Sources and Resources/ Fuentes Y Recursos
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FRANCIS AND THE AMERICAS/ SAN FRANCISCO Y LAS AMÉRICAS: Sources and Resources/ Fuentes y Recursos Compiled by Gary Francisco Keller 1 Table of Contents Sources and Resources/Fuentes y Recursos .................................................. 6 CONTROLLABLE PRIMARY DIGITAL RESOURCES 6 Multimedia Compilation of Digital and Traditional Resources ........................ 11 PRIMARY RESOURCES 11 Multimedia Digital Resources ..................................................................... 13 AGGREGATORS OF CONTROLLABLE DIGITAL RESOURCES 13 ARCHIVES WORLDWIDE 13 Controllable Primary Digital Resources 15 European 15 Mexicano (Nahuatl) Related 16 Codices 16 Devotional Materials 20 Legal Documents 20 Maps 21 Various 22 Maya Related 22 Codices 22 Miscellanies 23 Mixtec Related 23 Otomi Related 24 Zapotec Related 24 Other Mesoamerican 24 Latin American, Colonial (EUROPEAN LANGUAGES) 25 PRIMARY RESOURCES IN PRINTED FORM 25 European 25 Colonial Latin American (GENERAL) 26 Codices 26 2 Historical Documents 26 Various 37 Mexicano (Nahautl) Related 38 Codices 38 Lienzo de Tlaxcala 44 Other Lienzos, Mapas, Tiras and Related 45 Linguistic Works 46 Literary Documents 46 Maps 47 Maya Related 48 Mixtec Related 56 Otomí Related 58 (SPREAD OUT NORTH OF MEXICO CITY, ALSO HIDALGO CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE OTOMÍ) Tarasco Related 59 (CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH MICHOACÁN. CAPITAL: TZINTZUNRZAN, LANGUAGE: PURÉPECHA) Zapotec Related 61 Other Mesoamerican 61 Latin American, Colonial (EUROPEAN LANGUAGES) 61 FRANCISCAN AND GENERAL CHRISTIAN DISCOURSE IN NATIVE LANGUAGES 62 Audio Visual Entries 62 Prayers 63 Cakchiquel (Eastern) 63 Sources & Resources: North America and Mesoamerica 66 Sources & Resources: Central America and South America 66 KEY PROJECT TOPICS 66 Amerindian Conquerors & Amerindian Ruling Lineages 66 General 66 Tlaxcaltecas 69 Other Native American Communities 70 Leyenda Negra and Leyenda Blanca 73 Mestizaje and Castas 76 Policy and Law 77 GENERAL TOPICS 79 Art and Architecture 79 Linguistics 87 Affixes 87 Diachronic Linguistics 89 CONTENTS 3 Literature 95 Music and Music Related (DANCE, SONG, AND OTHER) 96 Virgins/Las vírgenes 97 Our Lady of Guadalupe 97 La Conquistadora/Our Lady of Peace (Northern New Mexico) 102 Nuestra Señora de Zapopan (Virgen de la Inmaculada Concepción, Virgen de la Expectación) 102 Virgen de Ocotlán 102 Virgen de Remedios 103 LOCATION-SPECIFIC TEXTS 104 Arizona 104 Assisi 105 Cádiz 106 Chile 106 Ciudad Rodrigo 107 Cortona 108 Cusco (Cuzco) 108 Guatemala 109 Gubbio 110 La Verna 110 León 110 Mexico 110 Oaxaca 110 Oxford 110 Peru 110 Rome 111 Sacri monti/Montañas sagradas/Sacred Mountains (Italy, France, Switzerland) 111 San Antonio, Texas 113 Santiago de Compostela and Pilgrimage to the City 113 Santa Catalina de Guale (St. Catherines Island, Georgia) 113 Spain 114 Subiaco, Italy 114 Tagliacozzo, Italy 114 Tenochtitlan 114 Teotihuacan 115 Tlaxcala 115 Tula 115 Washington, D.C. 115 Xochimilco 115 CONTENTS 4 Yuste, Spain 115 Zacatecas 116 MULTIMEDIA SOURCES AND RESOURCES 116 CDs and DVDs 116 E-Journals 116 Streaming Images 116 Timelines 117 General 117 Exploration of North America by Europeans: Timeline 1492–1585 117 Florida 117 Georgia 118 Our Lady of Guadalupe and St. Juan Diego Chronology 118 Websites (INCLUDES LIBRARIES, PROJECT REPORTS, DICTIONARIES, AND OTHERS) 118 Wikipedia and Similar Entries 119 SECONDARY SOURCES 121 Books and Articles 121 Book and Film Reviews 177 CONTENTS 5 Sources and Resources/ Fuentes y Recursos In the beginning was the Word, And the Word was with God, And the Word was God. JOHN 1:1 he first version of this document was called Bibliography. It is inaccurate T and misleading and this project will no longer use that descriptor. After consultation with several researchers, we have used David Gitlitz’s suggestion of Sources and Resources/Fuentes y Recursos (SR/FR). The most important parts of this document provide hundreds of primary sources with hot links. In addition, Sources and Resources/Fuentes y Recursos provides access to all of the major project-relevant archives around the world. The size of this accessible corpus is already virtually limitless, and it is quickly expand- ing exponentially over the Internet. The overall project, Saint Francis and the Americas/San Francisco y Las Américas (SFA), privileges the visual in a dynamic, active, and controllable way, and accordingly, SR/FR utilizes the visual component to maximum advantage. The most significant references in SR/FR lend themselves to the researcher’s personal, artful management and control of the entry through the individual’s ability to zoom, to pan, and to achieve interactive viewing on the web. These entries, if per- mitted by the entity that posted the reference in the first place, such as Wikipedia and many others, can provide support to the artful manager to create slideshows, hotspots, annotation, side-by-side comparison, and much more, including incor- poration of part or the entire image or set of images from a multitude of sources into a new production. Of special significance are the unique characteristics of many of the entries pro- duced in pictorial writings in chontal, maya, mexicano (Nahuatl), mixteca, otomí, purepecha, quechua, tarasco, zapoteca and others. The section “Controllable Pri- mary Digital Resources” has numerous examples that can be accessed directly from Sources and Resources to the Internet. “Archives Worldwide” contains numerous examples, but in order to access them you must first go into the archive and con- duct your own search. CONTROLLABLE PRIMARY DIGITAL RESOURCES ontrollable Primary Digital Resources is the most innovative and exciting C section of SR/FR. Its nomenclature bears some explanation. This first section reflects one of the most important paradigm shifts in histor- ical research, and for that matter, all research, and everything else. The Internet is the decisive technology of the Information Age, so that humankind is now almost 6 entirely connected, although with great levels of inequality in bandwidth, effi- ciency, and price. Well, so much for “everything else.” I turn to the circumscribed research nook of Saint Francis and the Americas and Franciscan Amerindian Dialogs (FAD), http://stfrancis.clas.asu.edu/article/franciscan-amerindian-dialogs-multicultural- multiracial-multilingual. Through digitization and accessibility over the Internet and other electronic means, we are privileged by the ability to be connected and to have degrees of control of enormous numbers of documents, most never or scantily researched before. The accessibility and active control of primary sources has been paradigm expanding. “Controllable Primary Digital Resources” includes digital resources on the Internet. The first section also includes multitudes of materials from a single archive that have been digitized. We have included entire miscellanies such as the Popol Vuh and The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel, The Chilam Balam of Tizimin, The Chilam Balam of Ixil, and others. We have included instantly acces- sible references of numerous forms of information such as anales, catequismos, códices, confesionarios, devociones, inquisiciones, lienzos, mapas, pleitos, relaciones, and testamentos. We have the same instant access to caricatures and cartoons, diaries, interviews, newspapers, notebooks, pamphlets, personal narratives, pho- tographs, pictorial works, songs and music, speeches, and treaties. Many of these resource entries are in native languages or bilingual editions, or in native lan- guages and translation, or summaries in Latin, Portuguese, Spanish, and other European languages. Many of the entries in the first section of the database lend themselves to the researcher’s personal, artful management and control of the entry through the individual’s ability to zoom, to pan, and to achieve interactive viewing on the web. Entries in the first section, if permitted by the one who originally posted the entry, can provide added value, including support for slideshows, hotspots, anno- tation, side-by-side comparison, and much more. An image can be segregated into smaller square pieces or “tiles.” These diced portions of the image can be of dif- ferent resolutions, which results in enabling the researcher to view any part of the image at any zoom level. Whenever a viewer of a picture zooms to a particu- lar portion of an image, only that portion of the image is downloaded and loaded. Therefore, this makes viewing the image more effective and less time consum- ing. Our database features some entries comparable to online satellite or mapping sites. The size of images being viewed has no limit. One can have files as small as 100kb and as large as 50MB. File size doesn’t matter, and the images can be zoomed effectively. Images with better resolution will naturally yield better zoom- ing and viewing results. A good example is the Lienzo de Tlaxcala. http://pueblosoriginarios.com/meso/valle/tlaxcalteca/lienzo.html This work is one of the most important manuscripts featuring native pic- ture writing in existence. The cotton original is 5.15 meters long by 2.2 meters wide and contains 86 separate boxes with valuable scenes. Many of these scenes feature the Tlaxcalan and other native allies of Hernán Cortés, about 150,000 of them in full battle dress, who together with fewer than 600 Spanish Conquista- dors, defeated their Aztec opponents. Other squares depict Malintzin Tenepal (la CONTROLLABLE PRIMARY DIGITAL RESOURCES 7 Malinche, Doña Marina) as both an interpreter and in other roles. In one of