DOCSLIB.ORG

Enafron in Web.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Enafron in Web.Pdf 20YEARS ENAFRON Research ASSESSMENT OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS IN THE BORDER AREAS October 2013 MINISTRY OF JUSTICE NATIONAL SECRETARIAT OF JUSTICE National Secretary of Justice Paulo Abrão Director of the Department of Justice, Classification, Titles and Qualification Fernanda Alves dos Anjos Interim Anti-Trafficking Coordinator Lucicleia Souza e Silva Rollemberg UNODC – UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Representative of the UNODC Liaison and Partnership Office in Brazil Rafael Franzini Coordinator of the Governance and Justice Unit Rodrigo Vitória Coordinator of the Crime Prevention and Public Safety Unit Nívio Nascimento Project Assistant Elisa Ribeiro ICMPD - INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR MIGRATION POLICY DEVELOPMENT Research Officer Claire Healy Research Coordinator in Brazil Alline Pedra Jorge Birol Research Assistant Cíntia Yoshihara Project Assistant Edgar Federzoni dos Santos Local Researchers Anamaria Marcon Venson, Cíntia Yoshihara, Eduardo Caetano da Silva, Liliana Lopes Sanjurjo, Luísa Luz da Souza, Mariana Wiecko V. de Castilho, Maurício Rebouças and Ricardo de Lacerda Ferreira. Translator Claire Healy 6 WORKING DEFINITIONS 14 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 16 FOREWORD 19 1. INTRODUCTION 20 1.1 Trafficking in Persons: Legal and Conceptual Framework 28 1.1.1 Trafficking in Persons and Criminal Legislation 33 1.1.2 Trafficking in Persons, Migrant Smuggling and Irregular Migration: Conceptual Commonalities and Distinctions 36 1.2 Trafficking in Persons and the Border Areas of Brazil 40 1.3 Justification for the ENAFRON Research 45 1.4 Objectives of the ENAFRON Research 48 1.5 ENAFRON Research Methodology 56 1.6 Description of the Geographic Scope of the ENAFRON Research 58 Northern Axis 68 Central Axis 72 Southern Axis 81 1.7 Time Period covered by the ENAFRON Research 85 2. OVERVIEW OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL AND IN THE BORDER AREA 88 2.1 Profiles of Trafficked People 90 2.2 Forms of Exploitation 93 2.3 Modus Operandi and Trafficker Profiles 95 2.4 Flows and Trafficking Routes 99 2.5 Trafficking Cases: Occurences and Proceedings 103 3. MIGRATION IN THE BORDER AREAS 109 3.1 Migration Flows and Entry and Exit Points in the Border Areas 112 3.1.1 International Emigration 113 3.1.2 International Immigration 116 3.1.3 Internal Migration 118 3.2 Migration by Specific Groups 120 3.3 Mixed flows of irregular and regular migrants, humanitarian migrants, migrant smuggling and trafficked people in the border areas 4 CONTENTS 127 4. TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS IN THE BORDER AREAS 131 4.1 Forms of Trafficking in Persons 149 4.2 Profiles of Trafficked People 157 4.3 Modus Operandi of Criminal Groups and Agents 163 4.4 Criminal Acts Committed in Conjunction with Trafficking in Persons 165 4.5 Trafficking Routes 183 5. NETWORK TO COMBAT TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS AND ASSIST TRAFFICKED PERSONS IN THE BORDER AREAS 189 5.1 Assistance Network for Trafficked People 194 5.2 Institutional, Inter-Sector and International Cooperation among Anti-Trafficking Stakeholders 197 6. SETTING UP ADVANCED MIGRANT ASSISTANCE CENTRES (AMACS) IN THE BORDER AREAS 198 6.1 Analysis of the Necessity, Feasibility and Sustainability of AMACs in the Border Areas 199 6.1.1 Necessity Analysis 200 6.1.2 Feasibility Analysis 202 6.1.3 Criteria 203 6.2 Recommendations for setting up AMACs in the 11 states in the border area 204 6.2.1 Northern Axis 208 6.2.2 Central Axis 210 6.2.3 Southern Axis 215 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 227 8. REFERENCES 239 APPENDICES 240 Appendix I – Sources of Statistical Data 190 242 Appendix II – Field Research Mission Agendas and List of Stakeholders participating in the Research in the States of the Border Area (Interviews and Visits) 261 APPENDIX III – Stakeholders Participating in the Research at Federal Level (Questionnaires) 214 263 APPENDIX IV – Other Data and Sources 216 5 These working definitions were developed on the basis of existing literature, and national and international legislation on trafficking in persons and migration. Trafficking in Persons and Related Concepts This research applies the definition of trafficking in persons as per Article 3 of the Protocol to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, adopted in New York on 15 November 2000 (“Palermo Protocol”, transposed in Brazil by Decree no. 5,017 of 12 March 2004). “Trafficking in persons” shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving Trafficking in of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control Persons over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. Note – Brazilian criminal legislation foresees trafficking in persons only with the purpose of sexual exploitation. However, the National Anti-Trafficking Policy (Decree no. 5,948 of 26 October 2006) adopts the concept of trafficking in persons for the purpose of various forms of exploitation, in accordance with Article 3 of the Palermo Protocol. Irregular migration is when a person enters a country other than that of their citizenship or regular residence without the necessary legal permit or visa, or when a person resides in a destination country without Irregular authorisation, because their permit or visa has expired, or when a person Migration works in a destination country without being authorised to do so (Guia de Referência para a Rede de Enfrentamento ao Tráfico de Pessoas - Teresi & Healy, 2012). “Smuggling of migrants” shall mean the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, from the illegal Migrant entry of a person into a State Party of which the person is not a national Smuggling or a permanent resident (Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime). Complex population movements where refugees and asylum applicants, Mixed whose reasons for leaving their countries are related to the need for Migration international protection, are found together with economic migrants, both Flows documented and undocumented, and trafficked persons, using the same routes and, in some cases, facing similar dangers (Silva, 2011). 6 WORKING DEFINITIONS The Act Recruitment occurs in the country of origin, transit or destination of a person, when a physical person or the representative of a legal entity seeks to persuade a victim to take the journey. It has been observed Recruitment that recruitment can be carried out by various means, such as in person, through friends or relatives, through newspaper ads or on the internet. Transportation covers various methods of travel and the facilitation Transportation/ of entry to the place of destination. Transfer is the act of facilitating Transfer transit between countries, regions, cities or places. Harbouring indicates the physical space where trafficked people Harbouring are accommodated, during the journey or at the places of transit or / Receipt exploitation. The receipt of persons is the act of receiving trafficked people at the final destination or at the place of exploitation. The Means Threat / Use of Force When the trafficker uses force, threat or another form of physical, or other Form of moral or psychological coercion in order to obtain the consent of Coercion the trafficked person to the transportation and/or the exploitation. Consent obtained in this manner is called invalidated consent. Abduction / False When the trafficker abducts the trafficked person or falsely imprisons Imprisonment them with the intention of transporting them. Abuse of Power When the trafficker uses their power - for example, in a hierarchical or of a Position of relationship - or the position of vulnerability of the person to be Vulnerability trafficked - financial or familial difficulty - to force them or obtain their consent for transportation. When the trafficker uses fraudulent means, such as false employment Fraud / Deception contracts, or makes deceitful promises like that of a decent salary, or marriage, in order to obtain consent for transportation from the person to be trafficked. Giving or Receiving of Payments or Benefits When the trafficker pays or receives benefits in return for convincing to Achieve the the person to be trafficked or a person with control over them to the Consent of a Person trafficking, for example, by means of an advance payment. Having Control Over Another Person 7 The Forms of Exploitation / Purpose of the Act This is the means by which an individual obtains financial gain through the prostitution of another person or through sexual violence carried out against another person. It is the only form of trafficking in persons foreseen in Brazilian criminal law. In this case, prostitution Sexual exploitation may take place in various ways such as in brothels, on the street, in clubs, bars, apartments, massage parlours, hotels, through escort services, or by companies that produce pornographic products (films, magazines, etc.). However, sexual exploitation is not restricted to the exploitation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Uniparental Genetic Markers in South Amerindians
    Genetics and Molecular Biology, 35, 2, 365-387 (2012) Copyright © 2012, Sociedade Brasileira de Genética. Printed in Brazil www.sbg.org.br Review Article Uniparental genetic markers in South Amerindians Rafael Bisso-Machado, Maria Cátira Bortolini and Francisco Mauro Salzano Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Abstract A comprehensive review of uniparental systems in South Amerindians was undertaken. Variability in the Y-chro- mosome haplogroups were assessed in 68 populations and 1,814 individuals whereas that of Y-STR markers was assessed in 29 populations and 590 subjects. Variability in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup was exam- ined in 108 populations and 6,697 persons, and sequencing studies used either the complete mtDNA genome or the highly variable segments 1 and 2. The diversity of the markers made it difficult to establish a general picture of Y-chromosome variability in the populations studied. However, haplogroup Q1a3a* was almost always the most prevalent whereas Q1a3* occurred equally in all regions, which suggested its prevalence among the early coloniz- ers. The STR allele frequencies were used to derive a possible ancient Native American Q-clade chromosome haplotype and five of six STR loci showed significant geographic variation. Geographic and linguistic factors moder- ately influenced the mtDNA distributions (6% and 7%, respectively) and mtDNA haplogroups A and D correlated pos- itively and negatively, respectively, with latitude. The data analyzed here provide rich material for understanding the biological history of South Amerindians and can serve as a basis for comparative studies involving other types of data, such as cultural data.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysing Prostitution Through Dissident Sexualities in Brazil
    Contexto Internacional vol. 40(3) Sep/Dec 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.2018400300006 Queering the Debate: Analysing Prostitution Through Dissident Pereira & Freitas Sexualities in Brazil Amanda Álvares Ferreira* Abstract: The aim of this article is to contrast prominent discourses on prostitution and human trafficking to the context of prostitution in Brazil and local feminist discourses on this matter, un- derstanding their contradictions and limitations. I look at Brazilian transgender prostitutes’ experi- ences to address an agency-related question that underlies feminist theorizations of prostitution: can prostitution be freely chosen? Is it necessarily exploitative? My argument is that discourses on sex work, departing from sex trafficking debates, are heavily engaged in a heteronormative logic that might be unable to approach the complexity and ambiguity of experiences of transgender prostitutes and, therefore, cannot theorize their possibilities of agency. To do so, I will conduct a critique of the naturalization of gender norms that hinders an understanding of experiences that exceed the binary ‘prostitute versus victim.’ I argue how both an abolitionist as well as a legalising solution to the is- sues involved in the sex market, when relying on the state as the guarantor of rights to sex workers, cannot account for the complexities of a context such as the Brazilian one, in which specific concep- tions of citizenship permit violence against sexually and racially marked groups to occur on such a large scale. Keywords: Gender; Prostitution; Sex Trafficking; Queer Theory; Feminism; Travestis. Introduction ‘Prostitution’ as an object of study can be approached through different perspectives that try to pin down exactly what are the social and political problems involved in it, and therefore how it can be dealt with by the State.
    [Show full text]
  • Ministério Da Educação Fundação Universidade
    MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO FUNDAÇÃO UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE RONDÔNIA – UNIR DEPARTAMENTO DE EDUCAÇÃO INTERCULTURAL – DEINTER CURSO DE ESPECIALIZAÇÃO EM EDUCAÇÃO ESCOLAR INDÍGENA EDITAL Nº 001/2017 HOMOLOGAÇÃO FINAL DE INSCRIÇÕES APÓS PRAZO DE RECURSO NOME COMPLETO POVO INDÍGENA ATUA NA EEI SITUAÇÃO DA INSCRIÇÃO ADELAIDE APARECIDA CHUE URUPE CHIQUITANO Sim Homologada AGNALDO ZAWANDU ZORO ZORO Sim Homologada ALESSANDRA MONTEIRO PINHO MAKURAP MAKURAP Sim Homologada ALEXANDRE SURUÍ PAITER SURUÍ Sim Homologada Não homologada ALUÍZIO MOREIRA DE SOUSA Não indígena Sim (Não atende ao item 2.1 do edital) ANDRÉ JABOTI DJEOROMITXI Sim Homologada ANEMÃ IRUN CINTA LARGA CINTA LARGA Sim Homologada ARIRAM CAO ORAJE CAO ORAJE Sim Homologada AUGUSTO CINTA LARGA CINTA LARGA Sim Homologada CARLOS AIKANÃ AIKANA Sim Homologada CLEIDE ADRIANA DA SILVA TERENA NAMBIKWARA Sim Homologada CRISTIANE AMBÉ GAVIÃO GAVIÃO Sim Homologada Não homologada DAIANE DE LOURDES ALVES Não indígena Não (Não atende ao item 2.1 do edital) Não homologada DÉBORA CRISTINA DOS SANTOS ARAÚJO Não indígena Não (Não atende ao item 2.1 do edital) EDELAINE MARIA KARITIANA KARITIANA Sim Homologada EDNA LUIZA ALVES YAWANAWA YAWANAWA Sim Homologada EDNA TOMPAM CAO OROWAJE CAO OROWAJE Sim Homologada EDSON SABANÊ SABANÊ Sim Homologada Não homologada FABRÍCIO GATAGON SURUI SURUI PAITER Não (Não atende ao item 2.1 do edital) FERNANDO MARIA DUARTE KANOÉ Sim Homologada FRANCISCO MEIRELLES NAMALOTA SURUÍ PAITER SURUÍ Sim Homologada GEOVANE TUPARI TUPARI Sim Homologada Não homologada GISANIA DOS SANTOS
    [Show full text]
  • Acervo Digital UFPR
    1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ SETOR CIÊNCIAS DA TERRA DEPARTAMENTO DE GEOGRAFIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GEOGRAFIA ALEX MOTA DOS SANTOS CARTOGRAFIAS DOS POVOS E DAS TERRAS INDÍGENAS EM RONDÔNIA CURITIBA 2014 2 ALEX MOTA DOS SANTOS CARTOGRAFIAS DOS POVOS E DAS TERRAS INDÍGENAS EM RONDÔNIA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Geografia, Setor de Ciências da Terra, Universidade Federal do Paraná, como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Geografia. Orientação: Prof. Dra. Salete Kozel CURITIBA 2014 3 Ficha Catalográfica 4 5 DEDICO A memória do meu pai, Clarindo Bispo dos Santos pelo seu amor incondicional, dedicação e pelo sonho do filho doutor! Dele eu lembro que “É tão estranho, pois os bons morrem jovens, assim parece ser quando me lembro de você pai, que acabou indo embora cedo demais...” (adaptado do trecho da música Love in the afternoon – Legião Urbana). À minha querida e linda mãe, Eurides Miranda Mota, companheira, minha inspiração e fonte de amor incondicional que me ensina todos os dias a descoberta da nossa amizade...ela também mudou com este trabalho. Aos povos indígenas de Rondônia, pela amizade e gentilezas. A toda minha família que viveu este sonho comigo,... aos meus alunos e colegas professores que se interessam pela temática de tese! A memória da geógrafa Rosangela das Dores Reis pelo trabalho e contribuição à causa indígena em Rondônia. 6 AGRADECIMENTOS Essa pesquisa não seria possível sem os parceiros e colaboradores, em especial a orientadora de tese, professora Salete Kozel, pela paciência e apoio. Agradeço a colaboração dos colegas, professores e estudantes indígenas que frequentam a Licenciatura Básica Intercultural da UNIR, campus da cidade de Ji-Paraná, dentre eles: Ana Oro Nao’, Isael Xixina Gavião, Luiz Suruí, Carmelita Oro Eo, José Oro Mon, Carlos Aikanã, Alessandra Makurap, Francisco Oro Waram, Nelson Oro Waram, Dorival Oro Não’, Armando Jabuti, João B.
    [Show full text]
  • Peoples in the Brazilian Amazonia Indian Lands
    Brazilian Demographic Censuses and the “Indians”: difficulties in identifying and counting. Marta Maria Azevedo Researcher for the Instituto Socioambiental – ISA; and visiting researcher of the Núcleo de Estudos em População – NEPO / of the University of Campinas – UNICAMP PEOPLES IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA INDIAN LANDS source: Programa Brasil Socioambiental - ISA At the present moment there are in Brazil 184 native language- UF* POVO POP.** ANO*** LÍNG./TRON.**** OUTROS NOMES***** Case studies made by anthropologists register the vital events of a RO Aikanã 175 1995 Aikanã Aikaná, Massaká, Tubarão RO Ajuru 38 1990 Tupari speaking peoples and around 30 who identify themselves as “Indians”, RO Akunsu 7 1998 ? Akunt'su certain population during a large time period, which allows us to make RO Amondawa 80 2000 Tupi-Gurarani RO Arara 184 2000 Ramarama Karo even though they are Portuguese speaking. Two-hundred and sixteen RO Arikapu 2 1999 Jaboti Aricapu a few analyses about their populational dynamics. Such is the case, for RO Arikem ? ? Arikem Ariken peoples live in ‘Indian Territories’, either demarcated or in the RO Aruá 6 1997 Tupi-Mondé instance, of the work about the Araweté, made by Eduardo Viveiros de RO Cassupá ? ? Português RO/MT Cinta Larga 643 1993 Tupi-Mondé Matétamãe process of demarcation, and also in urban areas in the different RO Columbiara ? ? ? Corumbiara Castro. In his book (Araweté: o povo do Ipixuna – CEDI, 1992) there is an RO Gavião 436 2000 Tupi-Mondé Digüt RO Jaboti 67 1990 Jaboti regions of Brazil. The lands of some 30 groups extend across national RO Kanoe 84 1997 Kanoe Canoe appendix with the populational data registered by others, since the first RO Karipuna 20 2000 Tupi-Gurarani Caripuna RO Karitiana 360 2000 Arikem Caritiana burder, for ex.: 8,500 Ticuna live in Peru and Colombia while 32,000 RO Kwazá 25 1998 Língua isolada Coaiá, Koaiá contact with this people in 1976.
    [Show full text]
  • Contrasting the Conceptualisation of Victims of Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation: a Case Study of Brazilians in Spain and Portugal
    Contrasting the conceptualisation of victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation: a case study of Brazilians in Spain and Portugal Abstract Despite the significant emphasis given to the trafficking of Brazilians to the sex industry of the Iberian Peninsula, the concepts of “victim of trafficking for sexual exploitation” used in these three countries vary. This article analyses the positions of Brazil, Spain and Portugal regarding the conceptualisation of “trafficking victim,” focusing on their legislation and policies, as well as on relevant narratives which show how these policies are being applied. It showcases how the incompatible definitions being used compromise genuine anti-trafficking actions and may be an indicator that stopping trafficking may not be the primary concern of the policies developed by these governments. Keywords Brazil; Human trafficking; Portugal; Spain; Trafficking victim; Trafficking policy Pérez, J.L. (2014). Contrasting the conceptualisation of victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation: a case study of Brazilians in Spain and Portugal. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. doi: 10.1007/s10610-014-9265-3 This is a pre-print version of the published article. The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10610-014-9265-3. Contrasting the conceptualisation of victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation: a case study of Brazilians in Spain and Portugal Introduction Brazil is considered one of the major source countries of women who are trafficked to the European Union (EU) for sexual exploitation. Among the receiving states, Portugal and Spain, countries with which it has strong historical and cultural ties, have held at times some of the largest declared numbers and percentages of its victims (Ministério da Justiça 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Brazil Survey Report Outline
    A report and comparative-historical look at the Cinta Larga, Suruí, Gavião and Zoró languages Stan Anonby and David J. Holbrook Simon Fraser University [email protected] This study investigates the relationships between four Tupi-Monde languages: Cinta Larga, Suruí, Gavião and Zoró. Two word lists were collected from each of these languages, and they were analyzed using the comparative method. The results show that these languages are not genetically related in the way previously supposed. The possible historical reasons and implications of these new findings are discussed. A new genetic tree is proposed to take into account the new analysis Keywords: Brazil; indigenous languages; Tupi-Guarani; Mondé; Amazon; endangered languages 1 Introduction This paper discusses the social situation and language relatedness of four Tupi- Monde languages. It proposes a different genetic tree based on results from using the historical comparative method. It also discusses how an alternative interpretation of history could explain this new subgrouping. This proposal depends on the presupposition that the first split in the Mondé family was when Gavião diverged from the ancestor of the other three languages. Much later, the Gavião and Zoró lived together for a considerable period of time, resulting in their borrowing sounds from each other. 2 Background The Mondé languages (Salamãy, Aruá, Gavião, Cinta Larga, Suruí, and Zoró) are spoken in the southwest of the Brazilian Amazon basin, between the states of Rondônia and Mato Grosso. The groups live in several Indigenous territories, which are surrounded to the east, west, and south by major and minor Brazilian cities and towns. Over the years outsiders have been drawn to this part of Brazil seeking rubber and animal pelts.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Pan-Amazon Region
    OAS/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 176 29 September 2019 Original: Spanish INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Situation of Human Rights of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Pan-Amazon Region 2019 iachr.org OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Situation of human rights of the indigenous and tribal peoples of the Pan-Amazon region : Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on September 29, 2019. p. ; cm. (OAS. Official records ; OEA/Ser.L/V/II) ISBN 978-0-8270-6931-2 1. Indigenous peoples--Civil rights--Amazon River Region. 2. Indigenous peoples-- Legal status, laws, etc.--Amazon River Region. 3. Human rights--Amazon River Region. I. Title. II. Series. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.176/19 INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Members Esmeralda Arosemena de Troitiño Joel Hernández García Antonia Urrejola Margarette May Macaulay Francisco José Eguiguren Praeli Luis Ernesto Vargas Silva Flávia Piovesan Executive Secretary Paulo Abrão Assistant Executive Secretary for Monitoring, Promotion and Technical Cooperation María Claudia Pulido Assistant Executive Secretary for the Case, Petition and Precautionary Measure System Marisol Blanchard a.i. Chief of Staff of the Executive Secretariat of the IACHR Fernanda Dos Anjos In collaboration with: Soledad García Muñoz, Special Rapporteurship on Economic, Social, Cultural, and Environmental Rights (ESCER) Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on September 29, 2019 INDEX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 INTRODUCTION 19 CHAPTER 1 | INTER-AMERICAN STANDARDS ON INDIGENOUS AND TRIBAL PEOPLES APPLICABLE TO THE PAN-AMAZON REGION 27 A. Inter-American Standards Applicable to Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in the Pan-Amazon Region 29 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Turtle Shells in Traditional Latin American Music.Cdr
    Edgardo Civallero Turtle shells in traditional Latin American music wayrachaki editora Edgardo Civallero Turtle shells in traditional Latin American music 2° ed. rev. Wayrachaki editora Bogota - 2021 Civallero, Edgardo Turtle shells in traditional Latin American music / Edgardo Civallero. – 2° ed. rev. – Bogota : Wayrachaki editora, 2021, c2017. 30 p. : ill.. 1. Music. 2. Idiophones. 3. Shells. 4. Turtle. 5. Ayotl. 6. Aak. I. Civallero, Edgardo. II. Title. © 1° ed. Edgardo Civallero, Madrid, 2017 © of this digital edition, Edgardo Civallero, Bogota, 2021 Design of cover and inner pages: Edgardo Civallero This book is distributed under a Creative Commons license Attribution- NonCommercial-NonDerivatives 4.0 International. To see a copy of this license, please visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Cover image: Turtle shell idiophone from the Parapetí River (Bolivia). www.kringla.nu/. Introduction Turtle shells have long been used all around the world for building different types of musical instruments: from the gbóló gbóló of the Vai people in Liberia to the kanhi of the Châm people in Indochina, the rattles of the Hopi people in the USA and the drums of the Dan people in Ivory Coast. South and Central America have not been an exception: used especially as idiophones ―but also as components of certain membranophones and aero- phones―, the shells, obtained from different species of turtles and tortoises, have been part of the indigenous music since ancient times; in fact, archaeological evi- dence indicate their use among the Mexica, the different Maya-speaking societies and other peoples of Classical Mesoamerica. After the European invasion and con- quest of America and the introduction of new cultural patterns, shells were also used as the sound box of some Izikowitz (1934) theorized that Latin American string instruments.
    [Show full text]
  • Guyana's REDD+ Agreement with Norway
    Guyana’s REDD+ Agreement with Norway: Perceptions of and Impacts on Indigenous Communities Tim Laing Abstract This report examines the impact of the REDD+ agreement between Guyana and Norway on indigenous communities in the country. Through literature review, analysis of secondary data, and interviews with indigenous chiefs and other informed stakeholders, it aims to understand the concerns, hopes, and fears of indigenous communities at the start of the agreement, and the effects, if any, that communities have faced from REDD+. Concerns at the inception of the agreement focused on long-standing issues with land rights, and a sense of lack of consultation. There were hopes, however, in the potential economic benefits that could accompany REDD+. Implementation of REDD+ in Guyana has proved slow, and the cash (or other benefits) received by communities has been small. Deforestation has risen—due to increased mining activity—and costs incurred by REDD+ have been minimal. This has created an overall air of scepticism regarding the future of the initiative. Future developments of REDD+ could be stronger through its indirect effect on changing donor actions, and broader policy thinking in Guyana; but major challenges exist in creating an opt-in mechanism that is fair for all indigenous communities, integrating REDD+ with the extractives industries such as mining, and keeping a focus on low-carbon development in the light of major new oil finds. Keywords: REDD+, Deforestation, Climate Change, Economic Development, Indigenous Peoples, Human Rights, Public Policy, Political Economy JEL: O19, Q01, Q23, Q28, P48 Working Paper 476 February 2018 www.cgdev.org Guyana’s REDD+ Agreement with Norway: Perceptions of and Impacts on Indigenous Communities Tim Laing Brighton Business School, University of Brighton The author would like to thank all the participants to the interviews in this study and also in the interviews for Laing (2014) that informed this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf CLARKE, R
    Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology ISSN: 1809-4341 Associação Brasileira de Antropologia (ABA) Dewey, Susan; Crowhurst, Isabel; Zheng, Tiantian; Blanchette, Thaddeus Control creep and the multiple exclusions faced by women in low-autonomy sex industry sectors Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology, vol. 17, 2020 Associação Brasileira de Antropologia (ABA) DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412020v17d457 Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=406964062040 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Dossier Anthropology in times of intolerance: challenges facing neoconservatism Articles Control creep and the multiple exclusions faced by women in low-autonomy sex industry sectors Susan Dewey 1 Isabel Crowhurst 2 Tiantian Zheng 3 Thaddeus Blanchette 4 1 University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 2 University of Essex, University of Essex, United Kingdom 3 SUNY Cortland, NY, USA 4 Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé/RJ, Brasil Abstract This article unites the co-authors’ years of empirical research with women in policed, stigmatized, and low-autonomy sex industry sectors in Brazil, China, Italy, and the United States to identify six prevalent forms of exclusion: economic, intersectional, health, safety, public vilification, and policing. We analyze the distinct manifestations of these exclusionary forces in all four sites to introduce criminal creep as theoretical shorthand for the global seepage of ideological, structural, and interpersonal exclusionary forces into social life, professional practice, and socio-legal procedures that marginalize women in the sex industry as victim- criminals in need of rehabilitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Trafficking and Trade: How Regional Trade Agreements Can Combat the Trafficking of Persons in Brazil
    TRAFFICKING AND TRADE: HOW REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS CAN COMBAT THE TRAFFICKING OF PERSONS IN BRAZIL Sarah Richelson1 “Human trafficking is a modern-day slave trade. It violates fundamental human rights and exploits innocent people.” -- Sheikha Haya Rashed Al Khalifa, President of the UN General Assembly I. INTRODUCTION The crime of trafficking in persons, or human trafficking, has been condemned worldwide, but is one of the fastest-growing international crimes. Victims may be women or children trafficked into prostitution or domestic work, or men trafficked into slave labor and sometimes prostitution. After traveling long distances to pursue false promises of opportunity, victims are enslaved far from home, often lacking the resources or information to change their situation or to prosecute their trafficker. Their situation is compounded by societal attitudes that stigmatize people of their race, social class, or occupation; indeed cultural disagreement on how to regard those trafficked into prostitution has hampered the assistance available to victims. This paper introduces the problem of trafficking in persons globally, and then explores Brazil as a case study in anti-trafficking efforts. Brazil, one of the most prominent countries in the international network of trafficking in persons, has taken efforts to combat trafficking through three frameworks: changing legal standards through a law-enforcement approach; increasing social and psychological support services through a human-rights approach; and taking action against slave labor conditions in a labor rights approach. None of these tactics alone has proven sufficient. This note explores a combined approach: supplementing Brazil’s existing anti-trafficking policies with international trade agreements to coordinate a three- pronged attack on human trafficking.
    [Show full text]