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GRINGO LOVE: AFFECT, POWER, and MOBILITY in SEX TOURISM, NORTHEAST BRAZIL by MARIE-EVE CARRIER-MOISAN M.A., Concordia Universi

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GRINGO LOVE: AFFECT, POWER, and MOBILITY in SEX TOURISM, NORTHEAST BRAZIL by MARIE-EVE CARRIER-MOISAN M.A., Concordia Universi GRINGO LOVE: AFFECT, POWER, AND MOBILITY IN SEX TOURISM, NORTHEAST BRAZIL by MARIE-EVE CARRIER-MOISAN M.A., Concordia University, 2005 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Anthropology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2012 © Marie-Eve Carrier-Moisan 2012 Abstract My dissertation is a feminist ethnography of global sex tourism in Ponta Negra, a tourist area in the coastal city of Natal, Northeast of Brazil that has become the site of important forms of mobilization against sex tourism. It critically examines the ambiguous relationships of love and money between (white) western male tourists and (mixed-race or black) Brazilian women. My methods for the project (conducted 2007-2008) focused on in-depth interviews with Brazilian women, European men, and various stakeholders such as business owners, residents, Non-governmental organization (NGO) workers, feminist activists and state agents; I also conducted participant-observation in bars and at beaches. I theoretically situate these global ‘sex tourism’ relationships within contemporary political economic structures, historical processes of inequality in Brazil, gendered patterns of mobility and affect, as well as sites of global desire A major theme in my thesis concerns the politics of the rescue industry as articulated by Brazilian NGOs and through campaigns against sex tourism, which typically locate the problem of sex tourism in the individual (i.e. women as victims; foreign men as deviants). This approach fails to address the complex structural inequalities and global forces that shape the lives of these women, and negates several important aspects of Brazilian women’s and foreign men’s experiences. My research shows that both are invested in ambiguous intimacies that blur affect and interest in complex ways. My main argument in the thesis is that Brazilian women in Natal capitalize on the ambiguities of sex tourism and put their femininity to work in order to establish long- term, legitimate ties with foreigners in the hope of migrating to Europe and marrying up, ii something they find hard to imagine, much less experience, in Brazil. The appeal for foreigners further reveals a profound sense of dissatisfaction with their social locations. Thus, love with foreigners acts as both an escape and a catalyst to remake themselves as modern subjects in projects of mobility, whether social, spatial or economic. iii Preface The ethics review for this research was approved by the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (certificate number H09-03261). iv Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii Preface ............................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. v List of Figures .................................................................................................................. vii Glossary .......................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... xi Dedication ....................................................................................................................... xvi Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 From “Sex Work” to the Ambiguous Nature of Sex Tourism ................................ 4 Affect, Gender and Mobility ................................................................................... 8 Spatializing Ponta Negra ....................................................................................... 11 Overview of the Dissertation ................................................................................ 15 Chapter 1: Natal, the City of Pleasure .......................................................................... 20 Brazil Imagined: Tropical Eden on Earth ............................................................. 20 Thinking Race in Brazil and Natal ........................................................................ 25 Tourism Developments in Tropical Northeast Brazil ........................................... 28 atal: A City of Pleasure ......................................................................................... 30 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 2: Between Namoro and Programa: Sex Tourism in Ponta Negra .............. 60 The Troubles with “Sex Tourism” ........................................................................ 61 Blurring Heterosexual Male Sex Tourism ............................................................ 65 Thinking the Blur of Affect and Money in Sex Tourism ...................................... 70 Spatial Ambiguity in Ponta Negra ........................................................................ 74 Ambiguous Intimacies: Private and Public Labours of Love ............................... 83 “I Fall in Love Every Time” ................................................................................. 88 Ambiguities and Exploitation ............................................................................... 94 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 112 Chapter 3: “Doing good for Women?”: A Geography and Genealogy of the Campaigns against Sex Tourism in Natal ................................................................... 113 The Genealogy of Sex Tourism as a Social Problem in Brazil ........................... 116 The Campaigns against Sex Tourism in Natal .................................................... 130 Doing Good for Women? Feminisms and the Campaigns against Sex Tourism 144 Spatial Tensions in the City of Pleasure ............................................................. 150 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 160 Chapter 4: ‘Gringo, but not Macho’: Intimate Others, (Paid) Sex and the Conquest ......................................................................................................................................... 163 The Fetish of the Gringo ..................................................................................... 166 Brazilian Women as ‘Glorified Sex Fetishes’ ..................................................... 178 Tensions in Paradise: The Search for Authenticity with Intimate Others ........... 187 (Paid) Sex and the Conquest ............................................................................... 199 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 209 v Chapter 5: “I’m (not) a Garota de Programa”: Of (Dis)reputability, (Dis)Identification and Distinction .............................................................................. 211 Tropical Femininity and Respectability: an impossibility? ................................ 218 Negotiating the ‘Whore Stigma’ in Ponta Negra ................................................ 222 (Dis)Identifications and Respectability ............................................................... 228 Putting Femininity to Work in Ponta Negra ....................................................... 240 Larissa: Escaping one’s Biography ..................................................................... 247 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 251 Chapter 6: In The Name of Love: The Role of Affect in Brazilian Women’s Transnational Mobility ................................................................................................. 253 The Political Economy of Love in the Northeast of Brazil ................................. 259 Ana’s Strategic Intimacies: “Para ver se Posso Melhorar de Vida” ................... 265 Júlia’s Strategic Intimacies: Gringo Love as Salvation ...................................... 273 Leila: Love Hurts ................................................................................................ 282 Sair dessa Vida .................................................................................................... 291 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 294 Sex Tourism as Material and Discursive Practice............................................... 296 Sex Tourism as Sair dessa Vida .......................................................................... 299 Brazilian Women on the Move for Love ............................................................ 302 Sex Tourism in Natal: Old Patterns Anew and Uncertain Futures ..................... 306 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 309 Appendix A: Interviews Data ...................................................................................... 331 vi List of Figures Figure 1: Map of Rio
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