CultureGramsTM World Edition 2018 Tunisia (Tunisian Republic) History BACKGROUND Early Civilizations Throughout its history, Tunisia was a crossroads of many Land and Climate civilizations. Tunisia's indigenous inhabitants are known Tunisia covers an area twice as big as Austria or slightly collectively as Berbers, but a more accurate indigenous term larger than the U.S. state of Georgia. Hundreds of miles of for them is Imazighen (Amazigh, singular). Phoenicians sandy beaches line Tunisia's Mediterranean coastline. The founded Carthage in 814 BC. The Romans fought Carthage in Atlas Mountains, which span Morocco and Algeria, extend three Punic Wars, eventually destroying it in 146 BC. into northern Tunisia from the west. The Jebel ech Chambi is Islamic and French Influence Tunisia's highest mountain, at 5,066 feet (1,544 meters). The two major influences shaping modern Tunisian society Tunisia's central region rises to a plateau and then gives way are Islam and the remnants of French colonialism. Islam came to the semidesert terrain of the Sahel. Further south, dry salt with invading Arabs in the seventh century AD. Indigenous lakes and scattered oases border the Sahara Desert. groups gradually adopted the Arabic language and customs, About 18 percent of Tunisia's land is arable, and 15 and Tunisia became a center of Islamic culture. The Turkish percent is used for permanent crops (such as citrus). Olives, Ottoman Empire ruled the area between 1574 and 1881. olive oil, and citrus fruits are major agricultural products. Economic difficulties and French colonial interests led to the Orange orchards are found in the Cap Bon (the northeastern Treaty of Bardo (1881), which made Tunisia a French peninsula). Olive groves are common from Tunis, in the protectorate. French culture soon became very influential, north, to the central coastal city of Sfax, as well as on the although it is less so today. island of Djerba, which lies off the southeast coast. Independence Located in northern Tunisia, the Ichkeul National Park, Tunisia was a major battleground during World War II. which contains important lakes and wetlands, is a UNESCO Before the war, many Tunisians had pressed for independence World Heritage site. Tunisia is affected by environmental from France, and the movement picked up again after 1945. issues such as pollution, desertification, and limited Independence was finally secured relatively peacefully in freshwater resources. 1956. Habib Bourguiba, who had led the movement since the Tunisia's climate is generally mild; average temperatures 1930s, became Tunisia's first president in 1957. Bourguiba range from 52°F (13°C) in winter (December–February) to was reelected every five years, always running unopposed, 80°F (26°C) in summer (June–August). Toward the desert, until he was named president for life in 1974. When he temperatures are much hotter, especially when the south wind became too old to govern (in 1987), his prime minister, Zine (sirocco, or sh'hili) blows. Sea breezes moderate the coastal El Abidine Ben Ali, removed him from power and took over climate. Winter nights can be cold in all parts of the country. as president. In three decades as president, Bourguiba left a 1 TM CultureGrams Tunisia strong imprint on Tunisia, with achievements in education, • Economic troubles and social unrest: In April 2017, women's emancipation, and social modernization. He died in thousands of Tunisians protested in the southern city of 2000. Tataouine against poverty and unemployment, even booing Reign of Ben Ali Prime Minister Youssef Chahed off the stage at a town hall. Ben Ali was formally elected in 1989 and reelected in 1994 Similar demonstrations have swept across other cities, such as and 1999. Ben Ali is accused of suppressing dissent, but his the thousands-strong protests in the northeastern city of Al supporters credit him with maintaining stability. A 2002 Kef, also in April. Tunisia's economy has suffered in the referendum extended the president's term limit from three to years since the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings, and five, allowing Ben Ali to run for a fourth term in 2004. He unemployment among young people is at about 35 percent, or won with 94 percent of the vote amid allegations of as high as 40 percent in rural areas. Tunisia witnessed vote-rigging. Elections in October 2009 produced the same large-scale demonstrations in 2016 calling on the government result: a dominant victory for Ben Ali. to address chronic unemployment and water shortages. Protests In December 2010, protests erupted over high levels of unemployment and lack of political freedoms. The THE PEOPLE government's violent suppression of the protests left dozens dead. However, the protests continued, and Ben Ali was Population forced into exile in January 2011. An interim government was About 23 percent of Tunisia's population is younger than age established, and it promptly issued an arrest warrant for Ben 15. Most Tunisians (98 percent) are of Arab descent. Others, Ali. He was later convicted in absentia of embezzlement, mostly of European descent, live mainly in and around Tunis smuggling, and other charges related to the deaths of or on the island of Djerba. Greatly influenced by the French, protesters and was sentenced to life in prison. who ruled the country for more than 75 years, some urban Transitional Period Tunisians consider Tunisia the most Westernized state in the After some delays, a landmark election was held in October Arab world. Still, most Tunisians identify more with their 2011, in which roughly 4.4 million voters participated. The "Arabness" than their "Westernness." People in small towns election saw a moderate Islamist party win a plurality of seats and villages tend to be more conservative than those in cities. in the legislative body. In late December 2011, Moncef Tunisia has a large, well-educated middle class. Marzouki was elected as interim president, and he appointed Hamadi Jebali as interim prime minister. Tunisia's National Language Constituent Assembly approved a new constitution in January Arabic is Tunisia's official language, and the Tunisian dialect 2014. Tunisia held its first parliamentary elections under the is known as Derija. Derija is a dialect of modern colloquial new constitution in October 2014 and free and competitive Arabic that is significantly different from the classical Arabic presidential elections in November 2014, thus marking a found in the Qurʾan (Muslim holy book). It is mixed with peaceful and democratic transfer of power. In December local Berber languages, with some words borrowed from 2014, Beji Caid Essebsi was sworn in as president, and Habib European languages.Tunisian Arabic is so distinct that a Essid was appointed prime minister in early 2015. Tunisia speaker of Arabic from a Middle Eastern country might not once stood as a standard of democracy amid the revolutions understand spoken Derija. Tunisian Arabic varies in that spread across the Middle East but is now adjusting to its vocabulary and pronunciation from rural to urban areas and new political pluralism and transition into a democracy. from the north to south. French is used in business and daily Recent Events and Trends life. Urban Tunisians easily switch from one language to the • Nobel Peace Prize: In October 2015, Tunisia's National other in the same sentence. Many high school students or Dialogue Quartet, a group composed of lawyers, graduates speak some English, since it is considered human-rights activists, labor union leaders, and imperative to national and individual success. In 1996, businesspeople, won the Nobel Peace Prize for helping build primary schools began teaching English as well. democracy in the country after its 2011 revolution. Tunisia's relative stability following the Arab Spring is viewed as a Religion success story, as the same wave of protests led to the collapse Islam is the official religion, and 99 percent of Tunisians are of governments in Syria, Libya, and Yemen. Muslim. The majority are Sunni Muslims of the Malikite • National security: In January 2017, Tunisia and the tradition, as founded by Malik ibn Anas. He codified Islamic European Union (EU) agreed to renew cooperative efforts to traditions and stressed the importance of community strengthen security in Tunisia against threats from the Islamic consensus (as opposed to Shiʿi Muslims, who instead State (ISIS) and other Islamist militant groups. Tunisia's emphasize the authority of Muhammad's descendants).The tourism industry, a significant part of its economy, has been remainder of the population belongs to various Christian, weakened due to terrorist attacks targeting tourists. In 2015, Jewish, and other faiths. dozens of tourists were killed in two attacks claimed by ISIS. Islam plays an important role in daily life, especially The government is also tasked with combating the during family events such as births, circumcisions, weddings, radicalization of its citizens, thousands of whom have gone and burials. Friday is Islam's holy day; government offices abroad to join Islamist militant groups such as ISIS and and many businesses close around 1 p.m. Muslims accept the Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). Qurʾan as scripture, believing it was revealed by God (Allah) 2 TM CultureGrams Tunisia to the prophet Muhammad. Abraham is honored as the father of Muslims. Muhammad is considered the last and greatest CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES prophet. In addition to attending Friday prayer services at the mosque, devout Muslims pray five times daily. However, Greetings most Tunisians do not strictly follow this practice. In villages Greetings are an important and expressive part of personal without mosques, a zawiyya (small mausoleum built in interaction. Friends and family members often greet each memory of an especially holy man) serves as the main center other by "kissing the air" while brushing cheeks. Among for religious activity. Religious conservatism has grown strangers, both men and women, a handshake is the most since the 2011 revolution, resulting in clashes between common form of greeting.