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Death and the Afterlife Among the Classic Period Royal Tombs of Copán, Honduras

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Death and the Afterlife Among the Classic Period Royal Tombs of Copán, Honduras To Be Born an Ancestor: Death and the Afterlife among the Classic Period Royal Tombs of Copán, Honduras The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Fierer-Donaldson, Molly. 2012. To Be Born an Ancestor: Death Citation and the Afterlife among the Classic Period Royal Tombs of Copán, Honduras. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Accessed April 17, 2018 3:28:47 PM EDT Citable Link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9548615 This article was downloaded from Harvard University's DASH Terms of Use repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA (Article begins on next page) © 2012 – Molly Fierer-Donaldson All rights reserved William L. Fash Molly Fierer-Donaldson To Be Born an Ancestor: Death and the Afterlife Among the Classic Period Royal Tombs of Copán, Honduras Abstract This goal of this dissertation is to participate in the study of funerary ritual for the Classic Maya. My approach evaluates comparatively the seven royal mortuary contexts from the city of Copán, Honduras during the Classic period from the early 5th century to early 9th century CE, in order to draw out the ideas that infused the ritual behavior. It is concerned with analyzing the tomb as a ritual context that is a materialization of a community's ideas about death and the afterlife. The heart is the data gathered from my participation in the excavation of the Classic period royal tomb called the Oropéndola Tomb. In addition to the archaeological data, the project draws from ethnohistoric, ethnographic, epigraphic, and iconographic sources as important loci for ideas of how to interpret the archaeological data. The project stands at the intersection of the work by Patricia McAnany's (1995; 1998; 1999) on the role of ancestors in Maya life, James Fitzsimmon's (2002, 2009) comparison of mortuary ritual across sites, and Meredith Chesson's (2001c) study on the relationship between social memory, identity and mortuary practice. The analysis of the Oropéndola Tomb and its comparison to other royal tombs at Copán was an opportunity to investigate our understanding of Classic Maya conceptualizations of death and the afterlife within one city. After a consideration of how to identify a Maya royal tomb, I was able to confirm that the Oropéndola Tomb is a royal tomb that likely belonged to one of rulers of the site during the second half of the 5th century CE, and that it contains funerary offerings that reflect the identity of the deceased in his role as a warrior and contains information reflecting how the Maya of Classic period Copán conceptualized the afterlife. iii Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 The research question 1 1.2 Theoretical approaches to mortuary contexts 5 1.2.1 Ritual Studies 5 1.2.2 Mortuary Studies 9 1.2.3 Tomb as context: funerary ritual, the creation of ancestors, identity and social memory 13 1.3 Methodology 16 1.3.1 Categorization and the importance of symbols 20 1.3.2 Hermeneutics of suspicion 22 1.3.3 The use of ethnohistoric evidence 26 1.3.4 The use of ethnographic evidence 28 1.3.5 The use of epigraphic evidence 30 1.3.6 The use of iconographic evidence 31 1.4 The ancient city of Copán Chapter 2: Ethnohistoric sources 39 2.1 Catholicism in the 1th century 39 2.1.1 Catholic beliefs about death and the afterlife 39 2.1.2 The process of conversion 44 2.2 Ethnohistoric sources 46 2.2.1 Mexica-Aztec ethnohistory 46 2.2.1.1 Bernardino de Sahagún Florentine Codex 47 2.2.1.2 Bernardino de Sahagún Primeros Memoriales 49 2.2.1.3 Diego Duran Historia de Las Indias de Nueva España e Islas de la Tierra Firme 53 2.2.2 Maya Ethnohistory 56 2.2.2.1 Diego de Landa Relación de las Cosas de Yucatan 56 2.2.2.2 Popol Vuh 61 Chapter 3: Ethnographic sources 67 3.1 Souls 68 3.2 Afterlife Landscapes 70 3.3 Ancestors 74 3.3.1 Chamula 75 3.3.2 Chichicastenango 76 3.3.3 Chenhaló 77 3.3.4 Zinacantán 78 3.3.5 Ixil Area 79 3.4 Rebirth 81 3.5 Funerary Ritual 82 3.5.1 Chenhaló 83 3.5.2 Zinacantán 85 3.5.3 Chan Kom 87 3.5.4 Najá 88 3.5.5 Conclusions 89 iv Chapter 4: Epigraphy and Iconography 92 4.1 Epigraphic sources 92 4.1.1 cham-i 93 4.1.2 ik, k'a'ay u sak ? Ik'aal 93 4.1.3 ochb'ih and ochha' 95 4.1.4 Souls 98 4.2 Iconography 100 4.2.1 Rebirth 100 4.2.2 Maize God life-cycle 105 4.2.3 Geography of the world 111 4.2.3.1 Underworld 112 4.2.3.2 Upperworld 118 4.2.4 Ancestors 123 4.3 Conclusions 127 Chapter 5: The Oropéndola Tomb 130 5.1 The Oropéndola Tomb (Tomb 08-01) 131 5.2 The Skeleton 139 5.2.1 Sex 141 5.2.2 Age 143 5.2.3 Pathologies 143 5.2.4 Use of cinnabar 146 5.2.5 Burning or smoking of the body 147 5.3 Ceramics 148 5.3.1 Cylindrical Tripods 150 5.3.1.1 Melano cylindrical slab-foot tripods 150 5.3.1.2 Plano-relief cylindrical slab-foot tripod 153 5.3.1.3 Stuccoed and painted cylindrical slab-foot tripod 156 5.3.2 Ring-foot bowls 159 5.3.3 Unique vessels 165 5.3.4 Pot stands 168 5.4 Jade 169 5.4.1 Earflares 169 5.4.2 Jade beads 174 5.5 Pyrite mirrors/plaques 184 5.6 Obsidian 192 5.7 “Alabaster” double cups 193 5. 8 Mica 195 5. 9 Shell and pearls 197 5.9.1 Spondylus Shell 198 5.9.1.1 Spondylus shell rings or goggles 198 5.9.1.2 Spondylus shell Beads 199 5.9.1.3 Spondylus shell Spangles 200 5.9.1.4 Worked shell 202 5.9.2 Nodipecten shell 204 5.9.3 Pearls 205 5.10 Wood 206 5.11 Textile 207 5.12 Matting 208 5.13 Basketry 211 v 5.14 Hide 212 5.15 Black organic material over the floor 213 5.16 Stuccoed and painted objects 214 5.17 Animal bone 216 Chapter 6: A Comparison of the royal tombs of Copán 217 6.1 Introduction 217 6.2 How to recognize a Classic Maya royal tomb 217 6.2.1 Identifying royal tombs of Copán 221 6.2.2 The Margarita Tomb 223 6.2.3 The Motmot Tomb 224 6.2.4 Burial 92-3, Chirmol Burial 227 6.2.5 Tomb 10J-45 228 6.2.6 Tomb of Ruler 16 231 6.3 A detailed comparison of the royal tombs of Copán 235 6.3.1 The elements to be considered for the comparison 235 6.3.2 Tomb locations 235 6.3.3 Tomb chambers 238 6.3.4 Burial platforms 239 6.3.5 Skeletal orientation 239 6.3.6 Body treatment 240 6.3.7 Personal adornment 241 6.3.7.1 Mouth beads 241 6.3.7.2 Headdresses 242 6.3.7.3 Necklaces 242 6.3.7.4 Bar pectorals or tubular beads 243 6.3.7.5 Earflares 244 6.3.7.6 Belts/loincloths 244 6.3.7.7 Bracelets, anklets, etc. 245 6.3.8 Objects on burial platform 246 6.3.8.1 Mats/textiles 246 6.3.8.2 Jaguar skins, hide 247 6.3.8.3 Adornment 247 6.3.8.4 Ceramics 248 6.3.8.5 Animal bones 249 6.3.8.6 Other objects on the burial platform 250 6.3.9 Objects on tomb floor 251 6.3.9.1 Floor covering 252 6.3.9.2. Items of personal adornment 253 6.3.9.3 Ceramic vessels 254 6.3.9.4 Animal bones and shells 264 6.3.9.5 Stone tools 265 6.3.9.6 Miscellaneous 266 6.4 Conclusion 268 Chapter 7: The “Teotihuacan Warrior Costume” at Copán 269 7.1 Introduction 269 7.2 Teotihuacan symbols and materials in the Maya Area 271 7.3 The “Teotihuacan Warrior Costume” 272 7.3.1 Atlatl 275 vi 7.3.2 Rings or goggles 276 7.3.2.1 Iconography of goggles at Teotihuacan 278 7.3.2.2 Iconography of goggles at Maya sites 279 7.3.3 Shell platelet headdresses 280 7.3.3.1 Iconography of shell platelet headdresses at Teotihuacan 280 7.3.3.2 Archaeological examples of shell platelet headdresses 282 7.3.4 Thick shell collars 283 7.3.4.1 Iconography of thick shell collars 284 7.3.5 Iron-ore mirrors/pyrite plaques/pyrite mirrors 285 7.3.5.1 Iconography of Iron-ore mirrors 285 7.3.5.2 Archaeological examples of iron-ore mirrors 287 7.3.6 Knee garters 288 7.3.7 Square feathered shield 288 7.4 Burials of Warriors at Teotihuacan 289 7.5 “Teotihuacan Warrior” burials at Copán 292 7.5.1 Shell goggles at Copán 294 7.5.2 Shell platelets headdresses at Copán 296 7.5.3 Atlatls and atlatl darts at Copán 298 7.5.4 Iron-ore mirrors at Copán 298 7.5.5 Distribution of the elements of the “Teotihuacan Warrior Costume” 301 7.6 Maya Epigraphic Data Associated with the “Teotihuacan Warrior Costume” 302 7.7 Conclusion 306 Chapter 8: Conclusion 309 Appendix A: Artifact List 334 Appendix B: Additional data from the analysis of ethnohistoric sources in Chapter 2 344 Appendix C: Additional data from the analysis of ethnographic sources in Chapter 3 371 Appendix D: Additional data from the comparison of the royal tombs of Copán 387 Bibliography 443 vii Lists of Figures and Tables List of Figures Figure 1.1 Map of Mesoamerica 32 Figure 1.2 Plan map of the Principal Group of the site of Copán 34 Figure 4.1 The Berlin Vase 101 Figure 4.2 Side of Pakal's sarcophagus at Palenque 103 Figure 4.3 Pakal's sarcophagus lid at Palenque 104 Figure 4.4 Carved bone from Tikal Burial 116 107 Figure 4.5 Rebirth of the Maize God 110 Figure 5.1 Section drawing of Structure 10L-16 showing the location of the Oropéndola Tomb 130 Figure 5.2 Oropéndola Tomb shaft 132 Figure 5.3 Las losas (Feature RC-2-561).
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