ISO Focus The Magazine of the International Organization for Standardization Volume 4, No. 3, March 2007, ISSN 1729-8709

The intelligent car

• Standards and Intelligent Transport Systems • ISO 26000 reaches positive turning point Contents

1 Comment Michael Noblett, Chair ISO/TC 204, Intelligent transport systems, The intelligent car and ITS 2 World Scene Highlights of events from around the world 3 ISO Scene Highlights of news and developments from ISO members 4 Guest View Yann Vincent, Senior Vice President, Quality, Renault ISO Focus is published 11 times a year (single issue : July-August). 8 Main Focus It is available in English. Annual subscription 158 Swiss Francs Individual copies 16 Swiss Francs

Publisher ISO Central Secretariat (International Organization for Standardization) 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse CH-1211 Genève 20 Switzerland Telephone + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 733 34 30 E-mail [email protected] Web www.iso.org Manager : Roger Frost TheThe intelligentintelligent carcar Editor : Elizabeth Gasiorowski-Denis © Renault Assistant Editor : Dale Campbell • Ergonomics – The driver perception Artwork : Pascal Krieger and • Worldwide harmonized on-board diagnostics Pierre Granier • Automotive electronic systems and ISO ISO Update : Dominique Chevaux • Intelligent transport systems (ITS) : Revolution on the roadways Subscription enquiries : Sonia Rosas Friot • Importance of ITS standards to emerging markets ISO Central Secretariat • First ISO-APEC cooperation for ITS standards Telephone + 41 22 749 03 36 • ISO/TC 204 collaboration with other partners on ITS Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 • Digital maps and standards – Past, present and future E-mail [email protected] • Outreach programme of TC 204 © ISO, 2007. All rights reserved. • Improving road safety worldwide The contents of ISO Focus are copyright and may not, whether in whole or in 34 Developments and Initiatives part, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval The Linux Standard Base – Standardizing open source • Future system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, ISO 26000 standard on SR reaches positive turning point • ISO photocopying or otherwise, without Central Secretariat has moved written permission of the Editor. The articles in ISO Focus express the views 38 New on the shelf of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISO or of any of its members. ISO/TS 22003 aim to build confidence in certification of food safety management systems • ISO 21482 : New supplementary ISSN 1729-8709 Printed in Switzerland radiation warning symbol

Cover photo : Renault. 40 Coming up ISO Focus March 2007 Comment The intelligent car and ITS

apidly evolving technology, as mon framework for developing, denoting Agreement ” harmonizing the complex well as concern for public safe- and integrating ITS systems. When used global regulatory environment for field Rty and the environmental perfor- in this fashion, ITS can generate signif- testing procedures and requirements. In mance of vehicles, has led to a new revo- icant benefits for developing countries, addition, ISO/TC 204 maintains active lution in transport with the development which often have high population den- liaison activities with 10 other external of intelligent transport systems (ITS). sities and experience traffic congestion organizations. As urbanization and traffic congestion as automobile ownership increases with As part of the global cooperation impact the quality of life in many cities, prosperity and rapid urbanization. on ITS, ISO, the International Telecom- ITS holds the promise of improving traf- As previously mentioned, person- munication Union (ITU) and the Inter- fic management and vehicle safety. al and public safety are among the most national Electrotechnical Commission ITS refers to the integration and important potential benefits of ITS. Secure (IEC) have jointly organized a workshop application of information technology to communications between infrastructure and and exhibition entitled “ The Fully Net- urban and rural surface transportation. vehicles enable advanced warning systems worked Car ”, to be held during the 2007 It enables both government and private to help drivers avoid accidents and allow Geneva Motor Show, which will show- industry to improve safety, mitigate traf- for the safe transport of freight. case information and communication fic congestion and reduce fuel consump- technologies in motor vehicles. tion and emissions, as well as increase “ Personal and public The portfolio of articles in this issue traveler mobility and convenience via the safety are among the of ISO Focus provides an overview of the use of vehicle and infrastructure probe role of International Standards in creating data to provide location-based telemat- most important potential the “ intelligent car ” within an evolving ics services. benefits of ITS.” framework of intelligent transport systems, The major trends are : which will help provide significant ben- • integrating vehicles with roadway Within the transport communi- efits in traffic management and person- networks through the use of on-board ty, the deployment of new and emerging al safety, and reduce the environmental wireless communications ; ITS solutions can help developing coun- impacts of the transport sector. • conversion of vehicle and infrastruc- tries eliminate or minimize transport and The wider application of ITS to ture data to provide timely location- transportation logistics problems. ISO/ different types of vehicles, such as pub- based services to drivers and roadway TC 204, has begun a comprehensive out- lic transport and passenger vehicles, operators ; reach program designed to bring in key holds much promise in the management ITS stakeholders from developing coun- of traffic and reduced fuel consumption • to improve advanced safety applica- tries such as China, Malaysia and Thai- and emissions, as well as the safe and tions such as automatic crash notifi- land to share the lessons learned from timely transport of freight. cation, secure freight transport and nations which have already built their crash avoidance ; roadway infrastructures. • an improved environment through The regulatory framework is of reduced fuel consumption and emis- paramount importance, as standards pro- sions. vide regulatory bodies with a blueprint for To be successful, low cost commu- developing future regulations that do not nications equipment needs to be incorpo- undermine the interoperability of current rated into passenger and public transport and future technologies, as well as elimi- vehicles. International Standards ensure nating technical barriers to trade. But, as the global integration and interoperabil- the global economy becomes more inte- ity of such technologies, as well as allow grated, regional regulatory bodies, such as the data from these devices to be success- the European Union and the Association fully translated into useful information for for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), location-based services such as automatic are turning to ISO to evaluate standards crash notification, traffic notification and that may be incorporated into their reg- alternative routing. Successful standards ulations. development is key to turning this poten- MichaelMichael Noblett, Chair ISO/TC 204, ISO/TC 204 maintains an active Intelligent transport systems tial into reality. and productive liaison with the Economic Another important area to the global and Social Council of the United Nations adoption of ITS technologies is a standard- (ECOSOC), Working Party 29 (WP ized architecture, which provides the com- 29), the principle author of “ The 1997

ISO Focus March 2007 1 World Scene

ISO in Davos in developing International As regional economic cooperation Standards, with increasing and trade blocs proliferate, harmo- In her opening address as con- involvement from emerging nization of standards and conform- venor of the G8 in 2007 and economies. ity assessment procedures are current President of the European important to facilitate integration. Union, German Chancellor • ISO’s quality and environ- Angela Merkel spoke about mental management system Regional TCB programmes energy efficiency and renewable standards are being used in help reduce costs and help sources, at the World Economic both the public and private respond effectively to country Forum (WEF), 24-28 January sector in diverse fields like needs, as regional groups often 2007, in Davos, Switzerland. the automotive industry, the Disruptions to US oil and face common problems. oil and gas sector and medical refining capacity caused by a devices. single hurricane had global Although there are traditional- consequences for energy prices. ly strong trade links among • The ISO 14064 series for neighbouring countries, barriers greenhouse gas accounting International Standards play a to trade still exist, so harmoni- and verification provides critical role in ensuring securi- zation of standards, technical metrics for the emerging ty by facilitating safe handling regulations and conformity trading markets of carbon of dangerous materials, better assessment procedures are emission rights. building design and operation important for regional trade. of emergency communications. • Development of the ISO Regional programmes also help 26000 standard for guidance In 2004, ISO launched a strate- countries voice their needs in on social responsibility. gic programme to expand its standardization and conformity work to meet security needs Alan Bryden indicated, “ Inter- assessment more effectively, as and in 2006, ISO, the Interna- national Standards can be the well as in trade negotiations in tional Electrotechnical Com- Captions vehicle to disseminate good the international arena. mission (IEC) and the Interna- practice and to open world tional Telecommunication A new UNIDO-East African markets for energy efficient Union (ITU) established an Community project, funded by and clean technologies, thus (Top) German ISO/IEC/ITU Strategic Advisory Norway, to build trade capacity ensuring that the ambitious Chancellor, Angela Group on Security to coordi- for agro-industry for compliance national and regional policies Merkel ; (above) WTO nate security-related standards. with international market require- Director General, currently being adopted are ments is a good example. It will Pascal Lamy ; and synergetic rather than ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine create regional coordination (left) Microsoft fragmenting, or even creating technology, is leading an initia- mechanisms for sanitary and founder, Bill Gates, new barriers to trade.” tive to develop standards to phytosanitary (SPS) and technical support the security of global at the World ISO is collaborating with the barriers to trade (TBT) matters, supply chains, including the 30 Economic Forum. International Energy Agency to including regional accreditation million containers used for trans- produce a portfolio and gap anal- services and strengthening the porting goods and the maritime ysis of available International regional food safety framework. ports through which they transit. The WEF attracts over 1 000 Standards to identify priorities industry, political, academic and UNIDO also has regional pro- and boost production in this area. A new TC, ISO/TC 223, Societal grammes in the West African economic leaders. Participants security, works on standards Mr. Bryden encouraged global and Southern African regions identified that climate change addressing emergency prepar- government and industry lead- and projects are planned for a constitutes the greatest threat edness and management. to the global economy. ers to become even more number of other regions. engaged in developing and ISO and its international ISO Secretary-General Alan For more information, contact : implementing International partners are committed to [email protected] Bryden attended the WEF, high- Standards, adding, “ ISO is in working together to provide a lighting that the organization can the ' engine room ' of positive comprehensive portfolio of help address some of the global globalization, enabling best standards solutions that challenges through its capacity practice to be formulated and contribute to a safer world. to facilitate international consen- broadly promoted to contribute sus amongst countries and stake- to the sustainable development UNIDO’s regional SMTQ holders on technical and business of the planet.” issues through its network of programmes national members in 159 countries The United Nations Industrial and links with more than 600 International coordination Development Organization international and regional on security standards (UNIDO) – a strong partner of organizations. Major catastrophes such as the ISO – has long supported the Asian tsunami and the Gulf efforts of regional trade groups Some of the ISO developments Coast hurricanes in the United in Africa, Central America and relevant to the debates at the States have galvanized the Asia to harmonize their Stand- WEF include : world’s attention to ensuring ards, Metrology, Testing and • ISO’s Action Plan for Devel- security and safety and high- Quality (SMTQ) system through oping Countries to raise aware- lighted the vulnerability of technical assistance in Trade Aurélie Nalin

ness and increase participation global supply chains. Capacity Building (TCB). ©

2 ISO Focus March 2007 ISO Scene

AICC/IISD/ISO workshop users who are implementing its Roundtable on natural The African Institute of Corpo- standards in a development gas and hydrogen fuel rate Citizenship (AICC), the setting, which can only help to vehicles International Institute for Sus- improve the global relevance of JTC 1’s work. The ISO roundtable on “ Global tainable Development (IISD) and harmonization of regulations, ISO held a capacity building Calidad 2006 in Cuba codes and standards for gaseous workshop in Blantyre, Malawi, fuels and vehicles ” took place in for African stakeholders on the The ISO member for Cuba Geneva on 10 January 2007. development process of ISO er, the workshop had a different (NC , Oficina National de Nor- More than 70 delegates from 26000, the future standard giving various organizations and focus : the use of JTC 1’s stand- malizacion) organized a success- guidance on social responsibility. ISO technical committees ards in the developing world. It ful 6th International Symposium participated. Funding to support participation included such topics as : on Quality in November 2006. of the different stakeholders was More than 400 participants from received from the Swiss State • providing Internet connectiv- some 10 countries of the Carib- Secretariat for Economic Affairs ity in Southern Africa; bean and Latin America shared (SECO) through IISD and ISO • case study – challenges experience and perspectives on under the developing countries implementing national and programme (DEVCO). There management systems for quality, International Standards in security and environmental pro- was a total of 31 participants South Africa; from various stakeholder groups : tection in key sectors for this government, consumers, labour, • the use of IT standards in region, such as food processing, NGOs and research groups from South Africa ; tourism, health and, more gener- ally, services. 13 countries, including Malawi. • issues in implementing e- passports in India ; Alan Bryden, the ISO Secretary- General, made a keynote speech Numerous proposals were • challenges and successes in at the Symposium. He also visit- made towards pursuing exist- developing an IT process ed NC and had high level con- ing work and undertaking new standard for small organiza- tacts with the Cuban authorities initiatives. One of the main tions ; and and other stakeholders. During proposals is to develop stand- • the seamless application of his meetings with Dr. Fernando ards for liquefied natural gas JTC 1 standards throughout González Bermúdez, Minister fuel vehicles. Other requests the world. for Science, Technology and were made concerning natural Environment, and at the Foreign gas hydrogen mixture and There were also common themes The workshop was officially component standards. in all the presentations of some Trade Ministry, the importance opened by the Minister of Trade broader issues. These included and benefits of International A report on the roundtable was and Private Sector Development, the following suggestions for Standards for the Cuban econo- made to the Working Party on Dr. Ken Lipenga, and, Mr. Marcel improving the usability of JTC 1 my was addressed. Gas of the United Nations Eco- Stutz, the Swiss Ambassador to standards : nomic Commission for Europe the region. Participants engaged Mr. Bryden took part in the presentation of ISO 9001:2000 (UNECE) Committee on Sus- in exercises to help them under- • provide additional guidance tainable Energy, and to the stand the best way to provide on the use of standards, and ISO 14001:2004 certificates to the Centro de Retinosis Pig- Working Party on Pollution and comments for consideration in particularly for those sub- Energy of the UNECE Commit- the development of a standard. jects which are addressed by mentaria, a leading institute for eye surgery and treatment and tee on Inland Transport, which The exercises also identified a large suite of standards met shortly after. ISO was invit- the first of its kind to be certified some key issues for sustainable from a number of JTC 1 ed to pursue its work and to in the country. social and economic develop- subcommittees and ISO or undertake new work in close ment . IEC technical committees; ISO Secretary-General, Alan collaboration with all interested th • provide better abstracts, Bryden, at the 6 International organizations. ISO/IEC JTC 1 focus on Symposium on Quality in Cuba. summaries, keywords and For more information : http:// developing countries metadata to assist in identify- www.iso.org/iso/en/commcentre/ As part of its plenary meeting ing the appropriate standards events/2007/index.html to be implemented, and programmes in recent years, or contact François Abram : ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information • consider improved outreach [email protected] technology, has devoted a day activities, both to gather to a Technology Watch Work- inputs and to offer expertise shop with representatives from in the application of JTC 1’s industry, user groups and standards products. JTC 1/SC Chairs to look at evolving trends in information While a departure from the technology and new areas of customary Technology Watch work for the committee. At the Workshop, the meeting venue recent plenary in South Africa, in South Africa offered JTC 1 a 13-17 November 2006, howev- unique opportunity to hear from

ISO Focus March 2007 3 Guest View Yann Vincent Renault © © ann Vincent, Senior communications technology Vice President, Quality, (ICT) systems at the highest YRenault,is a graduate of possible level of quality. the École Centrale de Paris Furthermore, increased engineering school (1980) globalization means we are and holds an MBA from now sourcing our components INSEAD (1989). He began and vehicle functions from a his career as an engineer worldwide market place. with Alsthom-Atlantique. These two factors com- In 1982, he joined Renault as bined – complexity and glo- a vehicle packaging engineer bal sourcing – require that at the Engineering Department. Between 1989 the parties involved, i.e. those and 1992, he worked in involved in the value transfor- Renault’s Management mation process, must be able Control Department where he to communicate with each was responsible for special other clearly, promptly and projects and then as head of accurately wherever they are Domestic Financial Affairs at located worldwide. Hence, the Finance Department. they have to speak the same Between 1992 and 1998, he language. The keywords of this was in charge of Financial language are : safety, quality and Information Services, and standardization (i.e. shar- then head of Manufacturing ing best practices). at the SOVAB plant in Batilly. International standardization In 1998, Yann Vincent was appointed “ The implementation of shares those principles with vehicle General Manager of the Douai plant. ISO 14001 is indeed a development and manufacturing pro- In April 2004, he became Vice cesses, which explains why Renault President of the C-Range Programme useful method for assessing is so actively involved in the stand- (lower medium range) at the Industry the effectiveness of our ardization of automobile technolo- and Technology Department. In environmental management gies in ISO/TC 22 and ISO/TC 176 – January 2005, Yann Vincent was appointed Senior Vice President, system.” the ISO technical committees respon- Quality. sible, respectively, for road vehicles, systems within the automotive indus- and quality management and quality try in general, within the Renault-Nis- assurance. san alliance in particular, and for its Some years ago, Renault was ISO Focus : In the context of trade relations with its suppliers ? involved in the proceedings of the ISO/ globalization, what is the strategic TC 176 and the International Automo- importance of International Stand- Yann Vincent : Automobile technol- tive Task Force (IATF), which draft- ards for an alliance such as Renault- ogy is becoming more and more com- ed the ISO/TS 16949 technical spec- Nissan ? What impact does the ISO/TS plex. The customer now demands more ification. Based on ISO 9001:2000, 16949, Quality management systems comfort, less fuel consumption but ISO/TS 16949 has been adopted by – Particular requirements for the also a safer car equipped with the lat- all manufacturers who were members application of ISO 9001:2000 for est information/communications sys- of the IATF. automotive production and relevant tems. Customer satisfaction means we ISO/TS 16949 completes ISO service part organizations, have on the have to provide the customer with the 9001:2000 with specific requirements implementation of quality management latest mechatronic and information and for automotive related products and is

4 ISO Focus March 2007 Renault © © based on best practices in the the area of sustainable develop- automotive industry. This com- ment. The life cycle approach mon quality management system applies to the whole vehicle life refers to the Plan, Do, Check, cycle, including design, manu- Act (PDCA) methodology, pre- facturing, distribution, vehicle ventive actions to improve qual- use and the end-of-life phases, ity and delivery time. Its interna- including recycling. The imple- tional adoption avoids multiple mentation of ISO 14001 is indeed certification audits, and the asso- a useful method for assessing ciated costs. the effectiveness of our envi- Renault and Nissan con- ronmental management sys- sider ISO/TS 16949 as imple- tem. As many as 41 industrial mented by certified organiza- sites, among 47 worldwide, have tions as a fundamental and minimum what we have been doing since 1999 already achieved ISO 14001 certifica- requirement for their tier-one suppli- by sharing clean technology develop- tion, including all our sites in South ers. In accordance with ISO/TS 16949, ments in order to manufacture high- America and Asia. the Renault-Nissan Alliance has devel- ly efficient engines, for vehicles that Among our recent major achieve- oped a common standard named Alli- consume less fuel and release less ments, it is worth noting that Renault ance New Product Quality Procedure emissions. was awarded the 2006 prize for “ Envi- (ANPQP) which defines the specific As part of the “ Renault Commit- ronmental Management for Sustainable requirements of their alliance, in par- ment 2009 ”, Renault has undertaken an Development ” from the French Min- ticular for Clause 7 Product realiza- ambitious plan to reduce greenhouse istry of the Environment. We are also tion. ANPQP places the emphasis on gas emissions. This plan is based on one of the four carmakers on the Dow production, preparation, monitoring three commitments : to be one of the Jones Sustainability World and Dow and suppliers’ undertakings, which world’s top three carmakers for low- Jones STOXX Sustainability Index. are key factors for successfully meet- level emissions of CO2, with one mil- In the third-quarter of 2006, the Ger- ing the alliance targets on quality, cost lion cars below 140 g/km (one third man oekom research institute1) rated and time. below 120 g/km), to offer a range of us first in class on sustainable devel- Finally, an Alliance Suppli- models powered by biofuels (B30 and opment among 17 carmakers. er Evaluation Standard (ASES) has E85) and to develop a wide range of also been developed to support the alternative technologies. 1) oekom research AG is one of the world’s global alliance requirements. It is Furthermore, we have chosen leading providers of information on the social implemented by internal auditors in the life cycle approach, which reflects and environmental performance of companies, addition to ISO/TS 16949 when vet- both our vision and daily practice in sectors and countries. ting new suppliers, or in the event of a quality crisis. Renault © © ISO Focus : Car manufacturers can contribute in many ways to environ- mental protection and to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions : by reducing intrinsic fuel consumption and vehicle emissions, by accommo- dating the use of renewable energies or by operating industrial facilities in an environmentally friendly manner, e.g. by implementing ISO 14001. Could you describe the current strate- gies and achievements of Renault-Nis- san in this respect ?

Yann Vincent : One of the major strengths of the Renault-Nissan alli- ance is that we are able to contribute globally to sustainable development and environmental protection. This is

ISO Focus March 2007 5 Guest View

ISO Focus : Concerning the use of renewable fuels in our vehicles, OEMs, on a common open platform, achiev- renewable energy sources in vehicles, biofuel producers and oil companies ing interoperability, harmonization what role do you see for International will have to develop new standards on and standardization of ITS systems Standards ? an international basis. and services as well as determining an ISO, along with other standardi- overall approach to cater for the tech- Yann Vincent : Liquid biofuels make it zation bodies such as the European Com- nical, business and political require- possible to introduce renewable energy mittee for Standardization (CEN), has ments of on-board systems. sources in our vehicles. This is part of clearly a key role to play by assisting It should be useful to conduct a our answer to the current 98 % depend- in the introduction of such new tech- more strategic standardization approach ency of transportation fuels on oil. Since nologies. And that is exactly what ISO by establishing a standards steering 2004, Renault has been marketing flex does, for example in January 2007 it group in order to develop strategic rec- fuel Clio and Megane cars running on organized a roundtable on global har- ommendations for the long term. The up to 100 % bioethanol in Brazil. By monization of regulations, codes and first long term requirement concerns 2009, 50 % of Renault gasoline vehi- standards for gaseous fuels. the frequency allocation and the defi- cles marketed in Europe will be able to nition of the protocols applied : harmo- run on bioethanol and gasoline blends nization and standardization between ISO Focus : Intelligent transport sys- (E85). Furthermore, within the same tems (geographical data files, informa- Europe, Asia and America is vital. timeframe, all Renault diesel vehicles tion management protocols and posi- will be able to run on fuels containing tioning references, just to name a few) is ISO Focus : What role is the Renault- up to 30 % biodiesel. Biogas and hydro- another area for which ISO is develop- Nissan alliance playing in driving tech- gen fuel might also, even if in a longer ing International Standards. What other nology and safety standards today, and term, be part of the answer. products, services and/or functions need how do you expect that role to evolve in be addressed in Interna- the future ? What new ISO Internation- tional Standards in rela- al Standards would you welcome ? tion to the “ fully net- worked car ”, and accord- Yann Vincent : Automobile safety is ing to what scale of one of Renault’s main priorities. The urgency ? first European car to win five Euro- NCAP stars was the Renault Laguna, Yann Vincent : Exist- followed by practically all of the other ing ISO working groups vehicles in the Renault range (EuroNCAP cover the various areas of provides consumers with independent intelligent transport sys- information about a car’s safety). tems (ITS) satisfactorily Our active involvement in the if we consider only the ISO/TC 22/SC 12, Passive safety crash short-term vision. protection systems, chaired by Renault But our vision of and in the ISO/TC 22/SC 10, Impact ITS is more than that ; in test procedures, proceedings contrib- the long term we envis- uted to these achievements. Partici- age that cars, road-side pation in the ISO passive safety pro-

Renault equipments and back- ceedings meant we were able to share © © office systems will com- best practice and promote innovation. municate more directly For example, the development of the Fuel properties are taken into in a wireless environment. This implies ISOFIX standard at ISO/TC 22/SC 12/ account when designing power-trains that we will see radical changes inside WG 1, Child restraint systems in road and post-treatment systems. Original the car and on the roads : cars will have vehicles, followed by its wide adoption equipment manufacturers (OEMs), as two-way communications units, traf- by the automobile industry, marked a well as oil companies, consider that fic information will come from more major step in improving child protection. fuel and vehicle technologies should sources, cars will broadcast their own One of the main automobile safety chal- be developed as a single system. status and thus inform other road users, lenges at the moment is ergonomics, or Mineral fuels are already sub- and roadside equipment will broadcast what is known as the “ man-machine ject to a body of standards. Vehicles wireless information signals. interface ” (MMI) under the aegis of are designed to use fuels according to There are many challenges ISO/TC 22/SC 13, Ergonomics applica- those standards and to meet legislative that need to be overcome in order to ble to road vehicles. The purpose here emission requirements. To ensure a achieve this vision. Technical chal- is to provide the motorists with driv- clean, global and safe introduction of lenges include obtaining agreement ing assistance tools without distracting

6 ISO Focus March 2007 Renault © © them from their main all employees in the task, i.e. full control group. This is anoth- of the car under all er method based on circumstances. Nissan best practice, To evaluate however adapted to these systems in terms the specific objec- of their ergonomic tives and cultural and performance and their economic context of contribution to safe- Renault. ty, it is necessary to This initial sur- implement specific vey revealed the excep- laboratory and real- tional commitment of life tests (field oper- uct manufacturing and service provi- practically all of the ation tests) for which an international sion processes, achieving the quality 100 000 employees interviewed to improv- consensus on the methods of valida- and standardization of processes with- ing quality in their respective work units. tion is crucial. Renault is participat- in the company. As part of the annual interview, each per- ing on current ISO projects in order to son’s individual contribution to achieving develop standards in this domain (e.g. the objectives of the Renault Commitment occlusion method ; lane change test “ As part of the “ Renault 2009 is assessed and the achieved results method) and is ready to support ISO Commitment 2009 ”, are associated with performance evaluation initiatives aimed at developing objec- Renault has undertaken an and remuneration. An effective manage- tive performance indicators. ment cycle has thereby been implemented New automobile technologies ambitious plan to reduce right across the Renault Group. based on the development of on-board greenhouse gas emissions.” electronic systems will have to be capa- Renault and sustainable ble of withstanding significant envi- The whole management force ronmental stress (temperature, humid- of the company has been mobilized development ity, electromagnetic radiation) and last to meet the objectives of the “ Renault The Renault Group has drawn over time. Standards aimed at ensur- Commitment 2009 ”, the group’s strate- up a code of good conduct detailing ing such reliability at the lowest cost gy for the coming four years presented its own ethical standards. Primarily, have been developed by ISO/TC 22/ by our Chief Executive Officer (CEO) this document covers the protection of SC 3, Electrical and electronic equip- in February 2006. The focus on quality people and property, compliance with ment, the result of which is less devel- has been reasserted so that Renault – the law and respect for the environ- opment time and economies of scale within the Alliance framework – “ will ment. An ethics committee supervises for all industrial partners (e.g. ISO achieve a long-lasting position as the implementation. Renault has also set up standards relative to on-board networks most profitable general automobile a sustainable development commit- and diagnostics (OBD), connectors). manufacturer in Europe ”. tee to set major policy guidelines and In all automobile technology standardi- This strategy is based on the decide on practical action in cooperation zation fields at ISO, Renault and Nissan, principles of the PDCA management with business functions and suppliers. options are shared as a result of joint- cycle of ISO 9001:2000. Our CEO The committee has come up with prac- ly developed strategies defined at the initiated the cycle from April 2005 to tical ideas on topics such as emissions, advanced-project research stage within February 2006 by conducting a field road safety, recycling, renewable ener- the framework of the Alliance. review of all sectors of the company. gy, human rights and labour laws. The subsequent objectives and action Since 2001, Renault has been ISO Focus : What quality management plans were implemented throughout using the Global Reporting Initiative principles do you promote to share the whole group from February to June (GRI) framework as a tool to measure practices, achieve efficiency and 2006 according to best practice meth- its performance in sustainable devel- inspire commitment within your highly ods already in force at the manufactur- opment. The group is involved on multinational group ? ing level and based on Nissan meth- an international level in helping the odology. Thirty-one key performance progress of sustainable development, Yann Vincent : Since 1989 Renault indicators were defined to coordinate by taking part in the UN Global Com- has been implementing total quali- the plan at the corporate level. pact scheme and the Global Corporate ty management (TQM). Many of its For example, to monitor two Citizenship Initiative. Renault is also a departments and manufacturing sites key indicators, personnel commitment member of several European and world- have since obtained ISO 9001:2000 and management quality, the compa- wide forums and has joined a number quality certifications for their prod- ny has organized an annual survey of of ethical market indices.

ISO Focus March 2007 7 Main Focus Ergonomics – The driver perception

by Dr. Christian Heinrich, Convenor of ISO/TC 22/SC 13 WG 8, Ergonomics applicable to road vehicles, to TICS on-board – MMI, and Dr. Gary Rupp, Convenor of ISO/TC 22/SC 13 WG 7, Hand reach and R- and H-point determination afety and comfort – where driv- ing is concerned, the two form San inseparable pair. In the sophis- ticated automobile environment of today, drivers are solicited by many potential sources of distraction. These sources are diverse, ranging from mobile phones to road maps, and can both help and hinder driving – if the new instru- ments are not rationally organized and designed to aid the driver. A wide variety of in-vehicle information systems known as “ trans- port information and control systems ” (TICS) currently exist or are planned to support the vehicle driver. Examples of these include traveler information, traf- fic information, navigation and route guidance, vehicle/roadway warning and control systems, emergency serv- TheThe intelligentintelligent c ices and commercial services. This new generation of infor- mation systems offers big opportunities Who are we ? – Hand reach and R- and H-point for improving safety and environmental determination ; issues : the navigation systems, includ- Subcommittee 13, with its four ing advanced, up-to-date parking infor- working groups, has developed 21 – TICS On board MMI. mation, eliminate the need to look for standards to date, with another nine in New designs and new technolo- direction signs and use paper maps, as the pipeline. At this point, it has been gies are constantly challenging us, so well as help to avoid detours. Assistance fortunate to enjoy an excellent all- that we can never rest on our laurels. systems, such as adaptive cruise con- round international membership with To stop car theft, for instance, new trol and collision mitigation, partially very little turnover and a team spirit technologies for ignition systems and support elements of the driving task by of hard workers. new types of ignition switches such as automation. Emergency calls save lives Due to the different topics with- card access, push buttons challenge the by automatically forwarding accident in the field, the work is organized in existing standard because we no long- information to the rescue services. four working groups : er need a key to start the car. We now ISO subcommittee 13 is devot- have to revisit this question. – Localization of controls and tell- ed to this sector of automobile devel- There is plenty of work on board tales ; opment : ergonomics applicable to for SC 13, and everything points to road vehicles. – Symbols ; there being more to come.

8 ISO Focus March 2007 ThThe intelligentintelligent car

lies in not over-standardizing so as to hinder introduction of new technolo- gies, while making conditions safe and comfortable for the driver.

Technologies change… humans stay the same Ergonomics (or human factors, the terms are used interchangeably) applied to the automobile industry is an experimental science continuously in flux. In what it sets out to do, ergo- nomics has not changed very greatly from its infancy, but the technologies it deals with are constantly changing. In the 1960s and 1970s the field of auto- motive ergonomics focused primarily Modern HMI concepts such on the the physical side of ergonom- as this of the new Mercedes ics important in the development of C-Class focus on clear dialog vehicle architecture – how we verify structures, as well as the seats, set up the driver workspace and ease of perception and vehicle environment, etc. understanding of visual and The workspace around the driver auditory information. The goal was, and is, constantly being refined, is to create a user-friendly with new studies being undertaken even environment that minimizes today to ensure the right positioning of driver distraction. the different elements in a vehicle.

“ Ergonomics applied to the automobile industry is TheThe intelligentintelligent car an experimental science continuously in flux.”

Compared to the physical side, Regulations use of our standards have been adopted in regulations. the mental and cognitive side is becom- standards ing increasingly important as we are The automotive industry is a Manufacturers take the stand- constantly adding to the cognitive global industry. All manufacturers ards as base documents, often as in- workload of the driver, with evermore take the ISO standards seriously. In house standards, and go a bit further, sophisticated audio systems, making the USA, for example, a good number elaborating according to needs, but them more challenging to use (CDs of standards that originated in Society respecting the standard’s requirements. or even mobile phones, for example). for Automative Engineers (SAE) have For example, SC 13 defines ways to Because of the fundamental electri- been taken over into the international measure and check seats, while man- cal architecture that exists in today’s forum at ISO. Japan, Sweden, Germa- ufacturers design creatively to the vehicles, opportunities grow to inex- ny and other countries implement ISO standards. pensively introduce additional safety standards to a large extent as well. Standards that come out of items and electronics into the auto- Most of the world’s car manu- SC 13 make it possible for creativity, mobile. facturers are members of our subcom- ease of use and safety to co-exist, but Displays, navigation systems, mittee and support development of leave room for innovative develop- systems that display where parking universal ergonomic standards. Some ments and technology. The challenge spaces are available, audio messages

ISO Focus March 2007 9 Main Focus and warnings, emergency call systems, Mental workload provides ergonomic specifications for access to Internet based information, of the driver the design and installation of auditory lane change aids – all these provide displays presenting speech and tonal the challenge to not overload the driv- To ensure safe and reasonable information while driving. er and compromise safety, while offer- integration of these new elements is par- The message priority techni- ing additional benefits to comfortable ticularly hard when there is not much cal specification (ISO 16951) supplies and convenient driving. solid research to go on. The mental methods to determine the relevance of and cognitive side lacks good mathe- warnings and to control their presenta- matical models in order to assess driv- tion to the driver accordingly. er workload and distraction. In view of the importance of Extensive studies are now being warnings, a task force was established undertaken to develop standard ways to develop guidelines on warnings based in which we can measure the men- on existing knowledge. tal workload of the driver. How far should we go ? On what basis can we establish our work ? To carry out this “ This new generation of research, SC 13 set up WG 8, TICS information systems offers on-board – MMI, in November 1994. opportunities to improve It had existed in Europe as CEN WG 10, and was transferred to ISO to get safety and environmental more international involvement for issues ." these types of issues. These goggles are used with the Occlusion This led to a technical report on Method (ISO 16673) to interrupt the vision “ Cognitive distractions warnings which compiled the present to the device under test. The influence on knowledge of the topic and gives guid- task performance provides information about are the biggest issues ance to human-machine interface (HMI) the usability of the system. in automotive developers. Since more and more sys- ergonomics today.” tems display warnings to the driver, a new task force for addressing warnings Human-machine interface (HMI) integration was set up. Developing a experts both from the automotive indus- standard for integrating warnings is a try and scientific institutions recog- particularly challenging endeavour. nized that it was vital in the automo- Another approach, rather than tive environment to have internation- fixing certain details of the HMI, is to ally accepted standards. develop an overall test for evaluating The standards developed by the influence of the HMI on driving WG 8 cover a broad field of ergo- performance. Two methods are cur- nomic issues : rently under development : Vision provides the primary source – The visual occlusion method deter- of information available to the driver. mines the interuptability and visual Information is gathered by looking at distraction potential of a task. objects and events, which, in turn, ena- These innovations require the – The lane change test is a surro- ble control and navigation of the vehicle driver’s attention ; cognitive distrac- gate for a driving simulator with the in the road traffic environment. A visu- tions are the biggest issues in auto- advantage of a precise definition of al information standard (ISO 15008) motive ergonomics today, as changes all features that may influence driv- ensures legibility of displays by setting to the contents of the interior of the ing performance under multiple task limits for contrast and letter size. This car can involve changes for the driv- conditions. The driver performs a standard was published in 2003, but due er. Finding more and simpler ways to series of lane changes while at the to the rapid changing of technology an interface between device and driver same time doing a secondary task update is already in progress. has become important, which is what such a operating a navigation sys- The multitude of information WG 8 sets out to do. tem. The primary performance met- needing to be displayed to the driver ric is derived from the lane change through TICS may create the need to behavior. minimize visual load and make more and better use of the auditory channel. To compare different test sites An auditory standard (ISO 15006) (driving simulator, lane change test,

10 ISO Focus March 2007 ThThe intelligent car etc.) a standard set of calibration tasks quality HMI with minimized driver are being defined. distraction. For overall assessment of in- DueDue toto thethe factfact thatthat cognitvecognitve vehicle systems, a framework based distractiondistraction iiss a ttop-op- Driver Metrics on a structured questionnaire meth- icic thatthat continuallycontinually WorkshopWorkshop odology is supplied by the suitabil- drawsdraws mmoreore aatten-tten- ity standard. tion from both The dialog management stand- the public and ard (ISO 15005) supplies principles on the authori- how to design user interfaces to limit ties, we are driver distraction. The basic concept certain that was adopted by the Alliance of Auto- our work will motive Manufacturers (in the USA) ga i n m o r e in establishing their HMI principles. importance These voluntary guidelines of the Alli- and require ance also reference other ISO stand- more effort In conjunction with the last WG 8 ards and show the commitment of the in the future. meeting, the first Driver Metrics Work- automotive industry to establish high shop was convened 2-3 October 2006, in Ottawa, Canada, to bring together a core group of global experts in driv- About the authors er performance research. This meet- ing was planned by WG 8 members, Dr. Christian Dr. Gary Rupp funded by the Alliance of Automotive Heinrich leads a recently retired Manufacturers (USA), and hosted by team which from Ford Motor Transport Canada. develops HMI Company where The two-day meeting looked at for telematic he was a Principal how driver performance metrics regard- applications for Research Engi- ing visual demand can be employed the Mercedes neer in ergonom- Car Group since ics and is now early in product design before more 1998. After consulting on complex driving simulations occur. joining Daimler- vehicle ergonom- The early off-road/off-simulator meas- Chrysler in 1984 ics issues. Prior to ures can help driver interface design- he held management positions responsible coming to Ford in 1979, he was an Assistant ers understand how a new display con- for the prototyping of vehicle dynamic Professor of Industrial Engineering at The cept might work before more complex, systems and sensor development. University of Toledo. Dr. Rupp has served as costly testing occurs. In 1990 his team started developing president of the Southeast Michigan Chapter As visual demand is the basis speech control for telephone, audio and of the Human Factors Engineering Society for many advanced telematics and info- navigation systems. from 1980-1990, member of the Transpor- tainment devices, it is a central area tation Research Board’s Committee on the Since 2001 Dr. Heinrich chairs of research. Measurement and Simulation of Driving, committees dealing with HMI for Traffic Chair of the American Automobile Manu- Two of these metrics are the Information and Control Systems (TICS) facturers’ subcommittee on Human Factors, subject of WG 8 standards: ISO 16673, on the international and European levels Chair of the Society of Automotive Engineers’ Visual Occlusion (already published) (ISO/TC 22/SC 13 WG 8 and CEN/TC Driver Vision Committee, Control and Displays and ISO 20262, Lane Change Task 278 WG 10). Committee, and the Human Accommodations (in CD ballot). SC 13 WG 8’s work Dr. Heinrich holds a Degree in Experi- Committee. He also chaired an international in developing these two standards, and mental Physics from the University of alliance to develop the next generation SAE now manufacturers applying these met- Cologne and a Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics 3D H-point Machine (HPM-II). He is current- rics during product development, was from the University of Hamburg. ly an active member of several SAE Ergonom- the driving force leading to the Met- ics committees. Dr. Rupp was chair of ISO rics Workshop. All presentations can TC 22/SC 13 from 1993 to 2004 and is still be downloaded at : http://ppc.uiowa. actively involved in its working groups and is the acting convenor of WG 7, the ISO Work- edu/drivermetricsworkshop/ ing Group on H-Point determination. The report from this workshop Dr. Rupp has a BSE in Electrical Engineering will help WG 8 in its development of from Ohio State University, and MSE and future standards and tools for the auto- Ph.D. degrees in Bioengineering from the motive industry. University of Michigan.

ISO Focus March 2007 11 Main Focus

These OBD systems are capable J1939/73 – have only recently been Worldwide of identifying improper functioning and required and will exist in parallel for harmonized help to pinpoint where the malfunction some period of time (see box). is occurring. This serves to inform the The United Nations Econom- on-board driver of the vehicle that repair is need- ic Commission for Europe (UNECE) ed, and tells the mechanic what needs World Forum for Harmonization of diagnostics to be repaired. Some national authori- Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) decided ties also use the OBD system to verify to develop a Global Technical Regula- the road-worthiness status of a vehicle tion (GTR) concerning emissions-related during periodic inspections. Diagnostic onboard diagnostic systems for heavy- equipment used during inspection and duty vehicles and engines. Consequent- maintenance retrieves OBD data through ly a common OBD protocol was neces- by Martin Gerstl, Convenor a standardized OBD connector. sary to fulfil the communication require- ISO/TC 22/SC 3/ WG 1 ments of this new regulation. The emissions control systems on he advent of electronic controls Legislative requirements highway vehicles are not the only sys- in the 1990s required a different Nearly all worldwide require- tems with OBD capability. Recogniz- Tapproach to the diagnosis of prob- ments for passenger car emissions OBD ing this fact and the negative implica- lems with engine and emissions con- (connector, diagnostic services, trouble tions that non-standardized diagnostics trol systems. In order to ease diagnosis codes, communication protocol, etc.) can have on maintenance and inspection and repair, most manufacturers of vehi- have been harmonized for more than ten procedures, it was decided to structure cles and engines incorporated on-board years. For heavy duty vehicles (HDV) the GTR such that further OBD func- diagnostic (OBD) systems into their however, two alternative communica- tionalities could be added in the future products. tion protocols – ISO 15765-4 and SAE as and when appropriate.

12 ISO Focus March 2007 ThThe intelligentintelligent car

Standards related to on-board diagnostic systems Mission possible ISO was charged by WP.29 to ISO 15765, Road vehicles – Diagnostics on Controller Area Networks develop a single communication standard (CAN) – Part 4 : Requirements for emissions-related systems for access to OBD related information. Consequently, ISO/PAS 27145 on the SAE J1939, Recommended Practice for a Serial Control and implementation of World-wide harmo- Communications Vehicle Network nized on-board diagnostics (WWH-OBD) – 71: Vehicle Application Layer communication requirements (see box for titles of the four parts of the stand- – 73: Application Layer – Diagnostics ard) was developed by ISO/TC 22/SC 3 WG 1, Data communication. ISO/PAS 27145, Road vehicles – Implementation of WWH-OBD A dedicated group of highly communication requirements motivated experts from industry, gov- – Part 1 : General information and use case definition ernment and research began working immediately. After extensive prepara- – Part 2 : Common emissions-related data dictionary tory work by an ad-hoc group led by – Part 3 : Common message dictionary Richard Price, at that time with Dear- born Group, researching and develop- – Part 4 : Connection between vehicle and test equipment ing a possible standardization route, timing became critical. The New Work ISO 15031, Road vehicles – Communication between vehicle and external Item Proposal (NWIP) was submitted in equipment for emissions-related diagnostics December 2005 and the finalized Pub- – Part 5 : Emissions-related diagnostic services licly Available Specification (PAS) had to be published by September 2006 to – Part 6 : Diagnostic trouble code definitions permit an adoption by WP.29 in Novem- ber 2006. SAE J1939, Recommended Practice for a Serial Control and Close cooperation between dif- Communications Vehicle Network ferent stakeholders, e. g. WP.29 and the – Part 03 : Implementation Guide for HD OBD on J1939 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) was therefore crucial. To increase the – Part 71: Vehicle Application Layer efficiency of the group, the task force – Part 73 : Application Layer – Diagnostics was co-led by two experts from the auto- motive industry, Christoph Saalfeld, UNECE GTR No 5 – Technical requirements for on-board diagnostic DaimlerChrysler AG and Franklin Jos- systems (OBD) for road vehicles ey, Volvo Trucks North America. ISO 11898, Road vehicles – Controller area network (CAN) (several parts) About the author

Martin Gerstl is Convenor of ISO/TC 22, Road Vehicles, SC 3, Electrical and electronic equipment, WG 1, Data communication. He is vice presi- dent of Robert Bosch GmbH. He is a member or chair of several ISO and SAE committees in the field of electrical and electronic vehicle equipment, data communication and diagnostics.

ISO Focus March 2007 13 Main Focus

Two other WG 1 task forces led Mission accomplished In a second step, ISO/PAS 27145 by Gangolf Feiter, Concepts & Servic- will be developed into an extended es Consulting, supported the activities ISO/PAS 27145 was published worldwide harmonized OBD commu- of the WWH-OBD task force by mak- on-time in September 2006. UNECE nication standard based on other exist- ing the required additions to ISO 15031 WP.29 unanimously adopted the Glo- ing and even more widely used industry Part 5 and Part 6 as referenced in ISO/ bal Technical Regulation on on-board communications standards, e.g. Inter- PAS (see box). At the same time SAE diagnostic systems, which refer to ISO/ net Protocol (TCP/IP) over Ethernet. th developed SAE J1939/3 and modified PAS 27145 during its 140 session in Due to the use of standard network and /71 and /73 accordingly. All groups November 2006. transport layer protocols, future exten- stayed in constant communication with sions like additional, optional physical each other and with WP.29’s informal layers (e.g. wireless) will be possible. group on WWH-OBD. Mission expanded ISO/PAS 27145 will therefore become To allow for a smooth migra- a solid basis for a wide variety of OBD “ For a smooth migration tion from the existing communication applications. standards to this worldwide communi- from the existing cation standard, the initial communica- communication standards tion concept was based on ISO 11898 to this worldwide standard, on controller area networks for vehicles (see box), which is the most commonly the initial concept was used standard for in-vehicle communi- based on ISO 11898.” cation networks today.

14 ISO Focus March 2007 ThThe intelligent car Automotive electronic systems and ISO

by Pierre Malaterre, Peugeot S.A., member of ISO/TC 22/SC 3, Electrical and electronic equipment, and a member of ISO/TC 204, Intelligent transport systems rowth in the use of electronic Figure 1 – In the electronic network : ECUs HW & SW, wires, connectors, data transmission control units (ECUs) continues protocol... there are ISO specifications. Gto expand in the automotive industry, enabling improvements in safety, pollution control, efficiency and comfort. Two ISO committees • Exhaust gas recirculation ; Sensors and ECUs are now focus on developing worldwide stand- commonly shared among several func- • Electronic stability program ; ards in the field. tions, resulting in more efficient, less • Particulate filter ; expensive systems. Sharing informa- Position of electronics in • Adaptative cruise control ; tion makes provision of new services the automotive business essentially cost-free, and security is • Stop and start variable valve tim- increased because it is possible to The number of ECUs embed- ing ; calculate the value of a parameter if ded in automobiles has grown dra- • Hill assist. the sensor for this parameter fails to matically, from a single unit 25 years function. ago to today’s 20 to 50 units in a typ- But this leads to increased com- ical vehicle, along with about 100 “ A modern car must plexity in development and integration, electric motors under electronic com- also be compliant with along with increased risk in terms of mand. With the emergence of power- new regulations, which functional safety and reliability. This ful digital systems, growth in the use relationship can also lead to compat- of ECUs in automotive applications are the same for all car ibility problems when mixing equip- has been driven by regulation and cus- manufacturers and which ment from various manufacturers in the tomer demand. cannot be met without same car, and to increased sensitivity Pollution control requirements to electromagnetic behaviour. inspired the first automotive electron- electronic systems.” ic applications, and today’s extensive regulations promoting clean air and Typical problems of In 2002, electronic systems rep- safety could never be met without the modern auto electronic resented 25 % of manufacturing costs, innovations made possible by ECUs. architecture a figure expected to grow to 35 % by Indeed, an estimated 80 % of innova- 2010. Manufacturers are understand- This complex and interconnected tion in the auto industry is driven by ably keen to control these costs. architecture presents difficulties for electronic systems, including : Early systems were relatively engineers developing new cars, and can • Anti-locking brake system ; simple, with a single electronic control lead to unwanted compromises. With unit and one or more actuators. Each today’s short development schedules • Immobilizer ; function was independent and had no (roughly 24 months), there is insuf- • Lane departure ; or little communication with other ficient time to hypothesise and verify functions. Economic considerations behaviours. Combining software from • Anti-skid regulation ; have led to continuing efforts to shrink a variety of suppliers in a common • Automatic transmission ; system architectures. hardware component raises technical

ISO Focus March 2007 15 Main Focus issues as well as questions of silicon chip market – it is more legal responsibility. efficient from a business point of The market for automotive view to offer the standard to ISO. silicon chips is about 6 % to 9 % Several consortiums have made this of the total chip market, a very choice : OSEK for embedded soft- large proportion but still not ware (ISO 17356), and AMIC for enough to support development multimedia interface (ISO 22902). of dedicated components for a In the near future, we expect to single manufacturer. see cooperation between FlexRay Other serious constraints Autosar and ISO/TC 22/SC 3 for are reliability and functional a standard Transport Protocol on safety. The behaviour of an auto- FlexRay for diagnostics. motive electronic system cannot be ISO is not only a group of similar to a PC – we could never experts defining standards in the accept a reset button on the dash- hope that they will be adopted board. Digital data transmission by all actors; ISO also defines must be virtually error-free in the the specifications we must fulfil interest of safety. Electromagnetic to receive authorization to place compatibility (EMC) must be as the car on the market. perfect as possible, which is to TC 22/SC 3 is in charge of say that electronic systems must a wide panel of working groups : be robust against electromagnetic data transmission and multiplexing, disturbances, and that electronics diagnosis, software, electromag- and electric systems cannot pass netic compatibility, connectors, perturbations to other systems fuses, wires, multimedia interfaces, inside and outside the car. functional safety, and silicon A modern car must also components for multiplex. be compliant with new regula- Among the regulations, elec- tions, which are the same for all car ISO/TC 22 tromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is manufacturers and which cannot be met of particular importance. without electronic systems. Current and The task of TC 22/SC 3 shifted imminent regulations include : pollution from electrical to electronic systems emissions, diagnosis, dismantling of old some 20 years ago. The first application airbags, electronic vehicle identifica- was diagnosis, which used a flashing About the author tion and common ways of describing code, in effect a serial data transmis- An electronic electronic systems. sion on a single wire. The ISO 9141 engineer with a These issues compel the auto- standard was defined in TC 22/SC doctorate in motive electronics industry to work 3/WG 1, Serial data transmission. electrochemistry, with International Standards through Immediately following, a multiplex data Dr. Pierre ISO because this is quite simply the transmission protocol was developed in Malaterre is most efficient and least expensive way the same working group by technical currently Vehicle to meet goals. analogy. Three competing protocols System Electron- ic Manager at emerged : Controller Area Network PSA Peugeot Role of ISO in (CAN), VAN and J1850, and after a Citroën. long and difficult struggle, three ISO automotive electronics Dr. Malaterre has many years of experience standards remained. All participants in the automotive industry, three years at Two ISO technical committees understood that these battles were a the Electrochemistry Laboratory CNRS, ten are involved in automotive electronics. waste of time and money. years in digital telephony and as a data ISO/TC 22 is in charge of standards for A new era of cooperation has transmission member of CCITT (ITU), and road vehicles, and the subcommittee emerged. Some techniques are devel- eight years in testing of car embedded elec- SC 3 focuses in particular on electri- oped in cooperation among industrial tronics. He has been Vice President of GIEG in FIEV and has spent four years in cal and electronic equipment. The companies. When the specifications are a defence system company, and has been second committee, ISO/TC 204, works completed, these companies can choose 15 years with PSA. He is a member of on standards for intelligent transport between open behaviour and attempts to ISO/TC 22/SC 3 and convenor of a number systems (ITSs), which are inside the create monopolies. In the case of auto of working groups, as well as a member of car or imply behaviour of the car. electronics – with a small share of the ISO/TC 204.

16 ISO Focus March 2007 ThThe intelligentintelligent car EMC standards are defined in under the generic name CALM which TC 22/SC 3/WG 3, which is in charge stands for Communication Air-interface From ISO/TC 22/SC 3 of defining measurement methodology. Long and Medium range. CALM uses There are two families of regulations all existing media, including wireless ISO 11898, Controller Area Network for EMC : satellite, Global System for Mobile ISO 14229, Unified Diagnosis Communications (GSM), General • The car must support EMC perturba- Services Packet Radio Service (GPRS), WiFi tions ; and IR. It also defines processes to have ISO 15031, Communication • The car must not radiate electro- information on the road (probe data), between vehicle and external equip- magnetic fields. and emergency call systems. ment for emission-related diagnostics ISO 17356, Open interface for International Standards for embedded automotive applications automotive applications are defined in A few examples of ISO 14230, Diagnostic systems two standards organizations : standards “ on the road ” Keyword Protocol 2000 If the car was a personal compu- • ISO TC 22/SC 3/WG 3 for immu- ISO 15765, Diagnostics on ter we would likely see a sticker on the nity ; Controller Area Networks keyboard proclaiming “ISO Inside”. The • IEC : Special International Commit- list shown in the boxes is a collection All these standards are used to elabo- tee for Radio Interference (CISPR) of ISO standards in this field. rate systems inside the car, allowing for radiation. the monitoring of emission-related components. This is used to comply with OBD regulations. “ If the car was a personal From ISO/TC 204 computer, we would likely Other useful standards: ISO 15622, Adaptive Cruise Con- ISO 22902, Automotive multimedia see a sticker on interface the keyboard proclaiming trol Systems ISO 15623, Forward vehicle colli- ISO 22900, Modular vehicle com- ISO Inside.” sion warning systems munication interface (MVCI) with Test tool ISO 17386, Manoeuvring Aids for The exact values to be measured ISO 22901, Open diagnostic data Low Speed Operation (MALSO) are supplied by the regulator. As accurate exchange measurement of electromagnetic fields ISO 14813, Reference model ISO 16844, Tachograph systems is difficult, the methodologies provided architecture(s) for the TICS sector by ISO and CIPSR are essential. ISO 21848, Electrical and ISO 24535, Automatic vehicle electronic equipment for a supply identification voltage of 42 V ISO/TC 204 ISO 17387, Lane Change Deci- ISO 15497, Development guidelines TC 204 plays a major role in sion Aid Systems for vehicle based software ITS and works in cooperation with TC ISO 15764, Extended data link 22/SC 3 on several standards. The link ISO 17361, Lane departure warn- security with automotive electronics is clear in ing systems TC 204/WG 4, WG 14 and WG 16. ISO 22179, Full speed range ISO 26021, End of life activation WG 4 is in charge of automatic adaptive cruise control (FSRA) on on-board pyrotechnic devices vehicle identification, WG 14 handles systems ISO 7637, Electrical interference vehicle roadway warning and control by conduction and coupling ISO 21210, CALM (Communica- systems, and WG 16 focuses on wide ISO 11451, Road vehicles — Vehicle area communications, protocols and tion Air-interface Long and Medi- um range) Networking Protocols test methods for electrical distur- interfaces. bances from narrowband radiated WG 14 defines standards such ISO 21217, Communications, electromagnetic energy as adaptive cruise control systems, Air Interface, Long and Medium ISO 11452, Road vehicles – Com- forward vehicle collision warning Range (CALM) Architecture systems, manoeuvring aids, and lane ponent test methods for electrical departure warning systems. ISO 21218, CALM Common Sta- disturbances from narrowband WG 16 defines a global archi- tion Manager (Lower Level SAPs) radiated electromagnetic energy tecture of communications between ISO 24977, Wireless Telephone ISO 10605, Electrical disturbances the vehicle and the outside world Based e-Call from electrostatic discharge

ISO Focus March 2007 17 Main Focus

revolution. ITS refers to the integra- wider market must be accessed, with Intelligent tion and application of information lower cost technologies being incor- transport systems technology to urban and rural surface porated into passenger cars, buses, fer- transportation. Its application will ries, trains, and commercial vehicles, (ITS) : Revolution allow both government and private which are built and sold globally. industry to improve road safety, reli- In addition, many ITS products, on the roadways ability and convenience, mitigate traf- especially those that are communica- fic congestion, as well as reduce fuel tions-enabled, are aimed at travelers consumption and emissions. It is wide- who need consistent access to ITS serv- ly anticipated that ITS will help make ices wherever they go, requiring con- by Michael Noblett, travel more productive, convenient, sistency in operation, wireless inter- Chair ISO/TC 204, Intelligent environmentally friendly, and eco- faces, and user interfaces, including transport systems nomically efficient. mobile Internet. To date, many ITS technologies Standards are a primary ena- s increased urbanization and have been designed for local markets bler of the widespread dissemination traffic congestion threaten to and have been directed towards the of such ITS technology, helping to A overwhelm the existing trans- high-end market such as luxury auto- ensure their integration and interop- port infrastructure, intelligent trans- mobiles and business users of sophisti- erability with existing infrastructure, port systems (ITS) holds the promise cated electronics technology. However, while concurrently generating signifi- of ushering in a second transportation for the industry to be successful, a far cant social and economic returns. ISO/

18 ISO Focus March 2007 ThThe intelligentintelligent car TC 204 is honored to be at the fore- Today, representatives from 24 front of this process. participating member countries (“ P ” While the adoption of ITS holds countries) take part in ISO/TC 204, groups, each headed by a P-member promise for all nations, perhaps the most with an additional 25 countries hold- nation reporting directly to the Chair- significant gains stand to be realized ing observer status (“ O ” countries). man and Secretariat’s office. in developing countries. As prosperity While most ISO technical commit- ISO/TC 204 maintains close liai- increases in developing countries, so tees are broken down into subcommit- son relationships with nine technical will automobile ownership – greatly tees composed of one or more work- committees and working groups. Exter- increasing congestion. ing groups, the makeup of ISO/TC nal to ISO, TC 204 currently maintains Within the transport commu- 204 is unusual. Subcommittees have liaison activities with ten organizations, nity there is a clear enthusiasm for been bypassed in favor of 11 working including both the International Tele- the deployment of new and emerging ITS solutions, which will help devel- oping countries eliminate or minimize Participating “ P ” member Observing “ O ” member the problems of transport and trans- countries countries portation logistics that arose in tra- ditional “ steel-and-asphalt ” environ- Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, ments, and “ leapfrog ” over existing Canada, China, Croatia, Cuba, Denmark, technologies. Czech Republic, France, Egypt, Finland, For these reasons, TC 204 has Germany, Hungary, Greece, Indonesia, begun a comprehensive outreach pro- India, Israel, Iran, Ireland, gram designed to bring in key ITS Italy, Japan, New Zealand, stakeholders from the developing Korea, Pakistan, countries such as China, Malaysia and Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, etc. Netherlands, Poland, Norway, Romania, Russian Serbia, About the author Federation, Singapore, South Africa, Slovakia, Michael Noblett, Spain, Sweden, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Chair of ISO/TC Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, 204, is Vice United Kingdom, Turkey, Uruguay President of Glo- United States bal Automotive Initiatives for Connexis LCC, which is devel- oping and pro- ISO/TC 204 Working Groups/Country Leads moting a new approach for WG 4 : WG 7 : wireless vehicle data communication to support advanced safety applications. WG 1 : WG 3 : Automotive WG 5 : General fleet Prior to joining Connexis, Mr. Noblett Architecture/ TICS database vehicle and Fee and toll management spent nearly 20 years at General Motors United technology/ equipment collection/ and commercial/ Corporation and OnStar. As an expatriate Kingdom Japan identification/ Sweden freight/ manager in Europe, he led major interna- Norway Canada tional technology projects for GM. He also represented the global automobile WG 9 : WG 15 : industry as Program Manager of the Auto- WG 14 : WG 8 : Integrated WG 10 : Dedicated motive Multimedia Interface Collabora- Vehicle/road- Public transport Traveler short range tion. Mr. Noblett is the Chair of ITS way warn- America’s Automotive, Telecommunica- transport/ information, information communications ing and con- tions and Consumer Electronics Forum, emergency/ management systems/ for TICS trol systems/ and was recently appointed General Chair USA and control/ Germany application/ Japan of the 2008 ITS World Congress in New Australia Germany York. He is also a member of the Trans- portation Research Board’s Committee on Vehicle-Highway Automation, and a mem- WG 16P : Wide area communications/protocols and interfaces/USA ber of the Society of Automotive Engineers.

ISO Focus March 2007 19 Main Focus communication Union’s (ITU) Adviso- • Rear-end collision mitigation brak- Just as continuous communica- ry Panel for Standards Cooperation on ing systems ; tions form the backbone of the knowl- Telecommunications related to Motor edge economy ; so too will these stand- • Intersection signal information and Vehicles (APSC TELEMOV) and mul- ards form a key component of any suc- violation warning systems ; tiple ITU Radio communication Sec- cessful ITS technology. tor (ITU-R), study groups. • Lane departure warning systems ; As an acknowledgement of As part of our greater liaison and this critical requirement, TC 204 activities with ITU and the Interna- • Emergency crash notification using has undertaken significant work to tional Electrotechical Commission any available wireless media. develop the requisite standards. Fall- IEC, ISO/TC 204 will co-host a con- ing under the jurisdiction of Working ference at the 2007 Geneva Motor The second deals with technol- Group 16, nearly 20 CALM stand- Show, titled The Fully Networked ogies to facilitate global interopera- ards are currently under develop- Car. The event is an opportunity to bility for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehi- ment. CALM standards will enable showcase the incorporation of infor- cle-to-infrastructure communications. a wide range of ITS services, such mation and communication technol- Known collectively as CALM (con- as vehicle collision avoidance sys- ogies in motor vehicles. tinuous air interface, long- and medi- tems for passenger vehicles, based um-range), these standards are intend- on ad-hoc networks linking multi- ed to deliver the promise of seamless ple vehicles. “ While the adoption of wireless communications and Internet Realizing the transport mar- ITS holds promise for all access on a global scale. ket is global in scope and that the very nature of vehicle and infrastruc- nations, perhaps the most ture investments renders them quite significant gains stand to Internal expensive, CALM is intended to pro- be realized in developing ISO/IEC liaisons vide for systems with a useful stand- ardization lifetime of 10-20 years, so countries.” TC 8 as to accommodate new technologies TC 22 as they are developed. Since 1992, over 30 ISO/TC TC 104 204 standards have been published to address the commercial needs of TC 154 “ Of all the potential the ITS industry, including stand- TC 211 benefits of ITS, perhaps ards addressing the overall ITS archi- none ranks higher in the tecture, public transport/emergen- ISO/IEC/JTC 1 cy management, traveler informa- ISO/IEC/JTC 1/SC 31 public’s conscious than tion systems, fee and toll collection, TC 122-TC 104 JWG technologies capable of and short-range and wide-area com- increasing personal and munications protocols and interfac- IEC/TC 9 es. In addition, nearly 90 standards public safety.” and technical specification/reports are currently under development in Furthermore, the lower infra- these areas. structure costs and ease of implemen- External liaisons Of all the potential benefits of tation associated with wireless tech- ITS, perhaps none ranks higher in the ITU-R WP6M nologies means that CALM will serve public’s consciousness than technol- ITU-R WP8A as an excellent blueprint for develop- ogies capable of increasing personal ing nations looking to modernize their and public safety. Specifically, two CEN/TC 278 transport infrastructure. categories of standards have garnered APEC Another area of tremendous special attention. importance to the successful world- IEEE The first addresses technologies wide dissemination and adoption of for preventive and active safety prod- OGC ITS technologies is a standardized, ucts which make use of sensor data, UN/CEFACT/TBG 3 overarching ITS architecture to communications, digital maps, and provide the common framework for positioning technologies to improve IrDA developing, denoting, and integrating road safety. Active committee work ETSI/TG 37 ITS systems. items addressing these technologies In this space, the efforts of WCO include: Working Group 1, Architecture,

20 ISO Focus March 2007 ThThe intelligentintelligent car reflect the broad contribution of the international ITS community. This Importance of will be of particular importance to ITS standards to This results in increased demand the developing world – and is further for sophisticated technology solutions detailed in this series of articles – as it emerging markets from a relatively young worldwide supports the relatively easy adoption industry. There are a number of com- of ITS technologies and eliminate panies developing these systems glob- the need to develop an architecture ally ; however, very often these com- locally. by Neil Frost, Chair of the panies focus only on the local (home) An excellent illustration of South African Bureau markets and pay little attention to inter- WG 1’s work can be seen in its latest of Standards (SABS) SC 71H national standardization and interna- efforts to guide the development of tional requirements. This article dis- common ITS standards, data registries, ransport systems form one of cusses some of the important aspects and data dictionaries using XML (the the main pillars of economic of ITS standards for emerging markets eXtensible Mark up Language). XML T growth and are critical to grow- and does not focus on separate mar- designates a universal data format for ing emerging economies, as these ket segments and the individual mar- publishing and exchanging structured transport systems allow access to ket complexities. documents on the Internet and is a goods, services and markets. Many The creation of new industries critical technology for ensuring inter- countries are therefore investing heav- and systems that are not developed operability and information sharing ily in intelligent transport systems according to International Standards between multiple ITS devices. (ITS) to manage and control the var- exposes major threats to economies Efforts to standardize the use ious aspects of transport networks, such as technology lock-in and reduc- of XML in the ITS context are nearly infrastructure and vehicles. es the opportunity for interoperability complete, with publication anticipated by 2008. With six currently published standards and an additional 20 work items under development, WG 1 is helping to lay the foundation for the 21st century transportation revolu- tion. As we celebrate our 15th year, ISO/TC 204 remains the premier international committee for devel- oping ITS standards. As Chair of TC 204, I am proud of the progress made so far and I look forward with confidence that TC 204 will reach its goals for the next 15 years.

ISO Focus March 2007 21 Emerging markets Main Focus • Most developing countries are already members of international between systems. This can result in infor- SDOs like ISO and IEC through ing additional challenges for emerg- mation not being available to a number their national member bodies. As ing markets that need to be innovative of stakeholders and hence duplication a result, they are already well- and resourceful when implementing of systems with the associated addi- positioned to participate in the ITS systems. tional costs to the economy. development of International One major objective of the gov- It can be argued that the capital Standards at any of a variety of ernment in South Africa is to reduce costs of such systems are relatively low levels. road accidents. The research and stan- and that standards are therefore not a • However, it is probably not fea- dardization efforts occurring in Europe major issue as systems can be replaced. sible or economically desirable and elsewhere can contribute signifi- This type of argument immediately for developing countries to estab- cantly to these objectives. Numerous ignores the cost of ownership of these lish their own independent pro- examples can be quoted but suffice systems and the immense investment grams for developing voluntary to say that ITS standards will play an in historical information that is often consensus standards. The WTO’s ever-increasing role in transport sys- lost if a system has to be replaced. It Agreement on Technical Barriers tems and operations. also ignores the cost of system prolif- to Technology provides strong In spite of what is said above, eration across these individual islands encouragement to countries not there are numerous challenges that are that therefore can not interoperate. to independently develop stan- faced by the ITS industry in develop- In certain instances, these servic- dards that have already (or are ing these standards. The emerging mar- es become so essential to the users that already being) developed else- kets usually lack the skills, capacity discontinuation results in major political where. and resources to actively participate in outcry. This is the area in which Inter- standards development and rely heavily national Standards play a very impor- Regulatory standards that tant role in alleviating these risks. They can be presented as generally fair, are there to protect all the stakehold- carefully developed and arrived About the author ers and introduce competition into the at, will be better accepted and less industry. politically sensitive. Neil Frost, Managing Direc- tor of Willow- “ Transport systems are stream Business forms of import protection and hence one of the main pillars of Consultants (Pty) open economies for trade. Ltd., holds a BSc economic growth, critical Standards further offer industries (Computer Sci- to growing emerging developing new products the oppor- ence) and a Mas- tunity to compete on an internation- ter in Business economies.” al basis and not just in very restricted Leadership markets. Testimony to adopting Inter- (MBL) from ITS standards are developed to national Standards and participating the University of South Africa. improve economies of scale, interoper- in the development of these standards Mr. Frost has served on the board of ability, and to serve as a form of pro- has paid dividends to numerous com- numerous companies and has more than 20 years of IT experience, mostly in trans- tection for the acquirer and developer panies which have managed to estab- ponder and smartcard technology. He is of such systems. They are also there to lish their leadership position and enter currently Chair of the SABS SC 71H deal- protect economies against “ dumping ” international markets with compliant ing with intelligent transport system stand- which is often targeted at emerging mar- products ahead of the competition. ards and is the head of the South African kets. These dumped products possibly This type of strategy, however, is nor- delegation to ISO/TC 204. Mr. Frost’s pri- represent older technology that no lon- mally long-term and not many inves- mary role is consulting on ITS system and ger meets the standards set by the mar- tors understand the requirements, pre- standard requirements, including preparing kets that were originally targeted. This ferring short-term returns. business plans and tenders for clients. He dumping practice can have associated Numerous well-established indus- has participated in activities in The South all the previously mentioned risks and tries such as banking and telecommu- African Society for Intelligent Transport Systems (SASITS) and has also participated destroys emerging local industries. nications have used International Stan- in discussions with the High Speed Train It is therefore imperative that gov- dards that have converted the world into Transaction Advisors on standards to be ernments protect their emerging indus- a global village. adopted and the overall requirements of tries and the best and most accepted form With improved infrastructure, such systems. One of the most challenging of protection is international standard- cross-border operations are becoming areas is multiple application interoperability ization, since organizations such as the more frequent and standards in licens- and he is currently responsible for resolv- World Trade Organization are trying ing and transport network operations ing these issues for a number of projects. to remove tariff protection and other are becoming a reality. This is impos- e-mail: [email protected]

22 ISO Focus March 2007 ThThe intelligentintelligent car on the resources made available by the first world economies. Emerging mar- kets are therefore often seen to be those who adopt standards, rather than leaders in establishing these standards. This tendency of being a fol- lower results in a great deal of outreach work and marketing being required as the emerging market industries focus- ing on ITS solutions are not necessar- ily aware of what is being developed and what benefits can be derived by the emerging market industries and com- panies by participating in the standards development. Their exposure to standardiza- tion is usually limited to the informa- tion derived from and claims made by vendors, and could lead to the above- mentioned risks of “ dumping ” and ven- dor lock-in. Very often, certain elements of ITS systems are developed in coun- tries due to local circumstances, with very little or no cognizance of existing International Standards being incorpo- rated into the systems being developed and implemented. The vehicle track- ing industry in South Africa is a good example of stand-alone systems that might result in lock-in. This industry was developed from the requirements of security and insurance companies wish- ing to retrieve stolen vehicles. APEC Transportation First ISO-APEC Working Group liaises “ International Standards cooperation with ISO/TC 204 therefore improve global for ITS standards ISO/TC 204 is developing Inter- competition and enhance national Standards on intelligent trans- port systems (ITS) by reflecting world- fair trade.” wide needs, and the APEC TPT strives by Mr. Donggeun Choi, to foster economic development in the International Standards there- Liaison ISO/ TC 204, APEC Asia-Pacific region through recommen- fore improve global competition and Transportation Working Group dations to increase efficiency, sustain- enhance fair trade in the market place, ability and safety of the regional trans- while affording the various stakeholders his article aims to give a brief portation system. Under the APEC TPT, protection from non-compliant systems overview of the history of coop- the Intermodal/ITS Experts Group has and hence reducing the risk of owner- Teration and the desired outcomes the goal of saving lives, time, money ship and single source supply. Interna- of the technical report ISO/TR 28682, and the environment through the real- tional Standards further reduce the like- A joint APEC-ISO study of progress ization of ITS systems. lihood of incompatible systems prolif- to develop and deploy ITS standards, To achieve that goal, the Intermo- erating market segments and reducing which is the first joint project between dal/ITS Experts Group has established the viability of the segment. They afford ISO/TC 204, Intelligent transport sys- objectives that include the identifica- the users a certain level of comfort and tems and the Asia-Pacific Economic tion of ITS standards requirements and therefore the risk of investment is sig- Cooperation (APEC) Transportation the facilitation of the establishment of nificantly reduced. Working Group (TPT). ITS standards by ISO, which are APEC

ISO Focus March 2007 23 Number of ITS national Main Focus standards priorities. To address these objectives, USA (111) the ITS Experts Group has established a formal liaison with ISO/TC 204, Intel- Korea (79)  * CEN only ligent transport systems. There have been three joint work- China (47)   France (24) shops between the two groups and pro- Japan (9)  Czech Rep. (9)  ductive discussions to develop more har- Chinese Taipei (8) monized international ITS standards. Developed Canada (5) The TR 28682 report, now under final Sweden (3)  national standard national editing process, was jointly developed Mexico (1) Australia (3) * ISO and CEN by ISO and APEC in 2004-2006. This report is intended to facili- South Africa Hong Kong (1) tate cooperation in ITS standardization * CEN & ETSI activities by sharing the latest infor-  Norway mation and experience on the applica-  United Kingdom tion and deployment of ITS standards among APEC economies and ISO/TC Singapore * CEN only 204 member countries.  Austria eveloped eveloped The report contains the fol- Peru  Germany

lowing : d Not  Hungary national standard national  Switzerland • a list of 662 ITS standards devel- oped or under development world- Brunei D.  Slovakia wide ; Recognition Adopted Automatic • fact sheets of 89 ITS standards only selectively adoption describing scope and conformance features ; Adoption policy of international/regional standards (as of early 2006)

• a list of 100 ITS standards deployed Different approaches to ITS standards development worldwide ; However, only 33 national stan- adopting ITS standards. These two • 20 lessons learned from develop- dards are adopted from out of 326 (289 approaches are : ment or deployment experience of from Asia-Pacific; 37 from European ITS standards, and recommenda- 1. The European approach of coun- countries). This number is probably not tions developing and deploying ITS tries which do not develop their satisfying. One reason is that Interna- standards for ISO/TC 204, APEC own national ITS standards but tional Standards do not always reflect and their members. work together through CEN, a the particular needs of a country and regional standards development some adaptation is necessary. The following sections summa- organization, and then automati- Also, there is no mechanism sim- rize the report. cally adopt the regional ITS stan- ilar to CEN for non-European countries dards from CEN as their national to coordinate closely the joint develop- ITS standards ; and ment of the standards they use. There- Information bank on ITS fore, these countries should focus on the standards worldwide 2. The APEC approach, championed benefits of closer regional cooperation by most other countries outside of The report identified 662 ITS to develop ITS standards and look for Europe, that develop national ITS (draft) standards worldwide: 208 ways to accomplish this. standards, either a limited num- (including 130 under development) ber or a comprehensive set, and International Standards, 128 (44 of Different approaches then adopt ITS standards selec- them under development) regional to ITS standards tively as national ITS standards as standards, and 326 (54 under develop- required. ment) national standards. It is found development that 54 (15 under development) out of The accompanying chart shows The existence of two approach- 104 European Committee for Standard- that there are clearly two clusters of es is well known in the standards com- ization (CEN) standards are identical countries representing two quite dif- munity. The survey results confirm to ISO/TC 204 standards. ferent approaches to developing and that these two approaches apply to

24 ISO Focus March 2007 ThThe intelligentintelligent car ITS standards as well. In particular, have largely responded “ adopted unless the success of the European approach there is a national reason not to do so ”, to develop ITS standards and get them in practice this means the same as the • ALL SDOs should re-examine their introduced into practice quickly is US response “ available but not adopt- achieved deliverables and deliv- well known and is a model that other ed ”, because the use is voluntary and erables in progress to establish if regions of the world might find use- not mandated. there are adequate specified proce- ful to emulate. dures to determine whether some- thing is in compliance with/or out However, the countries in the of compliance with the standard. non-European cluster do not have a Strategic structure like the European Union to recommendations • Despite significant improvements enforce adoption of standards. Also, A summary of the recommen- in the processing of ISO standards, they will likely wish to retain the dations from this report follows. It is it still needs to be improved further flexibility to adopt ITS standards not possible to prioritize such a list, in order to retain the support of selectively. although clearly some recommenda- the experts who develop the stan- It should be noted that some tions are more significant or of greater dards. countries, most notably the USA, have strategic impact than others. no general process for formally adopting • Relationships can be improved ISO standards on a national basis. • Standards development organiza- even further between ISO/TC 204 In Europe, the adoption of CEN tions (SDOs) like ISO are encour- and the Institute of Electrical and standards by European Union members aged to develop standards in a more Electronics Engineers (IEEE) at is automatic. Adoption of ISO standards user oriented manner in order to Central Secretariat level, and with elsewhere in the world is generally volun- narrow the gap between develop- the International Telecommmunica- tary, although most are normally adopt- ers and users, keeping in mind tion Union (ITU) at working party ed by most countries. In practice, this that standards are not for authors levels, as can exchanges with other equates very much to the situation in (developers) but for their readers liaison SDOs. (users). the USA regarding International Stan- • It is recommended that ISO/TC dards – they are there and frequently • Regional bodies like APEC and the 204 review and update its work used but are not required. European Union are encouraged to programme. The closest thing to a require- sponsor outreach activities in their ment is that for the tendering of public member countries to increase acces- contracts in Europe “ available relevant sibility to information on existing standards must be taken into account ”. standards and deployment experi- Therefore, while European countries ences. • Stakeholders in the ITS arena should About the author identify business case or cost-ben- efit analysis of standards implemen- Mr. Donggeun tation or interoperability issues. Choi is Senior Researcher of the SDOs and regional bodies are Korean Standards encouraged to strive for efficient coop- Association and eration/networking in identifying involved in Inter- requirements and in developing stan- national Standards development pol- dards to avoid duplication and secure icy and strategy. harmonization. He has served as • APEC, EU, national governments liaison between and SDOs are encouraged to sponsor ISO/TC 204 and APEC TP TWG (Transportation Working Group) and served the development of implementation as project editor of the first joint project, guideline and conformance require- ISO TR 28682, World Report for ITS ments. Standards. He is a member of standards • With increased travel and disburse- and conformance committees of APEC and the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), which ment costs and an increased number are dealing with standards and conformity of meetings, joint meetings between assessment policy and cooperation in SDO working groups and telecon- the regions. ferences should be encouraged.

ISO Focus March 2007 25 Main Focus

and have cooperated successfully over the past decade. The cooperation with IEEE, ITU and ETSI is also important in the ITS standardization world since many communications related stan- dards are being developed and stud- ied in these committees. The first World Report on ITS Standards (WRITSS) is another good example of successful cooperation as the WRITSS study was done by APEC and ISO/TC 204 together and will be published as a technical report by ISO in 2007. As mentioned earlier, ISO/TC 204 has 12 working groups currently that covers a broad range of ITS related fields (see box). Intelligent transport systems are large scale systems with numerous applications and with a large number of people (developers, service providers and users) involved. Therefore it is necessary to focus on and ensure interoperability, compatibility and expandability. Working Group 1 is respon- sible for preparing standards related to information and methodology to be ISO/TC 204 has many liaisons used within the ITS sector. ISO/TC 204 and maintains traditionally close rela- Working Group 3 develops collaboration with tionships with other organizations. The standards for interfaces to exchange most notable partners include : geographical information, consider- other partners • The International Telecommunica- ing various situations. Geographical on ITS tion Union (ITU-R WP 6M, ITU- information is undoubtedly one of the R WP 8A) ; most important pieces of information in many ITS service areas. • The European Committee for Stan- dardization (CEN/TC 278) ; by Tamás Szafko, Hungarian • the European Telecommunica- About the author Head of Delegation to ISO/TC tions Standards Institute (ETSI TG 204 and CEN/TC 278 37) ; Tamás Szafkó, Manager of • The Asia Pacific Economic Coop- SO/TC 204 was set up in 1992 External Relations with the goal of providing a global eration (APEC) ; and Standardiza- Iframework for intelligent transport • The Institute of Electrical and Elec- tion graduated as systems (ITS) standardization. ISO/ tronics Engineers (IEEE) ; an economist at TC 204 currently consists of 12 act- the Faculty of ing working groups with eight coun- • Committees of United Nations (UN/ Economics at the tries serving as lead countries of the CEFACT/TBG 3) ; University of working groups. The importance of • The Infrared Data Association Debrecen. He ITS standardization is demonstrated (IrDA) ; and joined the Ygomi by the fact that ISO/TC 204 has 24 companies in 2004. Since the beginning • The Global Standards Collabora- of 2005 he has been the Rapporteur of ISO/ participating countries and 25 observ- tion (GSC). TC 204 WG 16. In April, 2005 he was er members. The current Chair of the elected as the Hungarian Head of Delegation committee is Mr. Michael Noblett, It is important to highlight the for ISO/ TC 204 and CEN/TC 278. while the Secretariat support is pro- strong relationship between ISO/TC In February, 2006 he was elected as the vided by the Telecommunications 204 and CEN/TC 278. The two com- Chairman of the new Hungarian ITS Industry Association (USA). mittees have several joint work items Standards committee, MSZT MB 911.

26 ISO Focus March 2007 Working Groups (lead countries in brackets)

• WG 1, Architecture (United Kingdom) ThThe intelligentintelligent car WG 4 develops International Standards to ensure interoperability • WG 3, ITS database tive projects work closely together. It is in the fields of audio visual interleave technology (Japan) important that standards organizations (AVI)/AEI, an automatic identifica- • WG 4, Automatic vehicle cooperate with projects that are actually tion system for vehicles and equip- identification/Automatic implementing new technologies. ment through such simple media as equipment identification ISO/TC 204 understands the tags are being developed in. (Norway) necessity of liaising with the compet- WG 5 is working on standard- itive part of the world outside of stan- ization of electronic fee and electron- • WG 5, Electronic fee dards because standards will only prove ic toll collection systems. The work collection (Sweden) fruitful if they are deployed on the mar- covers among many others road tolls, ket. The two most notable projects are parking fees, and ferry fees. • WG 7, General fleet the cooperative vehicle infrastructure WG 7 is currently focusing on management and commercial/ system (CVIS) and SafeSpot. items related to the transportation of freight operations (Canada) The creators of CVIS believe hazardous goods. • WG 8, Public transport and that the next big challenge for the ITS WG 8 items include interopera- emergency (United States) sector is the development of intelli- ble fare management systems (IFMS), gent cooperative systems (ICS). Their data dictionary and message sets for • WG 9, Integrated transport use will improve the efficiency of preemption and prioritization sig- information, management and transport systems and aims to build a nal systems for emergency and pub- control (Australia) safer environment for all road users. lic vehicles (PRESTO) and standard • WG 10, Traveller information The quality and reliability of infor- numbering systems for public trans- systems (Germany) mation provided to the drivers about port stops. Public transport includes their immediate environment will be buses, trams, trains, metro, and emer- • WG 11, Route guidance and increased. As a result, the driving con- gency vehicles. navigation systems (vacant) ditions including safety and mobility • WG 14: Vehicle/roadway efficiency will be much better. “The creators of CVIS warning and control systems Intelligent co-operative systems believe that the next big (Japan) involve both vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) challenge for the ITS and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) • WG 15, Dedicated short-range communications. Therefore this new sector is the development communications (Germany) system will also provide more detailed of intelligent cooperative • WG 16, Wide area information about road conditions to systems.” communication (United States) road operators and will enable better response to accidents and hazards. ICS are expected to provide WG 9 is working on systems the following benefits : that ensure efficient data exchange technology directly linked to vehi- between traffic management cen- cle drivers. • increased road network capacity ters and roadside modules and pro- WG 15 is working on the stan- • reduced congestion and pollution vide information for other actors. A dardization of short range radio com- core part of ITS is traveler informa- munications to be used for ITS appli- • shorter and more predictable tion systems. cations. journey times WG 10 focuses on data dic- WG 16 is one of the larg- • improved traffic safety for all road tionaries and message sets to pro- est groups within ISO/TC 204 and users vide information for vehicle drivers it focuses on two main areas. One through various media. is communication air interface long • lower vehicle operating costs WG 11 is responsible for stan- and medium range (CALM) architec- • more efficient logistics dardizing route guidance and navi- ture and the other is the field of probe gation systems with special focus on data systems. • improved management and control navigation message sets, centrally- In Europe there are several proj- of the road network (both urban and determined route guidance and mes- ects that are co-funded by the Europe- inter-urban) sage set translators. an Union and companies together to • increased efficiency of the public As one of the most active work- ensure that ITS applications develop into transport systems ing groups WG 14 is developing stan- a higher level. ISO/TC 204 established dards in the field of driver support liaisons with most of these projects and • better and more efficient response to systems control, which is a control the committee’s and those of the respec- hazards, incidents and accidents

ISO Focus March 2007 27 Main Focus

Another interesting initiative standards and a Japanese standard is the project called SafeSpot. This is Digital maps and for the exchange of digital map data an integrated research project that is standards – past, among the data providers. There were co-funded by the European Commis- no standards for the record formats in sion. The main target for the project present and future media such as CD- ROM. is to investigate and understand how WG 3 started its work with two the vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to- items, geographic data files (ISO 14825) infrastructure communications can and physical storage (ISO 14826) and improve road safety. by Masao Shibata, Convenor of location referencing (New Project (NP) SafeSpot is aiming to build a ISO/TC 204/WG 3 17572) started several years later. The so-called “ Safety Margin Assistant ” navigation data delivery structure and that would detect potentially danger- igital maps are widely used in protocol started in 2006. ous road situations in advance and many fields of computer appli- provide extended range of informa- Dcations. Digital maps are espe- Geographic data files tion about the surrounding environ- cially important in the field of intelli- ment to the driver. gent transport systems (ITS), since ITS Geographic data files (GDF) is deals with the moving of people and a standard for data exchange between The key objectives of the Safe- goods and geographic information is contents providers and media provid- Spot project are the following : indispensable to handle movements. ers. It was approved as an Internation- • to improve the range, quality and The description of road networks al Standard in 2003 and published in reliability of the safety-related is the most vital part in digital maps 2004. It is the modification of a Euro- information available to “ intelligent in ITS applications. The standards for pean standard (CEN GDF 3.0) and is vehicles ” by providing “ extended road networks require more compli- called GDF 4.0. It influences all the co-operative awareness ” through cated descriptions than those for sim- other standards in WG 3, since it is the real-time reconstruction of the ple drawing applications. For example, the basis of all digital map data. driving context and environment ; the relationships among road sections There are other standards for are requested to search for the shortest digital maps, but this is the first and • to support drivers preventively in route between the starting point and the the only International Standard ded- applying the proper manoeuvres in destination in a navigation system. icated to road networks. It has more different contexts ; At the time of the inaugura- than 600 pages and defines detailed tion of ISO/TC 204 and its Working components of digital maps. It is • to optimise the intervention of vehi- Groups in 1993, there were European referred to in many occasions. cle controls with respect to critical situations ; • to manage existing incidents to minimise further negative safety impacts ; • to open the development of new safety applications based on the cooperative approach ; • to increase safety for all road users

There is a strong relationship between SafeSpot and CVIS therefore the Safety Margin Assistant is planned to be an intelligent co-operative sys- tem based on the V2V and V2I com- munications. More information can be found on related Web sites : http://www.tiaonline.org/standards/ secretariats_tags/iso_tc204/ http://www.cvisproject.org/ http://www.safespot-eu.org/

28 ISO Focus March 2007 ThThe intelligentintelligent car

final product such as a navigation sys- tem. WG 3 could not reach a consen- sus on the physical format of it. The former part of the draft which includes requirements, the concept model and a logical format was approved as a Tech- nical Standard in 2005. The physical format discussed in WG 3 was utilized as a local standard in Japan. The navigation system applica- tion program interface (API) standard defines data access for navigation and information application for physical- ly stored data. The requirements are common with physical storage. The first work on API was not completed in the assigned term and it was auto- matically terminated. Perspective of work items of WG 3. The new preliminary work item (PWI) was proposed at a technical com- mittee meeting in October 2003 and In GDF 4.0, the actual world is road elements, junctions, buildings and approved. After the examination of the represented by using features, attri- services can be associated with dis- cases, the report on requirements was butes and relationships. Features are tricts or administrative areas. drafted and reviewed. The NP docu- database representations of objects GDF 4.0 is very useful as a ref- ment was provided using these drafts. such as roads and ferries. Road net- erence; however, it is outdated in many The approval for new project voting was works are the most important objects aspects. Adding the time discussed as proposed in April 2005 and approved of geographic data files, since GDF is CEN GDF 3.0, it took more than 10 (NP 20452). principally for ITS applications. years to finalize. After finalization of Work on the standard publish- Attributes describe the charac- the working draft of GDF 4.0, WG 3 ing update was cancelled because of teristics of features. For example, road decided to continue the work in order the slow progress. The item might be elements have attributes such as length, to meet new requirements of existing resumed if the discussions on extended width, number of lanes, road surface, and new markets and incorporate the geographic data files require it. gradient, road class, etc. Relationships possibilities of new technologies. describe the characteristics of the rela- Examples of new markets tions between features. For example, include location-based telematic ser- Location referencing vices and advanced driver assistance Location referencing is a stan- systems. Technological developments dard to specify the location referencing About the author addressed include the developments procedures for the geographic database. in database technology and the rise of Masao Shibata The identification of locations between is a Professor of Internet-related technology. different digital maps is a vital part of civil engineering The spatio-temporal extension an integrated TICS system to transmit at Maebashi will be also included in the new item or to exchange information such as traf- Institute of Tech- to describe actual changes. The relat- fic congestion, accidents, etc. nology in Japan ed standardization activities like those When this item started in 1995, and the Convenor in ISO/TC 211, Geographic informa- vehicle information and communication of ISO/TC 204, tion/Geomatics, were addressed with systems (VICS) in Japan and radio data WG 3. Prior to the clear goal of harmonized develop- system – traffic message channel (RDS/ joining the ment. The new item is named eXtended TMC) in Europe were going to launch Maebashi Geographic Data Files (XGDF) and it their traffic information services and they Institute, Mr. Shibata served as Executive was approved as an NP in 2004. It will Director of the Japan Digital Road Map planned to use location referencing sys- Association from 1993 to 1997 and as be finalized in WG 3 in 2007. tems with pre-coded links or nodes. Deputy Director General for the Physical storage is a standard WG 3 worked on the standard- Geographical Survey Institute from 1992 for the record formats in media such ization of dynamic location referenc- to 1993. as CD-ROM which deliver data to the ing which was studied in Europe and

ISO Focus March 2007 29 Main Focus

Japan. The assignment of ID for each road section or each intersection in advance is not necessary in dynamic location referencing. The draft which includes these two methods was final- ized in WG 3 and sent for committee draft ballot in 2006. Navigation data delivery struc- ture and protocol defines data struc- tures for the provision of map data and update of map-related data for ITS applications. The background of this item relates to growing mar- ket demand for dynamic update ser- vices for map-related data in naviga- tion systems. Currently, most map data updates are provided on physical media whose map data content begins aging rapidly once it is delivered to the user. In the future, it is anticipat- ed that the transmission of these data will be most often, but not exclusive- ly, via wireless means. The advantage of wireless data delivery is that it simplifies the distri- organizations and standards develop- bution logistics, thereby accelerating Outreach ment organizations (SDOs). the ability of a consumer to receive Under these circumstances, TC fresher data. programme 204 recognized the needs for tracking The updates will not necessari- the outreach to related associations and ly require the replacement of an entire of TC 204 organizations. TC 204 also recognized map database. Rather, the updates may the importance of receiving feedback be limited to a portion of a data set or from various groups of experts for the a specific list of attributes, or points standards revision process and also for of interest (POI) changes may also be by Hironao Kawashima, starting new work items to cover the provided. The use cases and require- Keio University, Japan, vast growing technological and mar- ments have been studied so far. Vice Chairman of ISO/TC 204 ket developments in ITS. The discussions on this new item and spatial-temporal represen- tation in XGDF indicate the future Establishment of “ In 2005, the Chairman direction of the digital map standards. the outreach programme of TC 204 proposed an The conventional digital maps repre- fter the establishment of ISO/ outreach programme to sent the static world or the status at TC 204 in 1993, quite a number ensure the work of TC 204 a time slice. of intelligent transport systems The new status is provided by A (ITS) standards have been established. corresponds to external a new map version. The requirement Since ITS also concerns public safe- demands.” will be for partial changes to be reflect- ty issues, the standards are developed ed in maps at the time of change. This not only by various related industries, In April 2005, the new Chair- cannot be realized with paper maps, but also by public organizations from man of TC 204, Mr. Michael Noblett, but digital maps have the potential many countries. proposed the idea of an outreach pro- ability to fulfil the requirement. Because ITS is an integration gramme to ensure that the work of TC The future standards for dig- of information and communications 204 corresponds to external demands. ital maps should have the ability to technology (ITC) and vehicular tech- (See Figure 1, opposite) manage the perpetual changes of the nologies, there is growing interest from After discussing and examin- actual world. various technological associations, ing the implementation of the pro- academic associations, international gramme, in April 2006 the Chairman

30 ISO Focus March 2007 ThThe intelligentintelligent car Seminar and workshops for the outreach programme The ISO standards for map data- bases and electronic toll collection sys- After the start of the outreach tems were explained and open discus- programme, one seminar and two work- sions were conducted. shops have been held. The first one was In conjunction with the Cape held in Bangkok, in August 2006, with Town plenary meeting in October 2006, the support of the National Electron- two outreach events were planned. ics and Computer Technology Center One was organized by the South Afri- (NECTEC). About 38 researchers and can delegation and the South African engineers from industry and academia Bureau of Standards (SABS), and gen- attended the seminar. eral information on ISO standards was given to more than 130 participants “ Since ITS also concerns from industry and the public sector of public safety, standards the city of Cape Town. A workshop was also held on are developed not only by technical topics by WG 1, Architecture, industry, but also by public on “ Web services and XML.” More than organizations from many 30 people attended the workshop and discussed the importance of introduc- countries.” ing new technologies in ITS.

assigned Hironao Kawashima as the TC 204 Vice Chairman of TC 204 to conduct Outreach this programme. As can be observed from Fig- Chairman’s ure 1, the role of Vice Chairman in TC Initiative 204 is different from the role defined by the ISO Central Secretariat. Since the programme is carried out by vol- unteers, all opportunities for members Increasing of TC 204 to gather are used to con- ITS duct events planned for the outreach Research awareness professional programme. community of ITS Recruiting development standards

About the author Network Identifying O members Hironao of ITS professional Awareness Kawashima is a of TC 204 to professor at the implemen- compet- P members Center for Open tation encies Systems Manage- ment at the Faculty of Science and Technology, Network for Awareness Keio University, dissemin- Developing and has served as of TC 204 the head of the ating ISO standards countries Japanese delegation to ISO/TC 204 since standards the formation of the TC in 1993. He has been the Vice Chairman of ISO/ TC 204 since 2006. Figure 1 − The outreach programme.

ISO Focus March 2007 31 Main Focus

Improving road safety worldwide

by François Abram, Technical Programme Manager, ISO Central Secretariat

ince the alarm was sounded by His Excellency Fuad Mubarak SAl-Hinai, Permanent Repre- sentative of the Sultanate of Oman to the United Nations, at the April 2004 UN General Assembly and repeated by the former UN Secretary Gener- al in 2005, many organizations have worked together to reduce the number of people killed and injured in traffic accidents all over the world. The task of leading the campaign against traffic accidents with the UN regional commissions was entrusted by the UN to the World Health Organ- ization (WHO). Several international governmental organizations, such as the World Bank, and non-governmen- tal organizations, including ISO, have joined forces to tackle this ambitious, difficult and complex task, which is clearly a very necessary and praise- worthy endeavour. It should be borne in mind that the number of road accident casual- ties was growing at a dramatic rate in the developing countries where urgent measures were – and still are – need- ed. Road safety campaigns have been initiated in a number of countries with the support of the International Auto- mobile Federation (FIA – Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile). Depending on the situation that prevails in different countries, these campaigns can focus on the wearing of seatbelts or helmets, on driver training, on the consequences of speeding and dangerous driving. Other topics include the improvement of vehicle safety and equipment, and driving under the influence of med- ications, alcohol or drugs, and on the improvement of highway infra- structures.

32 ISO Focus March 2007 ThThe intelligentintelligent car There is a strong need to devel- tional Road Transport Union (IRU) and op and further increase public aware- the International Atomic Energy Agency ness of these issues. A world film fes- (IAEA) have also devel- tival on traffic safety was held in Gene- oped recommendations va in March 2006 to that end, with the for their members. help of the Transport Division of the The purpose of United Nations’ Economic Commis- a management system sion for Europe (UNECE) and LASER for road safety would EUROPE, among others. be to complement those management systems dealing with occupa- Young drivers tional health and safe- The first World Road Safety ty and the environment Week will be taking place 24 to 28 (HSE management). ISO April 2007, with a broad range of events should therefore wel- organized all over the world. One of come the commitment the intended actions will involve rais- of these major compa- ing the awareness of road safety issues nies, while encourag- among young drivers. ing them and, conse- ISO, for its part, contributes quently, should explore all opportunities This proposal put forward by to resolving vehicle and equipment with them to develop and adopt relevant OGP stems from the will of compa- design questions through the interna- International Standards that are recog- nies already engaged in the work of tional technical standards it produces. nized worldwide. a number of ISO technical commit- This also includes highway equipment The OGP recommendations deal tees to promote a worldwide industry in connection with intelligent transport with issues such as : code of ethics. It should further be not- systems, as well as work on the compu- 1. seatbelts, ed that this approach in the form of a terization of documents such as driv- “management system” can apply just ing licenses. But the real question is: 2. driver training and qualification, as well in developed countries as it can what should ISO be doing in addition 3. in-vehicle monitoring systems, in developing countries, which is not to what it is already doing ? 4. cellular telephones and two-way the least of its advantages. Clearly, large industries are also communication devices (e.g. CB), It can include some amount of highly motivated and initiate a number flexibility in regard to “ circumstances of concrete steps in the hope that ISO 5. journey management plans, in the field ” in the countries concerned, will take them on board in its standard- 6. driving under the influence while maintaining competition between ization work to promote road safety. In of alcohol, drugs, narcotics or the companies concerned. particular, the International Association medications, It now remains to be seen wheth- of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP), which 7. driver fitness and alertness, er organizations interested in road safe- brings together the major oil producing ty wish to encourage ISO to follow companies, has developed recommenda- 8. vehicle equipment, that course and, if possible, bring their tions that can serve as a starting point 9. management systems. contribution to the work. If so, such for developing a comprehensive man- a management system would serve to agement system for companies having to extensively promote the existing rules manage a fleet of vehicles. The Interna- Auditing and certification (standards and regulations) developed All of the above items are highly by competent organizations on a much broader scale than is the case today. About the author factual and provide sound advice. They can be applied on a voluntary basis and be International standardization can then François the subject of internal or external audit- become a powerful tool for promoting Abram, ing. It may also be beneficial to obtain good practice in the field of road safety Technical certification through an independent and in this, we are all concerned. Programme external body. Moreover, recognition on Visit the OGP website at : Manager, a world scale clearly requires Internation- http://www.ogp.org.uk/pubs/365.pdf ISO Central al Standards such as those produced by Secretariat an organization like ISO. At this early or contact François Abram: stage, there is a need for consultations [email protected] between the organizations involved in the extensive field of road safety.

ISO Focus March 2007 33 Developments and Initiatives The Linux Standard Base – Standardizing open source by Amanda McPherson, Director, Marketing and Communication, Free Standards Group

ast autumn, the Linux Standard Base (LSB), the interoperability Lstandard for the Linux operating system, achieved unanimous official approval by ISO and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) to be published as International Standard ISO/IEC 23360, Linux Standard Base Core Specification. It was a significant milestone, demonstrating the maturity and scope of both the LSB and the Linux operat- ing system, and is important to explain what exactly the Linux Standard Base covers and who benefits most from its existence. The LSB is produced by the Free Standards Group (FSG), a non-profit organization dedicated to developing and promoting open source software standards. The organiza- tion was formed in 1998 and hosts These components include also ensures end users will have a other standards workgroups including libraries, compilers, text editors, a broad set of applications for the Linux Openi18N (the internationalization UNIX-like shell and the kernel 1). The distribution of their choice and that initiative for Linux) and the Linux distribution vendors decide which they will not be locked into a single Accessibility Project. versions of these elements (and many Linux distribution. It is not surprising, given the other applications and packages) to unique characteristics of the Linux include in their distribution. operating system and open source The increasing popularity of the Facilitate development software, that the Linux Standard Linux operating system has spawned with a unique structure Base would also be unique. a large number of these distributions Because of this unique struc- with variations in the features they ture, the LSB does not define the deliver. These variations can make What is a Linux operating standard and dictate to the distribution it difficult for software providers to system ? vendors what to implement; rather, target the Linux platform. it documents best practices that have A Linux operating system The FSG delivers access to emerged in the Linux community represents an amalgamation of standards, tools and compliance test- through natural market forces. The software projects – created by vari- ing, which allows software develop- goal of the LSB is to make is easy for ous organizations and individuals ers to concentrate on adding value – which are integrated into a single to Linux, rather than spending time computing solution (in this case a dealing with verification and porting 1) UNIX is a multi-layered system. The Linux distribution from a vendor like issues between the various distribu- kernel and shell are frequently referred to as Novell or Red Hat). tions. Compliance with the standard the “ operating system ”.

34 ISO Focus March 2007 developers to target the Linux operat- for software vendors to target Linux, ing system, while still allowing for a resulting in more applications available competitive distribution ecosystem. for the Linux platform. According to The LSB is an application the market research company IDC, binary interface for Linux and Linux- the Linux market is rapidly growing compatible platforms. The LSB draws and is projected to exceed USD 35.7 on the source standards of the IEEE billion by 2008. POSIX standards 2) and The Open Currently, the Free Standards Group’s Single UNIX Specification Group and the Linux Standard Base are (SUS) 3) for many of its behavioural supported by major vendors in the world interface definitions. Some interfaces of Linux including AMD, Computer are not included in the LSB, since Associates, Debian, Dell, Fujitsu, Google, they are outside the remit of a binary HP, IBM, Intel, MySQL, NEC, Novell, runtime environment; typically these Red Flag, Red Hat, Sun Microsystems, are development interfaces or user- Veritas and many others. Membership level tools. The LSB also extends the is open to any individual, non-profit source standards in other areas (such organization or company involved in as graphics) and includes the necessary the world of open source software. details (such as the binary execution file formats) to support a high volume binary application platform. Why is ISO and IEC But while the LSB has incor- approval important ? porated the durable aspects of these ISO and IEC approval shows precursors, the Free Standards Group the world that Linux is a serious, has learned from the UNIX experience, mainstream operating system, and a and the LSB has therefore not adopted serious companion to POSIX systems. the limitations of POSIX and SUS. It provides a benchmark between Notably, POSIX only defined procurement and vendor, preserving programming interfaces and, therefore healthy competition without allowing could not guarantee binary compatibil- ity. At the other end of the spectrum, standards such as OSF/14), which aimed for binary compatibility, were About the author found to be too restrictive. The LSB Amanda aims to strike a balance between the McPherson is 2) POSIX is the collective name of a family two approaches – it includes a binary the director of of related standards specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers compatibility layer that splits the marketing and (IEEE) to define the application programming difference between the approaches communication interface (API) for software compatible with taken with POSIX and OSF/1. for the Free variants of the Unix operating system. They Standards are formally designated as IEEE 1003 and the Group, an international standard name is ISO/IEC 9945. Why is a Linux standard independent, 3) The Single UNIX Specification (SUS) is needed ? non-profit the collective name of a family of standards organization for computer operating systems to qualify for A well-supported International dedicated to accelerating and promoting the name “ UNIX ”. The SUS is developed Standard for Linux is a necessary open source software standards. She has and maintained by the Austin Group, based component of Linux’s continued suc- marketed enterprise and open source on earlier work by the IEEE and The Open cess. Without a commonly adopted technology for the past twelve years. Group. standard, Linux will fragment, thus Most recently, she was director of 4) The Open Software Foundation released proving costly for independent soft- marketing for Covalent Technologies, the OSF/1, their standard UNIX implementation. ware vendors (ISVs) 5) to port their leading provider of Apache Web server software. She was also a core member of 5) An independent software vendor (ISV) is applications to the operating system the marketing team responsible for the a business term for companies specializing in and making it difficult for end users launch of the Java programming language making or selling software, usually for niche and Linux vendors alike. With the markets. This includes software such as real in 1995. A published author, Amanda estate brokers, time scheduling for healthcare LSB, all parties – distribution ven- graduated from the University of California personnel, barcode scanning and stock dors, ISVs and end users – benefit at Berkeley and holds an MFA in Creative maintenance. as it becomes easier and less costly Writing from the University of Arizona.

ISO Focus March 2007 35 Developments and Initiatives fragmentation of the market. As readers of this magazine already know, Inter- national Standards have been shown to Future ISO 26000 contribute more to economic growth than patents and licenses combined, and the LSB will open the door to standard on social Linux as a requirement in large scale (e.g. government) procurements. The approval of the LSB also makes it responsibility reaches easier for individuals, companies and governments to concentrate their efforts positive turning point on one unified programme.

Who benefits from LSB ? by Roger Frost, Manager, Communication Services, ISO Central Secretariat The LSB primarily benefits soft- ware developers who are targeting the Linux platform. This can include com- mercial software developers as well as he development of the future ISO the Sydney meeting was increased par- internal corporate developers. They can 26000 standard giving guidance on ticipation by experts from developing use the specification and the support social responsibility has reached countries and the programme included services provided by the FSG to write T a positive “turning point” in terms of a developing countries workshop. portable applications and target the consensus and trust among the broad Among the main activities was broadest Linux market with their soft- base of participating stakeholders. work on the key topics which had been ware. Testing, development and support This was the opinion of the lead- identified among the 5 176 comments costs are minimized. Distribution ven- ership of the ISO Working Group on received from the WG SR’s experts on dors (Red Hat, Novell, Asianux, etc.) Social Responsibility (ISO/WG SR) the second working draft of ISO 26000 are the enablers of the standard. As of at the end of its fourth plenary on 29 circulated in October 2006. today, all major Linux distributions are January-2 February 2007 in Sydney, Core issues were agreed at compliant with the standard and all par- Australia. Sydney and grouped in the following ticipate in the LSB workgroup, many Some 275 people from 54 ISO four clusters (each assigned a draft- as steering committee members. End member countries and 28 internation- ing team) : users can also profit from the stand- al organizations attended, representing • environment, ard by writing LSB-compliance into the following interests : industry; gov- • human rights and labour practices, their procurement and support con- ernment; labour ; consumers ; non-gov- tracts with hardware and distribution ernmental organizations ; and service, • organizational governance and fair vendors. They can then buy application support, research and others. Notable at operating practices, and binaries from compliant independent software vendors (ISVs) and have a choice of Linux distributions on which to run them, thereby not being limit- ed in their vendor choices when they add to or upgrade their systems. This provides a free risk management strat- egy and ensures end users the choice promised by Linux and open source. The Free Standards Group provides this legal language for end users on its web site. We encourage all interested parties to visit the Free Standards Group web site and get involved with the Linux Standard Base project. www.freestandards.org

36 ISO Focus March 2007 • consumer issues and community involvement/society development. The work is now continuing in order to produce a third working draft for circulation and comment before the fifth WG SR meeting in Novem- ber 2007. At this working draft stage, the need is to build consensus among indi- vidual experts, while the next stage where the developing standard progress- es to committee draft status will aim to build consensus among the nation- al standards bodies and international organizations participating.

Members of the ISO WG SR leadership team at the Sydney 2007 plenary, from left : Staffan Söderberg, WG Vice Chair; Jorge E.R. Cajazeira, WG Chair, and Kristina Sandberg, WG Secretary. They are pictured with UN Global Compact representatives, George Kell, Executive Head, and Kola Badejo, Special Adviser. (Not present in this photo is Eduardo Campos de São Thiago, WG Co-Secretary.) Below : 275 people attended from 54 countries and 28 international organizations.

Vice-Chair Staffan Söderberg, nominated by the ISO member for Sweden, SIS, commented : “ Building trust was an important accomplish- ment during this meeting. The Syd- ney meeting will be the one remem- bered as the turning point that put us on the right road.” The Sydney meeting was hosted by Standards Australia whose Chair, John Castles, officially welcomed the WG SR. Among the objectives of the meeting were to increase the account- ability of its processes, to clarify its procedures and to increase participa- tion. In line with this last objective, the WG SR welcomed the decision of munities, and the environment. After port of the Austrian Government the UN Global Compact – with whom Sydney, I am even more confident that and Austrian Development Agency it recently signed a memorandum of ISO 26000 will contribute to helping (ADA), together with the UN Glo- understanding for enhanced coopera- all kinds of organizations to improve bal Compact and the United Nations tion – and its networks to collaborate in socially responsible behaviour.” Industrial Development Organiza- by establishing links with WG SR In addition, the ISO/WG SR tion (UNIDO). national “ mirror ” committees. finalized the establishment of the ISO Chair, Mr. Jorge E.R. Cajazei- • 2008, in Santiago, Chile, hosted by SR Trust Fund which is now accept- ra, nominated by the ISO member for the national standards body, INN. ing donations to support the group’s Brazil, Brazilian Association for Tech- work. Further information on the ISO/ nical Standards (ABNT), commented : WG SR and ISO 26000 is available on “ A growing number of global leaders, The next meetings of the ISO/ its public Web site : www.iso.org/sr many countries and related stakeholders WG SR are : have added their voices to those urg- • 5-9 November 2007, in Vienna, Aus- Its working documents are ing organizations to remember their tria, hosted by the Austrian Stand- publicly accessible at : obligations to their workforces, com- ards Institute (ON) with the sup- www.iso.org/wgsr

ISO Focus March 2007 37 ISO Central Secretariat has moved ! New on the shelf Since 19 February 2007, ISO Central Secretariat (ISO/CS) has been operating from new premises in Geneva, Switzerland. Grouping all ISO/TS 22003 its operations at a single location is expected to benefit communication, aims to build teamwork and efficiency, leading to even better service for ISO’s members, confidence customers and stakeholders. in certification ISO’s new home is in a brand new office which is environmentally of food safety friendly and energy efficient. It is management located near to the former premises, thus remaining within close reach of systems ISO’s partners among the interna- tional organizations in Geneva. newly published document in the ISO 22000 series gives the The new address is : A requirements for the bodies ISO/TS 22003 is the latest doc- ISO Central Secretariat that carry out auditing and certifica- ument in the ISO series for food safe- 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse tion of food safety management sys- ty management systems, which har- Case postale 56 tems (FSMS). monizes good food safety practice CH-1211 Geneva 20 ISO technical specification ISO/ worldwide. It was launched in 2005 Switzerland TS 22003:2007 provides information, with ISO 22000, backed by an inter- criteria and guidance for carrying out national consensus among experts Tel + 41 22 749 01 11 ISO 22000:2005 auditing and certifica- from government and industry. Fax + 41 22 733 34 30 tion. It will therefore be useful for cer- ISO 22000 can be applied to E-mail [email protected] tification bodies, the accreditation bod- organizations ranging from feed pro- Web www.iso.org ies that approve them, suppliers wishing ducers and primary producers through to have their FSMS certified, their cus- food manufacturers, transport and stor- Individual ISO/CS e-mail addresses, tomers and food sector regulators. age operators, and subcontractors to telephone and fax numbers are Certification to ISO 22000:2005, retail and food service outlets. Relat- unchanged. Food safety management systems – ed organizations such as producers of Requirements for any organization in equipment, packaging material, clean- the food chain, is not a requirement of ing agents, additives and ingredients that standard, which can be implement- are also affected by the prospective ed solely for the benefits it provides. standard. However, where certification is required The standard was followed by by customers, or by regulators, or is technical specification ISO/TS judged desirable as a marketing differ- 22004:2005, Food safety management entiator, ISO/TS 22003:2007 will help systems – Guidance on the application to build confidence in such certification of ISO 22000:2005, which gives advice throughout the food supply chain. for all types of organization within the Comprising 10 clauses, two food supply chain on how to imple- annexes and a bibliography, ISO/TS ment an FSMS. A related publication 22003 covers topics such as resource will be published shortly, ISO 22000 requirements, competence of manage- – Are you ready ? which provides organ- ment and personnel (including auditors izations with self-assessment guidance and persons involved in decisions relat- to establish whether they are ready for ed to certification), process require- ISO 22000 certification. ments and requirements for certifica- ISO/TS 22003:2007, Require- tion bodies. It closely follows the require- ments for bodies providing audit and cer- ments established by ISO 17021:2006, tification of food safety management sys- Conformity assessment – Requirements tems, was developed by ISO technical for bodies providing audit and certifi- committee ISO/TC 34, Food products, in cation of management systems, which collaboration with ISO/CASCO, Com- places rigorous requirements for com- mittee on conformity assessment. It costs

© Henri Dam petence and impartiality on the bodies 84 Swiss francs and is available from ISO that offer audit and certification to man- national member institutes and the ISO agement system standards. Central Secretariat.

38 ISO Focus March 2007 tional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) The IAEA study, initiated in ISO 21482 : conference on radiation safety in 2000. 2001 by consensus among member New supplementary While widely recognized within the states, was conducted by the Gallup nuclear community, the trefoil was public opinion research organization, radiation judged to be insufficiently informa- with 1 650 participants surveyed in Bra- tive for application directly on sealed zil, Mexico, Morocco, Kenya, Saudi warning symbol sources of radiation. Arabia, China, India, Thailand, Poland, aims to save lives The new symbol was devel- Ukraine and the USA. Respondents oped following a five-year study, were chosen from a wide variety of including extensive evaluation of population groups – urban and rural, newly published Internation- reactions to various pictographs mixed ages, varying educational back- al Standard ISO 21482:2007, among people with limited technical grounds, male and female. Researchers Ionizing-radiation warning A education or background, including sought to identify reactions to symbols – Supplementary symbol, specifies a children. Assessment was conducted and find out what actions people would symbol warning of the presence of among a variety of cultures in 11 dif- take when they encountered them. dangerous ionizing radiation from a ferent countries. high-level sealed radioactive source that can cause death or serious injury if handled carelessly. The new symbol is not intend- ed to replace the familiar “ trefoil ” radiation symbol in use since the ear- ly 1950s (ISO 361), but to supplement it by providing further information for untrained or uninformed members of the public. The need for a supplementary symbol was identified at an Interna- The familiar trefoil (left) basic ionizing-radiation warning symbol (ISO 361 and ISO 7010) has now been joined by the supplementary warning symbol (right) launched in ISO 21482:2007.

“ The publication of this new As a supplement to the trefoil, ISO International Standard is the result the new symbol is intended for place- of a joint effort of ISO and IAEA as ment on the radioactive source or part of their long-standing coopera- shielding, or under the device cover. tion in the field of peaceful applica- In many cases, it will not be visible tion of nuclear energy and radioactive under normal use but only to some- materials,” said Ms. Eliana Amaral, one attempting to dismantle the radio- Director, Division of Radiation, Trans- active source. The symbol will not be port and Waste Safety, IAEA. located on external surfaces such as “ I believe international recog- transport packages or building access nition of the specific expertise of both doors. organizations will ensure that the new ISO Secretary-General Alan standard will be accepted and applied Bryden commented : “ The new sup- by governments and industry to plementary ionizing-radiation warn- improve the safety of nuclear appli- ing symbol launched by ISO 21482 cations, protection of people and the is the latest successful result of long- environment.” standing cooperation between the On a red triangular background, IAEA and ISO. We encourage the sym- the symbol includes three images : the bol’s rapid adoption by the interna- trefoil with waved lines added to rep- tional community.” resent radiation ; the universally rec- ISO 21482:2007, Ionizing-radi- Development of the new safety-related ognized skull-and-crossbones figure ation warning – Supplementary sym- supplementary symbol included assessment representing danger; and a symbol of bol, was prepared by ISO technical among a variety of cultures in 11 different a person running, indicating the need committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear ener- countries – here, in Kenya – to ensure that it to place distance between oneself and gy, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiation will be universally understood. the radiation source. protection.

ISO Focus March 2007 39 Coming up

safety and environmental performance of road transport, provides a continu- ous momentum for the hundreds of standards elaborated by ISO/TC 22, which also needs to take into account that this is a moving framework, to which the drafting of standards has to adapt. ISO/TC 204 encompasses standardi- zation of information, communication and control systems in the field of urban and rural surface transportation, traveller information, traffic manage- Main Focus ment, public transport, and commer- cial transport, emergency services, Nanotechnologies generally referred to as “Intelligent Transport Systems” (ITS). Nanotechnologies is an exciting new The research on nanotechnologies in field that has potential applications in a number of countries will appear in many sectors including energy, agri- a number of short country and region- culture, electronics, medical devices al profiles. and optics. The work of ISO/ TC 229, Nanotech- In the next issue of ISO Focus, a port- nologies, chaired by Dr. Peter Hatto folio of articles provides an overview of the United Kingdom, will also be of standardization work in this field profiled in the April issue. from the leading experts. This issue will give readers a good Dr. Mihail Roco, of the National Sci- overview on the issues from a number ence Foundation in the United States, of perspectives looking at the technol- and key architect of the National Nano- ogies, applications, scientific research, technology Initiative, provides his as well as the social, economic and personal views on the benefits of nano- legal aspects. technologies and how standardization can contribute to research through measurement of various properties like chemical, mechanical and biological, Developments and as well as properties like magnetic Initiatives behaviour and temperature. Nanotechnologies will require the inte- The Fully Networked Car IMS6-2006E.indd C2 2006-10-30 16:35:29 gration of many scientific, engineer- Following up on our March issue on the ing and technical disciplines and ISO intelligent car and intelligent transport ITS is a global market and the ability with its international networks can help systems, the April issue of ISO Focus for suppliers to build and distribute facilitate the standardization work in will feature a report on the Workshop consistent products worldwide is a sig- these various fields. Standardization and Exhibition on ICT in motor vehi- nificant market stimulus. In addition, will also be important in defining term- cles, sponsored by the International Tel- many ITS products, especially those inology and how experts from differ- ecommunications Union (ITU), ISO and that are communications-enabled, are ent disciplines interact. the International Electrotechnical Com- aimed at travellers who want consist- mission : The Fully Networked Car. Governance will also be an important ent access to ITS services wherever aspect in the development of nanotech- The workshop will demonstrate the they go. nologies and Dr. Roco addresses this importance of standards to vehicle Find out all about the latest develop- issue as well as the framework for stake- safety, fuel efficiency and emissions ments on wireless interfaces, includ- holder involvement. reduction and the importance of stand- ing mobile use of the Internet and how ards to transport systems. Some articles also point to the economic ITS systems can increase both safety benefits nanotechnologies can provide, Rapidly evolving technology, as well and convenience in the report on The including for developing countries. as an increasing public interest for the Fully Networked Car.

40 ISO Focus March 2007 Probably, you’ve heard the expression, “ One good idea can change your life ! ”

Defi nitely, one good ISO standard could change your business – for the better

ISO has more than 16 500 great standards for you to choose from ! The bar has just got higher.

And confidence has a new designation. ISO/IEC 17021:2006.

Available from ISO national member insti- ISO/IEC 17021:2006, Conformity tutes (listed with contact details on the assessment – Requirements for bodies ISO Web site at www.iso.org) and ISO Central Secretariat providing audit and certification Web store at www.iso.org of management systems or by e-mail to [email protected].