INFORMATION BOOKLET ON GULF OF MANNAR BIOSPHERE RESERVE

Published by

ENVIS Centre Department of Environment Government of Tamil Nadu Panagal Building, Saidapet Chennai-600 015

2015

DR. H. MALLESHAPPA, I.F.S., Department of Environment, Director of Environment Saidapet, Chennai-15.

Date: 31.03.2015

Foreword

The Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve covers 10,500 sq. km and has 21 islands with continuous stretches of coral reef. The reserve is comprised of a 560 km core area of coral islands and shallow marine habitat. The Gulf of Mannar is the biologically richest coastal region in India, having more than 4,200 species of plants and animals within its boundaries. In the Gulf of Mannar one can see the globally endangered dugong, several species of dolphins and whales and endangered sea turtles. Further- more, the Reserve is home to sea horses, fishes, sea cucumbers, sponges, all kinds of corals. In addition more than 290 species of birds are found on islands in the reserve. Vital to the ecology of the reserve, are the 11 species of mangrove which act as im- portant fish nurseries. The main focus of the Information Booklet on Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve is to provide the baseline biodiversity information. I am extremely thankful to Thiru Hans Raj Verma, I.A.S., Principal Secretary, En- vironment and Forests Department for his valuable guidance during the preparation of this book. I am also thankful to the Director, Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust and the Director, Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institution for providing valuable data and information for the preparation of this Book. Further, I am thankful to Dr. Jayanthi M. I.F.S., Additional Director and Dr.J.D. Marcus Knight, Dr.K.Muthukumar, Ms S.Indra Devi and Ms M.Shanthi of the ENVIS centre for collecting, collating and analyzing the information from various sources and compiling this information book in the present form. I am sure that this information booklet on Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, brought out through the pioneering effort of the Department of Environment will be useful to all Stakeholders especially all concerned Government departments, Scientif- ic Institutions, school students and public to conserve the rich biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve.

(H. Malleshappa) Director Department of Environment GULF OF MANNAR BIOSPHERE RESERVE

INTRODUCTION The Gulf of Mannar, the first Marine Biosphere Reserve in the South and South East Asia, running down south from Rameswaram to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, India is situated between Longitudes 78°08 E to 79°30 E and along Latitudes from 8°35 N to 9°25 N. This Marine Biosphere Reserve encompasses a chain of 21 islands and adjoining coral reefs off the coasts of the Ramanathapuram and the Tuticorin districts forming the core zone; the Marine National Park.

The surrounding seascape of the Marine National Park and a 10 km strip of the coastal landscape covering a total area 10,500 Km2, in the Ramanathapuram, Tuticorin, Tirunelveli and

4 GULF OF MANNAR

Kanyakumari Districts form the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. The importance of the Gulf of Mannar region dates back to the 2nd Century AD because of its highly productive pearl oyster banks and other religious significance. In India, the Gulf of Mannar region in Tamil Nadu, the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat, Lakhsadweep and Andaman and Nicobar islands are important coral reef systems supporting regions. The Gulf of Mannar has drawn attention of conservationists even before the initiation of the Man and Biosphere (MAB) program by the UNESCO in 1971. With its rich biodiversity of about 4223 species of various flora and fauna, part of this Gulf of Mannar has been declared as a Marine National Park in 1986 by the Government of Tamil Nadu and later as the first Marine Biosphere Reserve of India in 1989 by the Government of India.

5 BIODIVERSITY OF GULF OF MANNAR

Biodiversity plays a vital role in maintaining the health and stability of earth’s environment. Biodiversity issues have become increasingly important as the human population grows and the demand for natural resources increases as it represents an important economic resource. Considering the importance of marine biodiversity conservation, the United Nations declared Marine Biodiversity as the theme for the International Day for Biological Diversity in 2012. The Gulf of Mannar region is enriched with productive habitats such as coral reefs, seagrasses, mangroves, estuaries, rocky shores and sandy beaches.

A unique endemic species of Balanoglossus - Ptychodera fluva, a living fossil that links invertebrates and vertebrates, has been recorded only here at Kurusadai Island. Even though Gulf of Mannar is one of the biologically rich areas, it has been exploited heavily over the past 4-5 decades. The human induced threats to biodiversity are mainly overexploitation of marine resources, habitat destruction, marine pollution and destructive fishing. More than 4,223 species of flora and fauna have been identified in the Gulf of Mannar area and the publication titled “Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India - A comprehensive updated species list” by Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust in 2012 provides the updated species list on the biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar. This updated species list on the biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar will not only provide the baseline information on the number of species of organisms identified so far, but also help the researchers and conservation managers to prepare strategies for effective conservation of these.

6 GULF OF MANNAR

Coral Reefs Coral reef system is known as rain forest of the sea. They play an important role in global biochemical processes and in the reproduction of food resources in the tropical regions. Coral reefs act as a barrier against wave action along coastal areas thus preventing coastal erosion. In addition, coral reefs protect mangroves and sea grass beds in certain areas, which are the breeding and nursing grounds of various economically important fauna. Coral reefs are also important breeding, spawning, nesting, and feeding areas for many economically important species of fishes and other marine organisms. The people living along the coast obtain a considerable proportion of their food and earnings from the productivity of coral reefs. Coral reef ecosystems are very sensitive to external impacts both natural and man made, which violate their homeostasis. The world’s coral reefs are potentially threatened by human activity such as coastal development, destructive fishing, over exploitation, marine pollution, runoff from deforestation and toxic discharge from industrial and agricultural chemicals. Some of the factors affecting coral reefs growth are regression of coral growth due to silt laden water with greater load of suspended matter during monsoon flow, windblown sandy deposition, cyclone, quarrying for limestone, effect of current, etc. There are 117 coral species identified so far in Gulf of Mannar. They belong to 40 genera and 14 families. Of this, 106

7 species grouped in 30 genera are hermatypic and 11 species grouped in 10 genera are ahermatypic. All coral species are protected under Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972),

Algal Resources Seaweed is a loose colloquial term encompassing macroscopic, multicellular, benthic marine algae. The term includes some members of the red, brown and green algae. Seaweed may belong to one of several groups of multicellular algae: the red algae, green algae, and brown algae. As these three groups are not thought to have a common multicellular ancestor, the seaweeds are a paraphyletic group. In addition, some tuft- forming bluegreen algae (Cyanobacteria) are sometimes considered as seaweeds.

In India, about 1158 species of seaweeds belonging to 271 genera comprising of Red algae, Green algae, Brown algae and Blue green algae have been recorded. Gulf of Mannar, unique for coral reef, seagrass, seaweed and mangrove ecosystem, has around 181 species of seaweeds, comprising green algae, brown algae, red algae and blue-green algae. About 17 economically important species from agarophytes, carrageonophytes, alginophytes and edible seaweeds are recorded in this area.

8 GULF OF MANNAR

Seagrass beds Sea grasses are flowering plants from four plant families (Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae, or Cymodoceaceae) which grow in marine, fully saline environments. Vast seagrass beds are observed in Gulf of Mannar between mainland and islands and towards seaward side from the islands. The seagrass species,Halodule uninervis is extensively distributed in Gulf of Mannar and is the dominant and primary species in the intertidal belt. It occurs both on sandy and muddy substratum with a thin layer of sand. It is also observed on coral debris. H. uninversis plays an important role both as stabilizers and sediment accumulator and occurs either as a bed of monospecific community or a mixed vegetation with Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata, Halophila ovalis and Enhalus acoroides. Cymodocea serrulata occurs extensively in most of the islands of Gulf of Mannar and forms a significant browsing ground for the endangered mammal, Dugong dugon. Thalassia hemprichii and H. uninervis beds are the important habitat for Holothurids commonly known as sea cucumbers. The studies on seagrass in Gulf of Mannar are very limited and there is no baseline data so

9 far on this important reef associated ecosystem. The present major threat to seagrass meadows in Gulf of Mannar is destructive fishing activities, deterioration of water quality and climate change. In Gulf of Mannar, a total of 15 sea grass species have been identified.

Mangroves Mangroves are trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics. The word is used in at least three senses: (1) most broadly to refer to the habitat and entire plant assemblage or mangal, for which the terms mangrove swamp and mangrove forest are also used, (2) to refer to all trees and large shrubs in the mangal, and (3) narrowly to refer to the mangrove family of plants, the Rhizophoraceae, or even more specifically just to mangrove trees of the genus Rhizophora.

The Gulf of Mannar harbours mangroves with a considerable diversity which supports a variety of biological organisms. It is believed that the region was once covered with thick mangrove forests. There are indications that there was over-exploitation that led to vanishing of mangroves species. As a result, species such as Bruguiera gymnorrizha and Acanthus ilicifolius recorded earlier in Rameswaram have not been seen in recent years, and similar are the cases of Pemphis acidula in Pamban and Acanthus ilicifolius on Krusadai Island. The increase in the extent of salt pans is yet another factor leading to the shrinkage of mangroves particularly around Tuticorin. In Gulf of Mannar, a total of 11 mangrove species, 17 mangrove associates and 201 flowering plants were identified. Mangroves species - Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, B. gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera

10 GULF OF MANNAR racemosa, Pemphis acidula, Rhizophora apiculata and R. mucronata – belonging to five botanical families with predominance of Rhizophoraceae. Avicennia marina is the most abundant species followed by Pemphis acidula. This is followed in descending order by Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera cylindrica, Lumnitzera racemosa, Excoecaria agallocha and Rhizophora apiculata.

Sea turtles The Gulf of Mannar is the only ecosystem in India where all 5 sea turtle species have been reported. Four of the seven species of sea turtles found worldwide are reported to occur in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reseve. These are the olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), green (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea). All the four species of sea turtles that occur in these coastal waters are protected under Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972), as well as listed in Appendix-I of Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) which prohibits trade in turtle products by signatory countries. At present there exists no commercial or international trade of marine turtles or turtle products in India. Presently, sea turtles are very rarely seen in Gulf of Mannar.

Sea Cow Dugong dugon is commonly known as sea cow. They are marine mammals with grey colour and a streamlined body

11 orientation. They swim slowly and propel themselves using a crescent shaped tail and a pair of flippers. They grow up to a maximum size of 3 meters and 500 kg weight. The body is unevenly distributed with short hair and the skin is thick, tough and smooth. The muscular upper lip is cleft and protrudes over the mouth. The mouth angle downwards, helping the animal in grazing the seabed. The males are found to posses tusks.

Dugong dugon is the only species in the genus Dugong which comes under the order Sirenia. The name sirenia is derived from a mythical character known as siren from the Greek mythology. It resembled a mermaid. Order sirenia is represented by Dugongs and Manatees. Manatees are found in both freshwater and marine environments, while dugongs are found exclusively in marine environments. Dugongs inhabit in shallow coastal water of several parts of the Indian Ocean. Although they are distributed widely, the distribution is discontinuous and patchy. The population has dropped drastically in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Mannar. The largest populations occur off Northern Australia. In India, dugongs are presently recorded in the Gulf of Mannar, the Gulf of Kuchch and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The endangered dugongs are protected under Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972).

Other Fauna seen in GOMBR Mud skipper Periophthalmus and Boleophthalmus are found in plenty on the lower branches of the mangrove trees fringing the shore. Sea snake (Hydrophis and Enhydrina) are also seen here and a total of 13 sea snakes were recorded in this regions. Milk fish Chanos

12 GULF OF MANNAR

chanos spawn here in season and the larvae are seen in millions in the month of March to May.

Seahorses are fish belonging to the Syngnathidae family which also includes sea dragons, sea moths, and pipe fish. Seahorses are a saltwater vertebrate fish belonging to the order Perciformes, family Syngnathidae. 4 species of sea horses and 7 species of pipefish are found to occur in Gulf of Mannar region. Most Seahorses are found in coastal waters, occurring in relatively sheltered environments among seagrasses, kelp beds, rocky reefs, mangroves and coral reefs. In addition to having coral reef areas in 21 Islands, the Reserve has extensive sea grass beds which are supporting 290 migratory bird species use the Islands in different times of the year. 1147 species are recorded in Gulf of Mannar. Over 79 species of crustaceans, 108 species of sponges, 856 species of mollusca and 153 species of echinoderms occur in the GOMBR area.

13 MAJOR THREATS FOR GULF OF MANNAR BIOSPHERE RESERVE

The primary threats to the globally significant biodiversity of the Reserve are, in order of importance: Habitat destruction; over-harvesting of marine resources; and potential localized land- based marine pollution from a low number of civic point-sources. Habitat destruction (coral reefs, seagrass, and mangroves) is the most serious threat to the long-term viability of the Park’s globally significant resources. Coral mining, though it is illegal, has stopped from 2005. Seagrass beds are damaged by inappropriate bottom trawling practices.

Localized pollution outside of the southern tip of the buffer zone represents a potential threat to the Reserve’s biological diversity. Development under way in the southern part of the Tuticorin districts is of concern to the long-term management of the reserve. However no discernible impact upon the Park’s biodiversity had been detected from any resulting pollution.

CONSERVATION ACTION SO FAR After the declaration of Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park (GOMMNP), and the notification of GOMBR, the focus on conservation and protection of the marine resources became operative. However, the coordinated approach towards conservation and sustainable use has not taken proper shape. The marine biodiversity in coastal area are higher than in open sea because of availability of greater range of habitats near the coast. On

14 GULF OF MANNAR the other side, the loss of marine diversity and the threats are also higher in coastal areas because of conflicting use of coastal areas and relatively dense population. In order to ideally conserve the marine biodiversity, the conservation of habitat and seascape diversity has to be integrated.

Legally established protected areas can only be a part of the overall conservation strategy. The coastal and marine conservation has to be focused on integrated coastal area management where sustainable use of coastal biodiversity can be practiced. The efforts of the park managers alone may not bring desired level of conservation and protection of the vast extents of the sea and coast which are managed by various government departments and agencies and conflicts among various agencies itself is common.

The GEF-UNDP Initiative Keeping the obligations on part of various signatory states of the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD), in order to support the primary objective of the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of its component and the equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of these components by integrating conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity into relevant plans and policies and duly appreciating the endeavour of Tamil Nadu in India, GEF and UNDP intervened and the project on “Conservation and sustainable use of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve’s coastal Biodiversity” was approved during 2002. The project aims to “conserve and sustainably utilize the globally significant biodiversity in the multiple use area of the GOMBR through application of the strengthened conservation programme in the core area and economically feasible and socially acceptable sustainable livelihood development in biosphere reserve as a whole”. The GEF-UNDP supported project is designed to demonstrate how to integrate biodiversity conservation into coastal marine management plan and implement the same in a large biosphere

15 reserve with various multiple uses. The project has also aimed at committed and innovative approach to develop a long term multisectoral conservation programme in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve area. The project stipulated establishment of a Trust (Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust – GOMBRT) as an independent governmental statutory body to holistically implement the activities and to play more than an advisory role as a flexible transparent system which will facilitate appropriate integrated coastal development actions in the reserve.

Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust (GOMBRT) The GOMBRT was established by the Government of Tamil Nadu in G.O.Ms.No.263/E&F FR (V) Dated: 18.12.2000. The trust is registered under Tamil Nadu Society Registration Act 1975. The Trust has been established as a special purpose vehicle to coordinate project implementation in order to ensure effective inter-sector co- ordination and facilitate main streaming of biodiversity conservation issues into the productive sector and policy development. The Trust allows project methodologies and result to be replicated in the rest of the coastal area so Tamil Nadu and serve as an institutional model for India as a whole. The Trust has statutory authority to play a focal role in the implementation of the project, providing the institutional frame work. The five important areas where the project initiatives have been concentrated are as follows :-

1. Managing the affairs of the Trust, developing a Long Term Funding for related activities after the project close and facilitating co-ordination among various stake holders

2. Strengthening the capacity and infrastructure of the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park for enhanced conservation and management functions.

16 GULF OF MANNAR

3. Base line research and monitoring on key ecological, biological, environmental and management issues of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve.

4. Building capacity of various groups of stakeholders and

5. Eliciting local community’s participation in conservation and sustainable marine resource use through use through building awareness, capacity & skill, at the grass root level, empowering them and to facilitate provision and adoption of alternate/enhanced livelihood options and to bring down the pressure on the fisheries resources.

17 k‹dh® tisFlh

k‹dh® tisFlh flšts«

k‹dh® tisFlh, ϪÂa bj‹»H¡F¡ fl‰fiuæš jäœehL khãy¤Âš mikªJŸsJ. Ϫj k‹dh® tisFlh, cyf K¡»a¤Jt« thŒªj flšrh® c殥 gštifikfS¡F¥ òfèlkhf cŸsJ. 1980š V‰gL¤j¥g£l k‹dh® tisFlh njÁa ó§fh, ϪÂah k‰W« bj‹»H¡F MÁa gFÂæš V‰gL¤j¥g£l Kjš flšrh® njÁa ó§fhthF«. k‹dh® tisFlh njÁa ó§fh, ϪÂahéš cŸs eh‹F K¡»a gts¥ghiw¥ gFÂfëš (mªjkh‹ ã¡nfhgh®, k‹dh® tisFlh, y£r¤ÔÎ k‰W« f£¢ tisFlh) K¡»a x‹whF«. Ïš, Ïuhkehjòu« k‰W« ö¤J¡Fo kht£l fl‰fiu gFÂfëš, 0.25 Kjš 125 bA¡nl® mséyhd 21 ÔÎfŸ mikªJŸsd. k‹dh® tisFlh c殡nfhs k©ly«, 10,500rJu ». Û£lU¡F« mÂf gu¥ig cŸsl¡»ajhF«, Ïš, k‹dh® tisFlh njÁa ó§fh 560 rJu ».Û gu¥Ãš mikªJŸsJ, m¢RW¤jš ãiy k‰W« cæçd ts« M»at‰iw¡ fU¤Âš bfh©L V‰gL¤j¥g£l braš £l¤Â‰fhf bjçÎ brŒa¥g£l MW gFÂfëš k‹dh® tisFlh c殡nfhs k©lyK« x‹whF«. k‹dh® tisFlh flšts«

k‹dh® tisFlhéš njhuhakhf 4223 flšthœ cæçd§fŸ fhz¥gLtjhš mt‰WŸ K¡»akhdit ÑnH g£oaèl¥g£LŸsd. 117 tif gts cæçfŸ, 15 tif fl‰ ò‰fŸ, 11 tifahd rJ¥ò ãy¤ jhtu§fŸ, 100 tifahd K£njhèfŸ, 181 tifahd flšghÁfŸ, 1147 tifahd Ûåd§fŸ, 5 tifahd flš MikfŸ, 14 tifahd X§»fŸ,

18 GULF OF MANNAR

6 tifahd Âä§fy§fŸ, xUtif flš gR (MÎèah), xU tif flš g‹¿, 70 tifahd fQ¡fhèfŸ, 260 tifahd r§F Á¥ÃfŸ.

gts¥ ghiw

k‹dh® tisFlh fl‰gFÂæš cŸs flš cæçd§fë‹ c殥- gštifik ãiy mÂfkhfΫ, äf K¡»akhf gts§fS«, gts¥ ghiwfS« fhz¥gL»‹wd. gts¥ghiwfŸ gts cæçfshš

Mdit, Ïit KJbfY«Ãšyhj cæUŸsÃuhâfë‹ vëa bjhF¥ghF«. Ïit fodkhd tif, äUJthd tif vd ÏUtif¥gL«. gts cæçfis R‰¿a flšNHèš c殢 r¤J¡fis¥ bgU¡», m¥gFÂæš c‰g¤ÂahF« cæçd§fS¡F czthf és§F« gts cæçfëš 117 tiffŸ k‹dh® tisFlhéš cŸsd. Ïit fh‰¿š cŸs e¢RthÍit fçaäythÍthf »u»¤J

R©zh«ghf kh‰W« j‹ik bfh©lit. Ïit flè‹

19 miyntf¤ij jL¤J fl‰fiuia k© mç¥ÃèUªJ fh¥git. gšntW tifahd flšthœ cæçd§fS¡F czélkhfΫ, ciwélkhfΫ Ïd¥bgU¡f¤ jskhfΫ

és§F»‹wd. Û‹ts« bgUf gts¥ghiwfŸ K¡»a g§F t»¡»‹wd. fl‰ghÁ

fl‰ghÁ Ïd§fëš “»nuìnyçah” Á‰¿d§fŸ uhnk°tu« fl‰fiu¥ gFÂfëš mÂfkhf nrfç¡f¥gL»wJ. nkY« k‹dh® tisFlh fl‰gFÂfëš mší‹ v‹w _y¥ bghUŸ ÏU¡F« “[®fh[«” Á‰¿d§fŸ k‰W« “l®Ãndçah” Á‰¿d§fŸ »il¡»wJ. czé‰fhf fl‰ghÁ »nuìnyçahit ga‹gL¤JtJ F¿¥Ã£l Áy gFÂfëš jh‹ fhz¥gL»wJ. k‹dh® tisFlh gFÂæš Û‹Ão bjhêèš e©LfŸ K¡»a g§if t»¡»‹wd.

k‹dh® tisFlh gFÂfëš »il¡F« e©od§fsh»a “ngh®£Nd° bgyhìf°” (Úy¡fhš e©L), “ngh®£Nd° [h©Fændhby‹l°” (K¡f©z‹ e©L), “[hç¥o° ~bgçna£lh” (ÁYit e©L), “[hç¥o° enllh®” k‰W« “ìšyh brnu£lh” (fê e©L) M»a e©od§fëš “ngh®£Ndh° bgyhìf°” (Úy¡fhš e©L) k‰W« “ngh®£Nd° [h©Fændhby‹l°” (K¡f©z‹ e©L) Kjèad äfΫ mÂf mséš »il¡»‹wd. ö¤J¡Fo fl‰fiu¥ gFÂæš mikªJŸs btŸs¥g£o »uhk¤Âš e©L Ão¥gš jå ftd« brY¤j¥gL»wJ. fê e©L vd tH§f¥gL« “ìšyh brnu£lh” bj‹»H¡F MÁa ehLfS¡F cæUl‹ bgUkséš V‰Wk brŒa¥gL»wJ.

20 GULF OF MANNAR fl‰òš

k‹dh® tisFlh gFÂæš ÔÎfis¢ R‰¿ 2½ Û£l® MH«tiu flY¡foæš thG« brotiffëš flšò‰fŸ

K¡»akhdjhF«. k‹dh® tisFlhéš fiu¡F« ÔÎfS¡F« ÏilæY« k‰W« ÔÎfë‹ fliy neh¡»a gFÂæY« mÂfkhf fl‰òš gL¡iffŸ ÏU¥gjhf¡ f©l¿a¥g£LŸsJ. flšò‰fëš 15 tif k‹dh® tisFlhéš fhz¥gL»‹wd. nAnyh£ôš ôåbe®é° (Halodule uninervis) v‹w fl‰òš Ïd« k‹dh® tisFlhéš äf mÂf mséš fhz¥gL»wJ. Ϫj Ïd« kzš k‰W« nr‰W¥ gu¥Ãš fhz¥gL»wJ. nkY« ÏJ Ïwªj gts¥ ghiwfSŸs Ïl§fëY« fhz¥gL»wJ. Ϫj nAnyh£ôš ôåbe®é°, k© gojèš K¡»a¥ g§F t»¡»wJ. Ïit jåahfΫ k‰w fl‰òš Ïd§fSl‹ nr®ªJ« fhz¥gL»‹wd. irknlhÁna brUny£lh (Cymodocea serrulata) v‹w Ïd« k‹dh® tisFlhé‹ mnef ÔÎfëš fhz¥gL»wJ. ÏJ mêªJ tU« Ïdkhd flš gRé‹ czé‰F V‰wjhF«. JyhÁah bA«Ãç¢Á (Thalassia hemprichii) k‰W« nAnyh£ôš ôåbe®é° M»a Ïd fl‰òš gL¡iffŸ flš m£ilfS¡F V‰wjhF«. Ϫj K¡»a¤Jt« thŒªj fl‰ò‰fis¥ g‰¿ k‹dh® tisFlhéš ÏJtiu äf¢ brh‰g MuhŒ¢Ána eilbg‰WŸsJ. mghafukhd Û‹ Ão¤jš, j©Ùç‹ ju« bf£L¥nghjš k‰W« fhyãiy kh‰w« M»at‰¿dhš k‹dh® tisFlhéš fl‰ò‰fŸ btFthf gh¡f¥gL»‹wd.

21 rJ¥òãy¡ fhLfŸ

ãy¥gu¥ò¡F« flY¡F« Ïilæš mikªJŸs xnu td¥gF tif rJ¥òãy¡ fhLfŸ MF«. Ïit flnyhu c殥gštifikia mÂfç¡f¢ brŒtnjhL, td¥ bghU£fis¡ bfhL¥gÂY«, flnyhu¤ij¥ ghJfh¥gÂY«, flnyhu Û‹ts Mjhu¤Â‰F« cjλwJ. vªj xU td¥gF¡F« Ïšyhj Áw¥g«rkhf fLikahd Nœãiyfshd caça c¥ò¤ j‹ik, bt¥gãiy, flš V‰w Ïw¡f«, gy¤j fh‰W k‰W« rfÂahd k‰W« Ãuhz thÍt‰w kzyik¥ò M»at‰iw rkhë¡F« jftik¥ig¥ bg‰WŸsJ.

ϪÂahéš rJ¥òãy¡ fhLfŸ 4,461 rJu ».Û tiu guéÍŸsd. Ïit »H¡F¡ fl‰fiu¥ gFÂæš (t§fhs éçFlh) 59 rjé»jK«, nk‰F¡ fl‰fiu¥ gFÂaš (muáflš) 23 rjé»jK« kh‰W« ÔÎ¥ gFÂfëš (mªjkh‹ k‰W« ã¡nfhg® ÔÎfŸ) 18 rjé»jK« guéÍŸsd. bgU« MWfshš bfh©Ltu¥gL« r¤J ãiwªj t©lš k© k‰W« tUl« KGtJ« fêKf¥ gFÂæš ÏU¡F« e‹ÚçdhY« ϪÂahé‹ »H¡F¡ flnyhu¥ gFÂæšjh‹ rJ¥òãy¡ fhLfŸ mÂfkhfΫ gutyhfΫ cŸsd. Mdhš, nk‰F flnyhu¥ gFÂæš Ï¤jifa t©lš k© got§fŸ »£l¤j£l Ïšyhj ãiyæš, òdš tot flš fêKf« - M‰W Kf¤Jthu mik¥òfŸ Ïij

22 GULF OF MANNAR flš Mik

cyfséš 7 tif flš MikfŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd. 5 tif flš MikfŸ ϪÂa flšgFÂæš fhz¥gL»‹wd, mªj 5 tiffS« k‹dh® tisFlh¥ gFÂæš fhz¥gL»‹wd. mit Á¤jhik, mG§fhik, g¢irahik, bgUªjiy Mik k‰W« njhâ Mik M»aitahF«. Ïit fl‰fiuæš K£ilæ£L FŠR bgh¿¡F« j‹ik bfh©lit. Ït‰¿‹ ghèd« K£ilæL« NHè‹ j£gbt¥g ãiyia¥ bghW¤J KoÎ brŒa¥gL»wJ. Û‹ FŠRfis ÁWÛ‹ gUt¤Ânyna mÂfkhf c£bfhŸS« j‹ikbfh©l brh¿ Û‹fis nt£ilahL« j‹ik bfh©lit flš MikfŸ. flš MikfŸ Û‹c‰g¤Â¡F bgçJ« cjλ‹wd. fl‰gR

Lfh§ (Dugong) v‹git bghJthf¡ fl‰gR¡fŸ v‹W miH¡f¥gL»‹wd. Ïit ÚªJtj‰nf‰w clyik¥òila gG¥ò ãw ghÿ£ofŸ, fl‰gR¡fŸ, thš gF k‰W« xU n#ho g¡f¤ JL¥òfë‹ cjéahš bkJthf ڪ¢ brš»‹wd. Ïit 3 Û£l® Ús« k‰W« 500 »nyh vil tiuæY« tsU«. Ït‰¿‹ clš xG§f‰w mik¥òl‹ ÁW Kofis¡ bfh©L«, fodkhd njhšfis cilajhfΫ cŸsJ. Ïj‹ thŒ¥gF fl‰ò‰fis nkŒtj‰F trÂahf Ñœneh¡»a toéš mikªJŸsJ. M© flš gR¡fël« jªj« fhz¥gL»wJ.

23 flš FÂiufŸ

flšòš gFÂfëš fhz¥gL« mça Ûåd« fl‰FÂiu MF«. ÏjDila jiy FÂiuia¥ngh‹W«, thš Fu§»id¥ ngh‹W« ÏU¥gJ mÂrakhF«. Ïš M©tif K£ilfis RkªJ F£ofis guhkç¥gJ xU Áw¥ò¤j‹ik MF«. bkJthf ÚªJ« j‹ik bfh©l fl‰FÂiufŸ j‰nghija Û‹Ão Kiwfshš bgçJ« gh¥ÉFŸsh»‹wd.

X§»fŸ

k‹dh® tisFlh gFÂæš 14 tif X§»fŸ fhz¥gL»wJ. mt‰WŸ 4 tif X§»fŸ Mœflèš

ÏU¡F« X§» tiffshF«. mit Flit _¡F X§», rhjh

X§», FHš X§» k‰W« tisªj KJF X§» M»aitahF«. X§»fŸ _is ts®¢Áæš kåjD¡F beU§»a gçzhk cæçahF«. Ïit Û‹fis K¡»a czthf c£bfhŸ»‹wd. Âä§fy§fŸ

k‹dh® tisFlh gFÂæš 6 tif Âä§fy§fŸ fhz¥gL»wJ. Mœflš gFÂfëš Âä§fy§fŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd. flšNHš Mnuh¡»a¤Âid f©l¿a cjΫ mça cæçdkhf Âä§fy§fŸ cjλ‹wd. Ïitfëš gšYŸs Âä§fy§fŸ, gšèšyhj Âä§fy§fŸ vd ÏUtiffŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd. gšYŸs Âä§fy§fŸ Û‹fis czthf c£bfhŸ»‹wd. gšèšyh Âä§fy§fŸ äjit cæçd§fis czthf c£bfhŸ»‹wd. flš m£ilfŸ

flyo¢ NHèš goÍ« gšntW tifahd fêÎfis

24 GULF OF MANNAR c£bfh©L flšNHš Rfhjhu¤ij¥ ngQ« mça gâfis¢ brŒÍ« cæçd§fŸ flš m£ilfŸ MF«. Ït‰¿š k‹dh® tisFlhéš 32 tiffŸ fhz¥gL»wJ. ÏGtiy ga‹gL¤JtÂdhš flyo cæçd§fshd m£ilfŸ bgçJ« gh¥ÉFŸsh»‹wd. flš khRgLjY« Ϫj cæçd§fŸ mêªJ tUtj‰F K¡»a fhuzkhF«. flš gh«òfŸ

k‹dh® tisFléš 13 tif flš gh«òfŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd. j£ilahd thYŸs flš gh«ò ér¤j‹ikÍilaJ. T®ikahd thYŸs gh«ò érk‰w j‹ik cilajhF«. flšNHš j‹ikia Óuhf guhkç¥gš Ït‰¿‹ g§F Áw¥ghdjhF«. gaªj Rght« bfh©l Ϫj gh«ò tiffŸ kåj elkh£l« cŸs gFÂfis bgçJ« j鮤JéL«. Ït‰whš kåjD¡F ghÂ¥òfŸ VJ« Ïšiy.

gwitfŸ

jäHf¤Â‹ fl‰fiu gwitfë‹ K¡»a thêlkhf és§FtJ k‹dh® tisFlh MF«. Rkh® 290 tifahd gwitfŸ k‹dh® tisFlh¥ gFÂæš fhz¥gL»‹wd. mça gwit Ïd§fshd óehiu, br§fhš ehiu, fu©otha‹, e¤ij bfh¤Â ehiu, TiHflh, btŸis mçthŸ _¡f‹, fU¥ò mçthŸ _¡f‹, beL§fhš cŸsh‹, Myh k‰W« flš

25 òwh ngh‹wit Ϫj¥ gFÂæš mÂf« fhz¥gL»‹wd. Ϫj mçatif gwitfŸ k‹dh® tisFlhé‹ ts¤Âid giwrh‰W« rh£ÁfŸ MF«. gšntW tifahd gwit Ïd§fŸ czΤ njitfS¡fhfΫ, Ïd¥bgU¡f¤ njit¡fhfΫ k‹dh® tisFlhéid¥ ga‹gL¤J»‹wd. flš NHè‹ Rfhjhu« ngQtÂY«, ÁW ó¢Áfis c£bfh©L NHš ts« fh¥gÂY« gwitfŸ bgçJ« cjéò绋wd. t©z Û‹fŸ

flš NHèš fhz¥gL« mHfhd mça cæçd« t©z Û‹fŸ MF«. Ïit gts¥ghiw gFÂfëš mÂf« fhz¥gL»‹wd. flš NHš ghJfh¥Ã‰F«, flšNHš Rfhjhu¤Â‰F« bgçJ« cjλ‹wd. t©z Û‹fŸ ts« Fiwªjhš gts¥ghiwfë‹ ts®¢Á gh¡f¥gL«. Û‹ts« bgUf t©zÛ‹fis ghJfh¡f nt©oaJ mtÁakh»wJ.

k‹dh® tisFlhéš fhz¥gL« Û‹fëš “fl‰FÂiu” (ï¥ngh Ah«g° Á‰¿d§fŸ) äfΫ K¡»a¤JtK«, éiy kÂ¥ò« cilaJ. mjdhš Ït‰¿‹ v©â¡if äfΫ FiwªJ Ï›Îæçd« Åœ¢Á milÍ« ãiy V‰g£LŸsjhš, ϪÂa td cæçd ghJfh¥ò¢ r£l« 1972-‹ Ñœ fl‰FÂiu Ïd§fis Ão¤jš jil brŒa¥g£LŸsJ.

26 GULF OF MANNAR

k‹dh® tisFlh fl‰gFÂæš 1147 tifahd Ûåd§fŸ, 428 tif bkšYlè Ïd§fŸ k‰W« 112 tif e£r¤Âu Ûåd§fŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd.

k‹dh® tisFlh fl‰gFÂæš thG« cæçd§fS¡F V‰gL« m¢RW¤jšfŸ k‰W« ghJfh¥ò ãiyfŸ

k‹dh® tisFlh fl‰gFÂfëš thG« cæçd§fS¡F Ïa‰ifædhY«, kåj®fë‹ brašfshY«, cŸq® m¢RW¤jšfshY« k‰W« cyfshéa m¢RW¤jšfshY« gšntW éjkhd mgha§fS«, Mg¤J¡fS« V‰gL»‹wd. kåj Fy« k‰W« Ïa‰ifædhš V‰gL« nguhg¤J¡fŸ m. jkJ njit¡F mÂfkhd Raey¤Â‰fhfΫ, Rayhg¤Â‰fhfΫ flšthœ cæçd§fis¥ Ão¤jš.

M. r£l éÂfis Û¿ flš thœ cæçd§fis Ão¥gj‰F Ku©g£l Û‹Ão Kiwfis¡ ifahSjš.

Ï. òaš, kiH k‰W« Mê¥nguiyædhš Mg¤JfŸ éis»wJ.

<. “¡nshgš th®«ä§” vd miH¡f¥gL« òé¢

27 Nnl‰w¤jhš (òé bt¥gkiljš) V‰gL« Mg¤JfŸ – Ïit ÃugŠr¤jhš V‰gL« mgha« vdΫ miH¡f¥gL»wJ.

gts¥ ghiw gFÂfëš tsU« “gts Û‹” vd¥gL« “¡%g®” k‰W« my§fhu t©z Û‹fsh»a “¡s΋ ÃZ”, “nlh£ong¡°”, “nl«b[š°” k‰W« “[®îa‹°” ngh‹w Û‹fis Ão¥gj‰F raidL éõ¤ij ga‹gL¤JtjhY« Û‹fŸ ÏwªJ mÂf mêÎ V‰gL»wJ.

“RUŸ tiyfŸ” (nuhy® be£), “fiu tiyfŸ” (n[h® Ó‹) “Á¥Ã tiyfŸ” (eÅd »š be£) ngh‹w tiy tiffŸ c©ikænyna flš cæçd§fŸ, mit thG« Nœãiy, Ïl« k‰W« Û‹ts Mjhu§fŸ mid¤ijÍ« mê¤JéL»wJ.

flš MikfŸ r£l¤Â‰F òw«ghf Ão¡f¥gL»wJ. mÂY« F¿¥ghf g¢ir ãw flš MikfŸ czé‰fhf mÂf mséš mê¡f¥gL»wJ. Ï›thW mê¡f¥gLtjhš, flš MikfŸ kz‰Fêfëš K£ilæ£L FŠR bghç¡F« ãiyikÍ«, mt‰¿‹ v©â¡ifÍ« äfΫ mçjh» tU»wJ. Ïj‰F¢ rh‹whf k‹dh® tisFlh gFÂfëš flš Mikfë‹ v©â¡ifÍ« ehsiléš btFthf FiwªJ tUtJ f©Tlhf¤ bjç»wJ.

28 GULF OF MANNAR

ÏJnghš fl‰gR¡fisÍ« mÂf mséš Ão¤J mê¥gJ k‰bwhU rh‹whf cŸsJ. nkY«, flš cæçd§fë‹ Ïa‰if¢ Nœãiy Ïl§fŸ k‰W« m›Îæçd§fis bjhªjuÎ brŒtjhš mt‰¿‹ v©â¡if Fiwtj‰F«, mitfŸ k‰w Ïl§fS¡F Ïl¥bga®¢Á (Ïlkh‰w«) miltj‰F« VJthf mikªJ éL»wJ.

Nœãiy¢ Ó®nfL v‹gJ k‹dh® tisFlh gFÂfëš k‰WbkhU mgha¤ij éisé¡»wJ. ö¤J¡Fo fl‰gF k‰W« k‹dh® tisFlh fl‰gFÂfëš cŸs bjhê‰rhiyfëš ÏUªJ btëtU« fêÎfŸ flèš fy¥gjhš flš cæçd§fë‹ Ïjkhd Nœãiy bf£L (kh¿) ÏW¡fkhd Nœãiyia c©lh¡F»wJ. mJnghš k© gokhd« k‰WbkhU Ô§»id V‰gL¤J»wJ. mjhtJ gts¥ ghiwfë‹ nkš k© gotjhš gts¥ ghiwfŸ tHtH¥ghd j‹ik milªJ ts®¢Áæ‹ msÎ FiwªJ mêªJ éL»wJ. k‹dh® tisFlh cæ®nfhs ghJfh¥ò k‰W« k‹dh® tisFlh njÁa¥ ó§fh “ – nkyh©ik k‰W« v®fhy rthšfŸ

ϪÂahéš cŸs uhnk°tu¤ÂèUªJ f‹åahFkç tiu mikªJŸs fl‰gu¥Ãid¡ bfh©l KGikahd

29 gFÂna “k‹dh® tisFlh cæ®nfhs ghJfh¥ò gF” vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ. Ï¥gF flš c殥 gštifikæš cyf K¡»a¤Jt« thŒªjjhfΫ, ϪÂa flnyhu¥ gFÂfëš tskhd gFÂahfΫ ÏU¡»wJ. 3600-¡F« mfykhd flš éy§»d§fisÍ« k‰W« flš jhtu§fisÍ« mgçäjkhd mséš bfh©LŸsJ. Ïjdhš Ï¥gFÂæš mikªJŸs ÔÎfŸ, gts¥ ghiwfis¢ NœªJŸs gFÂfŸ k‰W« MHäšyhj Ú® gFÂfŸ cŸë£l Ï¥gFÂfëš thG« flš éy§FfŸ k‰W« flš jhtu§fis¡ bfh©l 560 rJu »nyh Û£l® gu¥gsit¡ bfh©l gF “k‹dh® tisFlh njÁa ó§fh” vd 1986-M« M©L murh§f¤jhš Ãufld« brŒa¥g£lJ. Ëd®, Ï¥gF cæ®nfhs¥ ghJfh¥Ãd®fë‹ Ka‰Áahš ghçìš cŸs Íd°nfh (UNESCO) – United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization (I¡»a ehLfŸ fšé, m¿éaš k‰W« fiy¥ g©gh£L r§f« / fHf«) ãWtd¤Âš gÂÎ brŒa¥g£L 1989-« M©oèUªJ k‹dh® tisFlh gF “c殡nfhs ghJfh¥ò¥ gF” vd Ãufld¥ gL¤j¥g£lJ. I.Í.Á.v‹. tif¥gh£o‹ go Ï¥gF “Kjš ãiy ghJfh¥ò¥ gF” vdΫ m¿é¡f¥g£lJ. nkY«, Ï¥gFÂahdJ ϪÂahéš k£Lkšy, bj‹»H¡F MÁa ehLfëš Kj‹ Kjyhf mika¥bg‰w “flš c殡nfhs Kjšãiy ghJfh¥ò¥ gF” v‹w Áw¥ò¥ bgaiuÍ« bg‰WŸsJ v‹gJ e« ϪÂa® midtU¡F« bgUikahd x‹whF«. jäœehL muÁ‹ jäœehL td¤Jiwæd® “k‹dh® tisFlh flš njÁa ó§fh”éid bghW¥òlD« flik cz®Îl‹ Toa nkyh©ik brŒJ “c殡nfhs ghJfh¥ò¥ gF”æid f©fhâ¤J«, ghJfh¤J« tU»‹wd®. Ï¥ó§fhé‹ í.X.v«.Ã.M®. (“k‹dh® tisFlh c殡nfhs ghJfh¥ò gF”) flš gF gu¥ò 10,500 rJu »nyh Û£l®fŸ MF«. nkY«, Ï¥gFÂæš cŸs fl‰fiu gF 10 »nyh Û£liu rh®ªj ãy¥gFÂia j‹dl¡»ÍŸsJ. United Nation Development Programme UNDP-GEF I¡»a ehLfë‹ K‹nd‰w £l« k‰W« cyfshéa R‰W¢NHš ts®¢Áæ‹

30 GULF OF MANNAR

ô.v‹.o.Ã. – í.Ï.v~¥ MuhŒ¢Á¤ £l§fshš “k‹dh® tisFlh flš c殡nfhs ghJfh¥ò¥ gFÂæ‹” æ‹ “cŸ f£lik¥Ã‹ ó®th§f bjhl¡f« k‰W« bjhl® ntiyfŸ” br›tnd eilbg‰W nkyh©ik¥ gâfŸ óuz ÂU¥ÂÍl‹ eilbg‰W¡ bfh©oU¡»wJ.

murh§f¤Â‹ gšntW Jiwfsh»a td¤Jiw, Û‹ ts¤Jiw, R‰W¢NHš Jiw, flnyhu fhtšJiw, fl‰gil Jiw, fl‰fiu ghJfh¥ò Jiw k‰W« flšrh® thça« Ït‰¿š gâòçnth®fŸ midtU« k‹dh® tisFlh gFÂæš cŸs mid¤J flš cæçd§fis ghJfh¥gÂY«, mt‰¿‹ v©â¡ifæid msÅLfŸ brŒtÂY«, flš cæçd§fis bra‰if Kiwæš ts®¥ò brŒJ mt‰¿‹ v©â¡ifæid g‹kl§F c‰g¤Â brŒtÂY«, Ú® khR V‰glhkš ghJfh¥ò brŒtÂY«, Ïa‰if¢ Nœãiy Ó®nfL milahkš fh¥gÂY« k‰W« mid¤J éjkhd “cæ®nfhs ghJfh¥ò” gâfis Âw«gl brŒtÂY«

k‹dh® tisFlh flš njÁa¥ ó§fh td cæçd f©fhâ¥ò fh¥ghsç‹ bghW¥Ãš cŸsJ. Ϫj ó§fhthdJ eh‹F gFÂfshf¥ Ãç¡f¥g£L, x›bthU gF¡F« jyh xU td Ïyhfh ca® mÂfhçfS« gâò绋wd®. mJ k£Lkšyhkš, VG td Ïyhfh mÂfhçfS«, g‹åbu©L td¡ fh¥ghs®fS«, IªJ ã®thf¥ gâahs®fS« Âw«gl gâòçªJ tU»‹wd®.

td cæçd ghJfh¥ò¢ r£l« 1972, R‰W¥òw¢ NHš ghJfh¥ò¢ r£l« k‰W« Û‹ Jiw eilKiw¢ r£l« Kjèat‰iw eilKiwæš brašgL¤Â nkyh©ikia r£l¥ ghJfh¥òl‹ “c殡nfhs¥ ghJfh¥ò” gFÂfëš nk‰bfhŸ»wJ. c殡nfhs¥ ghJfh¥ò gFÂfis r£l¥ó®t ghJfh¥òl‹ xG§FKiw¥ gL¤Â brayh¡f« brŒtj‰F Âwik ä¡f gšntW ãWtd§fë‹ T£L Ka‰ÁÍ«, x¤JiH¥ò« Ï‹iwa fhy f£l¤Âš äf mtÁa« njit.

31 Ï‹D« Ôéu jå¤Jt¤ j‹ik bfh©L Áw¥òl‹ brayh¡f« òçaΫ, ã®thf ntiyfis brašgL¤Â ãiwnt‰Wtj‰F« kåj r¡ÂÍ«, ÏaªÂu r¡ÂÍ« g‰wh¡Fiwahd ãiyæš mikªJŸsJ. rh¤Âakhd kWÓuik¥ò elto¡iffŸ

flš cæçd§fisghJfh¡F« elto¡iffëš flš cæçd MuhŒ¢Á äfΫ mo¥gilahd K¡»a g§»id M‰W»wJ. flš cæçd§fŸ fhz¥gL« Ïl§fŸ, mitfë‹ NHš ãiyfŸ, msÎ kÂ¥ÕLfŸ, taJ k‰W« ts®¢Á ãiyfŸ, Ïd¥bgU¡f kh‰w§fŸ, V‰W¡ bfhŸS« Ïa‰if k‰W« bra‰if czÎfŸ, ÏizªJ k‰W« ÏirªJ thG« gH¡f tH¡f§fŸ, thœ¡if¥ nghuh£l« Kjèat‰iw MuhŒ¢Áfë‹ têahf äfΫ bjŸs¤bjëthf m¿ªJ bfhŸs KoÍ«. vdnt, MuhŒ¢Á KoÎfë‹ go Ô®¡fkhd Koéid Âlkhf vL¡f KoÍ«.

k‹dh® tisFlh¥ gFÂfëš m¢RW¤j¥g£l cæçd§fëš mÂf ftd« brY¤Â mitfŸ kiwªJ élhkš fh¡f nt©L«. MuhŒ¢Á k‰W« Ïa‰if ts§fë‹ kW Óuik¥Ãš mÂf ftd« brY¤j nt©L«.

32 GULF OF MANNAR

kåj r¡ÂfŸ k‰W« ÏaªÂu r¡Âfis mÂfç¡f¢ brŒJ “flš cæçd ghJfh¥ò r£l éÂKiwfis” Ôéukhf eilKiw¥gL¤j nt©L«. k‹dh® tisFlh gFÂæš cŸs cæçd§fis¥ ghJfh¤J fh¥gh‰W« braèš ehK« g§F bfhŸs nt©L«. K¡»a¤Jt« thŒªj tifæY« ghJfh¤jš tifæY« “Kjš ãiy éê¥òz®Î¡ fšéæid” M®ty®fS¡F eh« tH§» m¿ÎW¤j nt©L«.

murh§f ãWtd§fŸ, MuhŒ¢Á ãWtd§fŸ k‰W« murh§f¤Â‹ mYtyf¤Âš g§F t»¡fhj ãWtd§fëš cŸst®fŸ

flnyhu¥ gF k¡fS¡F fl‰ gFÂfŸ g‰¿a všiyfŸ g‰¿ vL¤Jiu¤J flš cæçd§fis ts®¥gj‰F “ghJfh¥ghd ts®¥ò Ïl§fŸ” më¤J mt®fis C¡f¥gL¤Â c‰rhf_£Ljš nt©L«. ekJ tU§fhy jiyKiwæd®fS¡F ga‹gl¡Toa mséš, gts¥ ghiw gFÂfëš thG« cæçd§fŸ k‰W« mêÍ« ãiyæš cŸs cæçd§fŸ Kjèat‰iw ghJfh¥gj‰fhd njitahd elto¡iffis vL¡f nt©L«. flnyhu k¡fS¡F éê¥òz®Î £l§fis el¤Jtj‹ _ykhf r£lénuhj elto¡iffëš

flnyhu Ûdt r_f¤Âdçl« “thœ¡if¤ njitfS¡fhd kh‰W V‰ghL £l§fis” ãiwnt‰w

33 nt©L«. Ï›thW brŒtjhY« Ïa‰ifæ‹ Nœãiy mik¥ò Á¿J Á¿jhf fh¥gh‰w¥gL«. mo¥gil tUkhd¤ £l§fis m¿Kf¥gL¤JtjhY«, mjhtJ cŸqçš »il¡F« _y¥ bghU£fis¡ bfh©L bjhêš brŒtj‹ _ykhf cgç tUkhd« bgUFtJ k£Lkšyhkš, Ïa‰if Û‹ ts« ghJfh¡f¥gL«. nkY« ekJ tU§fhy rªjÂæd® ga‹bgW« tifæY« £l§fŸ Ô£l¥gl nt©L«.

34