Jet FEBRUARY Propulsion 2009 Laboratory volume 39

number 2

Tracking Orbiting Carbon Observatory prepares for Vandenberg launch The Orbiting Carbon Observatory, the latest mission in NASA’s ongoing study of the global carbon cycle, is being prepared for a Feb. 23 launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base. The observatory is the first spacecraft dedicated to studying atmospheric carbon dioxide, the most significant human-produced greenhouse gas and the principal human-produced driver of climate change. This greenhouse experimental Earth System Science Pathfinder Program mission will map the globe once every 16 days for at least two years with the accuracy, resolution and coverage needed to provide the first complete picture of the regional-scale geographic distribution and seasonal variations of both human and natural sources of carbon dioxide emissions. gases from Principal Investigator David Crisp discusses the mission with Universe.

Why are precise measurements of atmospheric the Earth is trying to re-emit into space. And that is a climate above carbon dioxide so important? What will be instrument, so it’s a very relevant measurement to make. But learned from the data? we need a measurement that’s much more sensitive, very By Mark Whalen The primary purpose of the mission is to help us close to the Earth. understand the processes that are controlling carbon Also, there are two other instruments that have been mak- dioxide in our atmosphere today. About 85 percent of ing measurements of carbon dioxide in the upper atmosphere, the carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere by but they’re not as precise. One is a National Oceanic and human activities is coming from fossil fuels. However, Atmospheric Administration instrument, Tiros Operational many people don’t realize that almost 60 percent of this Vertical Sounder, that makes measurements in the thermal in- carbon dioxide is disappearing somewhere—it’s being frared like the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder does, but only in reabsorbed by oceans and plants on land. a few narrow channels, and it’s nowhere near as sensitive. As we’ve learned from a very early age, we breathe in The other is the European instrument Sciamachy, which is oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide, while plants breathe on the European Space Agency’s Envisat, the closest thing in carbon dioxide and exhale oxygen. That’s what is Europe has to an Earth Observing System–type platform. called a “carbon dioxide sink”—it absorbs carbon diox- Sciamachy takes a series of measurements, mainly for study- ide from out of the atmosphere. ing atmospheric chemistry, but also makes measurements in The issue is that we don’t know exactly which plants the near infrared, much like our mission will. are absorbing the carbon dioxide and where they’re There are two fundamental differences. Sciamachy has low located. And we don’t even know whether land plants spectral resolution, so that it isn’t very sensitive to varia- are more effective carbon dioxide sinks than the oceans. tions in carbon dioxide, and it has a very large measurement We don’t understand those things because the current footprint, about 1,800 square kilometers in size. The problem methods for measuring carbon dioxide consist of about with such a large footprint is that you always get a cloud. So 100 ground stations scattered around the world; they it’s very difficult to analyze the Sciamachy data with the kind make very precise measurements but there just aren’t of accuracies needed to look for the very subtle variations in enough measurements to resolve where the sinks are carbon dioxide that we know exist today. that are absorbing 60 percent of the carbon dioxide. We sometimes refer to Sciamachy as our engineering model. The principal investigator of that instrument, John

How does the instrument operate? Burrows, is on my team. We’ve learned a lot from them, and It’s an optical spectrometer that observes reflected we’ve tried to design our instrument to address all the issues sunlight from Earth, mostly in the near infrared. At they have faced. those wavelengths, gases such as oxygen, carbon diox- ide and water vapor absorb very strongly, and absorb What part of Earth will be covered? only certain colors of light. With our measurements of The mission can measure carbon dioxide everywhere the those specific colors absorbed by carbon dioxide, we sky is clear over Earth’s sunlit hemisphere. Because the sun can monitor the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmo- doesn’t shine north of the Arctic Circle in the winter hemi- sphere. While ours isn’t the first space-based instru- sphere, we can only measure carbon dioxide over the poles ment to measure carbon dioxide in reflected sunlight, in the spring, summer and fall. it will make those measurements with unprecedented It is not a mapping mission; it actually makes measure- accuracy. ments along a narrow swath, very much like the CloudSat instrument does. Carbon dioxide is mixed from the surface of the Earth up into the atmosphere and is dispersed over Carol Carol Lachata / JPL Photo Lab What is the history of measuring carbon dioxide from space? a fairly large plume, which we will sample by making mea- JPL’s Atmospheric Infrared Sounder instrument (on surements along our orbit track. Each measurement covers the Aqua satellite) has been measuring carbon dioxide an area of about 3 square kilometers or less (about 1 square for the last several years—but those measurements are mile); typical ground tracks are about 2.25 kilometers (about from high levels in the atmosphere, 5 to 15 kilometers 1.3 miles) long, and a tenth of a mile to a mile wide. We’ll get (3 to 10 miles) up, where carbon dioxide is most effec- two or three swaths across the United States every day. tive as a greenhouse gas, trapping the thermal radiation Continued on page 2 2 Orbiting Carbon Observatory The countries that have signed the Kyoto protocol satellites up at the same time we can cross-calibrate Continued from page 1 already have caps on carbon, and one of the interest- and cross-validate the measurements of both to ensure ing things about those caps and the trading system that their accuracy and reliability. But also, by combining Who provided the spacecraft and instruments? was built up around them is that you get penalized for the data from ours and Japan’s mission, we’ll double the sources of carbon dioxide and get credited for sinks. So coverage that the satellites would individually provide n i v eOur r sprimary e partners are Orbital Sciences Corp. of

U Dulles, Va., who provided the standard spacecraft bus, as we starting identifying sources and sinks, one of the for the science community. a Leostar 2. Hamilton Sundstrand Sensor Systems first beneficiaries of that information will be countries of Pomona provided the instrument. In late 2006 we that have signed up for treaties like Kyoto and will be What is the best outcome to the mission you brought the instrument in house, mainly because we able to directly determine whether or not they have an could hope for? could build more parts of it in parallel here at JPL, to asset to sell. We might see some activity in that direc- We expect the mission to completely revolutionize our complete the job more quickly than at Hamilton Sund- tion that’s very short-term. understanding of the carbon cycle of the Earth. It will strand’s facility. Our main task here was the integration However, it’s important for people to recognize that do this by helping us understand spatial distribution of and testing of the instrument. even though carbon dioxide is a very policy-relevant gas sources and sinks of carbon dioxide on at least regional to measure in the atmosphere, this is not a monitoring scales. We might be able to do a lot better than that in Overall, what are JPL’s roles in the mission? mission designed to ensure treaty compliance or some- some regions, on much finer scales. For example, if we The science team, which was, at least initially, largely thing like that. could learn more about sources and sinks within Cali- homegrown here at JPL, is international in nature. Our We are looking for the most efficient and effective fornia, that would be a great advantage. algorithm development team is centered at Colorado methods of limiting the buildup of carbon dioxide in the I want to emphasize that this is an exploratory sci- State University and is doing an excellent job for us. Our atmosphere from fossil fuel burning and we may find ence experiment. We’ve never tried to make a measure- algorithm implementation team, also part of the science that there are some relatively low-hanging fruit that ment of a trace gas in Earth’s atmosphere with this team, is here at JPL, along with the ground data system we can work on. For example, natural gas flaring is a accuracy before. team. major input to the system and it wouldn’t take much We need to understand where in the oceans carbon There are about 30 full-time equivalents from JPL, for people to instead capture the gas and start selling dioxide is being absorbed, because that would tell us with the total counting about 50 when part-timers are it rather than burning it to the atmosphere, essentially whether or not it’ll stay absorbed for a long time or a included. wasting it. short time, and that’s absolutely critical to understand- ing how rapidly carbon dioxide will be building up in our Is there a lot of worldwide interest in the Will you be able to make conclusions that will atmosphere. mission? lead to mitigation of some solvable environmen- tal issues in the short term? Or are there only Absolutely. I get inquiries weekly from around the With the Obama administration now in the White long-term solutions to the problems? world. I see a lot of interest in Europe, and a tremen- House, do you expect scientists to be sought out There are things that could be done quickly. For ex- dous amount of interest from Japan, but that’s partly for their opinions on mitigating climate-related ample, certain types of crops and trees absorb carbon because they’re flying their own carbon dioxide mis- issues? dioxide very strongly; at least you could change policy sion, the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite, which Yes. I do anticipate that the new administration will right away to implement that as a sequestration source. launched Jan. 23. We’re working as closely as possible be making a very quick and active use of scientific infor- with their team and we’re hoping that by having both mation from satellites such as ours.

Dawn to swing by Mars for gravity assist By Mark Whalen

JPL’s rovers and orbiters on and around Mars will There are a couple of reasons the spacecraft won’t soon have some company, at least for a while. need any further such maneuvers, Rayman said. “First, The Dawn mission, on its way to visit two asteroids, is we have a great navigation team that got the spacecraft being readied for a Feb. 17 flyby of the Red Planet for a correctly on course. Second, the ion propulsion system gravity assist to the asteroid belt. Dawn will fly to within affords the mission so much flexibility that we don’t 500 to 600 kilometers (about 310 to 370 miles) of the have to hit the kind of narrow target at Mars that a typi- Martian surface to help it on its 2.8-billion-kilometer cal mission might have for a gravity assist.” journey (1.8 billion miles) from Earth to Vesta. Rayman said that despite the benefit of the Mars grav- “We launched in September 2007, started thrusting ity assist, a rendezvous with Vesta and Ceres requires with our ion propulsion system in December of that the ion propulsion system to do most of the work. For year, and had a long thrust period that ended Oct. 31, comparison, he noted that the Messenger spacecraft, 2008,” said Marc Rayman, Dawn’s project system engi- which is on its way to Mercury, needs six gravity assists Rayman also noted that thanks to the work of many neer. “That was 10½ months of ion thrusting that put before it gets into orbit. Part of that is to tip the plane previous missions to study Mars, the planet is so well us on a trajectory to fly by Mars at the right time and at of its orbit. characterized that it provides a good reference target the correct angle in order to help boost us on our way. “We don’t have enough bodies in the vicinity of the for Dawn’s instruments during the brief flyby. “Ion propulsion is essential for completing such an asteroid belt to do multiple gravity assists; Messenger “We’ve mostly been coasting since Oct. 31,” Rayman ambitious mission,” Rayman added. ”Even with the ex- has Earth, Venus and Mercury,” he said. “We’re flying said. “Beyond Mars, we’ll resume thrusting in mid-June traordinary effectiveness of ion propulsion, Dawn needs by Mars mainly to change the plane of Dawn’s orbit, but of this year, and then we will be in powered flight for the extra boost from Mars. Within NASA’s constraints, still a large part of the burden of reaching our targets most of the subsequent 2¼ years. it wouldn’t even be possible to send a spacecraft just to is on the ion propulsion system. A chemical propulsion “This spacecraft propels itself during much of the mis- orbit Vesta without ion propulsion,” he said. “And we’re mission really would be at a significant disadvantage sion. Some spacecraft have months or years of coast- going beyond that—we’ll orbit Vesta, leave it, and then because it’s so difficult to reach Vesta’s orbit. ing to their next target, while we have years with this orbit Ceres.” “Then, when it leaves Vesta, Dawn is completely on gentle, whisper-like thrust gradually reshaping our orbit Several trajectory correction maneuvers were planned its own—we don’t get to take a big rocket out there to until we nudge up to Vesta.” after thrusting was completed, but when the team ex- launch it from Vesta to Ceres—there’s nothing else to For more information on the mission, visit http://dawn. ecuted the first one that was scheduled, on Nov. 20, it help us in the asteroid belt. All that maneuvering is the jpl.nasa.gov. was so accurate that they decided not to do the second responsibility of the spacecraft. And the tremendous one, which would have been on Jan. 15. capability of ion propulsion is what allows that.” Mars rovers celebrate five years 3 The young man who fell in love with Mars in the 1930s while reading Edgar Rice Burroughs novels about the planet and later grew to be one of the world’s great science-fiction writers was on hand to

celebrate the Mars Exploration Rovers’ five years of exploration Jan. 15. n i v e r s e U Ray Bradbury, who said at age 12 he couldn’t afford the sequel to Burroughs’ novel “The Gods of Mars” so he wrote it himself—his first writing project—told the von Kármán Auditorium crowd, “My life has been spent on Mars from the very first.” Bradbury related what “Brave New World” author Aldous Huxley told him following the publication of “The Martian Chronicles” in 1950. “He said, ‘Do you know what you’ve done, Mr. Bradbury? Do you know what you are? You’re a poet. You’ve written about Mars, but it’s poetry, for god’s sake. This book is going to be around forever.’” “I didn’t realize that in my 30s I was writing about the future,” Bradbury said. The event also included a congratulatory video from International Space Station astronaut Mike Finke as well as proclamations commemorating the anniversary from local, state and federal politi- cians. In attendance were La Cañada–Flintridge Mayor Stephen Del Guercio, Pasadena Mayor Bill Bogaard and Los Angeles County Supervisor Mike Antonovich, along with representatives of congress-

Carol Carol Lachata / JPL Photo Lab men Adam Schiff and David Dreier, State Senator Carol Liu and Assemblyman Anthony Portantino. Science-fiction author Ray Bradbury addresses the Mars Exploration For more information about the rovers’ fifth anniversary, visit http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features. Rovers team. cfm?feature=2006.

Reporter’s notebook: public loves the rovers By Mark Whalen

On the occasion of the fifth anniversary of the landing of JPL’s Mars CNN was considered by many to be the clear Exploration Rovers in January, former CNN correspondent Miles leader in science and technology reporting. O’Brien stopped by the Laboratory to deliver the keynote address to What’s your understanding of their decision to a gathering of the rover team. Universe caught up with O’Brien— let you go? Did it surprise you at all? whose tenure at CNN ended in December—for his impressions of No. When they eliminated our show Science and Tech- how the mission has resonated with the American public. nology Week we knew that was a bad sign. The current

management, for whatever reason, has decided that this In your experience, where does the Mars rover is not a priority. It’s their pop stand, I understand. mission rank in terms of both popularity and I think it’s unfortunate timing because, frankly, we scientific significance? have had eight years of an administration that has This is the gold standard; this is what people want done everything it could to minimize and ignore science to hear about. The average person probably has inch- and scientists. Now there’s a new administration that deep, mile-wide interest in NASA in general. But these actually sees advancement in this realm—the environ-

are the missions—the ones that transform them and Carol Lachata / JPL Photo Lab ment, green technology, space—as a way of weaning take them to another world—that really get the juices sell this stuff to a potential advertiser. The problem is ourselves from fossil fuels, retooling our economy and flowing. People see a picture of Spirit or Opportunity, complicated. One of the issues is these newsrooms are getting us out of this recession. or Victoria Crater, and they can see themselves there in run by a bunch of science-phobics—these are all the It’s interesting that at a time when it’s finally ripe for hiking boots. political science and history and English majors, who renaissance, the decision is made to cut. But we’re not We take for granted the flood of images we have at didn’t do well in science; that’s why they’re in the news the only ones. our fingertips that take us to Mars or other planets. It’s business. So in that sense I’m a bit perplexed by it, but I had amazing to be alive at this time, and I think people get This has something to do with the way we’re taught seen for a long time how difficult it was for us to get that, and really respond to the mission and in a sense science and the way people perceive science. Think of our stories on the air. So I knew there was trouble have a bit of fondness for robots. It’s like Wall-E. scientists depicted in white lab coats and all the other brewing.

Do you get a sense that the audience appreciates nonsense associated with science, and what we vener- Have you landed on your feet? What’s next for not just what we’re discovering on Mars, but ate in our culture. you? also the incredible effort JPL folks put in to de- That spills into the editorial consciousness, so as a First of all, they’ve got to pay me for two years, which sign the mission, build it, test it and get it there result, you’re starting in a hole every time you come to is nice—that’s like hitting the Lotto, right? But I’ve been safely … do people think about that? them with a science story and they say, “You have to overwhelmed with interesting, intriguing, flattering, convince me that it’s interesting.” Whereas, when you Whenever I have done a story, I do my best to tell that sometimes off-the-wall offers. It’s been great. come to them with a political story they’re predisposed part of it. What’s interesting is that JPL doesn’t try to I just signed a deal with PBS to do a documentary to run it anyway. It’s a deep cultural thing. soft-pedal the risks; I admire that. Maybe it’s because on rebuilding America’s infrastructure; I’m going to Couple that with a business that is crumbling right they’re unmanned missions, but I think there’s a little start shooting that very soon. I’ve been talking to other beneath their feet. And all the business models they more intellectual honesty about telling people how dif- networks, and I’ve been considering ideas on Internet have risen on are being questioned; frankly, every per- ficult it is. And in so doing, you bring people into the streaming; I may just go to the next launch and stream son with a blog or Twitter account and a digital camera tent; they’re more a part of it, because they’re part of it out myself. and a Macintosh is actually able to compete. It’s really the suspense. It’s a different world and it’s really exciting in many amazing and exciting. There’s an army of citizen jour- ways. The hardest part has been figuring out what I For the media in general, is science from places nalists out there who are changing the whole world. want to do the most. like JPL and NASA underreported? If so, why? Is That has management panicked, and they’re retrench- It’s weird, with the plane crash in the Hudson River it lack of audience or sponsors around your ing in many respects; certainly this is very true with in New York today [Jan. 15] … it’s hard to kind of dis- segments? newspapers right now. engage that itch to call my buddies and get this thing Well, that’s interesting because at CNN we never had So I think it’s a combination of a cultural bias against going. But, you know, it’s also nice to be here visiting difficulty getting a sponsor for our content, which is sci- science, along with some financial realities. ence and technology. You can imagine how easy it is to at JPL. Un i v e r s e 4 Pasadena, CA 91109. CA Pasadena, Drive, Grove Oak 4800 Laboratory,Propulsion Jet the of Education and Communications of Office the by published is Universe READ AND SUBMIT CLASSIFIED ADS ADS CLASSIFIED SUBMIT AND READ ATJPL’ online s [email protected] B N http://dailyplanet David Hinkle David Audrey Steffan Audrey JPL Photo Lab Photo JPL Photography Production Design Whalen Mark Editor rief ews E-mail

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