard its sov- truculently, he said, because it had the strong ereignty and to afford protection to its people backing of imperialism and the South African against attacks and acts of provocation by the racist regime. He said that the Chinese Govern- illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia. The Coun- ment had not entered into, and would never cil took cognizance of the special economic enter into, any direct or indirect political, eco- hardship confronting Botswana because of nomic, trade and other contacts with the South having to divert funds from development pro- African regime and would, as always, firmly jects to hitherto unplanned and unbudgeted support the peoples of Zimbabwe, Namibia security arrangements. and Azania in their just struggle against racism The Council endorsed the assessment and and for national liberation until they won com- recommendations of the Mission to Botswana, plete victory. His Government had studied the as well as the appeals of the Security Council report on assistance to Botswana and held the and of the Secretary-General to provide gen- view that the United Nations should give ener- erous assistance, and called on all States, re- getic support and assistance to the just struggle gional and interregional organizations, and of the people of Botswana by every means. other governmental and non-governmental On 25 May, the Security Council unanimously bodies to respond to those appeals. The appro- adopted, without vote, as resolution 406 (1977), priate organizations and programmes of the a text sponsored by Benin, India, the Libyan United Nations system were asked by the Coun- Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritius, Pakistan, Panama, cil to maintain and increase their current and Romania and Venezuela. By this text, the Coun- future programmes of assistance to Botswana cil—after, among other things, expressing its and to co-operate closely with the Secretary- 222 Political and security questions

General in organizing an effective international encouraging response from the international programme of assistance. The United Nations community to the appeals for assistance, High Commissioner for Refugees was asked to amounting to about $25 million. However, the strengthen further his humanitarian assistance realistic total of capital costs of recommended programmes on behalf of refugees, and the projects had increased from the original esti- international community was urged to provide mate of $54 million to approximately $56 mil- him with the necessary means to carry out those lion. programmes. The review mission concluded by saying that The Council welcomed the arrangements much remained to be done: there were the made by the Secretary-General and by Botswana problems already present, such as the need for for the co-ordination of the programme of protection of the livestock industry and the assistance; it asked the Secretary-General: to need to have ready access to the border areas; continue his efforts to mobilize the resources and there were problems to be anticipated, necessary for an effective international assis- such as the maintenance of rail transport and tance programme to Botswana; to ensure that the need for improving air transport. More- adequate financial and budgetary arrangements over, the country's development programme were made for that purpose; and to arrange needed to be continued, despite the substantial for a review of that assistance programme in and increasing resources which had to be di- time for the matter to be considered at the reg- verted to defence purposes. For all those pur- ular session of the General Assembly later in poses, Botswana urgently required the assis- the year. tance of the international community to help it through a difficult period.

Report of the review mission Decision by the General Assembly In accordance with the Security Council's re- On 13 December 1977, the General Assembly quest of 25 May 1977 and the Economic and adopted, without objection, resolution 32/97, Social Council's request of 29 July 1977, the on the recommendation of its Second (Econom- Secretary-General appointed a review mission ic and Financial) Committee, which had ap- which visited Botswana from 5 to 8 September proved the text without vote on 18 Novem- and reported that the circumstances which had ber, on a proposal by 69 States. given rise to the Security Council's decision of By this resolution, the General Assembly 14 January still continued: tensions remained among other things expressed its conviction high and there had been several attacks and that international solidarity with Botswana was other incidents along the border with Southern essential for the promotion of a solution to Rhodesia since February. The Government had the problems of southern Africa. The Assem- established a modest defence force, incorporat- bly expressed its full support for the Govern- ing the former police mobile unit. The mission ment of Botswana in its efforts to safeguard also reported that the influx of refugees from its sovereignty and recognized that Botswana Southern Rhodesia continued: during the first faced special economic hardships in doing so. eight months of 1977 about 13,000 had crossed It endorsed the recommendations contained into Botswana. in the reports of the two missions, as well as With regard to the economic situation, the the appeals of the Security Council and Sec- review mission noted that additional annual re- retary-General to the international community current costs for defence expenditures had in- to provide assistance. creased significantly and would have to be met Noting with appreciation the assistance al- by imposing cuts on other sectors of the econ- ready provided, the Assembly called upon all omy. It also noted that the so-called indepen- States and appropriate organizations to main- dence granted by South Africa to the bantustan tain and increase assistance to Botswana to help of Bophuthatswana, part of which sat astride it carry out planned development projects. Botswana's vital rail communications southward, The United Nations High Commissioner for could pose a threat to the economy of the Refugees was asked to continue his pro- country, as could a possible reduction by the grammes of assistance on behalf of refugees in Bot- South African Government in the number of swana and the international community was migrant workers employed in South African urged to provide him with the means neces- mines. A rapid reduction in that source of jobs sary to carry them out. would have serious repercussions on Botswana's The Assembly asked the Secretary-General already serious unemployment problem. to: continue his efforts to mobilize the resources The report noted that there had been an necessary for an effective programme of finan- Matters relating to Africa 223 cial, technical and material assistance to Bot- ond 1978 session; and keep the situation in swana; ensure that adequate financial and bud- Botswana under constant review, maintain close getary arrangements were made to continue contact with Member States, intergovernmental the mobilization of resources and to co-ordinate organizations and international financial institu- the international assistance programme; arrange tions, and report on the question at the Assem- for a review of the economic situation of Bot- bly's regular 1978 session. swana in time for the matter to be considered (For text of resolution 32/97 and list of spon- by the Economic and Social Council at its sec- sors, See DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.)

Documentary references

Complaint by Botswana against Southern Rhodesia Reaffirming the legal responsibility of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland COMMUNICATIONS over Southern Rhodesia, in accordance with the relevant S/12262. Letter of 22 December 1976 from Botswana. resolutions of the United Nations, S/12273. Letter of 11 January from Morocco. 1. Strongly condemns all acts of provocation and harass- S/12275. Letter of 12 January from Botswana. ment, including military threats and attacks, murder, arson, kidnapping and destruction of property, committed against CONSIDERATION BY THE SECURITY Botswana by the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia; COUNCIL (12-14 JANUARY 1977) 2. Condemns all measures of political repression by the illegal regime that violate fundamental rights and freedoms of Security Council, meetings 1983-1985. the people of Southern Rhodesia and contribute to instability and lack of peace in the region as a whole; S/12262. Letter of 22 December 1976 from Botswana (re- 3. Deplores all acts of collaboration and collusion which quest to convene Council). sustain the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia and encour- S/12276. Benin, India, Libyan Arab Republic, Mauritius, Pa- age defiance with impunity of the resolutions of the Security kistan, Panama, Romania, Venezuela: draft resolution. Council, with adverse consequences for peace and security in the region; Resolution 403 (1977), as proposed by 8 powers, S/12276, 4. Demands the immediate and total cessation of all hostile adopted by Council on 14 January 1977, meeting 1985, acts committed against Botswana by the illegal regime in by 13 votes to O, with 2 abstentions (United Kingdom, Southern Rhodesia; United States). 5. Takes cognizance of the special economic hardship confronting Botswana as a result of the imperative need to The Security Council, divert funds from ongoing and planned development projects Taking note of the letters dated 22 December 1976 and to hitherto unplanned and unbudgeted security measures ne- 12 January 1977 from the Permanent Representative of Bot- cessitated by the urgent need effectively to defend itself swana to the United Nations, and having heard the state- against attacks and threats by the illegal regime in Southern ment of the Minister for External Affairs of Botswana concern- Rhodesia; ing hostile acts against Botswana by the illegal minority re- 6. Accepts the invitation of the Government of Botswana gime in Southern Rhodesia, to dispatch a mission to assess the needs of Botswana in Gravely concerned at the dangerous situation created by carrying out its development projects under the present cir- the provocative and hostile acts committed by the illegal re- cumstances and, accordingly, requests the Secretary-Gen- gime in Southern Rhodesia against the security and well- eral, in collaboration with appropriate organizations of the being of Botswana, United Nations system, to organize with immediate effect Reaffirming the inalienable right of the people of Southern financial and other forms of assistance to Botswana and to Rhodesia to self-determination and independence in accor- report to the Security Council not later than 31 March 1977; dance with General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 De- 7. Requests the United Nations and the organizations cember 1960, and the legitimacy of their struggle to secure and programmes concerned, including the Economic and So- the enjoyment of such rights as set forth in the Charter of cial Council, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and the United Nations, Cultural Organization, the World Health Organization, the Recalling its resolutions 232 (1966) of 16 December 1966 United Nations Development Programme, the Food and Agri- and 253 (1968) of 29 May 1968, by which it determined and culture Organization of the United Nations and the Interna- reaffirmed, respectively, that the situation in Southern Rho- tional Fund for Agricultural Development, to assist Botswana desia constituted a threat to international peace and security, in carrying out the ongoing and planned development pro- Taking note of General Assembly resolution 31/154 of jects without interruption as stated in paragraph 5 and envis- 20 December 1976, aged under paragraph 6 of the present resolution; Convinced that the recent provocative and hostile acts per- 8. Appeals to all States to respond positively in providing petrated by the illegal regime against Botswana aggravated assistance to Botswana, in the light of the report of the Mis- the situation, sion of the Secretary-General, in order to enable Botswana Deeply grieved and concerned at the loss of human life to carry out its planned development projects; and damage to property caused by the acts of the illegal 9. Decides to remain seized of the matter. regime in Southern Rhodesia against Botswana, Noting with appreciation Botswana's decision to continue to give asylum to political refugees fleeing from inhuman op- REPORT OF THE MISSION TO BOTSWANA pression by the illegal racist minority regime, S/12307. Note by Secretary-General (transmitting report). Realizing the need for Botswana to strengthen its security S/12326. Letter of 18 April from Secretary-General to Gov- in order to safeguard its sovereignty, territorial integrity and ernments of all States Members of United Nations and mem- independence, bers of specialized agencies. 224 Political and security questions

CONSIDERATION BY THE SECURITY Assistance to Botswana COUNCIL (24 AND 25 MAY 1977) DECISION BY THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

Security Council, meetings 2006, 2008. Economic and Social Council—63rd session Plenary meetings 2061, 2081-2083. S/12307. Note by Secretary-General (transmitting report of mission to Botswana, February 1977). E/L.1772. Adoption of agenda and other organizational mat- S/12334. Benin, India, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritius, ters. Note by Secretary-General. Pakistan, Panama, Romania, Venezuela: draft resolution. E/L.1784. Yugoslavia (on behalf of States members of Eco- nomic and Social Council belonging to "Group of 77"): draft resolution. Resolution 406 (1977), as proposed by 8 powers, S/12334, adopted unanimously (without vote) by Council on 25 May Resolution 2095 (LXIII), as introduced by Yugoslavia, E/L.1784, 1977, meeting 2008. and as amended by sponsors, adopted without vote by Council on 29 July 1977, meeting 2083. The Security Council, Recalling its resolution 403 (1977) of 14 January 1977, The Economic and Social Council, Taking note of the letter dated 18 April 1977 addressed to Recalling Security Council resolutions 403 (1977) of 14 Janu- all States by the Secretary-General in accordance with para- ary 1977 and 406 (1977) of 25 May 1977 concerning the com- graph 8 of resolution 403 (1977), plaint by the Government of Botswana of acts of aggression Recalling further its resolutions 232 (1966) of 16 December committed against its territory by the illegal regime in South- 1966 and 253 (1968) of 29 May 1968, by which it determined ern Rhodesia, and reaffirmed, respectively, that the situation in Southern Recalling also Security Council resolutions 232 (1966) of Rhodesia constituted a threat to international peace and secu- 16 December 1966 and 253 (1968) of 29 May 1968, which rity, determined and reaffirmed, respectively, that the situation in Having examined the report of the Mission to Botswana Southern Rhodesia constituted a threat to international peace established under resolution 403 (1977), and security and that sanctions should be imposed against Having heard the statement of the Minister for External the illegal regime in that territory, Affairs of Botswana on the continued attacks and acts of prov- Deeply concerned at the loss of human life and damage ocation by the illegal racist regime in Southern Rhodesia to property caused by the acts of the illegal regime in South- against Botswana, ern Rhodesia against Botswana, Convinced that international solidarity with Botswana, as a Noting with appreciation Botswana's policy of according neighbouring State to Southern Rhodesia, is essential for the asylum to political refugees fleeing from Southern Rhodesia, promotion of a solution to the question of Southern Rhodesia, Realizing the need for Botswana to strengthen its security 1. Expresses full support for the Government of Botswana in order to safeguard its sovereignty, territorial integrity and in its efforts to safeguard its sovereignty, territorial integrity independence, and independence; Recognizing the plight of the refugees and the additional 2. Expresses its appreciation to the Secretary-General burden imposed upon Botswana by their continuing influx, for having arranged to send a Mission to Botswana to ascer- 1. Expresses full support for the Government of Botswana tain the assistance needed; in its effort to safeguard its sovereignty and to afford protec- 3. Takes note with satisfaction of the report of the Mis- tion to its people against attacks and acts of provocation by sion to Botswana; the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia; 4. Fully endorses the assessment and recommendations 2. Takes cognizance of the special economic hardship con- of the Mission to Botswana under resolution 403 (1977); fronting Botswana because it has to divert funds from cur- 5. Further fully endorses the appeal made by the Sec- rent and planned development projects to hitherto unplanned retary-General in his letter of 18 April 1977 to all States to and unbudgeted security arrangements, owing to the coun- give the matter of assistance to Botswana their most urgent try's urgent need to defend itself effectively against attacks attention and to provide Botswana with the financial and ma- and threats by the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia; terial help it urgently needs; 3. Fully endorses the assessment and recommendations 6. Welcomes the establishment by the Secretary-General of the mission to Botswana appointed by the Secretary-Gen- of a special account at Headquarters to receive contributions eral to assess the needs of Botswana in carrying out its de- for assistance to Botswana through the United Nations; velopment projects in the present circumstances; 7. Requests the United Nations and the organizations and 4. Strongly endorses the appeal of the Security Council programmes concerned, including the Economic and Social and of the Secretary-General to all States and intergovern- Council, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United mental organizations to provide generous assistance to Bot- Nations, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, swana, within the framework of the mission's recommenda- the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the tions, in order that Botswana may be able to carry out its United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organiza- planned development projects at their original level and with- tion, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Develop- out delay; ment, the United Nations Development Programme and the 5. Calls upon all States, regional and interregional orga- World Health Organization, to assist Botswana in the fields nizations, and other governmental and non-governmental identified in the report of the Mission to Botswana; bodies to respond to the appeals of the Security Council to 8. Requests the Secretary-General to give the matter of provide assistance on a generous scale to Botswana; assistance to Botswana his continued attention and to keep 6. Requests the appropriate organizations and programmes the Security Council informed; of the United Nations system, in particular the United Nations 9. Decides to remain seized of the matter. Development Programme, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the S/INF/33. Resolutions and decisions of Security Council, 1977, United Nations, the International Fund for Agricultural Develop- PP. 1-3. ment, the World Food Programme, the United Nations Con- Matters relating to Africa 225 ference on Trade and Development, the World Health Orga- A/32/265/Add.1, adopted without objection by Assembly on nization, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul- 13 December 1977, meeting 101. tural Organization and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, to maintain and increase their current and fu- The General Assembly, ture programmes of assistance to Botswana in carrying out Recalling Security Council resolutions 403 (1977) of 14 Janu- its planned development projects without interruption and to ary 1977 and 406 (1977) of 25 May 1977 concerning the com- co-operate closely with the Secretary-General in organizing plaint by the Government of Botswana of acts of aggression an effective international programme of assistance; committed against its territory by the illegal regime in South- 7. Requests the United Nations High Commissioner for ern Rhodesia, Refugees to strengthen further his humanitarian assistance Deeply concerned at the loss of human life and damage programmes on behalf of refugees and urges the international to property caused by the acts of the illegal regime in South- community to provide him speedily with the necessary means em Rhodesia against Botswana, to carry out these programmes; Realizing the need for Botswana to strengthen its secu- 8. Further requests the appropriate organizations and spe- rity in order to safeguard its sovereignty, territorial integrity cialized agencies of the United Nations system to report reg- and independence, ularly to the Secretary-General on the steps they have taken Recognizing the plight of the refugees fleeing from oppres- and the resources they have made available to assist Botswana; sion and the additional burden imposed upon Botswana by 9. Welcomes the arrangements made by the Secretary-Gen- their continuing influx, eral and by the Government of Botswana for the co-ordination Noting the report of the mission to Botswana, transmitted of the programme of assistance, and the establishment of a by a note by the Secretary-General dated 28 March 1977, special account at United Nations Headquarters by the Sec- which assessed the special economic needs of Botswana retary-General to receive contributions to the programme; in February 1977, 10. Requests the Secretary-General: Having examined the report of the review mission to Bot- (a) To continue his efforts to mobilize the resources neces- swana, transmitted by a note by the Secretary-General dated sary for an effective international programme of assistance to 26 October 1977 in accordance with Economic and Social Botswana; Council resolution 2095 (LXIII) of 29 July 1977, which outlines (b) To ensure that adequate financial and budgetary ar- the programme of international assistance to Botswana, rangements are made to continue the mobilization of resources Convinced that international solidarity with Botswana is and to co-ordinate an international programme of assistance essential for the promotion of a solution to the problems of to Botswana; southern Africa, (c) To arrange for a review of the programme of assistance 1. Expresses full support for the Government of Botswana to Botswana to be conducted in time for the matter to be in its efforts to safeguard its sovereignty; considered at the thirty-second session of the General As- 2. Recognizes the special economic hardship confronting sembly. Botswana caused by the diverting of funds from current and planned development projects to effective arrangements for REPORT OF THE REVIEW MISSION security against attacks and threats by Southern Rhodesia; S/12421 (A/32/287). Note by Secretary-General (transmitting 3. Endorses the assessments and recommendations con- report of review mission to Botswana, September 1977). tained in the notes by the Secretary-General dated 28 March and 26 October 1977; DECISION BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY 4. Notes with appreciation the assistance so far provided to Botswana by the international community; General Assembly—32nd session 5. Draws the attention of Member States and international Second Committee, meetings 49, 50. organizations to the fact that the assistance received to date Plenary meeting 101. falls short of Botswana's requirements; 6. Strongly endorses the appeal of the Security Council A/32/3. Report of Economic and Social Council on work of and of the Secretary-General to all States and intergovern- its organizational session for 1977, of its 3rd special ses- mental organizations to provide generous assistance in order sion and of its 62nd and 63rd sessions, Chapter III. to enable Botswana to carry out its planned development A/32/287 (S/12421). Note by Secretary-General (transmitting projects; report). 7. Calls upon all States, regional and interregional organi- A/C.2/32/L.32. Algeria, Angola, Austria, Bangladesh, Bar- zations, and other governmental and non-governmental bodies bados, Benin, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Empire, to respond to the appeals of the Security Council to provide Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Djibouti, assistance on a generous scale to Botswana; Dominican Republic, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, 8. Requests the appropriate organizations and programmes Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, of the United Nations system—in particular the United Nations India, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Development Programme, the International Bank for Recon- Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, struction and Development, the International Monetary Fund, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the World Philippines, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Food Programme, the United Nations Conference on Trade Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, and Development, the World Health Organization, the United Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Repub- Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and lic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, United States, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refu- Upper Volta, Zaire, Zambia: draft resolution, approved with- gees—to maintain and increase their current and future pro- out vote by Second Committee on 18 November 1977, grammes of assistance to Botswana in carrying out its planned meeting 50. development projects without interruption and to co-operate A/32/265/Add.1. Report of Second Committee (part II) (on closely with the Secretary-General in organizing an effective report of Economic and Social Council), draft resolution VI. international programme of assistance; 9. Further draws the attention of the international commu- Resolution 32/97, as recommended by Second Committee, nity to the special account which was established at United 226 Political and security questions

Nations Headquarters by the Secretary-General to receive (b) To ensure that adequate financial and budgetary ar- contributions for assistance to Botswana; rangements are made to continue the mobilization of resources 10. Requests the United Nations High Commissioner and to co-ordinate the international programme of assistance for Refugees to continue his humanitarian assistance pro- to Botswana; grammes on behalf of refugees in Botswana and urges the (c) To arrange for a review of the economic situation of international community to provide him speedily with the neces- Botswana in time for the matter to be considered by the Eco- sary means to carry out these programmes; nomic and Social Council at its sixty-fifth session; 11. Further requests the specialized agencies and other (d) To keep the situation in Botswana under constant re- organizations of the United Nations system to report regularly view, to maintain close contact with Member States, regional to the Secretary-General on the steps they have taken and and other intergovernmental organizations, the specialized the resources they have made available to assist Botswana; agencies and international financial institutions and other orga- 12. Requests the Secretary-General: nizations mentioned in the present resolution, and to report (a) To continue his efforts to mobilize the resources neces- on the question to the General Assembly at its thirty-third sary for an effective programme of financial, technical and session. material assistance to Botswana;

Questions concerning Lesotho

Complaint by Lesotho against South Africa included some development in telecommunica- tions and in health facilities. The accelerated Report of the Mission to Lesotho development programme strongly emphasized By a note dated 30 March 1977, the Secre- road transport and agricultural development tary-General transmitted to the Security Coun- but also included hydroelectric power, educa- cil the report of the Mission appointed by him, tion, health services, industry and mining. in accordance with a Security Council decision The report concluded by calling attention to of 22 December 1976,35 which had visited Le- the need for action in several related fields be- sotho to consult with the Government and as- sides the development projects proposed in sess the assistance needed so that an interna- the two programmes, including the strengthen- tional programme of financial, technical and ing of the fiscal system and the preparation of material assistance could be organized. Accord- contingency plans in the event that large num- ing to the report, the eight-member Mission, bers of migrants should return to Lesotho sud- which was headed by the Assistant Secretary- denly and unexpectedly. General for Special Political Questions, was By a letter dated 18 April, the Secretary-Gen- appointed after consultation with the Govern- eral transmitted the Mission's report to the ment of Lesotho. It arrived in Maseru on Governments of all Member States and mem- 27 January 1977 and spent 18 days in Lesotho, bers of the specialized agencies and said he where it consulted officials principally con- had designated the Assistant Secretary-General cerned with the development of the country and for Special Political Questions to co-ordinate received a list of proposed projects for which action by the United Nations system. Since the assistance was needed. It also visited border resources required to finance the various pro- posts and agricultural, industrial, educational jects recommended in the Mission's report were and health projects in various parts of the clearly beyond the means available to Lesotho, country. he hoped that all Governments would respond In the Mission's view, the assistance needed positively to the appeal of the Security Coun- by Lesotho was both substantial and urgent, cil for immediate financial, technical and mate- and should have the effect not only of gen- rial assistance to Lesotho. erally strengthening the country's fragile econ- omy but also of reducing its economic depen- Consideration by the Security dence on South Africa, and hence reducing its Council (24 and 25 May 1977) vulnerability to deliberate pressures. To that The Security Council resumed consideration end, the report recommended 46 projects for of the 1976 complaint by Lesotho against South assistance, grouped under two programmes of Africa36 at meetings held on 24 and 25 May development: an emergency programme, at a 1977. The President, with the consent of the cost of some $66 million, and an accelerated Council, invited the representatives of Lesotho development programme, costing some $47 mil- and Sierra Leone to participate in the discus- lion. sion without the right to vote. The emergency programme was primarily concerned with the development of internal

35 road transport facilities, with civil aviation and See Y.U.N., 1976, p. 170, text of resolution 402 (1976). with the strengthening of food supplies. It also 36 Ibid., p. 167. Matters relating to Africa 227

The Secretary-General introduced the report of Transkei, in full compliance with the Gen- of the Mission, expressing the hope that the eral Assembly's resolution of 26 October 1976.37 Security Council would endorse the two pro- He also noted Lesotho's situation as a land- grammes recommended therein. He informed locked country surrounded by a racist and the Council that the Office of the Assistant Sec- apartheid State. The report of the Mission ap- retary-General for Special Political Questions pointed by the Secretary-General had indeed would serve as a clearing-house for information catalogued the various pressures to which his on all aspects of the assistance programme, and country had been subjected; moreover, he that on 6 June 1977 he would convene at United stressed, those pressures showed no signs of Nations Headquarters a meeting of represen- abating, and in fact the situation had since tatives of Governments and organizations inter- grown worse. The people of Lesotho continued ested in participating in the programmes of to be harassed and intimidated at the hands assistance. of the South African police; the normal flow During the discussion in the Council, the of goods and people continued to be ham- representative of Mauritius stated that no one pered; and arrests had been made. He said that could fail to be concerned by Lesotho's remark- implementation of the recommendations con- able dependence on South Africa for, among tained in the report would enable Lesotho to other vital necessities, food and consumer, man- uphold and abide by the decisions and resolu- ufactured and industrial goods, social, technical tions of the United Nations and safeguard its and economic services and, in particular, the independence and sovereignty. employment of a great proportion of its popu- The representative of India said that his lation. Mauritius further noted that South Africa country was aware of the extreme vulnerability had once again chosen to defy the will of the of Lesotho's economy, and admired Lesotho all international community, and it continued to the more for refusing to recognize so-called persist in its attempts to harass and coerce independent Transkei. There could be no Lesotho by creating unbearable economic hard- doubt, he said, that South Africa had breached ships for it. Moreover, South Africa, by the agreements with Lesotho by closing the three recent establishment of so-called independent border posts in an effort to coerce Lesotho Transkei along the south-eastern border of into recognizing Transkei. In India's view, the Lesotho, had closed three border posts—which Pretoria regime should be made financially it was obliged to maintain under agreements— liable for the damage caused by its policies. through which traffic entering or leaving Le- The representative of Canada pointed out sotho had to pass because of the absence of that the fact that Lesotho had refused to be alternatives. coerced into recognizing Transkei—which the The representative of Sierra Leone observed entire international community had also refused that Lesotho's problems should not be consid- to recognize—had to be held to its credit, and ered in isolation: they were the direct effect its attachment to moral principles in the midst of the apartheid system of government preva- of substantial economic pressures had to be lent in southern Africa. commended. He said that, in direct response The representative of the Libyan Arab Jama- to the need to increase international assistance hiriya asserted that steps had to be taken to to Lesotho to enable it to meet its develop- assist Lesotho and enable it to overcome the mental goals, Canada had increased the indic- hardships and difficulties resulting from the ative planning figure for Canadian assistance border closure and to maintain its courageous to Lesotho for 1978-1983 from $22.6 million defiance and non-recognition of the apartheid to $30 million, and that a major portion of and bantustan policies of the Pretoria regime. this would be earmarked for road construction India said an expression of international soli- and the purchase of aircraft to facilitate delivery darity with Lesotho was clearly called for, and of critical supplies to those regions affected by that expression should take the form of gen- the difficulties arising from the creation of the erous responses to the appeal for financial, tech- Transkei bantustan. His Government was also nical and material assistance put forward by continuing to assist Lesotho in the develop- the Secretary-General. ment of agricultural, mining and secondary The representative of Lesotho recalled that industry sectors with the goal of increasing he had previously brought the problem of his employment in those areas. In addition, he people to the attention of the Council, and said, Canada would certainly be guided by the explained that South Africa had unilaterally closed the three border posts because of Le- 37 sotho's refusal to recognize the independence Ibid., p. 134, text of resolution 31/6 A. 228 Political and security questions

Mission's findings and suggestions in further adopt more effective measures which would developing its assistance to Lesotho. put an end to the aggression and other hostile The representative of France said that the activities of the racists and their supporters countries of the European Community had against independent African States, would provided emergency assistance totalling $1.2 hasten the elimination of the racist colonialist million following the closure of the frontier regimes in Africa and would guarantee the of Lesotho and Transkei, and the Community peoples of Africa an opportunity for peaceful would provide nearly $27 million for develop- development in conditions of security. ment projects in Lesotho for the period 1975- At its meeting on 25 May 1977, the Security 1980. He stated that by associating itself fully Council adopted unanimously, without a vote, with the actions of the Community, his Govern- as resolution 407 (1977), a draft proposal by ment wished to express its solidarity with the Benin, India, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Pa- Government and people of Lesotho in the dif- kistan, Panama, Romania and Venezuela. ficult circumstances they were experiencing. By the preambular part of this text, the Secu- The representative of the Federal Republic rity Council inter alia noted with deep con- of Germany said that the stability of Lesotho cern the continued acts of coercion and harass- was an essential factor in achieving progress ment against the people of Lesotho by South in the common struggle for the rights of the Africa, and reaffirmed its endorsement of the peoples of southern Africa. Mindful of this, General Assembly's resolution of 26 October his Government had initiated years ago its pol- 1976 on so-called independent Transkei. The icy of economic co-operation with the geo- Council was fully aware that Lesotho's decision graphically isolated people of Lesotho. Contribu- not to recognize Transkei had imposed a spe- tions had reached a total of 15 million marks cial economic burden upon that country. It by 1975; pledges in 1976 totalled 13 million was convinced that international solidarity with marks for that year alone; and an additional Lesotho, as a neighbouring State of South 31.5 million marks had been pledged for 1977, Africa, was essential to counteract effectively of which 24 million marks were made available South Africa's policy to coerce Lesotho into as financial assistance on very easy terms. To- recognizing Transkei. gether with the Government of Lesotho, the By the operative provisions of the text, the Federal Republic of Germany was working on Council commended Lesotho for its decision several project appraisals, including road con- not to recognize Transkei and expressed its struction, basic agricultural services, assistance appreciation to the Secretary-General for to the agricultural development bank and the having arranged to send a Mission to Lesotho construction of a brick factory. At the same to ascertain the assistance needed. It noted with time, this Government offered a sum of 7.5 satisfaction the report of that Mission, and million marks for continuing technical assis- endorsed its recommendations, as well as the tance. Secretary-General's appeal to all States for Recalling his country's close relationship with immediate financial, technical and material Lesotho, the representative of the United King- assistance to Lesotho. dom explained that the main objective of his The Council then requested the United Na- Government's aid programme, arrived at in tions and the organizations and programmes consultation with Lesotho, was to reduce Le- concerned, including the Economic and Social sotho's dependence on South Africa. In con- Council, the Food and Agriculture Organiza- sequence, he declared, his Government fully tion, the International Fund for Agricultural endorsed the appeal to the international com- Development, the United Nations High Com- munity to provide assistance to that end. missioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United The representative of China said that his Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Government had studied the Mission's report Organization, the United Nations Conference on assistance, and firmly believed that the on Trade and Development, the United Na- United Nations should support the just struggle tions Development Programme and the World of the people of Lesotho by every possible Health Organization, to assist Lesotho in the means and provide substantial assistance to it. fields identified in the Mission's report. The The USSR representative said that his coun- Secretary-General was asked to give the matter try fully supported the just cause of the peo- of assistance to Lesotho his continued attention ples of South Africa against imperialism, neo- and to keep the Council informed. The Council colonialism and racism; it felt that the Secu- also decided to remain seized of the question. rity Council not only should condemn those (For text of resolution 407 (1977), see DOCU- practices in southern Africa but also should MENTARY REFERENCES below.) Matters relating to Africa 229

On 15 June 1977, the representative of the international assistance programme and to ar- Federal Republic of Germany informed the range for a review of the economic situation Secretary-General that his Government had of Lesotho in time for the matter to be con- agreed to allocate 500,000 marks to the con- sidered by the General Assembly at its 1977 struction of housing facilities for student refu- session later in the year. gees from South Africa studying at the Univer- (For text of resolution, see DOCUMENTARY sity of Lesotho. He added that the funds were REFERENCES below.) part of the programme of economic assistance for 1977 agreed upon between the Govern- Report of the review mission ment of Lesotho and his Government in April By a note dated 9 November 1977, the Sec- 1977, to which he had referred in his state- retary-General transmitted to the Security Coun- ment in the Security Council. cil and the General Assembly the report of a review mission which he had dispatched to Assistance to Lesotho Lesotho in September 1977, in accordance with the Security Council's request of 25 May 1977 Decision by the Economic and Social Council and the Economic and Social Council's request On 29 July 1977, at its sixty-third session, of 29 July. The report described the changes the Economic and Social Council, having exam- which had taken place in the situation since ined the report of the Mission to Lesotho ap- the visit of the first Mission in January and pointed by the Secretary-General in accordance February, and gave details of the response of with Security Council resolution 402 (1976), and the international community to the Secretary- after having heard an oral report on behalf General's appeal for assistance to Lesotho and of the Secretary-General, adopted without a information about the progress made with vote, as resolution 2096 (LXIII), a draft resolu- individual projects. tion sponsored by Yugoslavia on behalf of The review mission visited Lesotho from 8 States members of the Council belonging to to 11 September 1977. It found that the com- the "Group of 77" developing countries. bination of political and economic problems By the resolution, the Council among other faced by Lesotho had in no way diminished. things expressed full understanding of the In general, it reported, the response by the problems faced by Lesotho as a result of its international community to the appeal for assis- decision not to recognize so-called indepen- tance had been generous and encouraging, but dent Transkei; concurred with the assessment it said that the cost of many of the projects and recommendations contained in the report outlined in the report of the first Mission had of the Mission to Lesotho; and expressed its risen significantly. appreciation to the Secretary-General for the The report noted that little change had been measures he had taken to organize an effec- called for in the actual content of either the tive international programme of assistance to emergency programme or the accelerated de- Lesotho. velopment programme. However, general de- The Council also endorsed the appeal made velopments in Lesotho's situation had caused by the Security Council to the international some change in the priorities attached to dif- community for assistance to Lesotho in order ferent fields, with increased requirements for to help the Government carry out its develop- national security and self-sufficiency in the ment programmes and enhance its capacity to production of staple foodstuffs. In addition, implement United Nations resolutions on apart- the report noted, some difficulties had been heid and bantustans; it requested the appro- encountered in project preparation and ar- priate organizations and specialized agencies rangement. of the United Nations system to maintain and The report documented the information increase their current and future programmes given to the Mission by the Government of of assistance to Lesotho and to report regularly Lesotho on the progress of individual projects to the Secretary-General on the steps they had in both the emergency and accelerated devel- taken in this regard; and it also requested that opment programmes. Four additional pro- UNHCR strengthen its humanitarian assistance jects were described for which assistance was programmes on behalf of refugees. The Coun- needed, namely, in the areas of emergency elec- cil welcomed the arrangements made by the tricity supply, a labour-intensive development Secretary-General and by the Government of programme, development-staff reinforcement Lesotho for co-ordination of the assistance pro- and training, and reinforcement of the man- grammes and requested him to continue his agement of the Lesotho National Development efforts to mobilize resources, to co-ordinate the Corporation. 230 Political and security questions

Decision by the General Assembly implement the programmes. It also requested On 13 December 1977, the General Assem- the international community to continue its bly adopted, without objection, resolution 32/ assistance to Lesotho in carrying out its planned 98 on assistance to Lesotho. By the preambular development projects and to co-operate with part of this text, among other things, the As- the Secretary-General in organizing an effec- sembly: commended Lesotho's decision not to tive international assistance programme, and recognize the bantustan Transkei, thereby incur- further requested the appropriate United Na- ring a special economic burden; endorsed the tions organizations and programmes to report appeals by the Security Council to the interna- regularly to the Secretary-General on the assis- tional community for assistance to Lesotho in tance they had made available to Lesotho. order to help its Government carry out its eco- The Assembly requested the Secretary-Gen- nomic development and enhance its capacity eral: to continue his efforts to mobilize the to implement United Nations resolutions; and resources necessary for an effective programme recognized that the continuing influx of refu- of assistance to Lesotho; to ensure that ade- gees from southern Africa imposed an addi- quate financial and budgetary arrangements tional burden on Lesotho. would be made to mobilize those resources; to By the operative part of the text, the Assem- arrange for a review of the economic situation bly endorsed the recommendations made by of Lesotho in time for consideration at the sec- the Secretary-General in transmitting the re- ond 1978 session of the Economic and Social ports of the two missions, and drew the atten- Council; to keep the situation in Lesotho under tion of the international community to Lesotho's constant review by maintaining close contact continuing and urgent requirements. It ex- with the international community; and to re- pressed satisfaction with the measures already port to the General Assembly at its 1978 reg- taken by the Secretary-General to organize a pro- ular session. gramme of assistance and, although noting The resolution was adopted on the recom- with appreciation the assistance provided thus mendation of the Assembly's Second (Economic far, urged a continued and generous response and Financial) Committee, which approved the to the appeals for assistance. text without vote on 18 November 1977, on The Assembly requested UNHCR to strengthen the proposal of 72 States. assistance programmes on behalf of refugees (For text of resolution 32/98 and list of spon- in Lesotho and urged the international com- sors, See DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.) munity to provide UNHCR with the means to

Documentary references

Complaint by Lesotho against South Africa Having examined the report of the Mission to Lesotho, appointed by the Secretary-General in accordance with reso- REPORT OF THE MISSION TO LESOTHO lution 402 (1976), S/12315 and Corr.1. Note of 30 March by Secretary-Gen- Having heard the statement of the Minister for Foreign eral (transmitting report of mission to Lesotho, January- Affairs of Lesotho, February 1977). Noting with deep concern the continued acts of coercion S/12325. Letter of 18 April from Secretary-General to Gov- and harassment against the people of Lesotho by South ernments of all States Members of United Nations and Africa in complete disregard of resolution 402 (1976), members of specialized agencies (transmitting S/12315). Reaffirming its endorsement of General Assembly resolu- tion 31/6 A of 26 October 1976 on the so-called independent Transkei and other bantustans, CONSIDERATION BY THE SECURITY Fully aware that the decision of the Government of Lesotho COUNCIL (24 AND 25 MAY 1977) not to recognize the bantustan Transkei has imposed a spe- cial economic burden upon Lesotho, Security Council, meetings 2007, 2009. Convinced that international solidarity with Lesotho, as a neighbouring State of South Africa, is essential to counteract S/12315 and Corr.1. Note by Secretary-General. effectively South Africa's policy to coerce Lesotho into recog- S/12335. Benin, India, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritius, nizing the so-called independent Transkei, Pakistan, Panama, Romania, Venezuela: draft resolution. 1. Commends the Government of Lesotho for its decision not to recognize the so-called independent Transkei; Resolution 407 (1977), as proposed by 8 powers, S/12335, 2. Expresses its appreciation to the Secretary-General for adopted unanimously (without vote) by Council on 25 May having arranged to send a Mission to Lesotho to ascertain 1977, meeting 2009. the assistance needed; 3. Takes note with satisfaction of the report of the Mis- The Security Council, sion to Lesotho; Recalling its resolution 402 (1976) of 22 December 1976, 4. Fully endorses the assessment and recommendations Taking note of the letter dated 18 April 1977 addressed of the Mission to Lesotho under resolution 402 (1976); to all States by the Secretary-General in accordance with 5. Further fully endorses the appeal made by the Secre- paragraph 8 of resolution 402 (1976), tary-General in his letter of 18 April 1977 to all States for Matters relating to Africa 231 immediate financial, technical and material assistance to zations and the appropriate agencies of the United Nations Lesotho; system to contribute generously to the international programme 6. Welcomes the establishment by the Secretary-Gen- of assistance to Lesotho in order that it can carry out its eco- eral of a special account at Headquarters to receive contri- nomic development programmes and enhance its capacity to butions to Lesotho; implement fully United Nations resolutions on apartheid and 7. Requests the United Nations and the organizations and bantustans; programmes concerned, including the Economic and Social 5. Calls upon all States, regional and interregional organi- Council, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United zations, and other governmental and non-governmental orga- Nations, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, nizations to respond to the appeals of the Security Council the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the to provide assistance on a generous scale to Lesotho; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organiza- 6. Requests the appropriate organizations and specialized tion, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Develop- agencies of the United Nations system, in particular the United ment, the United Nations Development Programme and the Nations Development Programme, the World Bank, the Inter- World Health Organization, to assist Lesotho in the fields national Monetary Fund, the Food and Agriculture Organiza- identified in the report of the Mission to Lesotho; tion of the United Nations, the International Fund for Agricul- 8. Requests the Secretary-General to give the matter of tural Development, the World Food Programme, the United assistance to Lesotho his continued attention and to keep Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the World the Security Council informed; Health Organization, the United Nations Educational, Scien- 9. Decides to remain seized of the question. tific and Cultural Organization and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, to maintain and increase their S/12349. Letter of 15 June from Federal Republic of Germany. current and future programmes of assistance to Lesotho in S/INF/33. Resolutions and decisions of Security Council, carrying out its planned development projects without interrup- 1977, p. 7. tion and to co-operate closely with the Secretary-General in organizing an effective international programme of assistance; Assistance to Lesotho 7. Further requests the appropriate organizations and spe- cialized agencies of the United Nations system to report reg- DECISION BY THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL ularly to the Secretary-General on the steps they have taken and the resources they have made available to assist Lesotho; Economic and Social Council—63rd session 8. Requests the United Nations High Commissioner for Plenary meetings 2061, 2081-2083. Refugees to strengthen further his humanitarian assistance programmes on behalf of refugees and urges the international E/L.1772. Adoption of agenda and other organizational mat- community to provide him speedily with the necessary means ters. Note by Secretary-General. to carry out these programmes; E/L.1785. Yugoslavia (on behalf of States members of Coun- 9. Welcomes the arrangements made by the Secretary- cil belonging to "Group of 77"): draft resolution. General and by the Government of Lesotho for the co-ordi- nation of the programme of assistance, and the establishment Resolution 2096 (LXIII), as introduced by Yugoslavia, E/L.1785, of a special account at United Nations Headquarters by the as amended by sponsors, adopted without vote by Council Secretary-General to receive contributions to the programme; on 29 July 1977, meeting 2083. 10. Requests the Secretary-General: (a) To continue his efforts to mobilize the resources neces- The Economic and Social Council, sary for an effective programme of financial, technical and Recalling Security Council resolution 402 (1976) of 22 De- material assistance to Lesotho; cember 1976 concerning the serious situation created by (b) To ensure that adequate financial and budgetary ar- South Africa's closure of certain border posts between South rangements are made to continue the mobilization of resources Africa and Lesotho aimed at coercing Lesotho into according and to co-ordinate the international programme of assistance recognition to the bantustan Transkei, to Lesotho; Further recalling the condemnation by the Security Coun- (c) To arrange for a review of the economic situation of cil of any action by South Africa to coerce Lesotho into accord- Lesotho in time for the matter to be considered by the Gen- ing recognition to the bantustan Transkei, eral Assembly at its thirty-second session. Mindful of the decision of the Government of Lesotho not to recognize the Transkei bantustan, in conformity with Gen- REPORT OF THE REVIEW MISSION eral Assembly resolution 31/6 A of 26 October 1976, S/12438 (A/32/323). Note of 9 November by Secretary-Gen- Fully aware that the decision of the Government of Lesotho eral (transmitting report of review mission to Lesotho, Sep- not to recognize the Transkei has imposed a special eco- tember 1977). nomic burden upon Lesotho, Having examined the report of the Mission to Lesotho ap- DECISION BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY pointed by the Secretary-General in accordance with Security Council resolution 402 (1976), General Assembly—32nd session Recognizing the plight of refugees and the additional bur- Second Committee, meetings 49, 50. den imposed upon Lesotho by their continuing influx, Plenary meeting 101. 1. Expresses full understanding of the problems faced by Lesotho as a result of its decision not to recognize the so- A/32/2. Report of Security Council, 16 June 1976-15 June called independent Transkei; 1977, Chapter 2D. 2. Concurs fully with the assessment and recommenda- A/32/3. Report of Economic and Social Council on work of tions contained in the report of the Mission to Lesotho; its organizational session for 1977, 3rd special session and 3. Expresses its appreciation to the Secretary-General 62nd and 63rd sessions, Chapter III E. for the measures he has taken to organize an effective inter- A/32/323 (S/12438). Note of 9 November by Secretary-Gen- national programme of assistance to Lesotho and, in consul- eral. tation with the Government of Lesotho, the mobilization of A/C.2/32/L.34. Algeria, Angola, Austria, Bangladesh, Bar- the necessary resources required to deal with the economic bados, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central problems brought about by the closure of the border posts; African Empire, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cyprus, Democratic 4. Strongly endorses the appeal made by the Security Yemen, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Council to all States, regional and intergovernmental organi- Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, 232 Political and security questions

Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, India, Ireland, Ivory Coast, 2. Draws the attention of the international community to Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan the identification in these reports of continuing and urgent re- Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, quirements for assistance beyond that received to date; Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Neth- 3. Further draws the attention of the international commu- erlands, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Philip- nity to the special account which was established at United pines, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sey- Nations Headquarters by the Secretary-General in compliance chelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Togo, with Security Council resolution 407 (1977) to receive contri- Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Kingdom, butions for assistance to Lesotho; United Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, 4. Expresses satisfaction with the measures already taken United States, Upper Volta, Zaire, Zambia: draft resolution, by the Secretary-General to organize an effective programme as orally amended by sponsors, approved without vote by of assistance to Lesotho; Second Committee on 18 November 1977, meeting 50. 5. Notes with appreciation the assistance so far provided A/32/265/Add.1. Report of Second Committee (part II) (on to Lesotho by the international community; report of Economic and Social Council), draft resolution VII. 6. Calls upon all Member States and regional and interre- gional organizations to continue to respond to the appeals of the Security Council and the General Assembly for urgent Resolution 32/98, as recommended by Second Committee, and generous assistance to Lesotho; A/32/265/Add.1, adopted without objection by Assembly 7. Requests the United Nations High Commissioner for on 13 December 1977, meeting 101. Refugees to strengthen further his humanitarian assistance programmes on behalf of refugees in Lesotho and urges the The General Assembly, international community to provide him speedily with the neces- Recalling Security Council resolution 402 (1976) of 22 De- sary means to carry out these programmes; cember 1976, in which the Council, inter alia, expressed con- 8. Requests the specialized agencies and other organiza- cern at the serious situation created by South Africa's closure tions of the United Nations system—in particular the United of certain border posts between South Africa and Lesotho Nations Development Programme, the International Bank for aimed at coercing Lesotho into according recognition to the Reconstruction and Development, the International Monetary bantustan Transkei, Fund, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Commending the decision of the Government of Lesotho Nations, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, not to recognize the bantustan Transkei in compliance with the World Food Programme, the World Health Organization, United Nations decisions, particularly General Assembly reso- the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Orga- lution 31/6 A of 26 October 1976, nization, the International Labour Organisation, the United Fully aware that the decision of the Government of Lesotho Nations Conference on Trade and Development and the Office not to recognize the Transkei has imposed a special econom- of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees—to ic burden upon its people, continue their assistance to Lesotho in carrying out its planned Strongly endorsing the appeals by the Security Council, development projects without interruption and to co-operate voiced in resolutions 402 (1976) of 22 December 1976 and closely with the Secretary-General in organizing an effective 407 (1977) of 25 May 1977, to all States, regional and inter- international programme of assistance; governmental organizations and the appropriate agencies of 9. Further requests the appropriate organizations and pro- the United Nations system to contribute generously to the grammes of the United Nations system to report regularly international programme of assistance to enable Lesotho to to the Secretary-General on the steps they have taken and carry out its economic development and enhance its capac- the resources they have made available to assist Lesotho; ity to implement fully United Nations resolutions, 10. Requests the Secretary-General: Noting the report of the mission to Lesotho, transmitted by (a) To continue his efforts to mobilize the resources neces- a note by the Secretary-General dated 30 March 1977, sent sary for an effective programme of financial, technical and in compliance with Security Council resolution 402 (1976) to material assistance to Lesotho; assess the specific requirements of Lesotho resulting from (b) To ensure that adequate financial and budgetary ar- the closure of border posts, rangements are made to continue the mobilization of resources Recognizing that the continuing influx of refugees from and to co-ordinate the international programme of assistance southern Africa imposes an additional burden on Lesotho, to Lesotho; Having examined the report of the review mission to Leso- (c) To arrange for a review of the economic situation of tho, transmitted by a note by the Secretary-General dated Lesotho in time for the matter to be considered by the Eco- 9 November 1977, sent in compliance with Economic and nomic and Social Council at its sixty-fifth session; Social Council resolution 2096 (LXIII) of 29 July 1977 to re- (d) To keep the situation in Lesotho under constant review, view the over-all economic situation of Lesotho, to maintain close contact with Member States, regional and 1. Endorses the assessments and recommendations con- other intergovernmental organizations, the specialized agen- tained in the notes by the Secretary-General dated 30 March cies and international financial institutions, and to report on and 9 November 1977; the question to the General Assembly at its thirty-third session.

The question of the Comorian island of Mayotte

Communications that the heads of State and Government of the On 16 August 1977, the representative of Organization of African Unity (OAU) noted with Swaziland, on behalf of the African group of regret that after one year there had been no Member States at the United Nations, asked positive development with regard to the ques- that the question of the Comorian island of tion and that the French Government was con- Mayotte be included in the agenda of the thirty- tinuing its illegal occupation of the island, which second (1977) session of the General Assembly. was an aggression against the unity, territorial In an explanatory memorandum accompany- integrity and sovereignty of the independent ing the African group's request, it was stated Republic of the Comoros. The heads of State Matters relating to Africa 233 and Government had therefore decided that ings of the General Assembly during its thirty- the matter should be brought to the attention second session later in 1977. On 1 November, of the international community and put on the on a proposal by 68 States, it adopted resolu- agenda of the General Assembly of the United tion 32/7, by a roll-call vote of 121 to 0, with Nations until a satisfactory solution to the prob- 17 abstentions. lem was found. By this text, the Assembly among other things On 25 October, the representative of Tunisia, recalled the provisions of its resolution of on behalf of the African group of Member 21 October 1976,38 by which it called on the States, transmitted the text of a resolution con- Government of France to enter into negotia- cerning the Comorian island of Mayotte adopt- tions with the Government of the Comoros. It ed by the OAU Council of Ministers at its ses- also noted OAU'S efforts, especially those of its sion held in Libreville, Gabon, from 23 June Committee of Seven, which had recommended to 3 July 1977, by which, among other things: that efforts be exerted to bring about a just it strongly condemned France's illegal occupa- and urgent solution by France to this problem. tion of the island of Mayotte, which constituted The Assembly then: an aggression against the national unity, terri- (1) called on the Government of the Co- torial integrity and sovereignty of the indepen- moros and the Government of France to work dent Republic of the Comoros, as well as the out a just and equitable settlement for the prob- independence and sovereignty of Africa as a lem of the Comorian island of Mayotte which whole; it demanded France's immediate with- respected the political unity and territorial drawal from Mayotte—an integral part of the integrity of the Comoros, in accordance with Republic of the Comoros—and its respect for the resolutions of the General Assembly on the sovereignty of that State; and it reaffirmed this issue; its total solidarity with the Government and (2) mandated the Secretary-General to take, people of the Republic of the Comoros in their in close consultation with the Comoros and struggle for the total liberation of their national France, any initiative in favour of negotiations territory. between the two Governments; Also transmitted was the text of a programme (3) further requested the Secretary-General of action recommended by the OAU Committee to contact the OAU Administrative Secretary- of Seven on the Question of the Comorian General with a view to obtaining any assistance Island of Mayotte (Algeria, the Comoros, Ga- which might help to discharge his mission; and bon, Madagascar, Mozambique, Senegal and (4) decided to keep the item on its agenda, the United Republic of Cameroon) at a meet- and asked the Secretary-General to report to the ing at Moroni, Comoros, on 5 and 6 Septem- Assembly in 1978 on the implementation of this ber, in which, among other things, the current resolution. Chairman of OAU was urged to continue his (For text of resolution 32/7, list of sponsors efforts to bring about the evacuation of France and voting details, see DOCUMENTARY REFER- from the island. The Committee of Seven rec- ENCES below.) ommended that a mission consisting of the During the Assembly's discussion, the Min- Foreign Ministers of its member States meet ister for Foreign Affairs of the Comoros, after the French Foreign Minister to ascertain reviewing previous developments on the ques- France's designs and real intentions in con- tion, said that the French Parliament on 24 De- nexion with the fate of Mayotte. The Ministers cember 1976 had adopted a law proclaiming were to demand that France remove once and Mayotte to be an integral part of the French for all the restrictions imposed on the move- Republic. That law, he said, was an act of de- ment of persons and goods between Mayotte liberate violation of the principles of the Char- and the rest of the Comoro Archipelago. The ter of the United Nations and of the pertinent Committee appealed to all member States of resolutions of the General Assembly. It con- OAU to undertake individual and collective ef- stituted, furthermore, proof of the desire of forts so that the French Government would the French Government to maintain in the bring about a just and urgent solution to this Indian Ocean region an atmosphere of con- problem, which preoccupied the whole of stant insecurity prejudicial to the consolidation Africa, in collaboration with the Government of the independence of the fledgling African of the Republic of the Comoros. coastal States of the Indian Ocean and to hand- icap and hinder their political, economic and Consideration by the General Assembly The question of the Comorian island of 38 Mayotte was considered at three plenary meet- See Y.U.N., 1976, pp. 183-84, text of resolution 31/4. 234 Political and security questions social future. He wanted to make it clear that Ocean and the supposed needs of naval strat- the Government and people of the Comoros egy. He said that, whatever the perception of sought a dialogue with France, but he urged France and other countries about their inter- respect for the territorial integrity of the Co- ests in the Indian Ocean, there was no justifi- moros based on its national identity, its common cation whatever for the dismemberment of a cultural patrimony and the geographic and State. economic conditions that made the popula- The representative of France observed that tions of its four islands interdependent. the territorial definition of archipelagos posed The representative of Senegal said that the a very specific problem: the only sure criterion occupation of the Comorian island of Mayotte was the will of the population, which was the by France could only diminish the store of criterion France had applied in Mayotte, thus sympathy which France had built up in its rela- implementing the principle of the right of peo- tions with Africa and create a split between ples to self-determination. The measures taken them in a matter that Senegal doubted was by the French Government and Parliament worth the candle. He urged the Comoros and since the previous session of the General As- France speedily to reach, through negotiations, sembly showed quite clearly, he said, that France a settlement providing for the return of Mayotte in no way wanted to determine for ever the to the Comorian State. He praised the Comorian destiny of Mayotte. The law of 24 December Government for its moderation and for care- 1976 made Mayotte a territorial collective unit fully avoiding heightening tensions in the Ar- of the French Republic; it provided in its first chipelago by demonstrating its willingness to article that at the end of a period of three have normal relations with France. He also said years the population of the island would be that the United Nations could not remain inac- able to decide freely, by a new vote, what its tive when a part of the territory of one of its future would be. France would not exercise Members, weak and defenceless, was occupied pressure of any kind, he said. by another Member State. It should take mea- The French representative went on to say sures to establish a dialogue between the two that the political unity of the archipelago de- parties. sired by the Comorian Government could not be The representative of Senegal went on to achieved against the will of the population of say that, by putting an abrupt end to its aid one of the islands. The future of Mayotte was to the Comoros after more than 130 years of the affair of the inhabitants of Mayotte them- colonial occupation, the French Government selves and would depend also on the attitude obviously wished to upset the regime of the of the Comorians. In that regard, he said that new independent State by casting it into inevi- France had never taken the initiative of ceasing table economic and social chaos. The economic its co-operation with the Comoros; it was not development of the country had been jeopar- because of France that that co-operation had dized, its relations with the rest of the world been interrupted, and France, he said, was impeded and its cultural activities blocked. always ready to resume it. The final choice of France had thus confronted the Comoros with the inhabitants of Mayotte would depend on considerable difficulties for which it bore a the attitude of the neighbouring State, and he heavy moral responsibility. Senegal, he said, added that it was up to the Comorian Govern- strongly supported the Comorian people and ment to see to it that a dialogue was begun the granting, whether by the United Nations with the inhabitants of Mayotte. France would or by Member States, of substantial economic never either reject a community which had assistance to the Republic of the Comoros to chosen to remain linked to it or oblige it to help it through its difficulties. place itself under an authority that it objected The spokesman for Sri Lanka observed that to. France, he said, would accept any solution what was being witnessed was the bizarre spec- chosen by the inhabitants of Mayotte. tacle of a colonial power engaging in the pro- The French representative did not take part cess of decolonization and thereafter resorting in the vote on the draft resolution, explaining to recolonization. He wondered whether France's that the text was unacceptable as it constituted action in dismembering the Comoros was per- interference in the internal affairs of France haps connected to a strategy to safeguard the in violation of Article 2, paragraph 7, of the oil route to the Western countries, or whether United Nations Charter,39 and sought to settle the Comoros imbroglio had to be understood 39 in the context of the problems of the Indian For text of Article 2 (7) of the Charter, see APPENDIX II. Matters relating to Africa 235 in advance the formula which should result deny the people of Mayotte the right to make from the negotiations it recommended. It would a choice, he said.

Documentary references

General Assembly—32nd session Against: None General Committee, meeting 1. Abstaining: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Plenary meetings 5, 53-55. Germany, Federal Republic of, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, A/32/191. Letter of 16 August from Swaziland (request for United Kingdom, United States. inclusion in agenda of item entitled: "Question of the Co- morian island of Mayotte"). The General Assembly, A/32/200. Supplementary list of items proposed for inclusion Recalling its resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960, in agenda of 32nd session of General Assembly. containing the Declaration on the Granting of Independence A/32/250. First report of General Committee, para. 22. to Colonial Countries and Peoples, and its resolution 2621 (XXV) A/32/305. Letter of 25 October from Tunisia (transmitting of 12 October 1970, containing the programme of action for resolutions adopted at 27th ordinary session of Council the full implementation of the Declaration, of Ministers of OAU (Port Louis, Mauritius, 24 June—3 July Recalling also resolution 3161 (XXVIII) of 14 December 1976) and at 29th ordinary session (Libreville, Gabon, 1973, in which the General Assembly affirmed the unity and 23 June-3 July 1977) and programme of action recom- territorial integrity of the Comoros and through which the mended by OAU Committee of Seven (Moroni, Comoros, representative of France affirmed the intention of the Govern- 5 and 6 September 1977). ment of France to respond faithfully to the aspirations of the A/32/L.12 and Corr.1 and Add.1, 2. Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Comorian people, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Burundi, Cape Verde, Chad, Recalling that those aspirations were clearly expressed by Comoros, Congo, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Egypt, the overwhelming vote of 22 December 1974 in favour of Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, independence in political unity and territorial integrity in accor- Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Indonesia, Iraq, Ivory dance with the provisions of General Assembly resolution Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lesotho, Liberia, 3291 (XXIX) of 13 December 1974, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Considering that in its communication of 17 October 1975 Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, the Security Council recommended the admission of the Co- Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, moros to membership in the United Nations and that on that Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, occasion France raised no objection, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Recalling that by General Assembly resolution 3385 (XXX) Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emir- of 12 November 1975 the Comoros were admitted to mem- ates, United Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of bership in the United Nations as an entity composed of the Tanzania, Upper Volta, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia: islands of Anjouan, Grande-Comore, Mayotte and Mohéli, as draft resolution. emphasized in resolution 3291 (XXIX) and other resolutions, Recalling the provisions of resolution 31/4 of 21 October 1976, mainly its paragraph 6 in which the General Assembly Resolution 32/7, as proposed by 68 powers, A/32/L.12 and called upon the Government of France to enter into negotia- Corr.1 and Add.1, 2, adopted by Assembly on 1 Novem- tions with the Government of the Comoros, ber 1977, meeting 55, by roll-call vote of 121 to 0, with Bearing in mind the efforts of the Organization of African 17 abstentions, as follows: Unity, especially those of its Committee of Seven on the Question of the Comorian Island of Mayotte, which met at In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argen- Moroni on 5 and 6 September 1977 and recommended tina, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin, that individual and collective efforts should be exerted in order Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, to bring about a just and urgent solution by the Government Byelorussian SSR, Cape Verde, Chad, Chile, China, Colom- of France to this problem which preoccupies the whole of bia, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Africa, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, 1. Calls upon the Government of the Comoros and the Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Fin- Government of France to work out a just and equitable settle- land, Gabon, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Guate- ment for the problem of the Comorian island of Mayotte which mala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, respects the political unity and territorial integrity of the Co- Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, moros, in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the Gen- Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Dem- eral Assembly on this issue; ocratic Republic, Lebanon, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jama- 2. Mandates the Secretary-General to take, in close con- hiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, sultation with the Government of the Comoros and the Gov- Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozam- ernment of France, any initiative in favour of negotiations be- bique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, tween the two Governments; Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, 3. Further requests the Secretary-General of the United Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Samoa, Nations to contact the Administrative Secretary-General of Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra the Organization of African Unity with a view to obtaining any Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, assistance which may help him to discharge his mission; Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad 4. Decides to keep the item entitled "Question of the and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, Comorian island of Mayotte" on its agenda and requests the USSR, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Cam- Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its eroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Uruguay, thirty-third session on the implementation of the present reso- Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia lution. 236 Political and security questions

Questions concerning Mozambique

Complaint by Mozambique to give its support to the Zimbabwe people's just struggle; now it was imperative that interna- Communications to Security Council (June 1977) tional solidarity be expressed in more concrete On 3 June 1977, the representative of Sri and active form. He asked that a meeting of Lanka, as Chairman of the Co-ordinating Bu- the Security Council be convened to study the reau of Non-Aligned Countries, transmitted the situation of tension and insecurity existing in text of a communique issued by that Bureau southern Africa, created by the colonial situa- condemning an act of aggression which it said tion prevailing in Southern Rhodesia. had been committed recently by the illegal Appended to the letter of 22 June were a racist minority regime in Southern Rhodesia statement made by the President of Mozam- against Mozambique. The timing of this act of bique at Maputo on 18 June and photographs. aggression, involving the occupation of a part The President of Guinea, in a telegram dated of Mozambican territory, in the wake of the 20 June, said that Mozambique, which had for Maputo (Mozambique) Conference (see p. 183) many months been the victim of repeated mil- and following soon after armed intrusions into itary incursions into its territory by Rhodesian the territories of Zambia and Botswana (see troops, was currently being subjected to a veri- subchapter above), could only be interpreted, table invasion by the Rhodesian army, whose according to the communiqué, as an impudent troops were massacring peaceful populations, challenge to the peoples of Africa and a cal- burning towns and villages, destroying factories culated affront to the authority of the United and killing large numbers of livestock. By this Nations. The sanctions voted by the Security insensate action, the illegal regime in Rhodesia Council against the illegal regime of Ian Smith was creating a state of war in southern Africa. had clearly failed in their purpose, the commu- The Government of Guinea, the telegram said, nique added. The negotiations which had been firmly supported the request by Mozambique set in train for the transfer of power to the for a meeting of the Security Council and black majority of Zimbabwe were clearly being would be grateful to the international commu- used by Smith to gain time for the consolida- nity for any assistance it was willing to give to tion of his illegal occupation of that country. the people of Mozambique. On 14 June, the representative of Mongolia On 25 June, the representative of Brazil said transmitted the text of a statement, issued on that, in view of the fact that new attacks had 7 June by the Mongolian Ministry of Foreign been launched by Rhodesian troops against Affairs, which charged that the recent aggres- Mozambique, the Brazilian Government reiter- sive act committed by the illegal racist regime ated its condemnation of such violations of the in Southern Rhodesia against Mozambique was sovereignty of Mozambique as constituting illustrative of the adventurist policy of racist threats to international peace and security. and neo-colonialist forces designed to perpet- In a telegram dated 26 June, the Minister uate the racist and colonial structures in south- for Foreign Affairs of Gabon, Chairman of the ern Africa. Mongolia strongly condemned the twenty-ninth session of the Council of Ministers armed attack on Mozambique and the aggres- of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), sive policy of the imperialist powers towards held at Libreville, Gabon, from 23 June to the independent States of Africa and demand- 3 July 1977, stated that the Council of Min- ed their immediate cessation. isters supported Mozambique's request for a A telegram from the President of Mozam- meeting of the Security Council and transmit- bique, dated 18 June, was transmitted to the ted the text of a resolution adopted by the Coun- Secretary-General by a letter dated 22 June cil of Ministers in connexion with the recent from the representative of Mozambique. It invasion of Mozambique by Southern Rhodesia. was stated that the illegal regime of Ian Smith, Among other things, the Council of Ministers: finding itself unable to suppress the liberation declared that any attack by the racist regime war, had been escalating a systematic action of on any front-line State would be considered violations, provocations and armed aggressions as an attack against the whole of independent against those front-line States having common Africa; decided that in the event of such an borders with Rhodesia. The international com- attack member States of OAU would grant all munity had, the President noted, unanimously possible support to repel the aggression; called condemned Smith's racist regime and decided upon the Security Council to take effective mea- Matters relating to Africa 237 sures, particularly those provided for under attention from the central question—indepen- Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Na- dence for the British colony. The intensification tions,40 to end the prevailing situation in Zim- of the aggression, the unprecedented scope of babwe, which was the source of the instability the attacks and the use of sophisticated equip- and insecurity which constituted a serious threat ment of war, including armoured vehicles, to international peace and security; and further tanks, heavy artillery, helicopters, reconnais- called on the Council to adopt measures facil- sance aircraft and Mirages revealed, he said, itating prompt and effective assistance by the that the rebel regime of Ian Smith was not international community to Mozambique in alone: it dared invade Mozambique because it order to enable it to strengthen its defence was supported militarily by certain countries. capabilities as well as overcome the tremendous The constant aggression against Mozambique, material loss incurred as a result of the aggres- which was connected with the aggression against sion and devastation committed by the illegal Zambia and Botswana, was transforming south- regime. ern Africa into a hotbed of tension, he said, On 30 June, the representative of Portugal seriously endangering world peace and security. expressed his Government's strongest condem- He went on to recall that on 17 March 1976, nation of the acts of armed aggression suffered the Security Council had unanimously adopted by Mozambique, emphasized Portugal's solidar- resolution 386 (1976),41 by which it called on ity with that country and expressed the hope all States Members and specialized agencies of that the world community would not fail to give the United Nations to supply financial, mate- Mozambique all the assistance it required to rial and technical aid to Mozambique, first, to confront the additional challenge. implement its economic development pro- gramme and, second, to maintain the applica- Consideration by the tion of sanctions against Southern Rhodesia. Security Council (28-30 June) Mozambique's primary objective at that time The Security Council considered the com- was the restructuring of its economy so as to plaint by Mozambique at six meetings held be- become a solid, active and safe base for the tween 28 and 30 June. The following States liberation struggle of the peoples of southern were invited, at their request, to participate in Africa and, in particular, of Zimbabwe. The the Council's discussion without the right to special Mission sent to Mozambique in 1976 vote: Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Brazil, Cuba, by the Secretary-General in implementation of Egypt, Gabon, the German Democratic Repub- the Council's decisions calculated the needs of lic, Guinea, Lesotho, Mozambique, Nigeria, that country at $210 million for the first 12 Senegal, the Sudan, Swaziland, the Syrian Arab months and $175 million for the following Republic, the United Republic of Tanzania, year. The aid provided, though welcome, had and Zambia. been considerably less than what was required. Opening the Council's discussion, the Min- He continued by saying that, in order to ister for Development and Economic Planning confront the aggression by the Smith regime, of Mozambique said that 1,432 persons, of Mozambique had been obliged to mobilize what whom 1,001 were Zimbabwean refugees, had little material resources it had for the defence been murdered by the army of Ian Smith since of its sovereignty and territorial integrity, and Mozambique began strictly to apply the sanc- also to cover the losses incurred through imple- tions imposed against Southern Rhodesia by mentation of the sanctions. Mozambique there- the Security Council. He enumerated several fore considered it imperative that the interna- instances of material damage suffered by Mo- tional community contribute to the reinforce- zambique, including the destruction of hospi- ment of its defensive military capability by sup- tals, schools, stores, water reservoirs, homes, plying the equipment necessary to enable it to factories, bridges, a tropospheric weather sta- defend its 1,200 kilometres of common fron- tion and livestock. tier with Southern Rhodesia. It also appealed The Minister said that Ian Smith's objectives to the international community to pursue its in carrying out this escalated aggression were, efforts to make available the financial, material on the one hand, to intimidate the Mozambican and technical aid called for by the Security people into abandoning support for the peo- Council on 17 March 1976 and further ap- ple of Zimbabwe and halting implementation pealed for assistance for the reconstruction of areas of resolutions adopted by the international com-

40 munity, and, on the other, to make the colo- For text of Chapter VII of the Charter, see APPENDIX II 41 nial conflict an international issue, thus drawing See Y.U.N., 1976, p. 195, text of resolution 386 (1976). 238 Political and security questions devastated by aggression which, he stated, had hoped-for results. The preservation in south- caused direct material losses estimated at over ern Africa of racist regimes and the continua- $13 million. tion of their raids against independent African Support for the statement by the represen- countries were being facilitated, he said, by the tative of Mozambique and solidarity with Mo- connivance of those who had been holding zambique was expressed by a number of speak- endless talks with Smith and his South African ers, including Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, protectors, which in actual practice provided Brazil, Cuba, Egypt, India, Lesotho, the Libyan cover and legality for those regimes. The USSR, Arab Jamahiriya, Panama, Senegal, Swaziland, he said, agreed with the approach of the Coun- the United Republic of Tanzania, Venezuela cil of Ministers of OAU, which had declared and Zambia. that an attack by the racist regime on any Afri- The representative of Nigeria said his Gov- can State would be viewed as an attack against ernment was prepared, in concert with all mem- the whole of independent Africa. The USSR, ber States of OAU and other progressive forces he said, would do everything in its power to of the world, to take appropriate retaliatory help Mozambique and other African States and measures against any further violations of the peoples to win a decisive victory in the struggle territorial integrity of the front-line States. against the last bastions of colonialism and The representative of Gabon, speaking also racism in Africa. on behalf of the Council of Ministers of OAU, The spokesman for Pakistan believed it was repeated the appeal made by the Head of State the duty of the international community to re- of Gabon at the opening meeting of the Coun- spond to Mozambique's call for assistance. He cil of Ministers of OAU at Libreville in June to said that Pakistan, in pursuance of Security assist the freedom fighters and the brother Council resolution 386 (1976), had decided to countries which were the victims of aggression give Mozambique the sum of 1 million rupees, at the hands of the armed bands of Ian Smith. a token of its friendship. He hoped that effec- He proposed that the Security Council adopt tive measures would be taken to stop com- a resolution along the lines of the one adopted pletely the flow of oil to Southern Rhodesia by the Council of Ministers at the Libreville and believed that, as a first step, action against meeting. the regime should be taken under Article 41 The representatives of the German Demo- of the Charter in its entirety, with considera- cratic Republic and Romania, expressing sup- tion to be given to initiating action under Arti- port for Mozambique, called for a broadening cle 42 if necessary.42 It was necessary above all, of sanctions against Southern Rhodesia. The he said, to consider the application of an arms representative of the German Democratic Re- embargo against South Africa, for the problem public, in addition, called for the imposition of of Rhodesia could not be isolated from the lar- a general embargo on the supply of weapons ger problem of racial discrimination and mi- to South Africa in order to prevent the racist nority rule in South Africa. regimes from increasing their military strength. The representative of China said that, since The representative of the Sudan, current the beginning of 1977, the Southern Rhodesian Chairman of the Arab group of Member States, racist regime had ceaselessly carried out mil- stated that the Arab countries and peoples itary threats, provocations and aggression wished once again to reaffirm their unflinching against the neighbouring independent African support for the people of Mozambique. The States of Zambia, Botswana and Mozambique; military aggression that had been committed that did not show its strength but instead dem- and the tension currently prevailing in that onstrated that under the heavy blows of the part of the African continent constituted a mounting armed struggle of the Zimbabwe threat to international peace and security. people it had increasingly found itself in an The representative of the USSR said that the inextricably hopeless impasse. Recent events infringements of the freedom and sovereignty in Africa, he said, were closely linked with the of independent African States by the racist intensified rivalry between the super-powers had assumed a systematic and massive charac- over southern Africa and for world hegemony. ter. The racist regimes, he said, were more and The Chinese Government considered that the more clearly exacerbating the situation in south- Security Council should uphold justice, con- ern Africa, intensifying the threat to interna- demn Smith's racist regime in the strongest tional peace and security. He called for the terms for its criminal acts of invading Mozam- extension of sanctions against Southern Rho- bique and other independent African States, desia because the previous measures, which 42 were limited in scope, had not yielded the For text of Charter Articles 41 and 42, see APPENDIX II. Matters relating to Africa 239 condemn the South African racist authorities every effort should be made to tighten and for their criminal acts of working hand in glove intensify existing sanctions against Southern with the Smith regime, firmly support the Rhodesia. He totally and unreservedly rejected people of Zimbabwe and the rest of southern any allegation that the attempts to find a peace- Africa in their struggle for national liberation, ful settlement of the Rhodesian issue were firmly support the Government and people of diplomatic manoeuvres concealing an ignoble Mozambique in their just struggle to defend motive. their national independence and territorial The representative of the United States integrity, and call upon all countries and peo- said his Government deplored Rhodesia's ac- ple to give them the necessary support and tions because of the tragic loss of life and prop- assistance. erty and because those actions diverted atten- According to the representative of France, tion from the true imperatives: the fundamen- the problem before the Council was a political tal necessities of arriving at a negotiated settle- one. At stake were the authority of the inter- ment in Zimbabwe and the urgency of estab- national community and the dignity of Africa. lishing majority rule in that country. In this He said that the increase in the number of context, he recalled his country's emphasis on Rhodesian attacks on Mozambique had inevi- support for majority rule and stated that the tably led Mozambique to divert its energies Smith regime could expect no assistance from from the primary objective, development; in the United States to rescue it from the posi- the face of such dangers, France believed that tion in which it had placed itself. Members the security of the African States should be must address themselves to Mozambique's re- fully protected as they exercised their legitimate quest for assistance to repair the damage result- rights. The Security Council should call on ing from the raids. Member States to extend the necessary mate- The Canadian representative said his Govern- rial assistance to Mozambique so that it might ment would continue to encourage the current pursue its development policy in spite of the initiative of the United Kingdom and the United undue burdens that had been placed on it in States to achieve the independence of Zimbabwe the defence of its independence and sovereignty. under majority rule. It was Canada's hope, he The representative of the Federal Republic said, that the international community would of Germany said that his Government had most respond generously to Mozambique's appeal emphatically denounced the act of aggression for assistance. of the Salisbury regime against Mozambique On 30 June, the Security Council unanimous- and was concerned that this development would ly adopted, as resolution 411 (1977), a draft jeopardize the efforts for a peaceful settlement text sponsored by Benin, India, the Libyan of the Rhodesian question. It called on the Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritius, Pakistan, Panama Salisbury regime to withdraw its troops from and Romania. By the preamble to this text, Mozambique without delay and to abstain from the Council among other things: expressed its all aggressive acts against neighbouring coun- indignation at the systematic acts of aggression tries in the future. His Government, he said, committed by the illegal regime of Southern was also prepared to assist Mozambique in the Rhodesia against Mozambique and the result- same spirit of solidarity in which it had decided ing loss of life and destruction of property; to assist Botswana and Lesotho in May 1977. expressed its awareness that the recent acts of According to the representative of the United aggression perpetrated against Mozambique, Kingdom, Mozambique had suffered in eco- together with the illegal regime's constant acts nomic terms from the fact that there was a of aggression and threats against the sover- considerable economic and trading relationship eignty and territorial integrity of Botswana and between it and Southern Rhodesia which had Zambia, aggravated the existing serious threat made the decision to impose sanctions a par- to the security and stability of the region; said ticularly hard one for the newly independent it was conscious of the important contribution State of Mozambique. It had also suffered, made by Mozambique through its decision to both economically and militarily, from the re- close its borders with and strictly to apply sanc- peated attacks mounted by the illegal Salisbury tions against Southern Rhodesia in conformity regime which his Government had condemned with United Nations resolutions; reaffirmed the unreservedly. He gave details of the assistance relevant provisions of the Maputo Declaration the United Kingdom had pledged to Mozam- in Support of the People of Zimbabwe and bique, adding that it hoped to offer further Namibia, and in particular those provisions development assistance in the near future. The which called for assistance to the front-line United Kingdom, he said, fully agreed that States victims of aggression by the racist mi- 240 Political and security questions nority régimes; and affirmed the right of Mo- mitted by the illegal regime, and to reinforce zambique to take all necessary measures in Mozambique's capacity to implement United accordance with the United Nations Charter to Nations decisions in support of measures against safeguard its sovereignty and territorial integ- that regime; rity. (11) requested the United Nations and its By the operative provisions of the text, the organizations and programmes concerned—in- Council: cluding the Economic and Social Council, the (1) condemned the illegal regime in South- Food and Agriculture Organization, the World ern Rhodesia for its recent acts of aggression Food Programme, the United Nations Chil- against Mozambique; dren's Fund, the International Fund for Agri- (2) declared that those acts, as well as the cultural Development, the United Nations High repeated attacks and threats against Zambia Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations and Botswana, constituted a serious aggrava- Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organiza- tion of the situation in the area; tion, the United Nations Conference on Trade (3) condemned South Africa for its contin- and Development, the United Nations Devel- ued support of the illegal regime in Southern opment Programme and the World Health Rhodesia in contravention of Security Council Organization—to provide assistance to Mozam- resolutions on sanctions against the regime in bique on a priority basis in implementation of Salisbury; the above request; (4) reaffirmed that the continued existence (12) called on all States to implement strictly of the illegal regime was a source of insecurity Security Council resolutions on sanctions and and instability in the region and constituted requested the Security Council's Committee on a serious threat to international peace and sanctions (established in pursuance of resolu- security; tion 253(1968))44 to examine as a matter of (5) reaffirmed the right of the people of priority further measures to tighten the scope Zimbabwe to self-determination and indepen- of sanctions in accordance with Article 41 of dence in accordance with General Assembly the Charter, and urgently to submit its recom- resolution 1514 (XV),43 and urged all States mendations to the Council; to intensify assistance to those people and their (13) requested the Secretary-General to co- national liberation movement in their struggle ordinate the efforts of the United Nations sys- to achieve that objective; tem and to organize immediately an effective (6) commended Mozambique for its scrupu- programme of international assistance to Mo- lous observance of sanctions against the illegal zambique; and regime in Southern Rhodesia and its steadfast (14) decided to remain actively seized of support to the people of Zimbabwe in their the matter. legitimate struggle, in accordance with United (For text of resolution 411 (1977), see DOCU- Nations resolutions; MENTARY REFERENCES below. For action taken (7) demanded that the national sovereignty by the Security Council's Committee on sanc- and territorial integrity of Mozambique be scru- tions, in accordance with this resolution, see pulously respected; p. 192.) (8) demanded that all States refrain from providing any support—overt or covert—to the Assistance to Mozambique illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia and, in particular, demanded that South Africa adhere Report of the review mission fully to Security Council resolutions and cease In response to a request by the General As- from any co-operation or collaboration with sembly of 1 December 1976,45 the Secretary- the illegal regime in violation of those decisions; General undertook to arrange for a new assess- (9) requested all States to give immediate ment of the economic situation in Mozambique and substantial material assistance to enable during the first quarter of 1977. Accordingly, Mozambique to strengthen its defence capabil- the Joint Co-ordinator of the United Nations ity in order to safeguard effectively its sover- International Programme of Assistance to Mo- eignty and territorial integrity; zambique visited that country on 4 and 5 March (10) requested all States and appropriate 1977 and, in co-operation with the Co-ordinator intergovernmental organizations to provide of the Programme, carried out a review mission financial, technical and material assistance to Mozambique in order to enable it to overcome 43 See Y.U.N., 1960, pp. 49-50, resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 Decem- ber 1960. the severe economic loss and destruction of 44 See Y.U.N., 1968, pp. 152-54, text of resolution 253 (1968). property brought about by the aggression com- 45 See Y.U.N., 1976, p. 197, text of resolution 31/43. Matters relating to Africa 241 from 18 to 24 April. The mission's report was 2094 (LXIII), on the question of assistance to submitted to the General Assembly on 9 June Mozambique, the text of which had been pro- 1977. posed by Yugoslavia on behalf of States mem- The mission recalled that it had been esti- bers of the Council belonging to the "Group mated that some $175 million to $200 million of 77" developing countries. in financial and material assistance would be The Council thereby, among other things, needed annually to allow Mozambique to carry expressed its appreciation for the assistance out its normal development. In addition, some provided by countries to Mozambique thus far, $36 million would be required for emergency but expressed its concern that the aid given and short-term agricultural projects. To date, fell short of the amount required by Mozam- $102 million in financial, material and techni- bique to deal with the special economic prob- cal assistance had been offered to Mozambique lems arising from its application of sanctions in the context of the application of sanctions. against Southern Rhodesia. The Council called This fell far short of Mozambique's needs. on all States and regional and interregional Grants of money and materials were urgently organizations to respond to the appeals of the needed, as well as assistance in carrying out a Security Council and the General Assembly to number of emergency and high-priority devel- provide assistance on a scale which would en- opment projects. The particular sectors in able Mozambique to bear the great cost arising which assistance was needed were transport, from the implementation of sanctions and the communications, education, health and self- illegal regime's aggressive actions. help and social development programmes. The Council also requested the United Na- The mission observed that many countries tions High Commissioner for Refugees to had not yet responded to the appeals for assis- strengthen his assistance programmes on be- tance. To add to the difficulties facing the half of refugees in Mozambique and it urged country, there had been devastating floods in the international community to provide him which many lives were lost and thousands made with the necessary means. homeless; property damage exceeded $35 mil- The Council welcomed the arrangements lion. Emergency assistance exceeding $5.5 mil- made by the Secretary-General and the Govern- lion had been provided by the international ment of Mozambique for the co-ordination of community but there was still a need for food, the assistance programme and requested orga- clothing, agricultural implements and equip- nizations and specialized agencies of the United ment for those affected by the floods. Finan- Nations system to co-operate closely with the cial assistance was required for the resettlement Secretary-General in this programme. It also of some 40,000 people, the report noted. asked the Secretary-General to continue his At the time the mission visited Mozambique, efforts to mobilize resources for assistance to the report said, there were over 32,000 Zim- Mozambique and to arrange for a further re- babwean refugees in the country, and an esti- view of its economic situation. mated 1,000 more were arriving each month. (For text of resolution 2094 (LXIII), see DOCU- The international community had provided MENTARY REFERENCES below.) over $6 million for the immediate needs of the refugees, but further assistance was required Report of the Mission to Mozambique (July 1977) to meet health, education and food require- Following the adoption of Security Council ments. resolution 411 (1977) on 30 June 1977, the Sec- As substantial damage to rail, road and tele- retary-General appointed a seven-member Mis- communications systems had been suffered sion to visit Mozambique to assess the extent from attacks by the forces of the illegal regime of economic loss and destruction of property in Southern Rhodesia, there was an urgent and to obtain an estimate of the financial, tech- need to repair and re-establish links, the mis- nical and material assistance needed to over- sion reported. come that loss. The mission found that deficits in both the In its report, submitted on 20 October to State budget and the public sector were increas- the General Assembly and the Security Coun- ing and were expected to exert severe pressures cil, the Mission observed that the armed attacks on the level of prices and on the balance of against Mozambique by the illegal regime in payments. Southern Rhodesia had resulted in heavy loss of life and widespread destruction of public Decision by the Economic and Social Council and private property in the border areas: 1,500 On 29 July 1977, the Economic and Social people had been killed, trade and service cen- Council adopted without vote resolution tres had been destroyed, and communications 242 Political and security questions systems destroyed or damaged. Moreover, the recommendation of its Second (Economic and Mission said, the direct losses from destruction Financial) Committee which, on 18 November, of property were greatly exceeded by the losses had approved without vote the text of a reso- from the disruption of the country's economy, lution proposed by 86 Members. particularly in the provinces affected, which By this text, the Assembly among other things were rich in food crops, cattle and minerals. endorsed the assessment and recommendations Those losses had been inflicted on a country of the Mission to Mozambique and fully sup- which was already struggling to cope with ported the provision of assistance to meet Mo- many grave problems. In addition to the prob- zambique's specific food, material and economic lems Mozambique inherited on becoming inde- requirements arising from its special economic pendent, its economy had been seriously af- situation, and its financial and material needs fected by its application of sanctions against required to deal with the large influx of refu- the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia. It gees from Southern Rhodesia. had also suffered extensive losses from flooding. The Assembly expressed its appreciation for Food production had dropped sharply both in the measures taken by the Secretary-General the modern farm sector and in the traditional to organize and mobilize an effective pro- sector, causing a deterioration in urban food gramme of international assistance to Mozam- supplies and a drop in agricultural exports. bique, and noted with satisfaction the assistance The decrease in food production and an out- thus far provided by various States and orga- flow of capital had put severe pressure on the nizations. It expressed deep concern, however, balance of payments, which would be increased that the total assistance received to meet the by a drop in gold earnings from the remit- economic sacrifices by Mozambique in the enforce- tances of migrant labour after 1977. There ment of sanctions fell far short of require- had also been a rapidly increasing deficit in the ments to cope with the situation. After drawing Government's budget. the attention of the international community The Mission said in its report that food aid to additional financial, economic and material was required and would be needed for some assistance urgently required by Mozambique time to come. Urgent development projects to enable it to overcome the severe economic included construction of transport and com- loss and destruction of property caused by the munications facilities. The Government had recent acts of aggression, the Assembly urged reviewed its general development projects and all States and all regional, financial and inter- identified a number which it considered par- governmental organizations to provide such ticularly urgent in the new circumstances. assistance to Mozambique to enable it to cope The Mission found that the continuing influx with these new problems. of large numbers of refugees from Southern The Assembly then noted with satisfaction Rhodesia was imposing a heavy burden on the programmes of humanitarian assistance Mozambique and that substantially more assis- provided to Zimbabwean refugees in Mozam- tance was needed than had been provided. bique by the United Nations High Commis- Immediate relief was also required for the sioner for Refugees and urged the interna- resettlement and rehabilitation of approximately tional community to provide him speedily with 50,000 persons affected by the Southern Rho- the necessary means to extend those pro- desian attacks. The Government had established grammes. It requested the specialized agen- a national directorate for refugee affairs to cies and other organizations of the United Na- deal with the situation. tions system to assist Mozambique in carrying Annexes to the report listed projects requir- out its planned development projects without ing external assistance in response to Security interruption and to co-operate closely with the Council resolution 411 (1977); some of them Secretary-General in organizing an effective had been identified by earlier missions but had international programme of assistance. not as yet received international assistance. Also The organizations and programmes of the included were lists of projects still needing United Nations system were asked to report assistance and those which had received assis- regularly to the Secretary-General on the steps tance since the review mission visited Mozam- taken by them and the resources they had bique in April. made available to assist Mozambique. The Sec- retary-General was asked: to continue his ef- Decision by the General Assembly forts to mobilize the resources necessary for On 13 December 1977, the General Assem- an effective programme of financial, technical bly adopted, without vote, resolution 32/95 on and material assistance to Mozambique; to ar- assistance to Mozambique. It did so on the range for a review of the economic situation Matters relating to Africa 243 of Mozambique in time for the matter to be transmitted two communiques giving further considered by the Economic and Social Coun- details about the attacks. cil at its second regular 1978 session; and to On 14 December, the representative of Zaire keep the situation in Mozambique under con- transmitted the observations of the Executive stant review, and report on the question to Council of Zaire concerning the identity of an the General Assembly at its regular 1978 ses- aircraft mentioned as having been shot down sion. on 26 November 1977 in Mozambique's note (For text of resolution 32/95 and list of spon- of 1 December. sors, See DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.) On 16 December, the representative of Mo- zambique, further to his communications of 1 Communications (December 1977) and 5 December, transmitted 11 photographs On 1 December, the representative of Mo- and a film showing the results of attacks carried zambique transmitted the text of three commu- out by Southern Rhodesia against Mozambique. niques issued by his Government in connexion On 20 December, the representative of Zaire with a number of attacks carried out against provided additional information in connexion Mozambique by the armed forces of Southern with his note of 14 December concerning the Rhodesia since May 1977. On 5 December, he identity of the aircraft mentioned previously.

Documentary references

Complaint by Mozambique Mozambique committed by the illegal racist minority regime in Southern Rhodesia, COMMUNICATIONS TO SECURITY COUNCIL (JUNE 1977) Taking note of the resolution adopted by the Council of S/12340 (A/32/98). Letter of 3 June from Sri Lanka (annex- Ministers of the Organization of African Unity at its twenty- ing communique issued by Co-ordinating Bureau of Non- ninth ordinary session at Libreville, Gabon, Aligned Countries). Indignant at the systematic acts of aggression committed S/12344/Rev.1 (A/32/109/Rev.1). Letter of 6 June from Chair- by the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia against the Peo- man of Special Committee on Situation with regard to Im- ple's Republic of Mozambique and the resulting loss of life plementation of Declaration on Granting of Independence and destruction of property, to Colonial Countries and Peoples and Acting President Gravely concerned at the rapidly deteriorating situation in of United Nations Council for Namibia (transmitting report Southern Rhodesia as a result of the continued existence of of International Conference in Support of Peoples of Zim- the illegal régime, babwe and Namibia, Maputo, Mozambique, 16-21 May 1977). Reaffirming the inalienable rights of the people of Zimbabwe S/12347 (A/32/115). Letter of 14 June from Mongolia (annex- to self-determination and independence, in accordance with ing statement of 7 June 1977). General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960, S/12348. Telegram of 20 June from Guinea. and the legitimacy of their struggle to secure the enjoyment S/12350 and Add.1. Letter of 22 June from Mozambique of such rights as set forth in the Charter of the United Na- (annexing telegram and statement of 18 June 1977). tions, S/12351. Letter of 25 June from Brazil. Recalling its resolution 232 (1966) of 16 December 1966, S/12352. Telegram of 26 June from Minister for Foreign Af- in which it determined that the situation in Southern Rho- fairs of Gabon, Chairman of 29th session of Council of desia constituted a threat to international peace and security, Ministers of OAU. Cognizant of the fact that the recent acts of aggression S/12355. Letter of 30 June from Portugal. perpetrated by the illegal regime against the People's Republic of Mozambique together with that regime's constant acts of aggression and threats against the sovereignty and territorial CONSIDERATION BY THE integrity of the Republic of Botswana and the Republic of SECURITY COUNCIL (28-30 JUNE) Zambia aggravate the existing serious threat to the security and stability of the region, Security Council, meetings 2014-2020. Recalling its resolutions on sanctions against the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia, in particular resolution 253 (1968) S/12350 and Add.1. Letter of 22 June from Mozambique (re- of 29 May 1968, quest to convene Council). Conscious of the important contribution made by the Gov- S/12353. Benin, India, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritius, ernment of the People's Republic of Mozambique through its Pakistan, Panama, Romania: draft resolution. decision of 3 March 1976 to close its borders with Southern Rhodesia and to apply strictly sanctions against the illegal Resolution 411 (1977), as proposed by 7 powers, S/12353, regime in conformity with United Nations resolutions, adopted unanimously (15-0) by Council on 30 June 1977, Deeply concerned that the measures approved by the Se- meeting 2019. curity Council have so far failed to bring to an end the illegal regime and convinced that sanctions cannot put an end to The Security Council, that regime unless they are comprehensive, mandatory and Taking note of the telegram dated 18 June 1977 from the strictly supervised and unless measures are taken against President of the People's Republic of Mozambique, Mr. Sa- States which violate them, mora Moisés Machel, to the Secretary-General, contained in Recalling its resolution 386 (1976) of 17 March 1976, document S/12350 and Add.1, Expressing its particular concern at the continued violation Having heard the statement of Mr. Marcelino dos Santos, of sanctions by South Africa and its support of the illegal re- member of the Permanent Political Committee of FRELIMO* gime in Southern Rhodesia, and Minister for Development and Economic Planning of Reaffirming the primary responsibility of the United King- Mozambique, concerning the recent acts of aggression against dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, as the administer- 244 Political and security questions ing Power, to take alt effective measures to bring to an end Council resolutions on sanctions and requests the Security the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia, in accordance with Council Committee established in pursuance of resolution the relevant United Nations resolutions, 253 (1968) concerning the question of Southern Rhodesia to Reaffirming the relevant provisions of the Maputo Declara- examine as a matter of priority further effective measures to tion in Support of the Peoples of Zimbabwe and Namibia and tighten the scope of sanctions in accordance with Article 41 in particular those provisions which call for assistance to those of the Charter of the United Nations and urgently to submit front-line States victims of acts of aggression by the racist its appropriate recommendations to the Council; minority regimes, 13. Requests the Secretary-General to co-ordinate the ef- Affirming the right of the People's Republic of Mozambique forts of the United Nations system and to organize imme- to take all necessary measures, in accordance with the Char- diately an effective programme of international assistance to ter, to safeguard its sovereignty and territorial integrity, Mozambique in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs 10 1. Strongly condemns the illegal racist minority regime in and 11 of the present resolution; Southern Rhodesia for its recent acts of aggression against 14. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter. the People's Republic of Mozambique; 2. Solemnly declares that these acts of aggression as * Frente de Libertação de Moçambique. well as the repeated attacks and threats against the Repub- lic of Zambia and the Republic of Botswana by the illegal re- S/INF/33. Resolutions and decisions of Security Council, gime in Southern Rhodesia constitute a serious aggravation 1977, pp. 9-11. of the situation in the area; 3. Condemns South Africa for its continued support of the S/12413 (A/32/268). Assistance to Mozambique. Note by illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia in contravention of Secu- Secretary-General (transmitting report of mission to Mozam- rity Council resolutions on sanctions against the regime at bique, 15-27 July 1977). Salisbury; S/12450. Interim report of Security Council Commitee estab- 4. Reaffirms that the continued existence of the illegal re- lished in pursuance of resolution 253 (1968) concerning gime in Southern Rhodesia is a source of insecurity and insta- question of Southern Rhodesia regarding implementation of bility in the region and constitutes a serious threat to interna- paragraphs 3 and 12 of Security Council resolutions tional peace and security; 409 (1977) and 411 (1977), respectively. 5. Reaffirms the right of the people of Zimbabwe to self- determination and independence, in accordance with Gen- eral Assembly resolution 1514 (XV), and urges all States to Assistance to Mozambique intensify assistance to the people of Zimbabwe and their national liberation movement in their struggle to achieve that REPORT OF THE REVIEW MISSION objective; A/32/96. Report of Secretary-General. 6. Commends the Government of the People's Republic of Mozambique for its scrupulous observance of sanctions DECISION BY THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL against the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia and its stead- fast support to the people of Zimbabwe in their legitimate Economic and Social Council—63rd session struggle, in accordance with the relevant General Assembly Plenary meetings 2081-2083 and Security Council resolutions; 7. Demands that the national sovereignty and territorial E/L.1773. Note by Secretary-General. integrity of Mozambique be scrupulously respected; E/L.1783. Yugoslavia (on behalf of States members of Eco- 8. Demands that all States refrain from providing any sup- nomic and Social Council belonging to "Group of 77"): draft port—overt or covert—to the illegal regime in Southern Rho- resolution. desia and, in particular, demands that South Africa adhere fully to Security Council resolutions and thus cease from any Resolution 2094 (LXIII), as introduced by Yugoslavia, E/L.1783 co-operation or collaboration with the illegal regime at Salisbury as amended by sponsors, adopted without vote by Council in violation of the Council's decisions; on 29 July 1977, meeting 2083. 9. Requests all States to give immediate and substantial material assistance to enable the Government of the People's The Economic and Social Council, Republic of Mozambique to strengthen its defence capability Recalling the decision of the Government of Mozambique in order to safeguard effectively its sovereignty and territorial to implement mandatory sanctions against Southern Rho- integrity; desia in accordance with Security Council resolution 253 (1968) 10. Requests all States, regional organizations and other of 29 May 1968, appropriate intergovernmental organizations to provide finan- Fully aware of the substantial economic sacrifices made cial, technical and material assistance to Mozambique in order by the Government and the people of Mozambique as a con- to enable it to overcome the severe economic loss and de- sequence of the closure of the border with Southern Rho- struction of property brought about by the acts of aggression desia, committed by the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia and to Recalling Security Council resolution 386 (1976) of 17 March reinforce Mozambique's capacity to implement United Nations 1976, in which that Council appealed to all States to provide decisions in support of measures against the illegal regime; immediate financial, technical and material assistance to Mo- 11. Requests the United Nations and the organizations zambique and requested the Secretary-General, in collabora- and programmes concerned, including the Economic and So- tion with the appropriate organizations of the United Nations cial Council, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the system, to organize with immediate effect all forms of finan- United Nations, the World Food Programme, the United Na- cial, technical and material assistance to enable Mozambique tions Children's Fund, the International Fund for Agricultural to carry out its policy of economic independence from the Development, the United Nations High Commissioner for Ref- racist regime of Southern Rhodesia and to enhance its capac- ugees, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural ity to implement fully the United Nations mandatory sanctions, Organization, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Recalling Economic and Social Council resolutions 1987 (LX) Development, the United Nations Development Programme of 11 May 1976 and 2020 (LXI) of 3 August 1976 and Gen- and the World Health Organization, to provide assistance to eral Assembly resolution 31/43 of 1 December 1976, endors- Mozambique on a priority basis in implementation of the re- ing the appeal of the Security Council to the international quest contained in paragraph 10 of the present resolution; community to provide immediate financial, technical and ma- 12. Calls upon all States to implement strictly Security terial assistance to Mozambique, Matters relating to Africa 245

Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General on assis- to the Secretary-General on the steps they have taken and tance to Mozambique, which gives an assessment of Mozam- the resources they have made available to assist Mozambique; bique's specific food and material requirements for 1977 and 11. Requests the Secretary-General: describes the country's special needs resulting from floods (a) To continue his efforts to mobilize the resources neces- and from the influx of refugees from Southern Rhodesia, sary for an effective programme of financial, technical and Recognizing the plight of the refugees and the additional material assistance to Mozambique; burden imposed upon Mozambique by their continuing influx, (b) To ensure that adequate financial and budgetary arrange- Noting further the status of the international assistance ac- ments are made to continue the mobilization of resources corded to Mozambique by February 1977, and to co-ordinate the international programme of assistance Recalling Security Council resolution 411 (1977) of 30 June to Mozambique; 1977 concerning inter alia losses suffered by Mozambique (c) To arrange for a review of the economic situation of as a result of acts of aggression committed by the illegal re- Mozambique in time for the matter to be considered by the gime in Southern Rhodesia, by which that Council requested General Assembly at its thirty-second session. the international community to provide financial, technical and material assistance to enable Mozambique to overcome REPORT OF THE MISSION TO MOZAMBIQUE (JULY 1977) the severe economic loss and destruction of property brought A/32/268 (S/12413). Note by Secretary-General (transmitting about by those acts of aggression, report of mission to Mozambique (15-27 July 1977)). 1. Expresses its appreciation to the Secretary-General for the report reviewing the situation in Mozambique and concurs DECISION BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY with its conclusions; 2. Deeply appreciates the assistance so far provided to General Assembly—32nd session Mozambique by various countries and intergovernmental and Second Committee, meetings 41, 49, 50. non-governmental organizations; Plenary meeting 101. 3. Expresses concern, however, that the international assistance received to date falls short of the amount required A/32/3. Report of Economic and Social Council on work of to enable Mozambique to deal with the special economic prob- its organizational session for 1977, of its 3rd special ses- lems arising from its implementation of Security Council sion and of its 62nd and 63rd sessions, Chapter III B. resolution 253 (1968); A/32/96. Report of Secretary-General. 4. Further concerned by recent acts of aggression com- A/32/268 (S/12413). Note by Secretary-General (covering mitted against Mozambique by the illegal regime in Southern note). Rhodesia, in particular the infliction of heavy casualties among A/C.2/32/L.25. Algeria, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Botswana, the civilian population and widespread destruction of private Brazil, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Empire, Chad, and public property; Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic 5. Calls upon all States and regional and interregional Yemen, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, organizations to respond to the appeals of the Security Coun- Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, cil and the General Assembly for assistance on a generous Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, India, scale to enable Mozambique to bear the great cost arising Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Lao Peo- from the implementation of sanctions and from the aggressive ple's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab actions of the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia; Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, 6. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the Gen- Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, eral Assembly at its thirty-second session the report of the Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, Portugal, mission which was dispatched to Mozambique pursuant to Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Security Council resolution 411 (1977), so that the interna- Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, tional community may consider further the measures needed Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad to assist Mozambique in overcoming the social and economic and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Kingdom, United Re- losses resulting from the acts of aggression committed by the public of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia; Volta, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, 7. Requests the United Nations High Commissioner for Zambia: draft resolution, as orally amended by sponsors, Refugees to strengthen further his humanitarian assistance approved without vote by Second Committee on 18 No- programmes on behalf of refugees and urges the international vember 1977, meeting 50. community to provide him speedily with the necessary means A/32/265/Add.1. Report of Second Committee (part II) (on to carry out these programmes; report of Economic and Social Council), draft resolution IV. 8. Welcomes the arrangements made by the Secretary- General and by the Government of Mozambique for the co- Resolution 32/95, as recommended by Second Committee, ordination of the programme of assistance, and the establish- A/32/265/Add.1, adopted without vote by Assembly on ment of a special account at United Nations Headquarters 13 December 1977, meeting 101. by the Secretary-General to receive contributions to the pro- gramme; The General Assembly, 9. Requests the appropriate organizations and specialized Recalling the decision of the Government of Mozambique agencies of the United Nations system, in particular the to implement mandatory sanctions against the illegal regime United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank, the of Southern Rhodesia in accordance with Security Council International Monetary Fund, the Food and Agriculture Orga- resolution 253 (1968) of 29 May 1968, nization of the United Nations, the International Fund for Conscious of the substantial economic sacrifices made by Agricultural Development, the World Food Programme, the Mozambique in the implementation of its decision to enforce World Health Organization, the United Nations Educational, sanctions and to close its borders with Southern Rhodesia, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the United Nations Deeply concerned at the continued acts of aggression com- High Commissioner for Refugees, to assist Mozambique in mitted by the illegal regime of Southern Rhodesia against carrying out its planned development projects without inter- Mozambique and the resultant loss of life and destruction of ruption and to co-operate closely with the Secretary-General property, in organizing an effective international programme of assis- Recalling Security Council resolution 386 (1976) of 17 March tance; 1976, in which the Council appealed to all States to provide 10. Further requests the appropriate organizations and immediate financial, technical and material assistance to programmes of the United Nations system to report regularly Mozambique and requested the Secretary-General, in collab- 246 Political and security questions oration with the appropriate organizations of the United Na- economic loss and destruction of property caused by the tions system, to organize, with immediate effect, all forms of acts of aggression that are detailed in the note by the Secre- financial, technical and material assistance to enable Mozam- tary-General; bique to carry out its economic development programme nor- 7. Urges all States and all regional, financial and inter- mally and to enhance its capacity to implement fully the governmental organizations to provide financial, material and United Nations mandatory sanctions, economic assistance to Mozambique to enable it to cope with Endorsing the provisions of Security Council resolution these new economic and social problems; 411 (1977) of 30 June 1977, in which the Council, inter alia, 8. Notes with satisfaction the programmes of humanitarian condemned the illegal regime of Southern Rhodesia for its assistance provided to Zimbabwean refugees in Mozambique acts of aggression against Mozambique and requested the by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and international community to provide financial, technical and urges the international community to provide him speedily material assistance to enable Mozambique to overcome the with the necessary means to carry out an extension of these severe economic loss and destruction of property brought programmes along the lines recommended in the note by about by such acts of aggression, the Secretary-General; Noting Economic and Social Council resolutions 1987 (LX) 9. Requests the specialized agencies and other organiza- of 11 May 1976, 2020 (LXI) of 3 August 1976 and 2094 (LXIII) tions of the United Nations system—in particular the United of 29 July 1977, and recalling General Assembly resolution Nations Children's Fund, the United Nations Development 31/43 of 1 December 1976, Programme, the World Food Programme, the Food and Agri- Noting also the report of the Secretary-General dated 9 June culture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health 1977 submitting the report of the second review mission Organization and the International Fund for Agricultural Devel- assessing Mozambique's specific food, material and eco- opment—to assist Mozambique in carrying out its planned nomic requirements and describing its special needs result- development projects without interruption and to co-operate ing from floods and the large influx of refugees from South- closely with the Secretary-General in organizing an effective ern Rhodesia, international programme of assistance; Having examined the note by the Secretary-General dated 10. Further requests the appropriate organizations and pro- 20 October 1977 transmitting the report of the mission to grammes of the United Nations system to report regularly to Mozambique, which provided an assessment of the financial, the Secretary-General on the steps taken by them and the technical and material assistance required for Mozambique to resources they have made available to assist Mozambique; overcome the loss and destruction caused by Southern Rho- 11. Requests the Secretary-General: desia's acts of aggression and which reviewed the over-all (a) To continue his efforts to mobilize the resources neces- economic situation in Mozambique in the context of Security sary for an effective programme of financial, technical and Council resolutions 386 (1976) and 411 (1977), material assistance to Mozambique; 1. Fully endorses the assessment and recommendations (b) To ensure that adequate financial and budgetary arrange- of the mission which was dispatched to Mozambique under ments are made to continue the mobilization of resources the terms of Security Council resolution 411 (1977), contained and to co-ordinate the international programme of assistance in the note by the Secretary-General dated 20 October 1977; to Mozambique; 2. Fully supports the provision of assistance to meet: (c) To arrange for a review of the economic situation of (a) The specific food, material and economic requirements Mozambique in time for the matter to be considered by the arising from the special economic situation facing Mozambique; Economic and Social Council at its sixty-fifth session; (b) The financial and material needs required to deal with (d) To keep the situation in Mozambique under constant the large influx of refugees from Southern Rhodesia, as out- review, to maintain close contact with Member States, regional lined in the report of the Secretary-General dated 9 June 1977 and other intergovernmental organizations, the specialized and the note by the Secretary-General dated 20 October 1977; agencies and international financial institutions, and to report 3. Deeply appreciates the measures taken by the Secre- on the question to the General Assembly at its thirty-third tary-General to organize and mobilize an effective programme session. of international assistance to Mozambique; 4. Notes with satisfaction the assistance so far provided COMMUNICATIONS (DECEMBER 1977) to Mozambique by various States and by various regional S/12466. Note verbale of 1 December from Mozambique and international organizations; (annexing communication received from Maputo on 3 No- 5. Expresses deep concern, however, that the total assis- vember 1977 and official communiques issued on 29 No- tance received to date to meet the economic sacrifices made vember 1977). by Mozambique in the enforcement of sanctions still falls far S/12471. Note verbale of 5 December from Mozambique short of its requirements to cope with the situation; (annexing communiques of 2 and 3 December 1977). 6. Draws the attention of the international community to S/12492. Note verbale of 14 December from Zaire. additional financial, economic and material assistance urgently S/12497. Note verbale of 16 December from Mozambique. required by Mozambique to enable it to overcome the severe S/12506. Note verbale of 20 December from Zaire.

The question of Western Sahara

Communications of mercenaries in the pay of the Algerian re- During 1977, the President of the Security gime had attacked the capital of Mauritania Council and the Secretary-General received causing casualties among the civilian popula- communications from Algeria, France, the tion. The Algerian regime appeared to be re- Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritania, and Mo- sorting to State terrorism, the letter stated: on rocco relating to the situation in Western Sa- that day, 7 July, an attempt had been made hara. on the life of the Mauritanian Ambassador to In a letter dated 7 July, the representative Paris. of Mauritania charged that on 3 July a band In a reply dated 28 July, the representative Matters relating to Africa 247 of Algeria denied the charges and stated that to place on Algeria the responsibility for the Mauritania, in the wake of the continued losses state of war prevailing in Western Sahara, pro- inflicted on it by the liberation forces of the claiming that the Moroccan army would no Saharan people, under the direction of the longer hesitate to violate Algeria's borders and Frente Popular para la Liberación de Saguia invoking the right of "hot pursuit." el Hamra y Río de Oro (Frente POLISARIO), In a reply dated 10 November, the Minister had tried to conceal the failure of their policy of State for Foreign Affairs of Mauritania said of annexation by trying to implicate Algeria. that the resistance of the so-called Saharan peo- The representative of Mauritania, in a letter ple was simply the manifestation of the policy dated 28 October, charged that on 26 October of aggression and intimidation which the Al- a party of 26 railwaymen, including two French gerian Government had constantly practised nationals, who were responsible for the main- towards his country, in defiance of all norms tenance of the Mauritanian railway between of international law and of international moral- Nouadhibou and Zouérate, had been seized ity. The taking of innocent civilians as hostages and held hostage at the instigation of the Al- and the systematic intent to destroy Mauritania's gerian Government and with the direct partici- economic potential were proof, if proof were pation of the Algerian army. The letter also needed, of the kind of morality which the Al- said that earlier in 1977 six French nationals gerian leaders were trying to impose on the stationed at Zouérate and three Mauritanian countries of the region, and indeed on the citizens had been seized and were being held international community as a whole. He went hostage on Algerian territory. on to say that the proclamation of a self-styled In a reply dated 31 October, Algeria's repre- Saharan republic in Algerian national territory sentative denied the charges and said that Al- and the recognition of that republic by the geria had repeatedly drawn the attention of Algerian Government were in themselves an the international community to the inevitable outright negation of the principles of the Char- consequences of the policy of aggression and ters of the United Nations and the Organiza- occupation of Western Sahara and the conse- tion of African Unity (OAU). In setting up that quent degradation of the situation in the whole republic, the Algerian Government was trying region. It remained convinced that the only to establish in Western Sahara a State based possible way to bring about a peaceful, just and on tribalism—an attempt to create another lasting settlement of the problem of Western Transkei in the north-western part of Africa. Sahara lay in the implementation of General On 22 November, the Moroccan represen- Assembly resolutions relating to the effective tative forwarded a letter from the Minister for exercise by the Saharan people of their inalien- Foreign Affairs of Morocco stating that the able right to self-determination. Algerian leaders were constantly infringing the On 9 November, in a letter transmitted by territorial integrity of Morocco by organizing the Algerian representative, the Minister for military actions from Algerian territory. Algeria Foreign Affairs of Algeria said that recent de- had been trying to establish in the area, through velopments in Western Sahara were causing the so-called Frente POLISARIO, a sham entity his Government concern. Because of the failure that would enable it to control the territory in to find a just and lasting solution, the problem place of the former administering power. Mo- of Western Sahara continued to provoke armed rocco totally rejected the hegemonistic policy clashes between the Saharan people and the being imposed on the region by Algeria. occupation forces of Morocco and Mauritania, In a letter dated 21 December, the represen- the Governments of which had refused to re- tative of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya said that spect the decisions of international agencies and a dangerous situation existed in Western Sahara accept the peaceful settlement of this decoloni- as a result of barbaric raids perpetrated by zation question. the French air force against the inhabitants, in He went on to say that the French Govern- which napalm and other prohibited weapons ment, while officially assuming an attitude of had been deployed. These actions, as well as neutrality, no longer concealed its bias and its recent statements issued by the French Minister involvement on the side of the aggressor States. of Defence and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Its belligerent declarations and the massive aid were reversions to the old methods of colonial- given to the Moroccan and Mauritanian armed ism and could only be considered as acts of forces in their endeavour to exterminate the direct intervention in the affairs of African Saharan people were evidence of a clear intent countries. to fan the flames of conflict and to encourage In a letter of the same date, the Mauritanian escalation. He said the King of Morocco tried representative drew attention to what it termed 248 Political and security questions the extremely tense situation which had been and Government of OAU, and letters from Al- created and maintained in Mauritania by the geria, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar Algerian Government. He said, among other and Tunisia: Algeria transmitted two commu- things, that attacks on 12 and 18 December on nications from its Minister for Foreign Affairs the mineral train joining Zouérate to Nouadhi- on the situation in the territory; the Libyan bou was part of Algeria's policy of aggression. Arab Jamahiriya annexed the text of a cable Mauritania would not hesitate to turn for assis- by its Secretary for Foreign Affairs drawing tance to the international community, and espe- attention to a recent bombardment by the cially to friendly countries, in accordance with French air force against the Sahrawi people; its sovereign rights as recognized by the United Madagascar transmitted a memorandum from Nations Charter. POLISARIO addressed to the Chairman of the In a letter dated 22 December, the represen- Special Committee; and Tunisia requested cir- tative of France said that the statements made culation of resolutions and decisions adopted in the letter of 21 December from the Libyan by the Council of Ministers and by the OAU Arab Jamahiriya were totally inconsistent with Assembly at their June/July 1977 sessions at the facts. France, he said, could not fail to take Libreville, Gabon. an interest in the fate of its nationals who were The Fourth Committee, the committee in contributing to the development of Mauritania which the question was considered, heard a and it was the duty of the French Government petitioner from POLISARIO on 31 October 1977 to provide protection for them. In view of this and statements by several Members at meetings situation, French air force units—in very lim- held between 31 October and 9 November. On ited numbers—might take action to help main- 9 November, following consultations between tain the security of French nationals in Mauri- its Chairman and interested parties, the Fourth tania when the latter were endangered, doing Committee approved by consensus a draft text so only at the request of the Mauritanian Gov- on the question of Western Sahara; the Assem- ernment. bly adopted it without objection on 28 Novem- By a letter of the same date, the represen- ber as its resolution 32/22. tative of Mauritania transmitted a message from By this resolution, the Assembly among other the Mauritanian Minister of State for Foreign things: reaffirmed its commitment to the prin- Affairs rebutting recent statements made by ciple of self-determination of peoples in accor- Algerian leaders concerning the tension in dance with the Declaration on granting inde- north-western Africa. pendence; expressed the hope that a just and lasting solution to the problem of Western Consideration by the General Assembly Sahara would be speedily achieved at the forth- The question of Western Sahara was consid- coming extraordinary session of OAU; request- ered by the General Assembly at its regular ed the Special Committee on implementation 1977 session. The Assembly had before it, to of the Declaration to keep developments under facilitate consideration of the question, the per- review and report again in 1978; asked the tinent chapter of the report of its Special Com- OAU Administrative Secretary-General to inform mittee on the Situation with regard to the the United Nations Secretary-General of the Implementation of the Declaration on the progress achieved in the implementation of Granting of Independence to Colonial Coun- OAU decisions concerning Western Sahara, and tries and Peoples.46 The Special Committee invited the United Nations Secretary-General to had, on 4 August 1977, transmitted the avail- report on that information as soon as possible; able information on the territory to the As- and decided to resume consideration of the sembly and had decided to consider the item question at its regular 1978 session. again at its 1978 session. (For further information and for text of reso- Also before the Assembly was a report of the lution, see pp. 883 and 895.) Secretary-General informing the Assembly of a proposed extraordinary summit meeting on 46 See Y.U.N., 1960, pp. 49-50, resolution 1514 (XV) of H Decem- the question by the Assembly of Heads of State ber 1960, containing text of Declaration.

Documentary references Communications S/12445. Letter of 10 November from Mauritania. S/12360. Letter of 7 July from Mauritania. S/12455. Letter of 22 November from Morocco. S/12374. Letter of 28 July from Algeria. S/12500. Letter of 21 December from Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. S/12430. Letter of 28 October from Mauritania. S/12502. Letter of 21 December from Mauritania. S/12431, S/12442 and Rev.1. Letters of 31 October and S/12503. Letter of 22 December from France. 9 November from Algeria. S/12504. Letter of 22 December from Mauritania. Matters relating to Africa 249

Assistance to Cape Verde

At its July/August 1977 session, the Economic mission to visit Cape Verde to review the eco- and Social Council considered the question of nomic situation. The response had indicated assistance to Cape Verde. It was pointed out that all food needs would be met during 1977; by the representative of the Secretary-General as for development needs, assistance had come that the economy of Cape Verde lacked infra- from bilateral donors as well as from com- structure for development, that large numbers ponent parts of the United Nations system. of refugees had been returning and that there The Secretary-General said that he planned to had been more than eight successive years of send another mission to Cape Verde to assess drought followed by floods. the situation. The Council was informed that, in accor- On 13 December 1977, the General Assembly dance with a General Assembly resolution of adopted resolution 32/99, without vote, on the 24 November 1976,47 the Secretary-General recommendation of its Second (Economic and had issued an appeal to the international com- Financial) Committee. The Second Committee munity for the purchase and transport of food- had approved the text, without vote, on 18 No- stuffs. The Secretary-General's representative vember 1977, on the proposal of 70 Member reported that the response had secured the States. food supply for 1977 but it would be many By the preambular paragraphs of resolution years before Cape Verde would become self- 32/99, the General Assembly inter alia noted sufficient in food production. It was hoped with concern the grave economic situation exist- that the international community would con- ing in Cape Verde and expressed its apprecia- tinue to give support to Cape Verde. tion for the assistance that had been provided. On 29 July 1977, the Council adopted deci- It took note of the report of the Secretary- sion 252 (LXIII) by which it took note of the General and recognized the need for active statements made on behalf of the Secretary- measures to stimulate new economic activities. General on assistance to Cape Verde and also By the operative paragraphs of the resolu- noted the observations in the report of the tion, the Assembly inter alia urged Member Committee for Development Planning, on its States and relevant international institutions to April 1977 session, on the inclusion of Cape provide assistance to Cape Verde. It requested Verde in the list of the least developed among the Secretary-General to send a special mission the developing countries. The report had con- to the country to consult with the Government cluded that available data suggested Cape Verde on the nature and extent of the development should be included, as a borderline case. In aid needed, and it decided to include Cape addition, by decision 252 (LXIII), the Council Verde in the list of least developed countries. recommended that the Secretary-General con- The Secretary-General was requested to con- tinue his efforts to mobilize assistance from tinue his efforts to mobilize assistance for Cape Member States and the United Nations system. Verde, to keep the situation under review and Decision 252 (LXIII), proposed by the Coun- to maintain close contact with Member States cil President, was adopted without a vote. and intergovernmental organizations, the spe- Later in the year, the Secretary-General sub- cialized agencies and international financial insti- mitted a report to the General Assembly sum- tutions. marizing the situation in Cape Verde. (For text of resolution 32/99 and list of spon- The Secretary-General reported that in Octo- sors, See DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.) ber 1976 he had issued an appeal for food supplies for 1977 and transport to move them 47 to Cape Verde. He had also arranged for a See Y.U.N., 1976, pp. 188-89, text of resolution 31/17.

Documentary references

Economic and Social Council—63rd session General Assembly—32nd session Plenary meetings 2081-2083. Second Committee, meetings 49, 50. Fifth Committee, meeting 61. E/5939 and Corr.1. Report of Committee for Development Plenary meeting 101. Planning on its 13th session, Headquarters, New York, 11- 21 April 1977. A/32/3. Report of Economic and Social Council on work of E/L.1786. Draft decision proposed by Council President. its organizational session for 1977, of its 3rd special session E/6020. Resolutions and decisions of Economic and Social and of its 62nd and 63rd sessions, Chapter III F. Council, 63rd session (decision 252 (LXIII)). Report of Secretary-General. 250 Political and security questions

A/C.2/32/L.42. Algeria, Angola, Austria, Bangladesh, Barba- cerning the inclusion of Cape Verde in the list of the least dos, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Burundi, Central African developed countries, Empire, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cyprus, Democratic Yemen, Noting with concern the grave economic situation existing Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, in Cape Verde as a result of nine successive years of drought, Ethiopia, France, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea- of the total lack of development infrastructure and of the grave Bissau, India, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, effects of the international economic situation on its entire Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, economy, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, Expressing its appreciation for the assistance provided by Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, various States and organizations, including both food aid and Philippines, Portugal, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, development aid, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swazi- Noting, however, that, despite the appeal by the Secretary- land, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and General for development aid to enable Cape Verde to imple- Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Cameroon, ment its development programme, the international response United Republic of Tanzania, United States, Upper Volta, has fallen short of the requirements of the situation, Viet Nam, Zaire, Zambia: draft resolution, as orally amended Noting further the efforts made for the benefit of the Sahel by sponsors, approved without vote by Second Committee by the Office for Sahelian Relief Operations of the Food and on 18 November 1977, meeting 50. Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and by the A/C.2/32/L.49. Administrative and financial implications of United Nations Sahelian Office, 70-power draft resolution, A/C.2/32/L.42. Statement by Sec- Recognizing the need for active measures to stimulate new retary-General. economic activities, A/C.5/32/72, A/C.5/32/73, A/32/8/Add.21, A/32/446. Admin- Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General of 21 Sep- istrative and financial implications of, inter alia, draft reso- tember 1977, lution Vlll recommended by Second Committee in A/32/ 1. Urges Member States and the relevant international 265/Add.1. Statement and report by Secretary-General and institutions—in particular the United Nations Development reports of ACABQ and Fifth Committee. Programme, the International Bank for Reconstruction and A/32/265/Add.1. Report of Second Committee (part II) (on Development, the International Fund for Agricultural Develop- report of Economic and Social Council), draft resolution Vlll. ment, the United Nations Industrial Development Organiza- tion, the United Nations Children's Fund, the Food and Agri- culture Organization of the United Nations, the World Food Resolution 32/99, as recommended by Second Committee, Programme and the World Health Organization—to continue to A/32/265/Add.1, adopted without objection by Assembly provide effective and continuous assistance to the Govern- on 13 December 1977, meeting 101. ment of Cape Verde so that it may deal effectively with the catastrophic situation resulting from the drought, and to ensure the supply of food, medical and other products to that country; The General Assembly, 2. Requests the Secretary-General to send a special mis- Recalling its resolution 31/17 of 24 November 1976 relating sion to Cape Verde with a view to determining, in consulta- to assistance to Cape Verde, in which it requested the Sec- tion with the Government, the nature and extent of the devel- retary-General to mobilize the financial, technical and eco- opment aid needed in order: nomic assistance of the international community, in particular (a) To expand and strengthen the economic and social the developed countries and the appropriate organizations of base of the country; the United Nations system, with a view to meeting the short- (b) To initiate an accelerated development programme; term and long-term development needs of this newly inde- 3. Decides to include Cape Verde in the list of the least pendent country, developed countries; Recalling its resolution 31/156 of 21 December 1976, in 4. Requests the Secretary-General: which it urged all Governments to lend their support, in the (a) To continue his efforts to mobilize the necessary re- context of their assistance programmes, for the implementa- sources for an effective programme of financial, technical and tion of the specific action envisaged in favour of developing material assistance to Cape Verde; island countries, (b) To ensure that adequate financial and budgetary arrange- Recalling its resolutions 3054 (XXVIII) of 17 October 1973 ments are made to continue the mobilization of resources and 3512 (XXX) of 15 December 1975 concerning the economic and to co-ordinate the international programme of assistance and social situation in the Sudano-Sahelian region and mea- to Cape Verde; sures to be taken for the benefit of that region, (c) To keep the situation in Cape Verde under constant Recalling further that Cape Verde is a member of the Per- review, to maintain close contact with Member States, regional manent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel, and other intergovernmental organizations, the specialized Noting Economic and Social Council decision 252 (LXIII) of agencies and international financial institutions, and to report 29 July 1977, in which the Council, inter alia, took note of on the question to the General Assembly at its thirty-third the view of the Committee for Development Planning con- session.

Assistance to the Comoros At its July/August 1977 session, the Economic and the Secretary-General to mobilize assistance for Social Council considered the question of assis- its development needs. His representative re- tance to the Comoros. ported that, in pursuance of that request, the The Council was informed by a representa- Secretary-General had appealed for aid to Mem- tive of the Secretary-General that the General ber States and had dispatched a Mission to the Assembly on 1 December 197648 had called on Comoros to determine the essential needs and the international community to assist the Gov- priority areas for action. ernment of the Comoros in dealing with that 48 country's economic situation and had requested See Y.U.N., 1976, p. 189, text of resolution 31/42. Matters relating to Africa 251

On 29 July 1977, the Council adopted deci- small-scale technical co-operation projects. Also sion 252 (LXIII) by which it took note of the listed in detail were the needed agricultural statement on assistance in emergency situations tools and equipment, and hospital supplies. made on behalf of the Secretary-General, and With this report before it, on 13 December also noted the observations made in the report 1977, the General Assembly adopted resolu- of the Committee for Development Planning tion 32/92, without vote, on the recommenda- on its April 1977 session. The Committee had tion of its Second (Economic and Financial) pointed out that available data suggested that Committee. The Second Committee had ap- the Comoros could be included, as a border- proved the text of the resolution, without vote, line case, in the list of the least developed on 10 November 1977 on the proposal of 57 among the developing countries. Member States. In addition, by decision 252 (LXIII), the Coun- By the preambular paragraphs of this reso- cil reaffirmed the Assembly's request that the lution, the General Assembly observed, among Secretary-General continue his efforts to mobi- other things, that the Government and people lize assistance for the Comoros from Member of the Comoros had made substantial sacrifices States and the United Nations system. in reorganizing and improving administration Decision 252 (LXIII), proposed by the Coun- in both the economic and social fields. cil President, was adopted without a vote. By the operative paragraphs of resolution Later in the year, the Secretary-General sub- 32/92, the Assembly inter alia endorsed the mitted a report to the General Assembly sum- assessment and recommendations of the report marizing the situation with regard to assistance of the Mission to the Comoros. It urged Mem- to the Comoros. The report stated that the ber States and regional and intergovernmental Secretary-General had sent a Mission to the organizations to respond generously with the Comoros in May 1977 to consult with that Gov- assistance necessary to meet the costs of the ernment on the nature and extent of its needs. programme outlined in the report of the Mis- On 3 November, the Secretary-General re- sion. Further, it urged the specialized agencies ported to the Assembly on the recommenda- and other organizations of the United Nations tions and conclusions of that Mission, as well system to give increased assistance to the Co- as those of a supplementary mission in Sep- moros and to co-operate with the Secretary- tember. He outlined major factors contributing General in organizing an effective programme to the critical situation in the Comoros, many of international assistance to that country. It of them long-term underlying problems inherit- also decided to include the Comoros in the list ed from the past. In addition, he reported of the least developed countries. that the Government was faced with post-inde- The Assembly also requested the Secretary- pendence problems compounding the diffi- General inter alia to continue his efforts to mo- culties. The Government's approach to devel- bilize assistance, to arrange for a further review opment was described and a programme of of the economic situation and to keep the situa- proposed international assistance was put for- tion under surveillance, maintaining close con- ward. The projects within the programme were tact with the international community. divided into those critically urgent, those neces- (For text of resolution and list of sponsors, sary to accelerate development and some urgent See DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.)

Documentary references

Economic and Social Council—63rd session Report of United Nations Mission to Comoros, 21-28 May Plenary meetings 2081-2083. 1977.) A/C.2/32/L.24. Algeria, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Botswana, E/5939 and Corr.1. Report of Committee for Development Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Empire, Chad, Colom- Planning on its 13th session, Headquarters, New York, bia, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, 11-21 April 1977. Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, E/L.1786. Draft decision proposed by Council President. Ivory Coast, Kenya, Kuwait, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab E/6020. Resolutions and decisions of Economic and Social Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauri- Council, 63rd session (decision 252(LXIII)). tius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, General Assembly—32nd session Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Togo, Trinidad Second Committee, meeting 41. and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Republic of Plenary meeting 101. Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia: draft resolution, approved A/32/3. Report of Economic and Social Council on work of without vote by Second Committee on 10 November 1977, its organizational session for 1977, of its 3rd special ses- meeting 41. sion and of its 62nd and 63rd sessions, Chapter III F. A/32/265/Add.1. Report of Second Committee (part II) (on A/32/208 and Add.1,2. Report of Secretary-General. (Add.1: report of Economic and Social Council), draft resolution I. 252 Political and security questions

Resolution 32/92, as recommended by Second Committee, the list of urgent projects submitted by the Government of the A/32/265/Add.1, adopted without vote by Assembly on Comoros for financing, as described in the report transmitted 13 December 1977, meeting 101. by the Secretary-General; 4. Urges Member States and regional and intergovern- The General Assembly, mental organizations to respond generously and to continue Recalling its resolution 31/42 of 1 December 1976 relating to provide the Comoros with the economic, financial and ma- to assistance to the Comoros, in which it requested the Sec- terial assistance necessary to meet the cost of the projects retary-General to mobilize financial, technical and economic and other measures referred to in the report of the Mission; assistance from the international community, particularly from 5. Urges the specialized agencies and other organizations the developed countries and the appropriate organizations of the United Nations system—in particular the United Nations within the United Nations system, with a view to meeting the Development Programme, the International Bank for Recon- short-term and long-term development needs of this newly struction and Development, the International Monetary Fund, independent country, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Recalling its resolution 31/156 of 21 December 1976, in the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the World which it recommended specific action by the developed coun- Food Programme, the World Health Organization, the United tries in favour of developing island countries, Nations Children's Fund and the United Nations Educational, Having regard to the particularly exceptional circumstances Scientific and Cultural Organization—to grant increased assis- in which the Comoros acceded to independence on 6 July tance to the Comoros and to co-operate with the Secretary- 1975, General in organizing an effective international programme of Taking note of the island character of this developing coun- assistance to that country; try and of the serious economic situation with which it had to 6. Decides to include the Comoros in the list of the least deal immediately after its accession to independence, developed countries; Having regard to Economic and Social Council decision 7. Expresses its deep satisfaction regarding the mea- 252 (LXIII) of 29 July 1977, in which the Council took note, sures taken by the Secretary-General to organize an effective inter alia, of the view of the Committee for Development programme of international assistance to the Comoros; Planning concerning the inclusion of the Comoros in the list 8. Notes with appreciation the assistance already provided of the least developed countries, or pledged to the Comoros by Member States, regional and Having regard to the very substantial sacrifices made by intergovernmental organizations and the organizations of the the Government and people of the Comoros in reorganizing United Nations system; and improving the administration in both the social and eco- 9. Requests the Secretary-General: nomic fields, (a) To continue his efforts to mobilize the necessary re- Noting the statement of the representative of the Secretary- sources for an effective programme of financial, technical and General, which emphasized the urgency of providing in- material assistance to the Comoros; creased assistance adapted to the real needs of the young (b) To ensure that adequate financial and budgetary arrange- republic of the Comoros, ments are made to continue the mobilization of resources Having studied the report of the Secretary-General trans- and to co-ordinate the international programme of assistance mitting the report of the United Nations Mission to the Comoros to the Comoros; which reviews the extremely critical economic situation in the (c) To arrange for a review of the economic situation in Comoros and contains, inter alia, a list and the cost of urgent the Comoros in time for the matter to be considered by the projects formulated by the Government of the Comoros that Economic and Social Council at its sixty-fifth session; require international assistance, (d) To keep the situation in the Comoros under constant 1. Endorses the assessment and recommendations of review, to maintain close contact with Member States, regional the United Nations Mission to the Comoros; and other intergovernmental organizations, the specialized 2. Draws the attention of the international community to agencies and international financial institutions, and to report the critical budgetary situation confronting the Comoros; on the question to the General Assembly at its thirty-third 3. Calls the attention of the international community to session.

Assistance to Djibouti

On 13 December 1977, the General Assembly sider including Djibouti in the list of the least adopted, without objection, resolution 32/93 developed among the developing countries, on assistance to Djibouti. The Assembly thereby and strongly recommended that Djibouti be recalled its recent admission of the country to included also in the list of the countries most the United Nations and expressed awareness of seriously affected by world economic crises. It problems facing Djibouti which derived from further requested the Secretary-General to mo- an inadequate social and economic infrastruc- bilize assistance from the international commu- ture and which had been aggravated by a long nity and to keep the situation under review. drought and other factors. Resolution 32/93 was adopted on the recom- Among other actions taken by the Assembly mendation of the Second (Economic and Finan- in adopting the resolution, the Assembly ap- cial) Committee. That Committee had approved, pealed strongly to Member States and to inter- without vote, the text of the resolution on national institutions to give effective and sus- 10 November 1977, on the proposal of 67 tained assistance to Djibouti to enable the Govern- Member States. ment to deal with the critical situation it was (For text of resolution and list of sponsors, facing. The Assembly requested, inter alia, that See DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.) the Committee for Development Planning con- Matters relating to Africa 253

Documentary references

General Assembly—32nd session Recalling also the recent surveys carried out by the United Second Committee, meeting 41. Nations with a view to assessing Djibouti's short-term and Plenary meetings 3, 101. long-term needs, Further recalling its resolution 3421 (XXX) of 8 December A/C.2/32/L.14. Algeria, Burundi, Chad, Congo, Egypt, Ethio- 1975 on the implementation of the Declaration on the Grant- pia, France, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, ing of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, in Jamaica, Jordan, Kuwait, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mada- which it urged the specialized agencies and other organiza- gascar, Malawi, Mali, Mexico, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Paki- tions within the United Nations system to extend assistance stan, Qatar, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Syrian Arab Republic, to the newly independent and emerging States, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Cam- Recalling recommendation 99 (IV) of 31 May 1976 adopted eroon, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Zambia: by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Develop- draft resolution. ment at its fourth session, held at Nairobi from 5 to 31 May A/C.2/32/L.14/Rev.1. Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, 1976, Barbados, Burundi, Chad, Congo, Democratic Yemen, Noting that Djibouti is not included in the list of the least Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, developed countries or in the list of the most seriously affected Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, India, Indo- countries, nesia, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, 1. Strongly appeals to Member States and to the interna- Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan tional institutions concerned—in particular the United Nations Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Development Programme, the World Bank, the United Nations Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Children's Fund, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Senegal, Somalia, United Nations and the World Food Programme—to give Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad effective and sustained assistance to the Government of and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Djibouti so as to enable it to deal successfully with the critical United Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, situation arising from the drought and the economic difficulties United States, Upper Volta, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, which that country is experiencing; Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia: revised draft resolution, ap- 2. Requests the Secretary-General to mobilize financial, proved without vote by Second Committee on 10 Novem- technical and economic assistance from the international ber 1977, meeting 41. community, particularly from the developed countries and A/32/265/Add.1. Report of Second Committee (part II) (on competent agencies of the United Nations, in order to meet report of Economic and Social Council), draft resolution II. the short-term and long-term development needs of this newly independent country; Resolution 32/93, as recommended by Second Committee, 3. Requests the Committee for Development Planning to A/32/265/Add.1, adopted without objection by Assembly on treat as a priority matter at its fourteenth session and to give 13 December 1977, meeting 101. favourable consideration to the inclusion of Djibouti in the list of the least developed countries and to submit its conclu- The General Assembly, sions to the Economic and Social Council at its sixty-fifth Having warmly welcomed the admission of the Republic session; of Djibouti to the United Nations, 4. Invites in the meantime Member States, particularly Taking note of the statement made by the President of the developed countries, and United Nations agencies to the Republic of Djibouti in the General Assembly on the eco- grant Djibouti, in view of its difficult economic situation, the nomic difficulties confronting his country, same favourable treatment as is enjoyed by the least devel- Aware of the fact that Djibouti has to tackle certain specific oped among the developing countries; tasks deriving from its recent accession to independence, 5. Strongly recommends that Djibouti should be included Aware also of the need for the improvement and enlarge- in the list of the most seriously affected countries; ment of the social and economic infrastructure of Djibouti, 6. Requests the Secretary-General to keep the question Deeply concerned at the situation prevailing in the country, under review and to report to the General Assembly at its aggravated by drought and other factors seriously affecting thirty-third session on the implementation of the present reso- its economic and social life, lution.

Assistance to Guinea-Bissau

On 13 December 1977, the General Assembly of the international community, and further adopted, without objection, resolution 32/100 requested the Committee for Development on assistance to Guinea-Bissau. It thereby voiced Planning to give favourable consideration to its deep concern at the serious economic situa- the inclusion of Guinea-Bissau in the list of tion in Guinea-Bissau resulting from more than the least developed among the developing coun- 11 years of a war of national liberation, the tries. In addition, the Assembly requested the return of large numbers of refugees and the Secretary-General to keep the situation in lack of infrastructure for development. Guinea-Bissau under review. By the operative paragraphs of the resolu- Resolution 32/100 was adopted on the recom- tion, the Assembly, among other actions, ur- mendation of the Second (Economic and Finan- gently appealed to Member States and interna- cial) Committee. The Second Committee had tional institutions to assist Guinea-Bissau in approved the text, without vote, on 22 Novem- meeting its economic development needs. It ber 1977 on the proposal of 80 Member States. requested the Secretary-General to mobilize (For text of resolution and list of sponsors, the financial, technical and economic assistance See DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.) 254 Political and security questions

Documentary references

General Assembly—32nd session the implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Second Committee, meetings 41, 49-51. Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, in which it Fifth Committee, meeting 61. urged the specialized agencies and other organizations within Plenary meeting 101. the United Nations system to extend assistance to the newly independent and emerging States, A/C.2/32/L.21. Algeria, Angola, Austria, Bangladesh, Barba- Recalling recommendation 99 (IV) of 31 May 1976 of the dos, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, par- African Empire, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, ticularly paragraph 4 thereof, in which the Conference recom- Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial mended that measures of assistance should be undertaken Guinea, Ethiopia, France, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, by the appropriate organs of the United Nations system in Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, India, Ivory Coast, favour of the newly independent States in Africa, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Recalling further its resolution 3339 (XXIX) of 17 December Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mada- 1974, in which it invited Member States, particularly the devel- gascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia, oped countries, to provide economic assistance to the newly Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, independent State of Guinea-Bissau, Panama, Philippines, Portugal, Rwanda, Sao Tome and 1. Urgently appeals to Member States and the international Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, institutions concerned—in particular the United Nations Devel- Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, opment Programme, the international financial institutions, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of the United Nations Children's Fund, the Food and Agricul- Cameroon, United Republic of Tanzania, United States, ture Organization of the United Nations and the World Food Upper Volta, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Programme—to assist the Government of Guinea-Bissau in Zaire, Zambia: draft resolution, approved without vote by an effective and continuous manner so as to enable it to deal Second Committee on 22 November 1977, meeting 51. effectively with the difficult situation resulting from the long A/C.2/32/L.57. Administrative and financial implications of liberation struggle and the return of large numbers of refu- 80-power draft resolution, A/C.2/32/L.21. Statement by gees from neighbouring countries, and to meet its economic Secretary-General. development needs; A/C.5/32/72, A/C.5/32/73, A/32/8/Add.21, A/32/446. Admin- 2. Requests the Secretary-General to mobilize the finan- istrative and financial implications of, inter alia, draft resolu- cial, technical and economic assistance of the international tion IX recommended by Second Committee in A/32/265/ community, in particular the developed countries and the ap- Add.1. Statement and report by Secretary-General and re- propriate organizations of the United Nations system, with a ports of ACABQ and Fifth Committee. view to meeting the short-term and long-term development A/32/265/Add.1. Report of Second Committee (part II) (on needs of this newly independent country; report of Economic and Social Council), draft resolution IX. 3. Requests the Committee for Development Planning at its fourteenth session, as a matter of priority, to give favour- able consideration to the question of the inclusion of Guinea- Resolution 32/100, as recommended by Second Committee, Bissau in the list of the least developed countries and to sub- A/32/265/Add.1, adopted without objection by Assembly mit its conclusions to the Economic and Social Council at its on 13 December 1977, meeting 101. sixty-fifth session; 4. Invites in the meantime Member States, particularly The General Assembly, the developed countries, and the organizations of the United Deeply concerned at the serious economic situation in Nations system to grant Guinea-Bissau the same benefits as Guinea-Bissau as a result of more than eleven years of a war those enjoyed by the least developed among the developing of national liberation, the return of large numbers of refugees countries in the light of prevailing conditions in Guinea-Bissau; and the total lack of infrastructure for development, 5. Requests the Secretary-General to keep this matter Recalling that Guinea-Bissau is included in the list of the under review and to report to the General Assembly at its most seriously affected countries, thirty-third session on the implementation of the present reso- Recalling its resolution 3421 (XXX) of 8 December 1975 on lution.

Assistance to Sao Tome and Principe

At its July/August 1977 session, the Economic that assistance amounting to $13 million would and Social Council considered the question of cover the most immediate, urgent needs with assistance to Sao Tome and Principe. By deci- regard to training of national personnel and sion 252 (LXIII) it took note of a statement establishment of communications facilities; if made on behalf of the Secretary-General on ef- trained administrators and managers were sup- forts to mobilize financial, technical and eco- plied, there was hope that development of the nomic assistance from the international com- country's rich natural resources would even- munity to meet the development needs of Sao tually lead to self-sufficiency. Tome and Principe, as requested by the Gen- On 29 July 1977, the Council adopted de- eral Assembly on 21 December 1976.49 The cision 252 (LXIII) by which it took note of the Secretary-General's representative reported statement made on behalf of the Secretary-Gen- that the Secretary-General had sent a mission to the country in June 1977 to review the situa- 49 tion with the Government. It was estimated See Y.U.N., 1976, pp. 198-99, text of resolution 31/187. Matters relating to Africa 255

eral, and also noted the observations made in vember 1977, without vote, on the proposal the report of the April 1977 session of the of 60 Member States. Committee for Development Planning that By resolution 32/96, the General Assembly although the per capita gross domestic product noted, among other things, that its appeal for appeared higher than the limiting value used assistance to Sao Tome and Principe had not by the Committee, in view of the serious diffi- met with the desired response. It noted, too, culties facing that country the Committee would the report of the Secretary-General on assis- examine more recent and detailed information tance to Sao Tome and Principe and the state- at its next session. ment submitted by the Government on its most In addition, by decision 252 (LXIII), the Coun- urgent needs. cil requested the Secretary-General to continue By operative paragraphs of the resolution, his efforts to mobilize assistance for Sao Tome the Assembly renewed its appeal and request- and Principe. This decision, proposed by the ed the Secretary-General to continue his efforts Council President, was adopted without a vote. to mobilize financial, technical and economic Later in the year, the Secretary-General sub- assistance from the international community mitted a report to the General Assembly sum- to meet the development needs of Sao Tome marizing the situation in Sao Tome and Prin- and Principe, and to send a special mission to cipe. The information reported was essentially the country to continue consultations with the the same as that reported by the representa- Government. The Secretary-General was fur- tive of the Secretary-General to the Economic ther requested to ensure the circulation of the and Social Council in July 1977. In addition, mission's report to all Member States and orga- a detailed statement of needs, prepared by the nizations concerned, to keep the situation in Government of Sao Tome and Principe, was Sao Tome and Principe under review, and to appended to the report. maintain close contact on the matter with On 13 December 1977, the Assembly adopted Member States, intergovernmental organiza- resolution 32/96, without objection, on the tions, the specialized agencies and international recommendation of its Second (Economic and financial institutions. Financial) Committee. The text had been ap- (For text of resolution and list of sponsors, proved by the Second Committee on 18 No- See DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.)

Documentary references

Economic and Social Council—63rd session by sponsors, approved without vote by Second Committee Plenary meetings 2081-2083. on 18 November 1977, meeting 50. A/C.2/32/L.48. Administrative and financial implications of E/5939 and Corr.1. Report of Committee for Development 60-power draft resolution, A/C.2/32/L.29. Statement by Planning on its 13th session, Headquarters, New York, 11- Secretary-General. 21 April 1977. A/C.5/32/72, A/C.5/32/73, A/32/8/Add.21, A/32/446. Admin- E/L.1786. Draft decision proposed by Council President. istrative and financial implications of, inter alia, draft reso- E/6020. Resolutions and decisions of Economic and Social lution V recommended by Second Committee in A/32/265/ Council, 63rd session (decision 252(LXIII)). Add.1. Statement and report by Secretary-General and re- ports of ACABQ and Fifth Committee. General Assembly—32nd session A/32/265/Add.1. Report of Second Committee (part II) (on Second Committee, meetings 41, 49, 50. report of Economic and Social Council), draft resolution V. Fifth Committee, meeting 61. Plenary meeting 101. Resolution 32/96, as recommended by Second Committee, A/32/265/Add.1, adopted without objection by Assembly on A/32/3. Report of Economic and Social Council on work of 13 December 1977, meeting 101. its organizational session for 1977, of its 3rd special ses- sion and of its 62nd and 63rd sessions, Chapter III F. The General Assembly, A/32/220 and Add.1. Report of Secretary-General. (Add.1: Mindful of its resolution 31/187 of 21 December 1976, in Letter of 19 July from Secretary-General to States Mem- which it expressed deep concern at the serious economic bers of United Nations or members of specialized agencies.) and social situation in Sao Tome and Principe as a result A/C.2/32/L.29. Algeria, Angola, Austria, Bangladesh, Bar- of the total lack of infrastructure for development, bados, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Burma, Cape Verde, Chad, Recalling its resolution 31/156 of 21 December 1976, in Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic Yemen, Dji- which it urged all Governments, in particular those of the bouti, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, developed countries, to lend their support, in the context of France, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Jamaica, their assistance programmes, for the implementation of the Jordan, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, specific action envisaged in favour of developing island coun- Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Paki- tries within the framework of their development plans and stan, Panama, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, priorities, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Surinam, Swaziland, Noting that the appeal made in resolution 31/187 for assis- Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, tance to Sao Tome and Principe thus far has not met with Uganda, United Republic of Cameroon, Upper Volta, Viet the desired response, Nam, Yemen, Zambia: draft resolution, as orally amended Having noted the report of the Secretary-General on assis- 256 Political and security questions tance to Sao Tome and Principe and the statement submitted (c) To send a special mission to Sao Tome and Principe by the Government of that country on its most urgent needs, with a view to continuing the consultations with the Govern- Having noted the report of the Committee for Development ment on urgent needs and identifying the economic problems Planning, in which the Committee decided to examine at its facing the country, and to ensure that the report of the mis- fourteenth session the question of the inclusion of Sao Tome sion is issued in time to enable the Economic and Social and Principe in the list of the least developed countries, on Council to consider the question at its sixty-fifth session; the basis of more recent and more detailed information, (d) To ensure that the report of the special mission is cir- 1. Renews the appeal made in its resolution 31/187; culated to all Member States and to all regional and interna- 2. Requests the Secretary-General: tional organizations concerned, including the United Nations (a) To continue his efforts for the mobilization of the finan- Development Programme, the World Bank, the Food and Agri- cial, technical and economic assistance of the international culture Organization of the United Nations, the World Food community, in particular of the developed countries and the Programme and the United Nations Children's Fund; appropriate organizations within the United Nations system, (e) To keep the situation in Sao Tome and Principe under with a view to meeting the short-term and long-term needs constant review and to maintain close contact with Member of Sao Tome and Principe; States, regional and other intergovernmental organizations, (b) To ensure that adequate financial and budgetary arrange- the specialized agencies and international financial institu- ments are made to continue the mobilization of resources tions, and to report on the question to the General Assembly and to co-ordinate the international programme of assistance at it thirty-third session. to Sao Tome and Principe;

Assistance to Seychelles

On 13 December 1977, the General Assembly In addition, the Assembly requested the Com- adopted, without objection, resolution 32/101, mittee for Development Planning to consider on assistance to Seychelles, and thereby voiced the inclusion of Seychelles in the list of the its concern about the economy of Seychelles least developed among the developing coun- and noted the specific tasks arising from its tries, and further requested the Secretary-Gen- recent attainment of independence. eral to mobilize assistance and to keep the situa- By operative paragraphs of the resolution, tion in Seychelles under review. the Assembly urgently appealed to Member Resolution 32/101 was adopted on the recom- States, especially the developed countries, and mendation of the Second (Economic and Finan- the international institutions concerned to grant cial) Committee. That Committee had approved Seychelles technical and financial assistance in the text, without vote, on 22 November 1977, a manner that would enable it to establish the on the proposal of 57 Member States. necessary social and economic infrastructure (For text of resolution and list of sponsors, essential for the well-being of its people. See DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.)

Documentary references

General Assembly—32nd session Statement and report by Secretary-General and reports of Second Committee, meetings 41, 49-51. ACABQ and Fifth Committee. Fifth Committee, meeting 61. A/32/265/Add.1. Report of Second Committee (part II) (on report Plenary meeting 101. of Economic and Social Council), draft resolution X.

A/C.2/32/L.43. Algeria, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin, Resolution 32/101, as recommended by Second Committee, Botswana, Burundi, Cape Verde, Chad, Comoros, Congo, A/32/265/Add.1, adopted without objection by Assembly Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Equatorial on 13 December 1977, meeting 101. Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, India, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan The General Assembly, Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Having heard the statement of the representative of Sey- Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, chelles concerning the serious economic and social situation Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, in Seychelles as a result of the lack of infrastructure for Philippines, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, development, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Concerned by the adverse effects which the international Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of economic situation has had upon the economy of Seychelles, Tanzania, Upper Volta, Zaire, Zambia: draft resolution, as Noting that Seychelles is faced with certain specific tasks orally amended by Madagascar and by sponsors, approved arising from its recent attainment of independence, without vote by Second Committee on 22 November 1977, Recalling its resolution 3421 (XXX) of 8 December 1975 on meeting 51. the implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of A/C.2/32/L.58. Administrative and financial implications of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, in which 57-power draft resolution, A/C.2/32/L.43. Statement by it urged the specialized agencies and other organizations Secretary-General. within the United Nations system to extend assistance to the A/C.5/32/72, A/C.5/32/73, A/32/8/Add.21, A/32/446. Admin- newly independent and emerging States, istrative and financial implications of draft resolution X rec- Recalling further recommendation 99 (IV) of 31 May 1976 ommended by Second Committee in A/32/265/Add.1. of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Develop- Matters relating to Africa 257 ment, particularly paragraph 4 thereof, in which the Confer- tance in an effective and continuous manner so as to enable ence recommended that measures of assistance should be it to establish the necessary social and economic infrastruc- undertaken by the appropriate organs of the United Nations ture which is essential for the well-being of its people; system in favour of the newly independent States in Africa, 2. Requests the Committee for Development Planning 1. Urgently appeals to Member States, especially the de- at its fourteenth session to consider the question of the inclu- veloped countries, and the international institutions concerned sion of Seychelles in the list of the least developed countries —in particular the United Nations Development Programme, and to submit its conclusions to the Economic and Social the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Council at its sixty-fourth session; the United Nations Children's Fund, the Food and Agriculture 3. Requests the Secretary-General to mobilize the finan- Organization of the United Nations, the World Food Pro- cial, technical and economic assistance of the international gramme, the World Health Organization, the United Nations community mentioned in paragraph 1 above, to keep this Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the Inter- matter under review and to report to the General Assembly national Labour Organisation—to grant Seychelles, in the at its thirty-third session on the implementation of the present light of the prevailing conditions, technical and financial assis- resolution.

Assistance to Zambia

At its July/August 1977 session, the Economic the Government had already undertaken a and Social Council again considered the ques- number of long-term development projects tion of assistance to Zambia to allow it to de- designed to counter the adverse effects of sanc- velop normally and enhance its capacity to im- tions, and that Zambia wished the programme plement United Nations sanctions against the of co-operation between it and the United Na- illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia. The Coun- tions to be continued until the situation in rela- cil heard a statement made on behalf of the tion to the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia Secretary-General by the Co-ordinator of United was satisfactorily resolved. Nations Assistance to Zambia, who pointed By operative paragraphs of the resolution, out among other things that the financial bur- the Council endorsed the appeal of the Secu- den of applying sanctions against Southern Rho- rity Council to the international community to desia was greater for Zambia than for any other provide technical, financial and material assis- Member State and that the assistance received tance to Zambia, and called on Member States was not commensurate with the exceptional and the United Nations system to make every costs involved. effort to assist Zambia. Among other things, it On 26 July 1977, the Council adopted with- requested the Secretary-General to continue out vote resolution 2093 (LXIII), by which it the programme of co-operation between Zam- again commended the decision of the Govern- bia and the United Nations, to keep the situa- ment of Zambia to implement sanctions against tion under review and to consult, as appropri- Southern Rhodesia in accordance with the Se- ate, with Member States, regional organizations, curity Council's resolution of 29 May 1968,50 intergovernmental agencies, regional and inter- and expressed its appreciation for the sacrifices national financial institutions and specialized made by the Government and people of Zam- agencies of the United Nations system. bia in forgoing opportunities for economic and Resolution 2093 (LXIII) was sponsored by social development. The Council also voiced Yugoslavia on behalf of the States members its appreciation for the assistance pledged in of the Economic and Social Council belonging the past and its satisfaction with the measures to the "Group of 77" developing countries. taken by the Secretary-General to organize an (For text of resolution, see DOCUMENTARY effective programme of assistance for Zambia. REFERENCES below.) The Council also noted that the direct cost to Zambia of applying sanctions was estimated 50 at $744 million over the past 11 years, that See Y.U.N., 1968, pp. 152-54, text of resolution 253 (1968).

Documentary references

Economic and Social Council—63rd session Resolution 2093 (LXIII), as introduced by Yugoslavia, E/L.1781, Plenary meetings 2079, 2080. adopted without vote by Council on 26 July 1977, meeting 2080. E/6050. Statement by Co-ordinator of United Nations Assis- tance to Zambia on behalf of Secretary-General. The Economic and Social Council, E/L.1781. Yugoslavia (on behalf of States members of Eco- Recalling Security Council resolutions on the question of nomic and Social Council belonging to "Group of 77"): draft Southern Rhodesia, in particular resolution 232 (1966) of 16 De- resolution. cember 1966 declaring that the situation in Southern Rhodesia E/L.1782. Statement of programme budget implications of constituted a threat to international peace and security, and draft resolution in E/L.1781. Statement by Secretary-General. resolution 253 (1968) of 29 May 1968 imposing mandatory 258 Political and security questions sanctions against the illegal racist minority regime in South- (d) The Government of Zambia wishes to continue the pro- ern Rhodesia, gramme of co-operation between Zambia and the United Na- Commending the decision of the Government of Zambia tions until the situation in relation to the minority racist regime in 1968 to implement progressively United Nations mandatory of Southern Rhodesia is resolved satisfactorily, sanctions against Southern Rhodesia in accordance with Secu- Bearing in mind the provisions of Articles 49 and 50 of the rity Council resolution 253 (1968), culminating in the closure of Charter of the United Nations, the border with Southern Rhodesia in 1973, Recognizing that Zambia is confronted with special eco- Appreciating the very substantial sacrifices made by the nomic problems arising from the implementation of the mea- Government and the people of Zambia in terms of the oppor- sures decided upon in Security Council resolution 253 (1968), tunities forgone for the economic and social development of and especially in the context of the increasing momentum the country since the unilateral declaration of independence and pressure of political development in southern Africa, by Southern Rhodesia in November 1965, 1. Strongly endorses the appeal of the Security Council Recalling Security Council resolution 277 (1970) of 18 March to the international community to provide technical, financial 1970, requesting, inter alia, Member States and the United and material assistance to Zambia; Nations system to increase their assistance to Zambia as a 2. Calls upon all Member States to continue to provide matter of priority, Zambia with ample and appropriate assistance, bilaterally Recalling further Security Council resolution 329 (1973) of and multilaterally, whenever possible in the form of grants, 10 March 1973, appealing to all States for immediate tech- to enable Zambia to bear the great cost arising from the nical, financial and material assistance to Zambia to enable implementation of sanctions and to carry out its normal devel- it to enhance its capacity to implement fully the mandatory opment programme; sanctions policy and requesting the Secretary-General, in 3. Requests the United Nations and all its organizations collaboration with the appropriate organizations of the United and specialized agencies to make every effort to assist Zambia; Nations system, to organize with immediate effect all forms 4. Requests the United Nations Special Fund to give spe- of financial, technical and material assistance to enable Zam- cial consideration to the needs of Zambia; bia to carry out its policy of economic independence from the 5. Requests the Secretary-General to continue the pro- racist regime of Southern Rhodesia, gramme of co-operation between Zambia and the United Na- Appreciating the assistance received until now from certain tions until the situation in relation to the minority racist re- Member States and the United Nations system, gime of Southern Rhodesia is resolved satisfactorily; Noting with satisfaction the measures taken so far by the 6. Further requests the Secretary-General to keep the Secretary-General to organize an effective programme of situation under constant review, to hold consultations, as ap- international assistance to Zambia, propriate, with representatives of Governments of all interested Having heard the statement made on behalf of the Secre- Member States, regional organizations, intergovernmental tary-General and that of the representative of Zambia, agencies, regional and international financial institutions, and Noting that: specialized agencies of the United Nations system, and to (a) The real cost to Zambia includes not only the direct report thereon to the Economic and Social Council at its sixty- cost of applying sanctions and the cost of the contingency fourth session. measures necessitated by them, but also heavy recurrent expenditure, and the diversion of limited financial and human resources from the country's national development, Other documents (b) The direct cost to Zambia of applying sanctions is esti- A/32/3. Report of Economic and Social Council on work of mated at approximately $744 million over the past eleven its organizational session for 1977, of its 3rd special ses- years, of which approximately $544 million has been incurred sion and of its 62nd and 63rd sessions, Chapter III C. during the period 1973-1977, E/6051. Summary of programme budget implications of reso- (c) The Government of Zambia has already undertaken a lutions and decisions adopted by Economic and Social number of long-term development projects designed to coun- Council during its 62nd and 63rd sessions. ter the adverse effects of sanctions,

Co-operation between the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity

Report of the Secretary-General port noted that the Chairman of OAU for 1976- In a report to the 1977 session of the Gen- 1977 had visited United Nations Headquarters eral Assembly, on co-operation between the in October 1976, had addressed the General United Nations and the Organization of African Assembly and had had discussions with the Unity (OAU), the Secretary-General reviewed Secretary-General on matters of common inter- developments in four areas: consultations and est. The Secretary-General for his part had exchange of information; co-operation with attended and addressed the fourteenth session regard to the situation in southern Africa; co- of the Assembly of Heads of State and Govern- operation in the field of economic and social ment of OAU in July 1977 at Libreville, Gabon, development; and co-operation in the field of and had conferred there with many African information and publicity. heads of State and Government and with lead- The Secretary-General noted that there had ers of liberation movements. been consultations, exchanges of information The report also noted that during the year and reciprocal representation at meetings at the Special Committee against Apartheid orga- both the political and secretariat levels of the nized, in consultation with OAU, a World Con- two organizations. Among other things, the re- ference for Action against Apartheid at Lagos, Matters relating to Africa 259

Nigeria, from 22 to 26 August 1977. In addi- licity, the United Nations Office of Public Infor- tion, the Chairman of the Special Committee mation, within the framework of co-operation attended several OAU meetings, and represen- between the two organizations, continued tatives of the South African liberation move- through its channels to disseminate information ments recognized by OAU—the African National concerning the problems of attainment of inde- Congress of South Africa and the Pan African- pendence, racial discrimination and apartheid in ist Congress of Azania—were invited by the Africa. Special Committee for consultations in March 1977. These liberation movements, as well as the South West Africa People's Organization Decisions of the General Assembly and the Patriotic Front of Zimbabwe, were also On 11 November 1977, the General Assem- invited by the Special Committee to attend the bly adopted a resolution (32/19) on co-operation World Conference at Lagos. between the United Nations and the Organi- The report further noted that another joint zation of African Unity by which, inter alia, it endeavour of the United Nations and OAU was took note of the report of the Secretary-Gen- the International Conference in Support of eral and commended his efforts to promote the Peoples of Zimbabwe and Namibia, which such co-operation. The Assembly expressed its was held at Maputo, Mozambique, from 16 to deep appreciation of the outstanding contribu- 21 May 1977. tion made by OAU in the work of the United The Special Committee on the Situation with Nations bodies concerned. The Assembly invit- regard to the Implementation of the Declara- ed OAU and the United Nations to co-operate tion on the Granting of Independence to Colo- fully in the speedy implementation of the Ma- nial Countries and Peoples and the United Na- puto Declaration in Support of the Peoples of tions Council for Namibia continued to main- Zimbabwe and Namibia and the Programme tain a close working relationship with OAU; in of Action for the Liberation of Zimbabwe and particular, an OAU representative participated Namibia (see p. 183) and the Lagos Declara- in their work. Both bodies were also represent- tion for Action against Apartheid (see p. 149). ed at meetings of the OAU Council of Ministers It commended the efforts of OAU to find solu- and the fourteenth OAU Assembly in June and tions to African problems of vital importance July 1977, and at the meeting of the OAU Co- to the international community and reaffirmed ordinating Committee for the Liberation of the determination of the United Nations to Africa held at Luanda, Angola, in June 1977. intensify its efforts to put an end to the remain- Also during the year, the report noted, excel- ing vestiges of colonialism, racial discrimination lent co-operation between OAU and the Eco- and apartheid in southern Africa. nomic Commission for Africa continued and a In addition, the Assembly requested United number of joint ventures were undertaken. Nations bodies to continue to take effective The secretariats of the two bodies participated measures to associate OAU closely and regularly reciprocally in meetings of their respective insti- with all their work concerning Africa. It also tutions, as well as in joint meetings concerning requested the Secretary-General to continue to specific areas of activity, namely in the fields take the necessary measures to strengthen co- of trade, industry and transport. operation at the political, economic, cultural The Secretary-General also reported that and administrative levels between the United periodic and ad hoc consultations, reciprocal Nations and OAU, and to report again to the attendance at meetings and exchange of infor- Assembly in 1978. mation and technical co-operation in the field Resolution 32/19 was adopted by the Assem- of economic and social development charac- bly without vote, on the basis of a proposal by terized relations between OAU and a number of 29 African States. United Nations bodies and specialized agencies. (For text of resolution and list of sponsors, In the field of public information and pub- See DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.)

Documentary references

General Assembly—32nd session A/32/109/Rev.1 (S/12344/Rev.1). Letter of 6 June from Plenary meetings 34, 65, 66. Chairman of Special Committee on Situation with regard to Implementation of Declaration on Granting of Independence Report of the World Conference for Action against Apartheid, to Colonial Countries and Peoples and Acting President of Lagos, Nigeria, 22-26 August 1977, Vols. I and II. U.N.P. United Nations Council for Namibia (transmitting report of Sales Nos.: E.77.XIV.2 and corrigendum; E.77.XIV.3 and International Conference in Support of Peoples of Zimbabwe corrigendum. and Namibia, Maputo, Mozambique, 16-21 May 1977). 260 Political and security questions

A/32/207. Report of Secretary-General. Namibia, held at Maputo from 16 to 21 May 1977, and the A/32/L.19 and Add.1. Algeria, Angola, Burundi, Chad, Congo, Lagos Declaration for Action against Apartheid, adopted by Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory the World Conference for Action against Apartheid, held at Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Lagos from 22 to 26 August 1977; Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sudan, Swazi- 4. Commends the efforts of the Organization of African land, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Unity to find solutions to African problems of vital importance Zaire: draft resolution. to the international community; 5. Reaffirms the determination of the United Nations, in co-operation with the Organization of African Unity, to intensify Resolution 32/19, as proposed by 29 powers, A/32/L.19 and its efforts to put an end to the remaining vestiges of colo- Add.1, adopted without vote by Assembly on 11 November nialism and racial discrimination and to apartheid in southern 1977, meeting 66. Africa; 6. Recognizes that it is important that the United Nations The General Assembly, and the specialized agencies be closely associated, where Recalling all its previous resolutions on co-operation be- appropriate, with the efforts of the Organization of African tween the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity to promote social and economic co-operation in Africa; Unity, including in particular resolution 31/13 of 16 November 7. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to take the 1976, necessary measures to strengthen co-operation at the polit- Taking note of the relevant resolutions adopted by the As- ical, economic, cultural and administrative levels between the sembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organiza- United Nations and the Organization of African Unity in accor- tion of African Unity at its fourteenth ordinary session, held dance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly, at Libreville from 2 to 5 July 1977, particularly with regard to the provision of assistance to the Taking into account the statement made by the current victims of colonialism and apartheid in southern Africa, and, Chairman of the Assembly of Heads of State and Govern- in this connexion, draws attention once again to the Assis- ment of the Organization of African Unity at the 34th plenary tance Fund for the Struggle against Colonialism and Apart- meeting of the General Assembly on 14 October 1977, heid established by the Organization of African Unity; Commending the important role which the Organization of 8. Requests once again the United Nations bodies, in African Unity continues to play in helping to achieve the ob- particular the Security Council, the Economic and Social jectives of the United Nations in the world in general and Council, the Special Committee on the Situation with regard on the African continent in particular, to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Noting with satisfaction the initiatives which the Organiza- Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, the Special tion of African Unity has taken with a view to promoting mul- Committee against Apartheid and the United Nations Coun- tilateral co-operation among African States and the efforts cil for Namibia, to continue to take effective measures to exerted to further, with the collaboration of the United Na- associate closely the Organization of African Unity regularly tions, social and economic development in Africa, with all their work concerning Africa; Noting with satisfaction the continued efforts of the Organi- 9. Invites the specialized agencies and other organizations zation of African Unity and the United Nations bodies con- concerned within the United Nations system to continue and cerned, the specialized agencies and other organizations with- intensify their co-operation with the Organization of African in the United Nations system to help solve the serious social Unity and, through it, with the national liberation movements and economic problems which affect the African continent, of Zimbabwe and Namibia, in particular within the context of Taking note with satisfaction of the successful co-operation General Assembly resolution 31/30 of 29 November 1976; between the Organization of African Unity and the United 10. Expresses its appreciation to the Secretary-General Nations in organizing the International Conference in Support for the efforts he is making on behalf of the international com- of the Peoples of Zimbabwe and Namibia, held at Maputo munity to provide effective programmes of assistance to var- from 16 to 21 May 1977, and the World Conference for Ac- ious African States experiencing grave economic difficulties tion against Apartheid, held at Lagos from 22 to 26 August because of special political and geo-economic circumstances; 1977, and of the ensuing positive results, 11. Requests all Member States, regional and international Aware of the urgent need to give increased assistance and organizations as well as the organizations of the United Na- support to the victims of colonialism, racial discrimination and tions system to give full and generous support to the pro- apartheid resulting from the intensified acts of provocation grammes of assistance being organized by the Secretary- and aggression against neighbouring countries by the apart- General; heid regime in South Africa and Namibia and the illegal racist 12. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the Gen- minority regime in Southern Rhodesia, eral Assembly at its thirty-third session a report on the imple- Conscious of the need to take effective steps for the wid- mentation of the present resolution and on the development est possible dissemination of information relating to the struggle of co-operation between the Organization of African Unity of the African peoples concerned for their liberation from co- and the organizations concerned with the United Nations lonialism, racial discrimination and apartheid, system. Reaffirming the determination of the Organization of African Unity and the United Nations to work closely towards the establishment of the new international economic order, 1. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General on Other documents co-operation between the United Nations and the Organiza- A/32/61. Letter of 15 March from Egypt (transmitting docu- tion of African Unity and commends his efforts in promoting ments of First Conference of Heads of State and Govern- such co-operation; ment of OAU and League of Arab States, Cairo, 7-9 March 2. Expresses its deep appreciation of the outstanding 1977). contribution made by the Organization of African Unity in the A/32/310. Letter of 25 October from Tunisia (transmitting relevant work of the United Nations bodies concerned; resolutions and decisions of 29th regular session of Council 3. Invites the Organization of African Unity and the United of Ministers of OAU, Libreville, Gabon, 23 June-3 July Nations to co-operate fully in the speedy implementation of 1977, and of 14th regular session of Assembly of Heads the Maputo Declaration in Support of the Peoples of Zim- of State and Government of OAU, Libreville, 2-5 July 1977). babwe and Namibia and the Programme of Action for the S/12298. Letter of 17 March from Egypt (transmitting Political Liberation of Zimbabwe and Namibia, adopted by the Interna- Declaration of First Afro-Arab Summit Conference, Cairo tional Conference in Support of the Peoples of Zimbabwe and 7-9 March 1977). Matters relating to Africa 261

United Nations Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa

The United Nations Educational and Training ment and growth of the Programme. The Com- Programme for Southern Africa continued mittee was particularly concerned about finding during 1977 to grant scholarships for educa- ways and means to raise the level of financial tion and training to persons from Namibia, resources in order to meet the rising costs of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia and terri- scholarships and the increased demands created tories formerly under Portuguese administra- by the continuing influx of refugee students tion. Awards of scholarships for inhabitants of from southern Africa into neighbouring States. territories formerly under Portuguese adminis- On 28 November 1977, the General Assem- tration were discontinued in 1976, following bly, without objection, adopted resolution 32/ the attainment of independence by those ter- 37, by which it reaffirmed that the Programme ritories, but scholarships granted earlier were had been a significant and worthwhile effort continued until completion of the course of of the international community and that its study for which they had been granted. continuation and expansion during this crucial In his report to the General Assembly on period was desirable. It recognized that addi- the progress of the Programme, covering the tional funds were essential if the Programme period from 23 October 1976 to 24 October was to continue in operation at a satisfactory 1977, the Secretary-General stated that 35 States level. It expressed its appreciation to all those had contributed $1,971,760 to the Programme, who had made voluntary contributions to the and pledges from 13 Member States, totalling Programme, commended the Secretary-General $92,726 were outstanding. Total contributions and the Advisory Committee for strengthening to the Programme since its establishment in and expanding it, and again appealed to all 1967 amounted to $11,731,275. In addition, States, organizations and individuals to make the following 21 States had offered scholarships generous contributions. for study in their own countries: Algeria, Bul- Resolution 32/37 was adopted on the recom- garia, the Byelorussian SSR, Canada, Egypt, mendation of the Assembly's Fourth Commit- the German Democratic Republic, the Federal tee, which had approved it unanimously on Republic of Germany, India, Israel, Jamaica, 9 November 1977, on the basis of a proposal Lesotho, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritius, sponsored by 52 powers. Nigeria, Pakistan, Qatar, Romania, the Sudan, (For text of resolution and list of sponsors, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda and the USSR. See DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below.) As at 24 October 1977, the total number of scholarship holders was 1,386. There were CONTRIBUTIONS PLEDGED TO THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING PROGRAMME 143 from Angola, 18 from Cape Verde, 37 FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA from Guinea-Bissau, 21 from Mozambique, 191 (23 October 1976-24 October 1977) from Namibia, 11 from Sao Tome and Prin- Pledge cipe, 460 from South Africa and 505 from Country (in US dollars) Southern Rhodesia. Australia 21,714 Applications and awards under the Pro- Austria 26,000 gramme for the period from 23 October 1976 Barbados 500 Benin 1,000 to 24 October 1977 were as follows: Brazil 5,000 Burma 1,000 New Current Canada 235,849 Applications awards Awards scholarship Cyprus 484 received granted renewed holders Denmark 167,954 Ethiopia 5,000 Namibia 56 42 149 191 Finland 78,761 South Africa 459 205 255 460 France 100,000 Southern Rhodesia 1,498 239 266 505 Germany, Federal Republic of 50,000 Territories formerly Ghana 1,740 under Portuguese 7,000 administration 230 230 Greece India 1,000 Indonesia 2,500 Total 2,013 486 900 1,386 Iran 5,000 Ireland 11,282 The Advisory Committee on the United Na- Italy 15,265 Japan 270,000 tions Educational and Training Programme for Kenya 1,706 Southern Africa, established by the Assembly Liberia 1,000 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 36,000 in 1968, held three meetings in 1977, at which Malaysia 1,000 it considered various aspects of the develop- Mali 2,000 262 Political and security questions

Pledge Pledge Country (in US dollars) Country (in US dollars) Mauritania 1,024 Switzerland 14,644 Netherlands 81,210 Togo 600 New Zealand 15,283 Trinidad and Tobago 1,250 Nigeria 6,500 Tunisia 20,000 Norway 476,100 United Kingdom 139,130 Pakistan 50,505 United States 50,000 Peru 1,000 Yugoslavia 2,000 Philippines 4,000 Saudi Arabia 10,119 Total 2,064,486 Sweden 142,366 Documentary references

General Assembly—32nd session and Training Programme for Southern Africa, in particular Fourth Committee, meetings 16, 18, 20. resolution 31/31 of 29 November 1976, Plenary meeting 83. Recalling further its resolution 31/126 of 16 December 1976 on emergency assistance for South African refugee students, A/32/65 and Add.1. Emergency assistance for South African Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on student refugees. Report of Secretary-General. the Programme for 1976/77, A/32/283. Report of Secretary-General (covering period Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General on emer- 23 October 1976-24 October 1977). gency assistance for South African student refugees, A/C.4/32/L.7. Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Botswana, Recognizing that, because of the continuing influx of refu- Brazil, Burundi, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Egypt, Ethio- gee students from southern Africa into neighbouring States pia, Finland, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, Ghana, and the significant increases in the cost of educational and Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Ivory training awards, additional funds are essential if the Pro- Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab gramme is to continue in operation at a satisfactory level, Jamahiriya, Malaysia, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Reaffirming that the Programme has been a significant and Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Portugal, worthwhile effort of the international community and that its Senegal, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab continuation and expansion during this crucial period are Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, United King- desirable, dom, United Republic of Tanzania, United States, Upper 1. Expresses its appreciation to all those who have made Volta, Venezuela, Zaire, Zambia: draft resolution, approved voluntary contributions to the United Nations Educational unanimously by Fourth Committee on 9 November 1977, and Training Programme for Southern Africa; meeting 20. 2. Commends the Secretary-General and the Advisory A/32/343. Report of Fourth Committee. Committee on the United Nations Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa for the work they have accom- Resolution 32/37, as recommended by Fourth Committee, plished in strengthening and expanding the Programme; A/32/343, adopted without objection by Assembly on 28 No- 3. Appeals once again to all States, organizations and vember 1977, meeting 83. individuals to make generous contributions to the Programme in order to ensure its continuation and expansion in the light The General Assembly, of the increased needs. Recalling its resolutions on the United Nations Educational