Index of terms

AFFICODE, 343 BACCS, 313, 325, 327 affix, 7 Bell Communications Research, 14 alignable sentence matrix, 327 bigram, 29, 281 aligned block, 41,42,43,44 bilingual concordances, 10, ll, 98, 254, alignment 264,272 clause alignment, 8, 117, 127, 128, 130, bilingual parsing, 139-69 131, 321 See a/so phrase alignment bitext, 2, 8, 25-49, 107, 115,278,279,280, constituent alignment, 139, 144, 147 See 347 a/so phrase alignment bitext axes, 26 multilingual alignment (more than two bitext geometry, 25 languages), 6, 49-69 bitext map, 25-49, 30 paragraph alignment, 43, 293 bitext slope, 26, 32, 33, 37 phrase alignment, 139, 140, 161,322 bitext space, 25-49 sentence alignment, xi, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 16, main diagonal, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, 37, 43,45,49,51,71,117-39,157,187- 38,84 200,240,254,292,313,315,322, bootstrapping, 6 335,343,344,345,346,369,370, bootstrapping grammar, 162 381,382,387 bootstrapping lexicon, 5 structural alignment, 8, 201-17 bracketing, xiv, 139-69 tenn alignment, 12,246,253,264,266, 269 CtC++,359 word alignment,S, 6,16,49,69-117, CALL See computer-assisted language learning 118, 132, 187, 188, 197, 198, 199, char_align, 27, 37, 119 221,253,255,260,262,263,321, CLIR See cross-language infonnation 369,381,385,387,388 retrieval anchor matrix, 327 closed class expression, 102 anchor point, 4, 6, 43, 78, 84, 119, 161, closed class word, 30, 106, 109 See also 213,326,329,345,346 function word ANSI, 356 cognate,S, 12, 29, 30, 37, 43, 45, 51, 64, ARCADE, vii, viii, 4, 6, 15, 16,37,44,66, 70,71,97,105,106, 119, 197, 198,213, 108, 109, 115, 196, 197,254,369-88 375 AJtPA,280,281,289 orthographic cognate, 29 ASCII, 356, 367 phonetic cognate, 29, 40 axis generator, 29 390 Index ofterms cogtag,213 226,227,230,233,275,279,280, collocations, 10, 11, 104, 120, 155, 161, 291,304,326,329,330,331,333 225,256 bilingual dictionary extraction, 275, 276, comparable corpora, 219, 220, 223, 224, 280, 294 See also bilingual lexicon 233 extraction compound, 7, 8, 98, 128, 155, 188, 189, COBUILD,9 190, 191, 198, 199,240,237-52,255, Collins Spanish-English Dictionary, 282 257,262,269,321,322,387 Kodansha's Japanese to English computer-assisted language learning, 14, dictionary, 314 299-311 content word, 7, 120, 121, 132,219,220, machine-readable dictionary, 10, 30, 98 229,231,232,261,262,267,324 Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary, 10 context-free grammar, xv, 77, 121, 139-69 Tn:sor de la Langue Frant;:aise, 9 contingency (table, matrix), 119,260,328 dictionary-based term translation 282 287 291,292 ' , , contrastive studies, 3, 16, 169, 170, 177, 182,184,301 DK-vec, 69, 71, 72, 78, 79, 80, 84, 88, 91, Convec,219,224,225,233,234 92 corpus document type definition, 203, 212, 318, ARCADE, 383 355,357,361,364,366,367 BAF, 37, 51,196, 197,370,371,372, Document Type Definition, 203 DTD document type definition 373,374 See DTW See dynamic time warping BLINKER, 15 dynamic programming, 4, 29, 57, 58, 59, CCITI handbook, 15 63, 64, 66, 78, 79, 80, 81, 86, 90, 91, CELEX,123 117, 119, 122, 133,323,330 COBUILD,9 dynamic time warping, 202, 208, 214 CRATER, 15,49,335 ECI, 14, 15,72,370 EBMT See example-based machine English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus, 15 translation EPPC, 335-46 EBT See example-based term substitution ETlO-63,335 ELRA See European Language Resource Hansard, 12, 14, 15,44,98,202,323, Association 324,373,374,375,381 EM See Estimation-Maximisation JEIDA, 15,313,315,316,320,332 algorithm JOC, 109, 196, 197,370,371,372,375, EMIR, 188 383 Estimation-Maximisation algorithm, 86, 88 LINGUA, 15, 304 European Language Resource Association, MULTEXT, 15,49,335,370 14 evaluation MULTEXT-EAST,15 evaluation of alignment systems, 6, 14, PAHO, 280, 281,289 16,26,35,43,45,51,60,65,71,84, PEDANT, 15 89,92, 106, 107, 110,123, 133, 191, SGGS, 335-46 198,204,213,219,231,232,234, TELRI,15 240,244,246,248,250,254,286, UN Multilingual Corpus, 276, 280, 286 287,288,295,332,369-88 UNICEF, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 293 evaluation of MT systems, 315 Dice coefficient, 5, 29, 99, 119, 120, 384, user evaluation, 308 385 example-based term substitution 275 281 287,292,293,296 ", DICT See dictionary-based term translation dictionary bilingual dictionary, xiv, 5, 10, 13, 69, FAHQT See fully automated, high-quality 99,119,120, 190, 191, 192, 197, machine translation false friends, 30, 302 See also faux amis Index of terms 391

faux amis, 30 ISO See International Organization for finite-state Standardization finite-state automaton, 243 ISO 3166, 356 finite-state parser, 267 ISO 639, 356 finite-state transducer, xv, 139, 140,259, ISO 646, 356 325 ISO 8601, 361, 367 weighted finite-state automaton, 29, 30 ISO 8879, 203, 364 F-measure, xiv, 51, 55, Ill, 196, 197,376- ISOIDIS 1087, 240 88 ISOIIEC TR 9573-1 1,318 frozen expression, 7 iterative proportional fitting procedure, 260 function word, 7, 78, 109, 232, 261, 262, 267,382 Java, 359 JIS X 0208, 319 generalized vector space model, 275-98 lIS X 201, 319 Geometric Segment Alignment algorithm, 25-49 K-Vec,5 GLOSS, 282, 292 GLOSSER, 299-311 language proportion coefficient, 79 See also GSA See Geometric Segment Alignment length algorithm latent semantic indexing, 275, 282, 285, GVSM See generalized vector space model 295 LCSR See longest common subsequence Hidden Markov Model, 4 ratio HMM See Hidden Markov Model LDC See Linguistic Data Consortium HTML, 349, 355, 359, 362,363, 364 lemma, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 89, 93, 96, 124,125,126,146,238,259,306 IBM model, 161 See also Brown, P. F. lemmatisation, 69, 72, 74, 76, 114, 124, (authors) 189,238,243,308 IBM modell, 276 length, 27 IBM model 2, 262 character length, 4, 193 IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, 14 clause length, 13 I IDF See inverse document frequency sentence length, 4,5,51,119,323,343, infix, 74 348 inflection, 7, 113, 150,294,300,305,307 word length, 117 inflectional language, 73, 125 lexical anchoring, 4, 338 See also anchor inflectional morphology, 141 points information retireval lexicography, vii, 1,9, 10, 11,50,97 cross-language information retrieval, 2 lexicon information retrieval, 225, 240, 266 bilingual lexicon extraction, 10,69,85, cross-language information retrieval, 9, 88,100,109,120,219-37,254-63 13,16,187-200,275-98 See also bilingual dictionary measures, xii See also precision, recall, extraction F-measure core lexicon, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84 monolingual information retrieval, 287- seed translation lexicon, 30, 37, 39, 43 93 translation lexicon, 40, 43, 44, 45, 98, multilingual information retrieval, 118 109, 120, 121, 141, ISS, 157, 158, International Organization for 159, 161 Standardization, 352, 367 Linguistic Data Consortium, 14, 25, 223, inverse document frequency, 229, 283, 288, 280,286,289 289,293 LinkOping Word Aligner, 97-117 IPPF See iterative proportional fitting LISA See Localization Industry Standards procedure Association 392 Index ofterms

Localisation Industry Standards Association, 15,347-68 noise, 261, 263 LOCOLEX, 308 in evaluation measures, 381 Logos, 353, 354 noise filtering, 6, 25, 28, 31, 32, 45 longest common subsequence ratio, 29, 30, noisy alignments, 54, 114, 268 34, 37, 43, 105 noisy corpora, 8,10,120, 172,219,220, LPC See language proportion coefficient 222,233 LSI See latent semantic indexing noisy output, 258, 264 L WA See Linkoping Word Aligner noisy texts, 6, 71, 119 noisy translation lexicon, 160 machine translation, 13, 40, 118, 169, 184, 223, 238, 253, 275, 283, 295, 314, 321, signal-to-noise ratio, 25, 32 noun phrase, 117, 120, 124, 129,244,247, 323,350,353,354,362 250,253,256,259,269,270 computer-aided translation, 117, 118, 187,238 See also machine-aided open class expression, 102 translation open class word, 106 See also content word example-based machine translation, 12, Open Standards for Container/content 135,158,254,276,322,350 Allowing Re-use, 347-68 fully automated high-quality machine OpenTa~353,354,357,362,363 translation, 11 OSCAR See Open Standards for machine translation in the fifties, 2 Container/content Allowing Re-use machine-aided human translation, 8, 11, 169,253-74 PANGLOSS, 282, 292 statistical machine translation, 69 ParaConc, 264 MAHT See machine-aided human parallel concordancer, 10, 174 See also translation GLOSSER, ParaConc, TransSearch, MARK ALISTeR, 308 bilingual concordances matching predicate, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 37, parallel texts 40,43 alignment, aligned parallel text maximal marginal relevance, 281 (definition), 2 maximum-likelihood, 139, 157 definition, 1 measure, III part-o~speech, 70, 76,239,253,382 metric, 34, 35, 39, 43, 51, 120, 125, 196, part-of-speech pattern, 241 287,327,369,376,387 part-of-speech tag, 76, 77, 321 Microsoft, 353 part-of-speech tagger, 77, 98, 123 MLA/ign, 211, 213, 214 part-of-speech tagging, xii, 124, 245, morphology, xv, 70, 73,103,104,106,109, 259,305,308,325,336 112,115,213,240,243,250 pattern recognition, 25 morphological analysis, 305, 307, 308 Penn Treebank, 123 morphological module, 102, 103 Perl, 60, 63, 106, 243 morphological variant, 74, 96, 103, 113, phraseology, 7, 10, 11 114,256,263,272 See also inflection point of correspondence, 31, 40, 41, 43 MRBD See machine-readable bilingual POS See part-of-speech dictionary precision, xii, xiv, 51, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, Multiconcord, 202 62,77, 106-15, 126, 133, 158, 160, 191, multitext, 2 192, 193, 197, 198, 199,214,219,222, multi-word unit, 102, 104, 108, 112, 382 234,244,245,258,269,271,287,289, See also compound 290,294,332,374,376-88 mutual conditional probability, 277, 294 prefix, 74, 90 mutual information, 99, 120, 156,221,244, PRF See pseudo relevance feedback 246,327,328,329,330 pseudo relevance feedback, 282, 283, 295 MWU See multi-word unit Index of terms 393

transitive closure, 41, 54, 55, 56, 59, 61, 62, query expansion, 13, 188, 191, 282, 283, 65 292,294,296 translation back translation, 292 recall, xii, xiv, 51, 55, 56, 58, 60, 62, 87, evaluation of systems See evaluation 106-15, 191, 197, 198,214,244,258, example-based machine translation, 12, 271,288,290,294,331,358,361,374, 135, 136,276,278 376-88 literal translation, 8, 70, 161, 171, 254, regular expression, 7, 120, 124, 242, 243, 323 326 machine(aided)-translation See machine robustness, 6, 262, 387, 388 translation Rosetta stone, vii, viii, I, 2, 16 translation browser See parallel RTF, 349, 359 concordancer translation lexicon See lexicon selection restrictions, II translation memory, II, 16, 117, 118, semitic languages See Arabic, Hebrew (languages and writing systems) 134, 135, 187, 188,202,253,254, SGML, 9,15,201-17,318,320,321,350, 347-68 355,358,364,366,375 translation model, 5, 12,44,64,69,71, SIMR See Smooth Injective Map 119,127,130,140,169,172,175, Recognizer 177,220,260,375 simulated annealing, 34, 35 translation models See also IBM model SM~T,281,288,289 translation network, 169-86 Smooth Injective Map Recognizer, 25--49 translation spotting, 108, 109, 369, 382, SPIRIT, 188, 189, 192, 193, 194 387,388 stochastic inversion transduction grammar, Translation Memory eXchange, 347-68 xv, 8, 139-69 translation spotting, 382 structured document, 201, 202, 203, 207, TransSearch, 263 213,216 trial, 49-69 suffix, 74, 103, 104, 106, 109 t-score, 105, 106,327,328,329,330 Systran, 353, 354 UCS-2, 356, 367 tagset, 123 Unicode, 356, 357, 358, 367 Tclffk,320 UTF-8, 356, 367 TEl See Text Encoding Initiative term frequency, 226, 227, 228, 229, 283, vocalisation, 75, 77 288,289,293 terminology, vii, ix, xiii, 2, 7, 9, 10, II, 12, W3C See World Wide Web Consortium 16,50,109,120,237-52,253-74 WFSA See weighted finite-state automaton terminology extraction, 7, 11,237-52, word order, 36,45,70,75, 76, 83, 97, 105, 253-74 See also term alignment 114,230,278,279,280,382 Text Encoding Initiative, 201-17, 317,318, word sense disambiguation, 13, 383 335,340,341,342,343,345 word_align, 37, 38, 69, 71, 72, 161 TF See term frequency Word net, 77 TMX See Translation Memory eXchange World Wide Web Consortium, 208, 352, tokenisation, 69, 72, 76, 77, 89, 121 355,357,364 Tr-AID,134 Trados, 350, 353 XML,9, 201-17, 347-68 Index of authors

Aarts, I., 2 Boutsis, S., 117, 119, 124, 125, 127, 132 Abiteboul, S., 202 Brants, T., 128 Abney, S. P., 124, 128 Brill, E., 77, 123,325 Abo, A. V., 141, 146 Brown, P. F., 3, 4, 5, 12, 14,27, 50, 69, 70, Abrenberg, L., xi, 7, 8, 97, 106, 245, 387 71,85,86,98,118, 119, 130, 140, 158, Art-Mokhtar, S., 253, 267 161,188,220,254,260,262,276,323 Alexa, M., 7, 98 Brown, R. D., 6, 12, 13,254,275,296 Alladina, S., 337 Bruneseaux, F., 206 Allain, I.-F., 43 Buckley, c., 282, 283, 294 Andersson, M., 7, 8, 104,245, 387 Buneman, P., 202 Andrews, C., I Burnard, L., 15,203,318,340 Arad, 1., 12 Armstrong-Warwick, S. (=Warwick, S.), Caenepeel, M., 175 174 Carbonell, J. G., 6, 13, 118,275,280,281, Arthern, P., 350 289,292 Attar, R., 75 Cargill, C., 352 Carillo, H., 59 Ballerini, I. P., 284 Catizone, R., 10, 158, 188 Ballesteros, L., 275 Chan, S., 57 Barlow, M., 10, 14,264,303 Chang, ling-Shin, 155 Barton, G. I., 58 Chang, Nancy, 155 Bauer, D., 308 Chanod, I.-P., 267 Baum, L. E., 87, 88 Chen, Cheng-Der, 155 Bellman, R., 29, 58 Chen, H.-H., 40 Biagini, L., 304 Chen, Stanley F., 220 Bishop, Y., 260 Chen, Stanley F., 5, 44, 158,324 Black, E., 156 Chiang, Tung-Hui, 155 Blacksell, R., 30 I Choueka, Y., 6, 73, 75 Blank, 1., 7, II, 16, 240, 243, 249, 254, Chuquet, H., 257 302,387 Church, K. W., viii, xi, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, Bonfante, L., 2 II, 14, 17,26,27,30,31,41,42, 50, 51, Bonhomme, P., 9,14,201,304,318 64, 69, 70, 71, 98, 99, 100, 119, 122, Bookstein, A., 225 128, 131, 140, 158, 161, 173, 188, 220, Bourigault, D., 7, 241, 250, 259 396 Index of authors

221, 222, 225, 240, 245, 323, 328, 375, 155,157,159,164,219,220,221,224, 377 302,328 Cormen, T. H., 80 Cousin, P.-H., 43 Gale, W. A., xi, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 14, 26, 27, Cranias, L., 5, 122, 148, 159 42,51,64,69,70,71, 119, 122, 131, Croft, W. B., 225, 275 140, 155, 158, 161, 173, 188,221,222, 225,240,323,375,377 Dagan, 1., 5, 6, 10, 11,31,37,50,69,70, Garside, R., 15, 156 71,85,86,118,140,159,161,221,225, Gaussier, E., 7, 8, II, 12,66, 118, 120, 188, 245,323 245, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, 260, 276, Daille, B., 7, II, 118, 120, 241, 244, 246, 302,350 255 Gazdar, G., 141 Danielsson, P., 15,304 Gellerstam, M., 171 Davis, M. W., 13,289 Glosser, 305 Debili, F., 4, 6, 66, 188, 190,259,335 GLOSSER, 14,305,307,308,309 DeClaris, N., 13 Goldstein, 1., 281 Deerwester, S., 283, 285 Graehl, J., 29, 40 Della Pietra, S., 5, 14 Graff, D., 276, 280, 286 Della Pietra, Y. J., 5, 14 Grefenstette, G., 188,275 Demiros, 1., 124, 125 Grishman, R., 8, 148, 159 Dempster, A. P., 87, 88 Grundy, Y., 10 des Tombe, L., 174 Devauchelle, D., I Hanks, P., 7 Dimitrova, L., 49 Hannan, M.-L., 12, 263, 264 Doherty, M., 170, 173 Harman, D., 13 Dokter, D., 305, 307, 308 Harris, B., 2, 117 Domashnev, C., 136 Hartmann, R. R. K., 10, 14 Dorr, B. J, 13 Haruno, M., 5, 15,323,324,332 Draskau, J., 238 Hatzivassiloglou, Y., 7, 120 Dumais, S. T., 13,286 Hearn, P., 336 Dunning, T. E., 7, 13,256,289 Hearst, M., 225 Dyvik, H., 173 Hersh, W. R., 283 Hiemstra, D., 8, 11,254,260,261,262 Earley, 1., 163 Hirakawa, H., 120,323 Ebeling, 1., 5, 10, 14, 174 Hofland, K., 5, 15 Eco, U., 354 Holland, P., 260 Edwards, Y., 301, 337 Hopkins, E., 301 Elkateb, F., 9, 191 Hull, D. A., 8,12,17,199,275,302,388 Erjavec, T., 15,202 Humecky, A., 2 Evans, D. A., 13 Hunt, J. W., 29, 105 Hutchinson, J., 15 Faloutsos, C., 13 Fienberg, S., 260 Ide, N., 14, 15,49,203,212,335 Filipovic, R., 170 Iida, H & Kohyama, H., 12 Finch, R., 276, 280, 286 Imbs, P., 9 Fischer, M. 1., 58 Isabelle, P., 5, II, 12, 50, 51, 66, 70, 119, Fisiak, 1., 170 184, 188,238,376 Fluhr, C., 9,13,189,191 Isahara, H., 15,315,316 Foster,G. F., 5, 10, 12,51, 119, 188 Ishimoto, H., 8, 118, 120, 148, 159 Frankenberg-Garcia, A., 170, 171, 185 Itai, A., 71, 118,225 Frederking, R. E., 13,282 Fung, Pascale, 5, 6, 8, 10, 30, 69, 70, 71, Jacquemin, C., 7, 241, 256 78, 79, 80, 83, 98, 99, 100, 120, 140, Jager, 1., 303 Index of authors 397

Jagtman, M., 14 Love, c.-E., 43 Jelinek, F., 223 Johansson, S., viii, 5, 14, 15, 17, 170, 185 Mack1ovitch, E., 11, 12, 17, 30, 50, 263, Johns, T., 303 264 Jones, D. B., 6, 7, 98 Magerman, D. M., 156, 158 Justeson, J., 255, 256 Maier-Meyer, P., 243 Malavazos, c., 134 Kaji, H., 8, 148, 159,323 Maler, E., 318 Kaplan, R. M., 141, 177 Marcus, M. P., 128, 156, 158 Kasami, T., 152 Mariani, J., viii, 370, 388 Katz, S., 255, 256 Marinai, E., 11 Kay, M., viii, 2, 3, 6, 11, 52, 70, 119, 141, Mas1ov, Y. S., 170 158,188,220,324,327,329,331,349 Matsumoto, Y., 8,118,119,120,148,159, Keenan, E. L., 172 323 Kellerman, E., 171 McEnery, A M. (= McEnery, T.), 5, 7, 15, Kenning, M.-M., 14 49,66, 185, 335, 338, 339, 343 Kent, S. J. H., 175 McGill, M. J., 225 Kida, Y., 8, 148, 159 McKeown, K. R., 5, 7, 8, 11,69,70,71,78, Kitamura, M., 119, 120 79,80, 120, 140, 159,221,222,224 Kjaersgaard, P., 11 McLeod, W. H., 337 Klavans, 1., 10, 50, 70 Mehl, N., 14, 15 Knight, K., 29, 40 Melamed, I. D., 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15,25,28, Knowles, F., 10 29,30,35,37,38,39,44,45,50,51,70, Knowles, G., 10 83,84,98, 100, 105, 115,254,260,262, Koenigs, F. G., 302 294, 387, 388 Korfhage, Rt., 225 Melby, A K., ix, 2, 14, 16, 17, 215, 348, Koskenniemi, K., 141 350, 351, 353 Koutsoudas, A, 2 Mellish, C. S., 141 Krashen, S., 300, 303 Mercer, R. L., 3, 4, 5,14,27,119, 130,158, Kumano, A, 120, 323 188 Kupiec, J., 11,69, 120, 159,221,245,254, Merkel, M., 7, 8, 97,104,245,387 255,323 Mihov, S., 308 Miller, G. A, 77 Lafon, P., 7 Moens, M., 169, 175 Lai, J. C., 3, 4,27, 119, 130, 158, 188 Montgomery, c., 10 Landauer, T. K., 13 Morimoto, Y., 8, 148, 159 Lange, 1.-M., 7,11,264,270 Mosteller, F., 225 Langer, S., 250 Moulton, W., 301 Langlais, Ph., 4, 5, 15, 16, 44, 51, 66, 98, 108,110,196,204,254,369,379 Nagao, M., 12, 135, 158,254, 323, 335 Langlois, L., 10,50 Nerbonne, J., 14,299,303,307,308,351 Laporte, E., 141 Nirenburg, S., 136 Lee, D., 38 Nkwenti-Azeh, 8., 256 Leech, G., 2, 15, 156 Nord, c., 302 Leon, J., 2 Levy, M., 303 Oakes, M. P., 5, 7, 15,29 Lewis, P. M., 141, 143 Oard, D. W., 13 Lin, Ming-Yu, 155 Oksefjell, S., 15, 170 Lin, Vi-Chung, 155 Lipman, D., 59 0venis, L., 171 Littman, M. L., 13 Lo, Yuen Yee., 224, 234 Paillard, M., 257 Lohnes, W., 301 Palmer, H., 301 398 Index ofauthors

Papageorgiou, H., 5, 8, 117, 122, 128, 148, Somers, H. L., 6 159 Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., 15, 203, 318, Paskaleva, E., 305, 308 340 Paulussen, H., 15 Sproat, R., 155 Pedersen, J. P., 282 Srinivasan, P., 283 Pereira, F., 141, 156 Stearns, R. E .. , 141, 143 Perrault, F., 10 Sternberg, M. J. E., 57, 58 Peters, C., 11,304 Su, Keh-Yih., 155 Petkevic, V., 15 Sumita, E., 12 Piao, S. L., 344 Szymanski, T. G., 29, 105 Picchi, E., 11,70,304 Picht, H., 238 Takahashi, Y., 314 Pienemann, M., 14 Talib, G. S., 337 Pieters, L., 301 Tiedemann, J., 105 Piperidis, S., 5, 117, 118, 119, 122, 124, TriantafYllou, I., 134 125, 127, 132, 134, 135, 148, 159 Trouilleux, F., 271 Plamondon, P., 12,37 Tseng, Gwyneth, 155 Pustejowsky, J., 175 Tsutsumi, Y., 12 Tudor, I., 302 Ramshaw, L. A., 128 Turtle, H. R., 225 Resnik, P., 3, 6, 10,30,38 Tzoukermann,E.,IO Ridings, D., 15, 304 Roberts, R. P., 10 Ukkonen, E., 80 Roche, E., 141 Ullman, J. D., 141, 146 Rogers, M., 348 Utsuro, T., 8, 118, 120, 148, 159 Romary, L., 9,14, 15,201,204,206,304 Roscheisen, M., viii, xi, 2, 3, 6, 119, 158, van der Eijk, P., 7, 11 188,220 van Essen, A., 303 Russell, G., 158 van Rijsbergen, C. J., 376 Veenstra, J., 128 Sadler, V., 10, 12, 135, 148, 159, 184 Vende1mans, R., 135, 148, 159, 184 Sager, J. C., 240 Veronis, J., 4, 7, 14, 15, 16,44,49,66,98, Salkie, R., 14,304 108, 110, 196,203,204,209,254,335, Salton, G., 225, 283, 288, 289 369,383 Sammouda, E., 4, 6, 188,335 Verspoor, M., 40 Sandstrom, G., 175 Vidal, R. V. V., 34 Santos, D., 8, 170, 172, 173, 174, 177, 179, Viterbi, A. J., 152 180 Sato, S., 12, 135,323 Wagner, R. A., 58 Savitch, W. J., 143 Walker, S., 301 Schabes, Y .. , 156 Wallace, D. L., 225, 296 Segond, F., 51, 308 Wan, S., 40 Shemtov, H., 70 Warwick, S. (=Armstrong-Warwick, S.), Sheridan, P., 284 10, 158, 188 Silberztein, M., 243 Weaver, W., 12 Simard, M., 5, 6, 10, 15,29,37,41,43,51, Welty, C., 212 61,70,105,119,188,376,388 Wichmann, A., 303 Sinclair, J., 9 Widdowson, H., 300, 301 Skut, W., 128 Wong, Hongsing, 225 Siobin, D. I., 173, 174 Wong, P. C. N, 282, 284 Smadja, F. A., 7, 11,69, 120, 159,221,323 Wong, S. K. M., 282, 284 Smit, P., 308 Woolls, D., 14, 15 Smith, W., 302, 362 Index ofauthors 399

Wu, Dekai, xv,S, 8, 10, 44, 69, 70, 120, Yang, Yo, 6, 13,275,280,282,289,292 139, 140, 145, 155, 157, 158, 220, 225, Yarowsky, Do, 14,225 255,324,335 Younger, Do H., 152 Wu, Zimin, 155 Zaenen, A., 308 Xia, Xuanyin, 10, 69, 140, 157, 158, 164, Zanettin, Fo, 14 220,234 Ziarko, Wo, 282, 284 Xin, x., 296 Zribi, A., 259

Yamazaki, To,S, 324, 332 Index of languages and writing systems

Akkadian, 2 French, xiii, xiv, 4, 5, 7, 10, II, 12, 13, 14, Arabic, 72, 335, 338 25,29,30,37,38,43,49-69,72,74,76, 91,97,98,108,109,155,187-200,202, Babylonian, 2 219, 232, 237-52, 253-74, 299, 303-9, Bengali, 336 323,324,335,369-88 Bulgarian, 305, 308 German, 7, 10, II, 73, 237-52, 262, 323, Chinese, 5, 6, 10,25,35,37,38,40,71,98, 324,356,387 120, 122, 139-69, 219-37, 324, 335, Greek, 1,8, II 7, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 338,343,387 126, 134, 356 Croatian, 15 Gujarati, 336 Gurmukhi, 337, 338 Danish, 362 demotic, I Hebrew, 69-97, 77 Devanagari,338 hieroglyphics, 1 Dutch, 245, 299, 305, 307, 308 Hindi, 336 hiragana, 323 Egyptian, I Hittite, 2 Elamite,2 Hungarian, 305 English, xi, xiii, xiv, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15,25,29,30,31,35,36,37,38,40,43, Indic,335, 336,338,339, 340,346 49-97,98, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, Italian, 7, 72 109, II3, 117, II9, 120, 122, 123, 126, 134, 139-86, 187-200, 219-37, 239, Japanese, 5, 15,29,79,98, 119, 120,219, 240, 245, 246, 250, 253-74, 278, 280, 220,222,313-34,324,325,335 282,285,287,288,289,303,305,313- 34, 326, 335, 343, 356, 362, 363, 369- kanji, 323 88 katakana, 30, 323 Estonian, 305 Korean, 36, 37, 38 Etruscan, 2 Landa, 338 latin (alphabet), 30, 37, 89, 338 402 Index oflanguages and writing systems

Latin (language), 300 Serbian, 15 Norwegian, 15 Singhalese, 336 Slovene, 15 Old Persian, 2 Spanish, 15,37,38,49-69, 174,278,280, 282,285,288,289,306,324,335 Panjabi, 15,336,338 Sumerian, 2 Phoenician, 2 Swedish, 7, 97, 98,106, 107,245,387 Pinyin, 338 Portuguese, 169-86 Tamil, 336

Romanian, 202 Urdu, 336, 338 Russian, 29, 301 Uzbek, 15 Text, Speech and Language Technology

1. H. Bunt and M. Tomita (eds.): Recent Advances in Parsing Technology. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4152-X 2. S. Young and G. Bloothooft (eds.): Corpus-Based Methods in Language and Speech Processing. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4463-4 3. T. Dutoit: An Introduction to Text-to-Speech Synthesis. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4498-7 4. L. Lebart, A. Salem and L. Berry: Exploring Textual Data. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4840-0 5. J. Carson-Bemdsen, TIme Map Phonology. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4883-4 6. P. Saint-Dizier (ed.): Predicative Forms in Natural Language and in Lexical Know- ledge Bases. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5499-0 7. T. Strzalkowski (ed.): Natural Language Information Retrieval. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5685-3 8. J. Harrington and S. Cassiday: Techniques in Speech Acoustics. 1999 ISBN 0-7923- 5731-0 9. H. van Halteren (ed.): Syntactic Wordclass Tagging. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5896-1 10. E. Viegas (ed.): Breadth and Depth o/Semantic Lexicons. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-6039-7 11. S. Anilstrong, K.Church, P. Isabelle, S. Nanzi, E. Tzoukermann and D. Yarowsky (eds.): Natural Language Processing Using Very Large Corpora. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-6055-9 12. J. Veronis (ed.): Parallel Text Processing. Alignment and Use of Translation Corpora. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6546-1

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