VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE Lolita PETRULION TRANSLATION OF CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS FROM ENGLISH INTO LITHUANIAN AND RUSSIAN: THE CASE OF JOANNE HARRIS’ GOURMET NOVELS Doctoral Dissertation Humanities, Philology (04 H) Kaunas, 2015 UDK 81'25 Pe-254 This doctoral dissertation was written at Vytautas Magnus University in 2010-2014 Research supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ingrida Egl Žindžiuvien (Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, Philology 04 H) ISBN 978-609-467-124-1 2 VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS LIETUVI KALBOS INSTITUTAS Lolita PETRULION KULTROS ELEMENT VERTIMAS IŠ ANGL LIETUVI IR RUS KALBAS PAGAL JOANNE HARRIS GURMANIŠKUOSIUS ROMANUS Daktaro disertacija, Humanitariniai mokslai, filologija (04 H) Kaunas, 2015 3 Disertacija rengta 2010-2014 metais Vytauto Didžiojo universitete Mokslin vadov: prof. dr. Ingrida Egl Žindžiuvien (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, humanitariniai mokslai, filologija 04 H) 4 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my research supervisor Prof. Dr. Ingrida Egl Žindžiuvien for her excellent guidance and invaluable advices. I would like to thank her for being patient, tolerant and encouraging. It has been an honour and privilege to be her first PhD student. I would also like to thank the whole staff of Vytautas Magnus University, particularly the Department of English Philology, for both their professionalism and flexibility in providing high-quality PhD studies and managing the relevant procedures. Additional thanks go to the reviewers at the Department, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Irena Ragaišien and Prof. Dr. Habil. Milda Julija Danyt, for their valuable comments which enabled me to recognize the weaknesses in my thesis and make the necessary improvements. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my home institution, Šiauliai University, especially to the Department of Foreign Languages Studies, who believed in my academic and scholarly qualities and motivated me in so many ways. I owe my warmest thanks to my friend and colleague Karolina Butkuvien who has always been ready with a shoulder to cry on or excellent advice, both professional and personal. Special thanks to my dearest and nearest people who patiently endured many long hours of my absence while I worked on the dissertation. Only through their unconditional support have I been able to complete this scholarly journey. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables 8 List of Figures 9 1. INTRODUCTION 10 2. CULTURAL APPROACH TO TRANSLATION STUDIES 15 2.1. Cultural Turn in Translation Studies 15 2.2. Translation as a Norm-Governed Activity 19 2.3. Binary Oppositions in Translational Notions 22 2.4. Summary 25 26 3. CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS AS A LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL PHENOMENON 3.1. The Concept of Culture 26 3.2. Culture-Specific Items: Definitions and Types 29 3.3. Functional, Grammatical, Semantic and Cultural Characteristics of Proper 34 Names 3.4. Summary 38 39 4. THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL INSIGHTS INTO TRANSLATION OF CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS 4.1. Cultural Issues in Translation 39 4.2. Translation Strategies for Culture-Specific Items 41 4.3. Loaded and Conventional Proper Names in Translation 50 4.4. Summary 55 5. THE GOURMET NOVEL AS A DISTINCT LITERARY GENRE 56 5.1. Genre and the Gourmet Novel as a Genre 56 5.2. Main Features of the Gourmet Novel 59 5.3. Awareness of Genre in Translation 63 5.4. Summary 64 6. RESEARCH MATERIAL AND METHODS 65 7. CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS AND THEIR TRANSLATION FROM 70 ENGLISH INTO LITHUANIAN AND RUSSIAN IN JOANNE HARRIS’ GOURMET NOVELS 7.1. Culture-Specific Items in Joanne Harris’ Novel Chocolat 71 7.1.1. Quantity, Categories and Characteristics of CSIs Found in Joanne 71 Harris’ Novel Chocolat 6 7.1.2. Qualitative Analysis of the Translation of CSIs in Joanne Harris’ 78 Novel Chocolat 7.1.3. Quantitative Analysis of the Translation of CSIs in Joanne Harris’ 84 Novel Chocolat 7.2. Culture-Specific Items in Joanne Harris’ Novel The Lollipop Shoes 90 7.2.1. Quantity, Categories and Characteristics of CSIs Found in Joanne 90 Harris’ Novel The Lollipop Shoes 7.2.2. Qualitative Analysis of the Translation of CSIs in Joanne Harris’ 96 Novel The Lollipop Shoes 7.2.3. Quantitative Analysis of the Translation of CSIs in Joanne Harris’ 102 Novel The Lollipop Shoes 7.3. Culture-Specific Items in Joanne Harris’ Novel Peaches for Monsieur le 107 Curé 7.3.1. Quantity, Categories and Characteristics of CSIs Found in Joanne 107 Harris’ Novel Peaches for Monsieur le Curé 7.3.2. Qualitative Analysis of the Translation of CSIs in Joanne Harris’ 112 Novel Peaches for Monsieur le Curé 7.3.3. Quantitative Analysis of the Translation of CSIs in Joanne Harris’ 118 Novel Peaches for Monsieur le Curé 7.4. Comparative-Quantitative Analysis of Translation Strategies for CSIs 125 Employed in Lithuanian and Russian Translations of Joanne Harris’ Gourmet Novels 7.5. Summary 128 8. CONCLUSIONS 129 References 133 Appendices 144 Appendix A. Table 15. The comparison of translation strategies for CSIs suggested by 144 different scholars Appendix B. CSIs in Joanne Harris’ Novel Chocolat (1999) 146 Appendix C. CSIs in Joanne Harris’ Novel The Lollipop Shoes (2007) 192 Appendix D. CSIs in Joanne Harris’ Novel Peaches for Monsieur le Curé (2012) 249 Appendix E. Plot Summaries of the Three Gourmet Novels by Joanne Harris 297 7 List of Tables Table 1 Phases of the development of cultural studies and translation studies as 18 academic disciplines (based on Bassnett (2003: 433-449) Table 2 Correspondence between English sounds and Russian letters (according 54 to Slepovich 2003: 51-53) Table 3 Classification and quantity of CSIs found in Joanne Harris’ novel 77 Chocolat Table 4 The translation of first or family names in Chocolat 78 Table 5 The translation of the names of towns in Chocolat 81 Table 6 The translation of chocolates, deserts and other sweets in Chocolat 82 Table 7 Classification and quantity of CSIs found in Joanne Harris’ novel The 95 Lollipop Shoes Table 8 The translation of names of mythological creatures and deities in The 96 Lollipop Shoes Table 9 The translation of microtoponyms in The Lollipop Shoes 99 Table 10 The translation of names of public phenomena in The Lollipop Shoes 100 Table 11 Classification and quantity of CSIs found in Joanne Harris’ Peaches for 111 Monsieur le Curé Table 12 The translation of brand and trade names in Peaches for Monsieur le Curé 113 Table 13 The translation of bakery, pastry and confectionary products in Peaches 115 for Monsieur le Curé Table 14 The translation of Islamic cultural concepts and phenomena in Peaches 117 for Monsieur le Curé Table 15 The comparison of translation strategies for CSIs suggested by different 144 scholars Table 16 Examples of proper names found in Joanne Harris’ novel Chocolat 146 Table 17 Examples of common names found in Joanne Harris’ novel Chocolat 166 Table 18 Examples of proper names found in Joanne Harris’ novel The Lollipop 192 Shoes Table 19 Examples of common names found in Joanne Harris’ novel The Lollipop 225 Shoes Table 20 Examples of proper names found in Joanne Harris’ novel Peaches for 249 Monsieur le Curé Table 21 Examples of common names found in Joanne Harris’ novel Peaches for 274 Monsieur le Curé 8 List of Figures Figure 1 Subordination and interaction of translation norms (based on Toury 1995: 20 53-69; 1998) Figure 2 Interaction of source and target cultures in the process of translation 24 (according to Popovich 1980: 130) Figure 3 Classification framework for CSIs used in this research 67 Figure 4 Strategies for translating proper names from English into Lithuanian in 84 Joanne Harris’ novel Chocolat (the translator – Galina Baužyt- epinskien) Figure 5 Strategies for translating proper names from English into Russian in 86 Joanne Harris’ novel Chocolat (the translator – Irina Novoseleckaja) Figure 6 Strategies for translating common names from English into Lithuanian in 87 Joanne Harris’ novel Chocolat (the translator – Galina Baužyt- epinskien) Figure 7 Strategies for translating common names from English into Russian in 88 Joanne Harris’ novel Chocolat (the translator – Irina Novoseleckaja) Figure 8 Strategies for translating proper names from English into Lithuanian in 102 Joanne Harris’ novel The Lollipop Shoes (the translator – Egl Bielskyt) Figure 9 Strategies for translating proper names from English into Russian in 103 Joanne Harris’ novel The Lollipop Shoes (the translator – Irina Togojeva) Figure 10 Strategies for translating common names from English into Lithuanian in 104 Joanne Harris’ novel The Lollipop Shoes (the translator – Egl Bielskyt) Figure 11 Strategies for translating common names from English into Russian in 105 Joanne Harris’ novel The Lollipop Shoes (the translator – Irina Togojeva) Figure 12 Strategies for translating proper names from English into Lithuanian in 119 Joanne Harris’ novel Peaches for Monsieur le Curé (translators – Milda Dyke and Irena Jomantien) Figure 13 Strategies for translating proper names from English into Russian in 121 Joanne Harris’ novel Peaches for Monsieur le Curé (the translator – Irina Togojeva) Figure 14 Strategies for translating common names from English into Lithuanian in 123 Joanne Harris’ novel Peaches for Monsieur le Curé (translators – Milda Dyke and Irena Jomantien) Figure 15 Strategies for translating common names from English into Russian in 124 Joanne Harris’ novel Peaches for Monsieur le Curé (the translator – Irina Togojeva) Figure 16 Strategies for translating proper names from English into Lithuanian and 126 Russian in Joanne Harris’ gourmet novels Figure 17 Strategies for translating common names from English into Lithuanian 127 and Russian in Joanne Harris’ gourmet novels 9 1. INTRODUCTION Literature is inseparable from language and culture. If one wants to find out how people live, one reads popular scientific prose, but if one wants to know how people feel and who they are, one should study their literature. The literary works that originate in a particular country are read and interpreted in different ways by native people and by foreigners.