L'integrazione Linguistica Degli Emigranti Italiani in Argentina E Nel

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L'integrazione Linguistica Degli Emigranti Italiani in Argentina E Nel ALMA MATER STUDIORUM – UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA SCUOLA DI LINGUE E LETTERATURE, TRADUZIONE E INTERPRETAZIONE Corso di studio in Lingua e cultura italiane per stranieri L’integrazione linguistica degli emigranti italiani in Argentina e nel Rio Grande do Sul Prova finale in Geografia delle lingue Relatore Presentata da Prof.ssa Elisa Magnani Alice Pecorari Correlatori Prof. Edoardo Balletta Prof.ssa Adriana Cristina Crolla Sessione: terza Anno accademico: 2016/2017 Indice Introduzione ....................................................................................................................... 5 Capitolo I – Panorama linguistico dell’America del Cono Sud: il contributo dell’immigrazione ............................................................................................................... 9 1.1 – Lo spagnolo d’America ................................................................................................... 9 1.2 – Argentina, Uruguay e Brasile: panorama linguistico attuale......................................... 11 1.3 – Linguistica e colonialismo ............................................................................................. 14 1.4 – Emigrazione europea tra 800 e 900 e la grande emigrazione italiana ........................... 15 1.5 – L’immigrazione italiana in Argentina, Uruguay e Brasile ............................................. 18 Capitolo II – Caratteristiche dell’emigrazione italiana ..................................................... 23 2.1 – Emigrazione e lingua ...................................................................................................... 23 2.2 – Profilo linguistico degli immigrati italiani ..................................................................... 24 2.3 – Integrazione linguistica e culturale ................................................................................ 25 2.4 – Analfabetismo degli emigrati italiani ed analfabetismo in Argentina ............................ 28 Capitolo III – Politiche migratorie e linguistiche in Argentina ......................................... 33 3.1 – Immigrante ed emigrante .............................................................................................. 33 3.2 – Le fasi dell’immigrazione italiana in Argentina ............................................................. 34 3.3 – Le politiche migratorie ................................................................................................... 37 3.4 – Gli spazi dell’immigrazione ........................................................................................... 42 3.5 – Le politiche linguistiche ................................................................................................. 47 3.5.1 – Le lingue indigene nella politica linguistica argentina ............................................ 51 3.5.2 – Lingua nazionale e lingue d’immigrazione nella politica linguistica argentina ...... 55 3.5.3 – Il nazionalismo linguistico ...................................................................................... 56 3.6 – La scuola ........................................................................................................................ 58 Capitolo IV – Esiti del contatto linguistico ........................................................................ 65 4.1 – Il contatto linguistico in contesto migratorio ................................................................ 65 4.2 – La lingua di emigrazione ................................................................................................ 67 4.3 – I fenomeni del cocoliche e del lunfardo ......................................................................... 68 4.4 – Lo spagnolo rioplatense ................................................................................................ 70 4.5 – Perdita e mantenimento della lingua d’origine ............................................................... 73 Capitolo V – Un caso di koineizzazione: il talian nel Rio Grande do Sul .......................... 79 4.1 – Le politiche del governo brasiliano ................................................................................ 82 4.2 – Il Rio Grande do Sul: cenni storici ................................................................................. 85 4.3 – La scolarizzazione degli immigrati ................................................................................ 92 4.4 – Il processo di koineizzazione ......................................................................................... 94 4.5 – La formazione del talian ................................................................................................. 98 Conclusioni ..................................................................................................................... 105 Bibliografia .................................................................................................................... 107 Siti Web Consultati ........................................................................................................ 111 Appendice I .................................................................................................................... 113 Introduzione Le migrazioni costituiscono oggi il motore del contatto tra popoli, lingue e culture differenti. I fenomeni migratori sono innanzitutto fenomeni sociali e lo studio delle implicazioni linguistiche deve partire dalla comprensione del fenomeno nella sua globalità. Il binomio lingua e immigrazione abbraccia quindi una vasta gamma di fattori che influenzano gli esiti del contatto. L’oggetto del presente studio è il contatto linguistico originatosi in contesto migratorio tra gli emigranti italiani e la popolazione locale di due aree considerate esemplari per l’entità e le conseguenze del fenomeno. I contesti di ricezione presi in esame sono l’Argentina e lo Stato del Rio Grande do Sul in Brasile. In questo senso ci si pone l’obiettivo di analizzare gli scenari linguistici di partenza e di arrivo ed i fattori che portarono ai diversi gradi di integrazione linguistica degli emigranti italiani. In particolare, viene esaminato il ruolo tanto di fattori interni, come la grande diversità dialettale e l’analfabetismo degli immigrati italiani e la distanza culturale con i paesi d’accoglienza, quanto di fattori esterni come l’attuazione di determinate politiche linguistiche ed educative e l’organizzazione sociale e territoriale delle comunità immigrate, considerati essenziali nella determinazione delle conseguenze linguistiche del contatto. Il presente lavoro nasce da una pluralità di interessi: da un lato, quello verso l’eredità linguistica dell’emigrazione italiana, definita come il più grande esodo della storia moderna; dall’altro lato, verso la complessità linguistica delle aree prese in esame, dove le vicende storico-territoriali delle lingue cosiddette dominanti, la lingua portoghese e la lingua spagnola, si intrecciarono con quelle delle lingue indigene e d’immigrazione, tanto quella africana dovuta alla tratta degli schiavi quanto all’immigrazione di massa più recente e di origine prevalentemente europea; infine, l’interesse verso le complesse dinamiche migratorie e la comprensione di tali fenomeni, indubbiamente accentuato dalla drammaticità dei movimenti migratori contemporanei. Il reperimento delle informazioni è avvenuto tramite ricerca bibliografica di documenti disponibili tanto in rete quanto su fonti cartacee. Una parte considerevole del materiale bibliografico è stato reperito in Argentina, dove mi sono recata a tale scopo durante lo scorso semestre, grazie al programma Overseas dell’Università di Bologna. La ricerca bibliografica è stata svolta presso l’Universidad Nacional del Litoral a Santa Fe, università ospitante del mio scambio, l’Universidad Nacional de Rosario e 5 l’Universidad de Buenos Aires. Per una migliore comprensione della diffusione dell’insegnamento dell’italiano nell’attualità sono stati inoltre reperiti, ed inseriti in appendice, presso il Consolato Generale d’Italia a Rosario alcuni dati circa l’insegnamento della lingua nelle scuole pubbliche e private della provincia di Santa Fe. Il contenuto di questo lavoro è stato organizzato nella seguente maniera: in primis vengono trattate le questioni preliminari circa la formazione dello spagnolo d’America, il panorama linguistico attuale dei territori oggetto d’interesse e l’inquadramento storico del flusso migratorio italiano verso tali destinazioni; in seguito viene sviluppato lo studio dell’integrazione culturale e linguistica degli immigrati italiani in Argentina e nel Rio Grande do Sul, trattando separatamente le due aree d’interesse. Occupandoci di immigrazione italiana all’estero si è rivelata necessaria l’analisi del panorama linguistico dei territori d’immigrazione, aree di colonizzazione spagnola e portoghese in cui le lingue precedentemente dominanti, quelle indigene, hanno dovuto far spazio, per lo più forzatamente, alle nuove lingue portate ed imposte dai coloni. Nel primo capitolo si osservano quindi le conseguenze linguistiche e culturali della colonizzazione e si ipotizza che il fenomeno migratorio europeo del XIX e XX secolo abbia avuto conseguenze altrettanto profonde. Ci si concentra poi sull’immigrazione italiana in Uruguay, Argentina e Brasile, i tre Stati dell’America meridionale che accolsero il maggior numero di connazionali, studiandone i flussi e le differenti fasi. Nel secondo capitolo si studiano le caratteristiche dell’emigrazione italiana ed il rapporto tra lingua ed
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