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A Short History of Poland and Lithuania
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania Chapter 1. The Origin of the Polish Nation.................................3 Chapter 2. The Piast Dynasty...................................................4 Chapter 3. Lithuania until the Union with Poland.........................7 Chapter 4. The Personal Union of Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty. ..................................................8 Chapter 5. The Full Union of Poland and Lithuania. ................... 11 Chapter 6. The Decline of Poland-Lithuania.............................. 13 Chapter 7. The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania : The Napoleonic Interlude............................................................. 16 Chapter 8. Divided Poland-Lithuania in the 19th Century. .......... 18 Chapter 9. The Early 20th Century : The First World War and The Revival of Poland and Lithuania. ............................. 21 Chapter 10. Independent Poland and Lithuania between the bTwo World Wars.......................................................... 25 Chapter 11. The Second World War. ......................................... 28 Appendix. Some Population Statistics..................................... 33 Map 1: Early Times ......................................................... 35 Map 2: Poland Lithuania in the 15th Century........................ 36 Map 3: The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania ........................... 38 Map 4: Modern North-east Europe ..................................... 40 1 Foreword. Poland and Lithuania have been linked together in this history because -
Pdf Esp 862.Pdf
SZCZECIN 2016 European Capital of Culture Candidate Text Dana Jesswein-Wójcik, Robert Jurszo, Wojciech Kłosowski, Józef Szkandera, Marek Sztark English translation Andrzej Wojtasik Proof-reading Krzysztof Gajda Design and layout Rafał Kosakowski www.reya-d.com Cover Andrej Waldegg www.andrejwaldegg.com Photography Cezary Aszkiełowicz, Konrad Królikowski, Wojciech Kłosowski, Andrzej Łazowski, Artur Magdziarz, Łukasz Malinowski, Tomasz Seidler, Cezary Skórka, Timm Stütz, Tadeusz Szklarski Published by SZCZECIN 2016 www.szczecin2016.pl ISBN 978-83-930528-3-7 (Polish edition) ISBN 978-83-930528-4-4 (English edition) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons licence (Attribution – Noncommercial – NoDerivs) 2.5 Poland I edition Szczecin 2010 Printed by KADRUK s.c. www.kadruk.com.pl SZCZECIN 2016 European Capital of Culture Candidate We wish to thank all those who contributed in different ways to Szczecin’s bid for the title of the European Capital of Culture 2016. The group is made up of experts, consultants, artists, NGO activists, public servants and other conscious supporters of this great project. Our special thanks go to the following people: Marta Adamaszek, Krzysztof Adamski, Patrick Alfers, Katarzyna Ireneusz Grynfelder, Andreas Guskos, Elżbieta Gutowska, Amon, Wioletta Anders, Maria Andrzejewska, Adrianna Małgorzata Gwiazdowska, Elke Haferburg, Wolfgang Hahn, Chris Andrzejczyk, Kinga Krystyna Aniśko, Paweł Antosik, Renata Arent, Hamer, Kazu Hanada Blumfeld, Martin Hanf, Drago Hari, Mariusz Anna Augustynowicz, Rafał Bajena, Ewa -
The Polish Studies Center Newsletter, 2015.Pdf
(-IJJF'JE'GFJK>F'L' HMN1OM>NHJM>F'(NPDH1( *+&, "') '"- ( , ' . & ) % , $ / # " " ! ! & Te Polish Studies . + !"#$%&'()"$*+,-(#)$ $ & ) 0 . 5 . 0 & " * 4 . & $ 1 %$ .#/+#0$1#2)'#++#0 , /'&)2"3 Center Newsletter ,6789:;6<=>"?@AA Indiana$$$$3/-(4/4$5/(6#0)(+7$8$9'&&:(/;+&/<$3/-(4/4$$$$$$$$$$*=0(/;$>?@> University • Bloomington, Indiana Spring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ly in American history, Kościuszko J9?&'%#Q&?R#S)6&)'#>8# !"#$%&'()*+$,%'-,.),/0'12%),/.' V?>I)U#>#69?)#&"#8F9#6)A9?(8&9"'X#>"U# / 1*/"3,'&2%'4,,.'".'3,"3#,5%'6$.+%' &"#%&'#?>'8#F&??#>"U#8)'8>R)"8#%)#?)L8# 8%)#!T#C&")R> $.'2'728')&2)'&2%.5)'4,,.'9,#)'$.'2' money to support Thomas Jeferson’s J&78(6)#G99=#+32,B+32- 7&$#,:';&2)'<$.+'"9'/"#,'+"'8"*' L6))U#'?>A)'X#F%&7%#&'#'9R)8%&"O#8%>8# 0 %,,'!"#2.+'2.+'!"#$%&'2/,2'%)*+$,%' Jeferson never executed. -
Skania Zamkami Stoi Scania – a Land of Castles
Skania zamkami stoi Scania – a land of castles Aktywnie… na krawędzi kontynentu Actively… at the edge of the continent Nakład: 7 000 Nakład: egz. | ISSN 1426-2959 Szczecin pachnie czekoladą Szczecin smells of chocolate Nr 2021 1 (84) od redakcji \ from the editor Szanowni Państwo, w numerze Spis treści Wszyscy pragniemy, aby ten rok bardziej features Contents sprzyjał wyjazdom i dawał możliwość re- alizacji podróżniczych marzeń. My jeste- śmy w pełnej gotowości, aby je spełniać. 4 Unity Line wypływa na wirtualne wody innowacji Już teraz, zapraszamy na stronę Unity Unity Line sets sail into the Line w odświeżonym wydaniu oraz no- virtual waters of innovation wego sklepu internetowego z wycieczkami do Skandynawii, gdzie w szybki sposób 5 Cała Skandynawia w jednym wyszukamy idealną dla siebie propozycję miejscu podróży. All Scandinavia in one place W najnowszym numerze Baltic Panora- 6 Skania zamkami stoi my niezmiennie zachęcamy Państwa do Scania – a land of castles odkrywania najrozmaitszych zakątków 12 Aktywnie… na krawędzi Skandynawii. Przeniesiemy się do nasze- kontynentu go ulubionego regionu, czyli Skanii, gdzie zdecydowanie warto postawić Actively… at the edge of the na aktywną turystykę, połączoną z elementami edukacji ekologicznej. To idealny kierunek dla osób preferujących turystykę pieszą i rowerową. continent Udamy się również w podróż szlakiem imponujących szwedzkich zam- 16 Jednodniówka w Ystad ków oraz latarni morskich. Day trip to Ystad Zawitamy także do Szczecina, gdzie skosztujemy lokalne, słodkie przy- 18 Szczecińska Wenecja smaki, podpowiemy jak i gdzie miło spędzić wolny czas, a także dlaczego i świnoujski slalom pomiędzy warto wspierać lokalnych rzemieślników. wyspami „Kanapowców” z pewnością zachęcą do ruchu artykuły o zumbie – jednej The Szczecin Venice and the 6 z najczęściej uprawianych form fitness na świecie oraz o aktywnościach, Świnoujście slalom between które warto wpleść do codziennego poruszania się z miejsca A do B. -
German Economic Policy and Forced Labor of Jews in the General Government, 1939–1943 Witold Wojciech Me¸Dykowski
Macht Arbeit Frei? German Economic Policy and Forced Labor of Jews in the General Government, 1939–1943 Witold Wojciech Me¸dykowski Boston 2018 Jews of Poland Series Editor ANTONY POLONSKY (Brandeis University) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: the bibliographic record for this title is available from the Library of Congress. © Academic Studies Press, 2018 ISBN 978-1-61811-596-6 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-61811-597-3 (electronic) Book design by Kryon Publishing Services (P) Ltd. www.kryonpublishing.com Academic Studies Press 28 Montfern Avenue Brighton, MA 02135, USA P: (617)782-6290 F: (857)241-3149 [email protected] www.academicstudiespress.com This publication is supported by An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. The Open Access ISBN for this book is 978-1-61811-907-0. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. To Luba, with special thanks and gratitude Table of Contents Acknowledgements v Introduction vii Part One Chapter 1: The War against Poland and the Beginning of German Economic Policy in the Ocсupied Territory 1 Chapter 2: Forced Labor from the Period of Military Government until the Beginning of Ghettoization 18 Chapter 3: Forced Labor in the Ghettos and Labor Detachments 74 Chapter 4: Forced Labor in the Labor Camps 134 Part Two Chapter -
Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948
Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 By Nicole M. Eaton A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Yuri Slezkine, chair Professor John Connelly Professor Victoria Bonnell Fall 2013 Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 © 2013 By Nicole M. Eaton 1 Abstract Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg-Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 by Nicole M. Eaton Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Yuri Slezkine, Chair “Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg-Kaliningrad, 1928-1948,” looks at the history of one city in both Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Soviet Russia, follow- ing the transformation of Königsberg from an East Prussian city into a Nazi German city, its destruction in the war, and its postwar rebirth as the Soviet Russian city of Kaliningrad. The city is peculiar in the history of Europe as a double exclave, first separated from Germany by the Polish Corridor, later separated from the mainland of Soviet Russia. The dissertation analyzes the ways in which each regime tried to transform the city and its inhabitants, fo- cusing on Nazi and Soviet attempts to reconfigure urban space (the physical and symbolic landscape of the city, its public areas, markets, streets, and buildings); refashion the body (through work, leisure, nutrition, and healthcare); and reconstitute the mind (through vari- ous forms of education and propaganda). Between these two urban revolutions, it tells the story of the violent encounter between them in the spring of 1945: one of the largest offen- sives of the Second World War, one of the greatest civilian exoduses in human history, and one of the most violent encounters between the Soviet army and a civilian population. -
Piracy and Maritime Security Regional Characteristics and Political, Military, Legal and Economic Implications
SWP Research Paper Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Stefan Mair (Ed.) Piracy and Maritime Security Regional characteristics and political, military, legal and economic implications RP 3 March 2011 Berlin All rights reserved. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2011 SWP Research Papers are peer reviewed by senior researchers and the directing staff of the Institute. They express exclusively the per- sonal views of the authors. SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Ludwigkirchplatz 34 10719 Berlin Germany Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] ISSN 1863-1053 Translation by Meredith Dale (English version of SWP-Studie 18/2010) This report is an updated translation of a German study published in July 2010 (Piraterie und maritime Sicher- heit). The final deadline for editorial changes was 31 January 2011. The translation and publi- cation of this Research Paper was made possible through the generous support of the Forum Ebenhausen Table of Contents 5 Synopsis Stefan Mair 10 Piracy as a Problem of International Politics Kerstin Petretto 20 Piracy and World Trade: The Economic Costs Stormy-Annika Mildner and Franziska Groß 28 West Africa Denis M. Tull 34 Somalia and the Gulf of Aden Bettina Rudloff and Annette Weber 42 Straits of Malacca Howard Loewen and Anja Bodenmüller 49 Maritime Security in Latin America Daniel Brombacher and Günther Maihold 56 Combating Acts of Piracy under International Law Christian Schaller 62 Multinational Military Engagement Frank Kupferschmidt 71 The Role of the German Navy and Federal Police Andreas Paulus and Micha Comnick 82 Prosecuting Pirates Christian Schaller 91 Appendix 91 Abbreviations 93 Authors Map 1: Piracy hotspots 1991–2010 Stefan Mair Synopsis Stefan Mair Any discussion of piracy begins with a problem of definition that has far- Piracy and reaching political consequences. -
Reshaping the Gdańsk Shipyard—The Birthplace of the Solidarity
sustainability Article Reshaping the Gda ´nskShipyard—The Birthplace of the Solidarity Movement. The Complexity of Adaptive Reuse in the Heritage Context Piotr Lorens * and Łukasz Bugalski Faculty of Architecture, Gda´nskUniversity of Technology, ul. Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gda´nsk,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The Gda´nskShipyard—the birthplace of the Solidarity movement—is host to a unique example of a multi-layered brownfield redevelopment project, an area that is burdened by a complex history, overlapping heritage, and multiple memories. These circumstances require an integrated yet differentiated approach to the site’s heritage and make the creation of one homogeneous narration of its future impossible. At the same time, the size of the area, as well as its location within Gda´nsk city centre, has meant that its future has been the subject of numerous discussions and speculations conducted over the last 20 years—starting from the creation of a large-scale open-air museum and continuing to the localization of the new Central Business District of the city. Consequently, that broad discussion carried out regarding the scope of redevelopment projects has been rooted in the Citation: Lorens, P.; Bugalski, Ł. possible introduction of diverse models of adaptive reuse. This variety of possible approaches also Reshaping the Gda´nsk includes discussion on the mode of integrating heritage in the redevelopment processes. The goal of Shipyard—The Birthplace of the Solidarity Movement. The this paper—written just before the initiation of the final stage of the conceptual part of the project—is Complexity of Adaptive Reuse in the to present the complexity of approaches to issues related to redevelopment and heritage preservation. -
Szczecin on the Map
Szczecin Mini-Guide Table of conTents Szczecin on the Map ..... 2 History of Szczecin ..... 4 Map of the city centre - Popular Places ..... 6 Sightseeing around Szczecin ..... 8 Szczecin for the active ..... 14 Kayaking around Szczecin ..... 17 local cuisine and Specialties ..... 18 Practical information ..... 20 1 Szczecin on the Map Szczecin – the capital of the zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship – is located in north-western Poland near the mouth of the River oder [Odra] and Szczecin lagoon [Zalew Szczeciński], 65 km from the coast of the baltic Sea, around 130 km from berlin, 274 km from copenhagen, 454 km from Stockholm, 507 km from Prague and 516 km from Warsaw. Szczecin is situated in the very centre of the historic cross-border region of Pomerania. The city spans across 300.8 km2, of which 41.8% are green areas and 23.8% is wa- ter. The largest reservoir is lake dąbie - the only one in Poland accessible to sea- going boats - covering an area of 65 km2. The average elevation of Szczecin is 25 m above the sea level and the highest hills in the city are beech Hill [Bukowiec] and Veleti Mount [Wielecka Góra] (147 and 131 m). 2 a large part of the city is a protected area, including parks, wildlife reserves, natural and scenic areas, ecological grounds, natural monuments and 230 ar- chaeological sites. Szczecin is divided into four major districts: north [Północ], West [Zachód], centre [Śródmieście] and Right bank [Prawobrzeże]. The districts consist of small- er separate settlements, many of which – such as dąbie – were independent towns in the past. -
WA September 2006-AJR
VOLUME 6 NO. 9 SEPTEMBER 2006 AJR journal Association of Jewish Refugees September surrenders The most momentous formal cessation of generations of schoolchildren, The Parable of hostilities to take place in the month of the Old Man and the Young, notable for Jews September in modern times was that signed because its subject is the Akedah, is little by Imperial Japan on 2 September 1945, after known. Owen's poem follows the Biblical the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and account of the story of Abraham and Isaac, Nagasaki had demonstrated even to the until elements of First World War obdurate Japanese military that they were paraphernalia gradually infiltrate the verse: defeated. The first, crucial move towards the Abraham 'bound the youth with belts and German surrender in the First World War straps' and ' builded parapets and trenches' for took place on 29 September 1918, when the sacrifice - preparatory to the poem's General Ludendorff, strong man of the devastating conclusion, when the Angel calls German Army High Command and out to Abraham, who represents the eminence grise behind Field-Marshal von generation of elders and leaders, to spare his Hindenburg, lost his nerve and prevailed on son, the youth of Owen's own generation: 'But his nominal superior to advise Kaiser the old man would not so, but slew his son,- Wilhelm II that Germany must sue for peace. /And half the seed of Europe, one by one.' Like the Japanese militarists, Ludendorff One of the principal motives behind had gambled on securing peace through Ludendorff's precipitate offer of peace terms military victory on the battlefield, the was his intention to offload responsibility for 'Siegfrieden', spurning a peace by negotiating peace in defeat onto the civilian negotiation. -
Mapping Vulnerabilities of Victims of Trafficking from Vietnam to Europe 1
Mapping vulnerabilities of victims of trafficking from Vietnam to Europe 1 Precarious Journeys Cover photo: Florian Wehde Mapping vulnerabilities of victims of trafficking from Vietnam to Europe 2 Mapping vulnerabilities of victims of trafficking from Vietnam to Europe Anti-Slavery International, founded in 1839, is committed to eliminating all forms of slavery throughout the world. Slavery, servitude and forced labour are violations of individual freedoms, which deny millions of people their basic dignity and fundamental human rights. Anti-Slavery International works to end these abuses by exposing current cases of slavery, campaigning for its eradication, supporting the initiatives of local organisations to release people, and pressing for more effective implementation of international laws against slavery. For further information see: www.antislavery.org Registered charity: 1049160 Every Child Protected Against Trafficking UK (ECPAT UK) is a leading children’s rights organisation, campaigning and advocating for the rights of children to be protected from all forms of exploitation. ECPAT UK has a long history of campaigning in the UK; having produced the first research into child trafficking in the UK in 2001. An ongoing programme of research, training, youth participation and advocacy informs ECPAT UK’s campaigns. ECPAT UK has been instrumental in raising awareness of child trafficking in the UK and transnational child exploitation, having advocated for change in policy and legislation to improve the response of the UK Government and its international counterparts to such abuse. ECPAT UK works directly with young victims of trafficking, whose experiences and voices inform all research and campaigns. ECPAT UK is part of the ECPAT International network, present in 95 countries, working to end child exploitation. -
Magda Gawinecka-Woźniak Toruń the HISTORY of THE
Studia Maritima, vol. XXVI (2013) ISSN 0137-3587 maGda Gawinecka-woźNiak Toruń The History of the Bornholm Island in the Years 1940–1946 WWII constitutes one of the most important moments in the history of Born- holm. The turn of war events in the island differed significantly from what the rest of Denmark experienced at the same time. In the island the war lasted from April 10, 1940, i.e. from its occupation by German units, to April 5, 1946 when the last ship carrying Red Army soldiers aboard sailed away from Rønne. During the German occupation the island was one of the most peaceful places in the en- tire Kingdom for in Bornholm the German exerted the “mild” version of the oc- cupation. The situation changed in May 1945, the time when Soviet bombs were cast on the island while the rest of Denmark celebrated the regaining of liberty. The article aims at presenting the history of the Bornholm Island in the years 1940–1946. In order to do so I make use mostly of the literature on the subject written in Danish. The most important sources are: Bornholm i krig edited by Ann Vibeke Knudsen as well as a set of documents entitled Bornholm mellem Øst og Vest. En udenrigspolitisk documentation af Bornholms stilling op til og under de sovjetiske befrielsestroppers ophold på Bornholm 1945–1946 og under den kolde krig. This latter publication constituting a set of 1077 documents on the situation of the island of Bornholm in the international arena in the years 1945–2000, is available online.2 The documentation come first and foremost from the Copenhagen State Archives and includes also British and Russian records (all of them translated into Danish).