Commercial Truck Tires & Intermodal What Is Important?

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Commercial Truck Tires & Intermodal What is important?

• Headquarters & manufacturing facility – San Antonio, TX

• Achieved standard position in over 70% of top 200 commercial fleets

• 50% market share with OE trailer/chassis manufacturing

• Approximately 1.5 million trailers/chassis worldwide running with PSI

• Established markets & shipped product to 46 countries

• Purchased Leading Producer of TPMS Systems, TST, based out of Atlanta, Georgia in early 2017

•Tires & Inflation Pressure •Greenhouse Gas Emissions Rulemaking – Phase 2 •Automatic Tire Inflation

• 11R22.5 (LR G) Cooper - $210 including FET

• 10.00-20 Chinese Interstar = $171 + $18(tube) + $4.50(flap) • = $193.50

8.5% price premium for radial versus bias with tube/flap

Chassis Radial Tire Retread Prices • Retread 11R22.5 (cap/casing)…$190 • Retread 11R22.5 cap only……….$95

Tubeless Radial Tire Advantages

• Easy of mounting • Reduction of parts inventory • Improved fuel economy (lower rolling resistance) • Reduction of punctures & blow outs • Improved safety • Higher removal miles • Improved retreadability 9

• 11R22.5 Load Range G: 5840 lbs @105 psi – LR G

The equivalent radial tire has a 9% higher load capacity versus the bias tire – higher safety factor 10

Tires & Inflation Pressure

ressure 12

# 1 Maintenance Issue is Tire Inflation Pressure  It takes too long to check  Get Dirty  Inside Dual Difficult to Reach  Inflation Gauges are Inaccurate  Lose Valve Cap after Pressure Check  Valve Cores Stick in the Cold and Lose Air  Chassis/Trailer Tires typically have the worst air pressure

LOAD Same trailer tire at various loads/inflation

LIGHT

Medium

Heavy

The #1 Cause

TIRES TIRES TIRES © 2014 Pressure Systems International, Inc. All rights reserved. Why Do Truck Tires Lose Air • Osmosis through the casing • 1 to 3 PSI/Month statically • 60% increase in osmosis – dynamically (1.6 – 4.8 PSI) • Depends on tire materials & construction

• Tread Punctures

• Sidewall Damage • Impact Breaks

• Leaking Valve Stems/Cores

Slow leaking punctures in the tread is the #1 reason why tires lose air 20

100 psi +/- 5 100 psi +/- 4

100 psi +/- 3

100 psi +/- 2

100 psi +/- 1 21

Only Leads to Problems & Increased Fleet Costs

 Irregular wear leads to premature removal

 Tire punctures increase

. Longer footprint

. Rubber becomes hot & “softer”

 Tire casings become hot from overflexing, which reduces retreadability

 Fuel economy drops significantly 21 22

lecture, Thomas L. Ford, Goodyear Rubber Tire &

-4 Buckendale -6 Under inflated Spec inflation -8 % Change in Fuel Economy

-10 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Tire Inflation Pressure (psi) pg.Heavy 69 DutyTruck Tire Engineering SAE Tires under-inflated by 10 psi = 1.5% poorer fuel economy Company © 2014 Pressure Systems International, Inc. All rights reserved. TMC Bias Tire Book © 2014 Pressure Systems International, Inc. All rights reserved. Why Made Codes (Tire Related) • 08 Missing • 09 Slick Tread • 10 Separated Cap • 11 Blister, Knots • 13 Run Flat • 14 Cut, Torn • 15 Flat Tire • 17 Weather Cracking / Channel Crack • 20 Correct Improper Repair • 34 Slid Flat

Under-inflation is the major contributor to irregular wear 27

100 PSI 90 PSI 80 PSI 70 PSI 7” long 7 ¼” long 7 ¾” long 8 ¼” long

100 96.4 89.3 82.0 Rating Rating Rating Rating © 2014 Pressure Systems International, Inc. All rights reserved. Perfect Analogy – Footballs & Tires © 2014 Pressure Systems International, Inc. All rights reserved. Footballs need PSI NFL Football spec is 13 +/- 0.5 psi © 2014 Pressure Systems International, Inc. All rights reserved. Football Gauges Football pressure ranged from 11 to 13 psi depending on which gauge © 2014 Pressure Systems International, Inc. All rights reserved. Dial Gauge Read 13 psi

32 © 2014 Pressure Systems International, Inc. All rights reserved. Footballs & Temperature • 13 psi at 70 F • Placed football outside for 2 hours at 20 F • Pressure dropped to 11 psi © 2014 Pressure Systems International, Inc. All rights reserved. NFL “Deflategate” Football Report Conclusions (page 228) In sum, the data did not provide a basis for us to determine with absolute certainty whether there was or was not tampering as the analysis of such data ultimately is dependent upon assumptions and information that is not certain. GHG -2 Rulemaking Finalized August 16, 2016 (1,692 pages) Tires & Tire Inflation © 2014 Pressure Systems International, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Regulatory Categories

•Combination Tractors •Trailers •Heavy Duty Pickup Trucks & Vans •Vocational Vehicles

• Non-Box includes: • Tankers • Flatbeds • Container Chassis

• Increase in stringency • 2021 • 2024 • 2027 • Final 2027 trailer/chassis standards between 3% and 9% improvement over 2018 baseline depending on specific trailer/chassis type © 2014 Pressure Systems International, Inc. All rights reserved. Effective January 1, 2018

• Box trailers – Flexible Approach to Include • LRR Tires, ATIS, TPMS, Aerodynamic devices, Weight reduction technologies • Non-Box trailers (Tankers, Flatbeds, Chassis) • Low Rolling Resistance Tires • ATIS (Automatic Tire Inflation) • TPMS (Tire Pressure Monitoring System) © 2014 Pressure Systems International, Inc. All rights reserved. Tires & Tire Inflation

• Low rolling resistance (LRR) tires (SmartWay verified) • Spec tire inflation on tractors (1.0% improvement) • Spec tire inflation on trailers/chassis (1.2% improvement) • If spec TPMS – 1.0 % improvement on trailers • Projected Adoption rates on Trailers/Chassis • 100% ATIS in 2018 and beyond (p. 362) • Projected Adoption Rates on Tractors • 2021 – 20% ATIS / 20% TPMS • 2024 – 25% ATIS / 50% TPMS • 2027 – 30% ATIS / 70% TPMS © 2014 Pressure Systems International, Inc. All rights reserved.  Air pressure is taken from the air tank(s) thru a pressure protection valve  Then regulated at a control box, set to the desired tire pressure  Air is then distributed to the axles  Routed thru the axles via internal tubing or pressurization of the axle tube  Air is now carried thru a rotary union out to the valve stems

Control Air Lines Box To Axles

Basic ATIS Operation – Control Box

Pressure Systems International – Company Confidential 44

Stator

Different sizes of Press Plugs depends on axle type Thru – Tee (rotary union) 47

Hubcap with 6 vents – Thru-T is hand tightened into Prevents wheel end hubcap – Works with either duals pressure in the event of or widebase singles a failure. 48

Commercial Truck Tires & Intermodal What is important?

Al Cohn, Director New Market Development & Engineering Support PSI, San Antonio, Texas [email protected] (210-508-6260)