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Home , Balkan pond turtle, Beas River, Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Girye, Great Rann of Kutch, Gulf of Kutch

The Only 5 Marine National Park and Water Sanctuaries of

India boasts of several marine national parks which are hotspots of bio-diversity and home to a number of marine creatures including Olive Ridley , and a medium-sized marine known as . Water sanctuaries of India include Bhitarkanika National Park, National Park and Rani Jhansi Marine National Park. These are swamp or large forests in India.

Gulf of Kutch Marine National Park Marine National Park in is situated on the southern shore of the Gulf of Kutch in , . It is the first national marine park of India with 42 on Jamnagar coast in the Marine National Park.

Some popular islands:-

Poshitra, Pirotan, Karubhar and This is a fragile Ecosystem. Narara.

Flora/:- , Sea Slug, Painted , Shelled Mollusks, Octopus.

This national park is the 1stmarine wildlife sanctuary and the 1st marine national park in India.

Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park is a national park of India on the , situated 29 kms. from Port Blair. Most of the coral reefs in the park are fringing reefs and the park is an important breeding ground for turtles.

It is also Known as WandoorNational

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Established in 1983 Park.

Jolly Buoy and Red Skin Islands: Open Jolly Buoy and Red skin Islands are for tourists. famous islands out of the 15 islands in this national park.

This National park is covered with Tropical Forest.

Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary Gahirmatha is the first and the only marine sanctuary of Orissa, number of marvellous creatures including Olive Ridley sea turtles migrate here in huge numbers. Gahirmatha separates the from the Bay of and is the world’s most important nesting beach for Olive It is the biggest nesting ground for olive Ridley Sea Turtles. Ridley Turtles in the world. In 1997:- Govt declared Gahirmatha as marine sanctuary to save turtles.

Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park Marine National Park consists of 21 small islands and coral reefs in the Gulf of Mannar in the Indian of . The park has a high diversity of and in its marine and shore habitats. Dugong (Sea Cow), a vulnerable marine mammal is also found here.

Malvan Marine Wildlife Sanctuary Marine Sanctuary is the only Rich in Salt that is why named as Malvan. marine sanctuary located in Malvan Taluka of in

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Konkan of . The Malvan Wildlife Sanctuary includes Padamged and other submerged rocky structures.

Note:-Maharashtra government last year has declared the area along Thane Creek as Flamingo Sanctuary. It should be noted that this Sanctuary is Maharashtra’s second marine sanctuary after Malvan (Marine) Wildlife Sanctuary which was declared in 1987.

Ramsar Partner Organizations:

Motto Partnership for Nature and People

Formation 1922

Type NGO is a global partnership of conservation organisations that Purpose Conservation strives to conserve , their habitats and Headquarters Cambridge, United global , working Kingdom with people towards sustainability in the use of , , , natural resources. It is the served and , world's largest partnership of Pacific conservation organisations, with over 120 partner It is widely recognized as the world leader in organisations. Conservation.

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International organisation working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, lobbying and education. IUCN's mission is to "influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically International Union for sustainable." Conservation of Nature It was created in 1948, and is world’s largest and H.Q.-Switzerland most diverse environmental network.

Formation 1985

Type Non profit research organisation

( - Location Headquarters); India (, It is a nonprofit research New ); (Lahore); organisation with headquarters Laos (Vientiane); Nepal inColombo, Sri Lanka, and (Kathmandu); Uzbekistan offices across Africa and Asia. (Tashkent); South Africa Research at the Institute (Pretoria); Ghana (Accra); focuses on improving how Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) water and land resources are managed, with the aim of Vision:- “A water-secure world” underpinning food security and reducing poverty while safeguarding vital environmental processes.

International non-governmental organisation founded in 1961, working in the field of the wilderness preservation, and the reduction of humanity's footprint on the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States. It is the world's largest conservation World Wide Fund for Nature

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H.Q.- Morges, Switzerland organisation with over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries, supporting around 1,300conservation and environmental projects.

Global organisation that works to sustain and restore and their resources for people and biodiversity. It is an independent, not-for-profit, global organisation, supported by government and NGO membership from around the world. Based mostly in the developing world, it has 20 regional, national or project offices in all and a head office in Ede, the Netherlands.

The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) is a conservation charity that saves wetlands, which are essential for life itself. Wetlands are the primary source of for people and wildlife. The WWT was founded in 1946 by the ornithologist and artist Sir Peter Scott as the Severn Wildfowl Trust. The WWT was instrumental in saving the nēnē from the brink of in the 1950s. IUCN Red list was also created by Sir peter Scott Wildfowl and Trust

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

 International treaty for “the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands”.  It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands.  It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran. nd  The Convention was signed on 2 of February, 1971.  The 2nd of February each year is World Wetlands Day.  Number of parties to the convention (COP) is169.  At the centre of the Ramsar philosophy is the “wise use” of wetlands.  Wise use: maintenance of ecological character within the context of sustainable development.

The Montreux Record

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 The Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites on the List of Wetlands of International Importance where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of technological developments, pollution or other human interference. It is maintained as part of the Ramsar List.

International Organisation Partners

 The works closely with six other organizations known as International Organisation Partners (IOPs). These are:

1. Birdlife International 2. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 3. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 4. Wetlands International 5. WWF 6. International Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT)

Other Partners

 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)  Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD),  Convention on the Conservation of Migratory of Wild Animals  Convention on Migratory Species (CMS),  World Heritage Convention (WHC) and  Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).

Jammu And  The largest freshwater in India. 1.  Situated on the .  Lake basin was formed as a result of tectonic activity.

2. Tsomoriri  A freshwater to brackish lake lying at 4,595m above sea level. The site is said to represent the only breeding ground outside of for one of the most endangered cranes, the Black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis), and the only breeding ground for Bar-headed geese in India.  The Great Tibetan Sheep or Argali

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(Ovisammonhodgsoni) and Tibetan Wild Ass (Equus kiang) are endemic to the Tibetan plateau, of which the Changthang is the westernmost part.  Largest of the high altitude lake which is entirely within India. 3. Surinsar-Mansar  Located in Jammu, Holy site.  Surinsar and Mansar lakes are reffered as twin lakes. 4. Wetland  Hokersar wetland is only 10 km away from Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar.

 Waterfowl species like Large Egret, Great Crested Grebe, Little , Common Shelduck, Tufted and endangered White-eyed Pochard, coming from , China, Central Asia, and .

Himachal Pradesh  A water storage reservoir created in 1975 on the 1. Lake in the low foothills of the Himalaya on the northern edge of the Indo-Gangetic . 2. Lake  A natural wetland with freshwater springs and inland subterranean karst formations, fed by a small flowing from the lower Himalayan out to the Giri River.  Crimson-breasted barbet, Mayna, Bulbul, Pheasants, Egrets, , and Lapwing.  Among ungulates Sambhar, Barking deer and Ghorals are also abundant in the area.  Named after Goddess Renuka the mother of Hindu sage Parshuram.  Largest natural Lake of .

3. Chandra Tal  Located in Spiti part of Lahaul- Spitidistrict of Himachal Pradesh.  An important site for breeding, wintering and 1. Harike staging birds, supporting over 200,000 Anatidae (, geese, swans, etc.) during migration.  Also known as Hari-Ke-Pattan  At Harike Beas River meets Satluz.  Largest Wetland in Northern India.

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2.  A human made wetland of lake and river formed by the 1952 construction of a barrage for diversion of water from the River for drinking and supplies.  The site is an important breeding place for the nationally protected Smooth Indian Otter, Hog Deer, Sambar, and several , and the endangered Indian Pangolin (Maniscrassicaudata) is thought to be present.

3. Kanjali  Man-made wetland and was created in 1870.  It is the largest freshwater lake in Kerala, situated 1. Sasthamkotta Lake in district.  Named after ancient Sastha Temple. 2. VembanadKayal  Largest Lake of Kerala.  Famous tourist locations like and Kumarakom, known for house boats falls here.  River mouths of Pamba-AchenkovilRivers in forms one of the most unique wetland topography of Kerala, the Kuttanad. It is below the sea level and is famous for exotic varieties and paddy fields that are below the sea level.

3. Ashtamudi  A natural backwater in .  RiversKallada and Pallichal drain into it.  It forms an with the sea at which is a famous fishing harbour in Kerala  passes through it.

Rajasthan  Largest inland salt lake of India 1. Sambhar Lake  Sambhar has been designated as a Ramsar site (recognized wetland of international importance) because the wetland is a key wintering area for tens of thousands of flamingos and other birds that migrate from northern Asia.  Waterfowl, ,deer, foxes.  Example of centripetal drainage, Megha and Khandel drain in it.

2. Keoladeo Ghana  A complex of ten artificial, seasonal lagoons, National Park varying in size, situated in a densely populated

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Or Bharatpur Bird region. Sanctuary  Placed on the Montreux Record in 1990 due to “water shortage and an unbalanced grazing regime”.  Moreover, invasive growth of the grass Paspalumdistichum has changed the ecological character of large areas of the site, reducing its suitability for certain waterbird species, notably the .

Odisha  is a brackish water lagoon at the 1. Chilika Lake mouth of the  It is the largest coastal lagoon in India and the second largest lagoon in the world.  Birds from as far as the , Lake Baikal, and other remote parts of Russia, Kirghiz steppes of Mongolia, Central and , and come here.  In 1981, Chilika Lake was designated the first Indian wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.  Birds: White Bellied Sea Eagles, Greylag Geese, Purple Moorhen, Jacana, flamingos, egrets, gray and purple herons, , Storks, White Ibis, Spoonbills, Brahminy Ducks, Shovellers, Pintails, and more.  Nalbana Island is the core area of the Ramsar designated wetlands of Chilika Lake. Nalbana was notified in 1987 and declared a bird sanctuary in 1973 under the Wildlife Protection Act.  The Irrawaddy (Orcaellabrevirostris) is the flagship species of Chilika Lake. It is classified as critically endangered, in five of the six other places it is known to live.

2. Bhitarkanika  The core area of Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary Mangroves was declared Bhitarkanika National Park.  Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary includes It was under the control of Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary. a zamindar until 1952.  Bhitarkanika Mangroves were designated a Ramsar

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In 2006 park was Wetland of International Importance in 2002. recognized by the  It is famous for its salt water crocodiles and Olive Guinness book of world Ridley sea turtles. record for the largest  Brahmani and Baitrani River Delta. White Crocodile. Remaining North to  The river provides habitat for IUCN Red listed South River Dolphin, , crocodile, 6 1. species of turtles, otters, 82 species of fish and Upper Ganga River more than a hundred species of birds. (Brijghat to Narora Stretch) 2.  The consists of two lakes located in Bhoj Wetland the city of Bhopal.  The two lakes are the and the Lower Lake.  It is a manmade reservoir.  The largest bird of India, the SarusCrane (Grus Antigone) is found here.

3. Gujarat  A natural freshwater lake (a relict sea) that is the Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary largest natural wetland in the [Declared as aRamsar site Biogeographic Province and represents a dynamic in 2012. Most recent environment with salinity and depth varying Ramsarsite in India] depending on rainfall.  Besides a few mammalian species including the endangered wild ass and the black buck, its migratory bird population includes Rosy Pelicans, flamingos, white storks, BrahminyDucks and herons. Thousands of migratory waterfowl flock to this sanctuary just after the Indian season.  The wetland is also a lifeline for a satellite population of the endangered (Equushemionuskhur) which uses this area in the dry season.

4.  The wetland forms an urban facility for treating the East Calcutta Wetlands city’s waste water  It includes salt , salt meadows as well as farms and settling ponds.

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5.  Bird sanctuary  Located between Godavari and delta.  Freshwater lake.

6. Tamil Nadu  The sanctuary was created in 1967 for conservation of the near threatened Wildlife and Bird Antelope, an endemic mammal species of India. Sanctuary  One of the last remnants of Dry Evergreen Forests.  Habitat:Dry Evergreen Forests, & Wetlands.  Winter Migrants : Spoon Billed Sandpiper, Greater Flamingos.

North  Freshwater Lake 1. DeeporBeel

2. is the largest freshwater lake in the Loktak Lake north-eastern region.  KeibulLamjao the only floating national park in the world due to the floating (Heterogenous mass of vegetation, soil and organic matter)  Example of centripetal drainage

3.  It is an important bird area in Tripura and attracts a large number of waterfowl in winter.  Endangered Boer’s Pochard near threatened Ferruginous Duck recorded here.

Biosphere Reserve

Cold desert  Western Himachal Pradesh 2009 Under UNESCO MAB  Famous for: Snow  Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary  Wildlife Sanctuary Nanda Devi  Nanda Devi peak 7817, and Inscribed as World Heritage site by drained by the Rishi Ganga

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UNESCO in 1988  Himalayan Tahr. , Himalayan Black Bear, Rhesus

Great  Thar Desert in the Kutch Famous for: Indian Wild Ass District of Gujarat Passes through it.  , which originates in , drains into it  Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary, Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, Sanctuary,  Banni Reserve and Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve Khanchenzonga  musk deer, snow The park gets its name from the leopard, Himalayan Tahr, wild mountain Kanchenjunga (alternative dog, sloth bear, civet, Himalayan spellingKhangchendzonga) which is black bear, , Tibetan wild 8,586 metres (28,169 ft) tall, the third- ass,Himalayan blue highest peak in the world. There are many sheep, serow, ,Russell's glaciers in the park famous one viper. is ZemuGlacier Manas  is the main river Manas have the largest population of  Assam Roofed , Hispid endangered Bengal Florican Hare, Golden Langur and Pygmy Hog. DibruSaikhowa  BhrahamputraRiver  LohitRiver  DibruRiver Dihang-Dibang  , Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary  Mishmi , red goral, musk deer, red panda, Asiatic black bearMechuka giant flying squirrel giant flying squirrel. Nokrek  Tura Peak in West Along with Balpakram, Nokrek is a district of

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hotspot of biodiversity in Meghalaya.  Nokrek is also an important habitat of the Asian elephants, Red Panda Panna Panna was given the Award of Ken River passes through it. Excellence in 2007 as the Best Maintained National Park of India by the Ministry of

Pachmari Satpura National Park, Bori Sanctuary, Pachmari Sanctuary The endemic fauna includes , nilgai, barking deer, cheetal, , wild dogs and wolves Achanakamar –Amarkantak 2005 The Narmada, the Johilla and the . Maikal hill ranges together with Vindhya and Satpura lie within the Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve. Simlipal Waterfalls like Joranda and Barehipani Santhal tribal settlements, Meghasani, the highest peak in the national park Simlipal is famous for (Indian Bisons), Chausingha, as well as Anorchidarium The " Management Programme" has helped the Mugger crocodile (Crocodyluspalustris) to survive and flourish on the banks of Khairi River Sundarban  Brown-winged It is the largest single block of Adjutants, Masked Finfoots tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the  White-bellied Sea world Eagles and Grey-headed Fish- To the east it is bordered by the Baleswar eagles , Great Bengal Civets River Nilgiri: It has largest population of two National Park, Bandipur endangered species Lion-tailed National Park, Nagarhole National macaque and ParkSilent Valley National Park  UNESCO world Heritage site Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary Wayanad Wildlife sanctuary

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Agastyamalai Kalakkad Mundanthurai Reserve (TN) Wildlife Sanctuary Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary,Shenduruny Wildlife Sanctuary. lion-tailed , NilgiriTahr and the vulnerable , Sloth Bear, Malabar Spiny Dormouse and Sashachalam Rayalseema Upland Nandayal Valley globally threatened yellow-throated Bulbul Pcynonotus, Xantholaemus, Pompadour Green Pigeon, TerronPompadore Gulf of Mannar The of of Critically endangered species including Humpback whale, Fin whale Dugong, a vulnerable marine mammal is the flagship mammal of the park Great Nicobar Cambell Bay National park, Galathea This biosphere reserve has 12 km wide National Park buffer zone. Nicobar scrubfowl (Megapodiusnicobariensis, a megapode bird), theEdible-nest Swiftlet (Aerodramusfuciphagus), the Nicobar Long-tailed Macaque Leatherback

Groupings

SAARC Members: HQ Kathmandu Afghanistan, , Bhutan, India, Nepal, , Pakistan and Sri Lanka States with observer status: , China, the European Union, Iran, Japan, Mauritius, , South Korea and the United States ASEAN Members: HQ Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Jakarta(Indonesia) Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, Philippines BIMSTEC(Bay of Members:

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Bengal Initiative for India, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Multi sectoral Thailand Technical and Economic Cooperation) HQ Chairmanship- Bangladesh SCO Shangai Shanghai Five, founded in 1996 Members: Cooperation China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan Organisation after the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the members HQ: Beijing renamed the organisation as SCO At present members: China,Russia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,Uzbekistan, India,Pakistan. Observer states: Belarus, Afghanistan, Iran, Mongolia Dialogue partners: Turkey,Armenia, Azerbaijan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Cambodia CIS(Commonwealth Members: of Independent Russia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan, States) Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan, HQ Minsk(Belarus) Georgia,Armenia,Azerbaijan, Belarus, Ukraine,Moldova OPEC Members: HQ Vienna Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,Qatar,UAE, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria,Angola,Gabon(July 2016), Venezuela, Ecuador, Iran, , Indonesia GCC(Gulf Members: Cooperation Council) Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, , Qatar, UAE, Oman HQ Riyadh BRICS Members: Brazil,Russia,India,China,South Africa G7 Members: Canada,USA,UK,France,Germany,Italy,Japan D8 Organization for Members: Economic Nigeria, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Cooperation Indonesia MERCOUSER Members: Venezuela, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina Associate members:

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Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Chile Observer status: Mexico, New Zealand Members: COUNCIL(establishe Canada, USA, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, d in Ottawa in 1996, Russia with Ottawa Declaration) Mekong-Ganga Members: Cooperation India,Myanmar, Thailand,Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Rim Members: Association Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros,India, Indonesia, Iran,Kenya , Madagascar, Malaysia, MauritiusSomalia, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, ,Yemen

East Asia Summit Membership of EAS consists of ten ASEAN Member States Established in 2005 (i.e. Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam), Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and the USA

COAST of India: Hand-out

Database on Coastal States of India Coastal data Length of coastline 7516.6 km : 5422.6 km Island Territories: 2094 km Total Land Area 3,287,263 km² Area of continental shelf 372,424 km² Territorial sea (up to 12 193,834 km² nautical miles) Exclusive Economic 2.02 x106 million km² Zone

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Maritime States and UT Number of coastal Nine states States and Union 1. Gujarat Territories 2. Maharashtra 3. 4. 5. Kerala 6. Tamil Nadu 7. Andhra Pradesh 8. 9. West Bengal Two Union Territories 1. Daman & Diu 2. Puducherry Island Territories 1. Andaman & () 2. Islands () Total number of coastal 69 coastal districts in mainland India; 3 in districts Andaman & Nicobar and 1 in Lakshadweep Coastal Geomorphology (Mainland) Sandy Beach 43 % Rocky Coast 11% Muddy Flats 36% Marshy Coast 10% Coastline affected by 1624.435 km mainland erosion 132 (islands) (CPDAC) Coastal Ecosystems Coastal wetlands 43230 km² Major 97 estuaries Major Lagoons 34 Mangrove Areas 31 Area under Mangroves 6740 km² (57% East coast,23% west coast, 20% Andaman &Nicobar Islands) Areas 5 Marine Protected Areas 31 Area Covered by MPA 6271.2 km² Coastal Biodiversity Marine 217 genera 844 species

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Sea grasses 6 genera 14 species Mangroves 25 families, 43 genera, 39 species Associated : 420 Associated fauna: 1862 Crustaceans 2934 species Molluscs 3370 species Echinoderms 765 species Hard 218 species 2546 species Reptiles 5 sea turtle species 26 sea snake species Marine 25 reported from Indian waters 3 species of cetaceans: Irrawaddy Dolphin, Ganges River Dolphin and Sperm whale; Dugong listed in Schedule I of Wildlife Act 1972 Marine (Source: CMFRI) Number of Marine 3288 (CMFRI Census 2010) Fishing Villages Fishermen Population about 4 million comprising in 864,550 families Number of Fishing Major fishing harbours: 6 Harbours Minor fishing harbours: 40 Number of Fish Landing 1511 (CMFRI Census 2010) Centres Estimated Marine Fish 3820207 tonnes (2011) Landing Fishing Craft 194,490 crafts mechanized: 37% motorized: 37% non-motorized: 26% Ports and Harbours (Source: Indian Ports Association) Major Ports 13 State wise number of Gujarat: 40 ports Maharashtra: 53 Goa: 5 Daman & Diu: 2 Karnataka: 10 Kerala: 13 Lakshadweep Islands: 10 Tamil Nadu: 15

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Puducherry: 1 Andhra Pradesh: 12 Odisha: 2 West Bengal: 1 Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 23

Balkan:- Entirely Within the : Balkans, is a peninsula and a cultural  Albania (Tirana) area in with  Bulgaria( Sofia) different and disputed borders.  Bosnia and Herzegovina(Sarajevo) Balkan Mountains :- East of Serbia to  Kosovo(Pristina) the  Macedonia(Skopje)  Montenegro(Podgorica) Bordered by:- partially within the Balkans: (a) (b) (c)  Croatia (d)  Greece (e) Black Sea  Italy  Serbia  Slovenia  Romania  Turkey

Nicaragua Canal Nicaragua Grand Interoceanic Canal) is a planned shipping route through Nicaragua to connect the Sea with the . Capital of Nicaragua is Managua

Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary An estuarine mangrove habitat which is declared as a bird sanctuary and located on western tip of the Island of Chorao along the River Mandovi, Goa, in India. The sanctuary is named after , the eminent Indian ornithologist.

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mangroves of Rhizophoramucronata, Avicenniaofficinali s common species include the striated andWestern reef heron Other species that have been recorded include the little bittern, black bittern, red knot, Jack snipe and pied avocet,mudskippers, fiddler crabs

SagarMala Ports contribute to just 1 % of the entire Six megaports are planned in GDP, whereas the road sector contributes 6% Sagarmalaproject. and Railways 9% towards the GDP. Focus of the SagarmalaYojana:-  Supporting port-led development with pro- West

Sagar Island active policy initiatives and providing

Bengal institutional framework to assist all stakeholders. Tamil  Modernising port infrastructure. Colachel  Developing integrated transport Nadu infrastructure for connecting the coast to the hinterland. th

Gujarat Wadhwan  On 25 March 2015 Cabinet gave approval for this project to develop 12 ports and 1208 islands of India.

Karnataka Tadadi Nodal Ministry: Ministry Of Shipping

Andhra

Machilipatnam

Pradesh

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Bharat Mala Project Ambitious road and highways, the government will fund most of the Bharat Mala project but some works under it can also be taken up in the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode. :- The project will start from Gujarat and Rajasthan, move to Punjab and then cover the entire string of Himalayan states -Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, - and then portions of borders of Uttar Pradesh andBihar alongside , and move to , Assam, , and right up to the Indo-Myanmar border in Manipur and .

Diamond Quadrilateral Project of the to establish high speed rail network in India. This quadrilateral will connect the four metro cities in India, i.e. Delhi, , and . Golden Quadrilateral The Largest Highway Project in India and 5th Longest in the world. Kaladan Project that will connect the eastern Indian problem:- seaport of Kolkata with Sittwe seaport Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit in Myanmar by sea; it will then Transport Project is at present facing link Sittwe Seaport problems such as underestimation of to Paletwa in Myanmar via KaladanRiver boa the road length in Myanmar and plans t route and then from Paletwa on to construct hydro-electric projects — to Mizoram by road transport. Chimtuipui River and Lungleng The project has several sections/legs:[3] River — on two tributaries of the Kaladan River  539 km shipping route from seaport of Kolkata in India to Sittwe Seaport in Myanmar via Bay of Bengal  158 km river boat route from Sittwe Seaport to Paletwa jetty via KaladanRiver in Myanmar  110 km road route from Paletwa jetty to Indo-Myanmar border in Myanmar  100 km route from Indo-Myanmar border

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to Lawngtlai in Mizoram in India by road on National Highway 54 (India) (NH-54), which then continues further to Dabaka in Assam via 850 km long NH-54

Rajaji National Park and The National Tiger Conservation Authority National Park has accorded final approval to KudremukhNational Park in Karnataka and in Uttarakhand for being declared as Tiger Reserves.

Setusamudram:

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Kaladan Project:-

Famous Valleys in India:

 Araku Valley, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh  Betaab Valley, J & K  Bhagirathi Valley, Uttarkashi District, Uttarakhand  BhakraNangal, Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh  Bhilangana Valley, Garhwal Himalayas:  Barak Valley, Assam

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 Chumbi Valley, , China the intersection of India (Sikkim), Bhutan and China (Tibet) in the Himalayas.  Darma Valley, Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand  Doon Valley, Lower Himalayas, Uttarakhand  Dzukou Valley, border of Manipur and  Johar Valley, Uttarakhand  Jojila Valley, J & K  Kambam Valley, Tamil Nadu  , Himachal Pradesh  Ketty Valley, , Tamil Nadu  Lahaul Valley, Himachal Pradesh  Lidder Valley J & K  Lohab Valley, J & K  Mana Valley, Chamoli District, Uttarakhand  Mandakini Valley, Kedarnath  Markha Valley, Ladakh  Nandayal Valley, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh  Nelang Valley , Uttarkashi District, Uttarakhand

 Niti Valley, Chamoli District, Uttarakhand  Neora Valley, Kalimpong, Darjeeling  Valley, NE of Ladakh Valley  Pangi Valley, Himachal Pradesh  Pindar Valley, Uttarakhand  Valley, Tosh, Kasol  Sangla Valley, , Himachal Pradesh  Saur Valley, Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand  Silent Valley, ,Kerala  Sind Valley, J & K  , Himachal Pradesh between Tibet and India  Suru Valley, Ladakh region, J & K  Tirthan Valley, Banjar District, Himachal Pradesh  Tons Valley, Garhwal region, Uttarakhand  Valley of Flowers, West Himalayas, Uttarakhand  Visalakshi Nagar - Visakhapatnam,A.P (Residential Valley)  Yumthang Valley, Sikkim  Valley, Ladakh  Soon Valley NW of Khusab District, Punjab, Pakistan

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Hemis National Park, Jammu and Kashmir

Hemis National Park:

 High altitude national park located in eastern Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir.  On the banks of River Indus.  Snow leopards , Argali, Asiatic Ibex, Eurasian Brown Bear, Tibetan Wolf, , etc.  Arid woods of juniper, birch, fir, and populussalix(it does not receive heavy amount of )

. It is the second largest contiguous protected region of the country after Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. , West Bengal Sundarbans National Park is a national park, biosphere reserve and tiger reserve located in West Bengal, India. The park is the part of Sundarban woods extended on . The mangrove woods sheet the delta and make it look verdant. The main attraction of this park is the dense population of . Apart from the tigers, the park is also home to Fishing Cats, Macaques, Leopards Cats, Indian Grey , , Jungle Cats, Fox, Pangolin, , Flying Fox, etc. Here is why Sundarbans is considered to be unique:

. Sundarban is one of the largest reserves for tigers. . It boasts of around 400 tigers. . In 2012, the camera traps in the park snapped apicture of an unknown . It was a never-seen-before cat in Sundarbans. This cat was smaller than a leopard and bigger than wild cats.

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Photo credit

KeibulLamjao National Park, Manipur

KeibulLamjao National Park  Stretches over 40 square kilometres of floating vegetation.  Loktak Lake(major attraction): It is the largest freshwater lake in the country.  Brow altered deer.  Only floating sanctuary of the world. The park has a 1.5-meter deep vegetation, which keeps floating. This floating foliage is known as .

Floating phumids on Lake Loktak. , Arunachal Pradesh

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Namdapha National park:

 It is the largest protected region of the Eastern Himalayan . Area wise, Namdapha is the third largest national park of India.  The region is famous for its extensive Diterocarp forests.  Wolves, , Mongoose, Asiatic Black Bears, Red Panda, Gaur, Sambar, Takin and many more.  There is a local tribe called Lisu within the periphery of the park.

. This is India's only national park credited with providing a haven to all the three top types of cat- The snow leopard, the and the . . It is the only national park that is a preferred habitat for Hoolock Gibbons.

List of 25 cultural Heritage Sites.

Year of Name of the Site Location Inscription

Agra Fort Uttar Pradesh 1983

Ajanta Caves Maharashtra 1983

Buddhist Monuments at Madhya Pradesh 1989

Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Gujarat 2004 Park

Maharashtra 2004 ChhatrapatiShivaji Terminus (formerly

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Victoria Terminus)

Churches and Convents of Goa Goa 1986

Elephanta Caves Maharashtra 1987

Ellora Cave Maharashtra 1983

FatehpurSikri Uttar Pradesh 1986

Great Living Chola Temples Tamil Nadu 1987

Group of Monuments at Karnataka 1986

Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram Tamil Nadu 1984

Group of Monuments at Karnataka 1987

Hill Forts of Rajasthan Rajasthan 2013

Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi Delhi 1993

Khajuraho Group of Monuments Madhya Pradesh 1986

Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh 2002 Gaya

Darjeeling, West Bengal

Nilgiri, Tamil Nadu Mountain Railways of India 1999 Kalka-Shimla, Himachal Pradesh

QutabMinar and its Monuments, Delhi Delhi 1993

Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s Stepwell) Gujarat 2014

Red Fort Complex Delhi 2007

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Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Madhya Pradesh 2003

Sun Temple, Konârak Orissa 1984

TajMahal Uttar Pradesh 1983

The JantarMantar, Rajasthan 2010

List of Seven Natural Heritage Sites

Year of Name Of the Site Location Inscription

Great Himalayan National Park Himachal Pradesh 2014 Conservation Area

Kaziranga National Park Assam 1985

Keoladeo National Park Rajasthan 1985

Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Assam 1985

Nanda Devi and Valley of Uttarakhand 1988 Flowers National Parks

Sundarbans National Park West Bengal 1987

Covers Four states

Western Ghats (Kerala,Karnataka,Tamil Nadu and 2012 Maharashtra)

Biodiversity Hotspot:

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What: - These are certain geographical areas on the that are biologically rich but severely threatened.

Who developed this concept?

Norman Myer, a scientist, was the 1st person who came up with this unique idea in 1988.

Two strict criteria:

1. It must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics(species found nowhere else on earth) 2. It has to have lost at least 70% of its primary vegetationOriginal Habitat)

Hotspot conservation initiatives:

 Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a global programme that provides funding and technical assistance to nongovernmental organisations.  The World Wide Fund for Nature has derived a system called the " ", the aim of which is to select priority Ecoregions for conservation  Birdlife International has identified 218 “Endemic Bird Areas” (EBAs)  Plantlife International coordinates with several parts of the world aiming to identify important areas.  Alliance for Zero Extinction is an initiative of a large number of scientific organizations and conservation groups who co-operate to focus on the most threatened endemic species of the world.  The National Geographic Society has prepared a world map.

Biosphere Reserve:-

The idea of ‘biosphere reserve’ was initiated by UNESCO in 1973-74 under its Man and Biosphere(MAB) programme.

The MAB, launched in 1970 by UNESCO, is a broad based ecological programme aimed to develop within the natural and social science a basis for the rational use and conservation of the resource of the biosphere and for the improvement of the relationship between man and environment.

Primary criteria • A site that must contain an effectively protected and minimally disturbed core area of value of nature conservation and should include additional land and water suitable for research and demonstration of sustainable methods of research

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and management. • The core area should be typical of a biogeographical unit and large enough to sustain viable populations representing all tropic levels in the ecosystem.

Secondary criteria • Areas having rare and endangered species • Areas having diversity of soil and micro-climatic conditions and indigenous varieties of biota. • Potential of the area for preservation of traditional tribal or rural modes of living for harmonious use of environment.

Structure and functions of BR: Biosphere reserves are demarcated into following 3 inter-related zones:

Core Zone

Core zone must contain suitable habitat for numerous plant and animal species, including higher predators and may contain centres of endemism. Core areas often conserve the wild relatives of economic species and also represent important genetic reservoirs having exceptional scientific interest. A core zone being a national park or a sanctuary which is protected/regulated mostly under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Whilst realizing that perturbation is an ingredient of ecosystem functioning, the core zone is to be kept free from human pressures external to the system.

Buffer Zone

The buffer zone, adjoins or surrounds core zone, uses and activities are managed in this area in the ways that help in protection of core zone in its natural condition. These uses and activities include restoration, demonstration sites for enhancing value addition to the resources, limited recreation, tourism, fishing, grazing, etc.; which are permitted to reduce its effect on core zone. Research and educational activities are to be encouraged. Human activities, if natural within BR, are likely to continue if these do not adversely affect the ecological diversity.

Transition Zone

The transition area is the outermost part of a biosphere reserve. This is usually not delimited and is a zone of cooperation where conservation knowledge and management skills are applied and uses are managed in harmony with the purpose of the biosphere reserve. This includes settlements, crop lands, managed forests and area for intensive recreation and other economic uses characteristics of the region.

Differences between biosphere reserves and national parks/ sanctuaries

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The key differences are as follows: While national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, conservation reserves, community reserves and tiger reserves are established as per provisions of Wildlife Protection Act, there is no law as such under which biosphere reserves are established.

No grazing or private teneurialrights land rights are allowed in national parks. In wildlife sanctuaries, they may be provided at the discretion of Chief Wildlife Warden. However limited economic activity (sand and stone mining) is permitted in biosphere reserves.

Furthermore, biosphere reserves serve as ‘living laboratories’ for testing out and demonstrating integrated management of land, water and biodiversity. While wildlife sanctuaries and national parks are set up for the protection of mammals normally, biosphere reserves envisage protection of plant species, and biotic community as a whole.

IMPORTANT IMFORMATION FROM GOVERNMENT WEBSITES

Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) is an autonomous organisation set up in 1988 under the Department of Science & Technology to look ahead in technologies, assess the technology trajectories, and support technology innovation by network actions in select technology areas of national importance.

In 1993, TIFAC embarked upon the major task of formulating a Technology Vision for the country in various emerging technology areas. The outcome of the Technology Vision 2020 exercise led to aset of 17 documents, including 16technology areas and one on services. The effort was a unique and pioneering exercise that involved more than 5,000 experts including scientists, technologists and corporate managers from academia, industry and the government.

TIFAC continues to strive for technology development of the country by leveraging technology innovation through sustained and concerted programmes in close association with the academia and the industry.

TIFAC Objectives

 To set up specialised sub-groups for examining and evaluating the existing state of the art of technology and direction of future technological developments in various cross- sectoral areas as well as in other sectors of the economy, both in India and abroad and

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to prepare technology forecasting reports, covering 10 years or longer periods, especially in production areas involving:

(a) Substantial investments of financial resources and (b) A large volume of production.  To obtain from appropriate sources and project the estimates of the nature and quantum of the likely demands of goods and services in various sectors of the economy against 10 and 25 year time-frames on the basis of a) ‘normative’, and (b) ‘exploratory’ approaches and to suggest the direction and extent of technological changes that might be considered necessary in order to fulfil these demands in the light of the existing or anticipated resource base of the country.  To prepare Technology Impact Statements, with a view to uncovering the likely implications and consequences, both desirable and undesirable, of the existing as well as newly emerging technologies upon society, thereby indicating to decision-makers, through generation of future-oriented scenarios, their short-term and long-term implications.  Based on the T.I.F. & A. Studies and with a view to – (a) Ensuring timely availability of requisite technologies relevant to the needs of the country on futuristic basis and minimizing the time gap between the development of new technologies and their utilization and (b) Establishing a purposeful linkage between technology development and technology import policies, to identify priority areas of research in relation to the socio-economic, environmental and security needs of the country; to evolve and suggest strategies for technological developments based on such priorities; and to draw up programmes of purposeful research in various sectors.

 In order to fulfil the above objectives, to devise and set up suitable information collection, analysis and programming groups.

MIDH (Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture)

A Centrally Sponsored Scheme of MIDH has been launched for the holistic development of horticulture in the country during XII plan. The scheme, which has taken take off from 2014-15, integrates the ongoing schemes of National Horticulture Mission, Horticulture Mission for North East & Himalayan States, National Mission, National Horticulture Board, Development Board and Central Institute for Horticulture, Nagaland.

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MIDH Schemes:

NHM

National Horticulture Mission (NHM) is one of the sub schemes of Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) which is being implemented by State Horticulture Missions (SHM) in selected districts of 18 States and four Union Territories.

HMNEH

Horticulture Mission for North East & Himalayan States (HMNEH) is one of the sub schemes of Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) which is being implemented by State Horticulture Missions (SHM) in the North Eastern States and Himalayan States.

NBM National Bamboo Mission (NBM) is one of the sub schemes of Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) which is being implemented by State Bamboo Development Agencies (BDA)/ Forest Development Agency (FDA) in all the States and UTs.

NHB National Horticulture Board (NHB) is implementing various schemes under Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) in all States and UTs.

CDB

Coconut Development Board (CDB) is implementing various schemes under Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) in all coconut growing states in the country.

CIH Central Institute for Horticulture (CIH) was established at Medizipehima, Nagaland in 2006-07 for providing technical back stopping through capacity building and training of farmers and Field functionaries in the North Eastern Region.CIH now one of the sub schemes of MIDH. However, CIH is not implementing any schemes directly.

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Angora Rearing The Angora rabbit is a variety of domestic rabbit mainly bred for their long, soft and silky wool Angora rabbit was obtained from Jammu and the rearing was started at Bastar District Aromatic Crops 1. Lemongrass 2. Citronella 3. Palmorosa 4. Geranium 5. Patchouli

 Micro-hydel Project at Dzuza River near JotsomaVillage in District  A 4 kw capacity micro- hydel power plant at Vanachalu Village in Coorg District has been installed for the supply of power to 8 houses for lighting and other domestic uses.  Kedarnath II mini-hydro power generation station withthe capacity of 2× 100 Kw placed at the Kedarnath in Rudraprayag District.  Nguikimicro-hydelPlant 2×100 Kw will provide electricity for all 730 houses in the 7 villages. NguikiRiver is in PerenDistrict of Nagaland.  Lignocellulosic Ethanol:- Production of 2nd generation Liquid transportation fuel(bioethanol) utilizes more abundant biomass such as forestry based Lignocellulosic Residues. It is a promising development over 1st generation bioethanol which utilizes starch, corn, and molasses for its production.

 BARC TRANSFERS KNOW-HOW OF "NISARGRUNA - A BIOGAS PLANT" The know-how of NISARGRUNA, a biogas plant, based on biodegradable waste, has been developed by the NA&BTD (Nuclear Agriculture & Bio-technology Division), BARC. The process involves segregating the waste, and turning it into a slurry form in a mixer. The aerobic digestion of the slurry is carried out in a Predigester tank using thermophilic and hot water. This is followed by anaerobic digestion by methanogenic bacterial consortium in the Main Digester Tank. The biogas(mainly methane) is tapped from the floating head of the Main Digester Tank and the residual slurry is sent to manure pits where the nutrient-rich water from manure separates out. This water can be recycled for gardening purposes. NISARGRUNA offers a "Zero effluent" method for management of solid waste. A 5 ton/day plant generates around 10-12 cylinders (14.3 kg gas/cyl.) of

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biogas and around 0.5 ton of high quality organic manure. The gas can be utilized for cooking, generation of electricity(7-8 KW through a dual-fuel based 10 KV A generator) or as fuel for vehicles. The manure can be used as an excellent soil conditioner/fertilizer.

Science Express

 Flagged off on 30 October 2007

 “Science Express” has thus become the largest, the longest running, and the most visited mobile science exhibition in India and has created six Limca Book of Records in its journey so far.

 From 2007 to 2011 the train travelled as “Science Express” displaying the world of micro and macro cosmos, spreading the awareness about strengths of science in meeting global challenges, including latest discoveries and innovations in the field of modern science. The coaches of “Science Express”were thematically represented on the Bing Bang, Nanocosmos, Building Blocks of Life, From Gene to Organism, Architecture of Mind, World of Senses, Sensors, From Data to Knowledge, Global Challenges, Spaceship Earth, Our Home in the Cosmos and The Universe. After four successful phases, “Science Express” was redesigned on the theme Biodiversity and from 2012-2014, it travelled as Science Express Biodiversity Special (SEBS), a unique collaboration between Department of Science & Technology (DST) and Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEFCC), Govt. of India.

Science Express Biodiversity Special (SEBS)

With United Nations declaration of the current decade (2011-2020) as Decade on Biodiversity and India holding Chair of the Conference of Parties (COP 11) to Convention of Biological Diversity during 2012, “Science Express” was redesigned on the theme ‘Biodiversity’. It was a unique collaboration between Department of Science & Technology (DST) and Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEFCC), Govt. of India. From 2012-2014, it travelled as Science Express Biodiversity Special (SEBS).

The coaches were thematically represented on the Trans-Himalaya & Himalaya, the Gangetic Plain, North-East India, the , the Indian Desert, the Semi-Arid Zone, the Deccan Peninsula, the Coasts

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and the Islands. In rest of the rake, DST had put up exhibition on the themes of Climate Change, Biodiversity and Water, Sustainable Environment and Energy Conservation. In the second part of the coach on Energy Conservation, DST’s panels on Science had been placed. In its three phases, SEBS covered over 54,000 km across India and received over 69 lakh visitors. Besides, the first phase of SEBS (2012) was visited by the highest number of people amongst all its phases till date.

Science Express Climate Action Special (SECAS)

After 7 successful tours across India, “Science Express” has been redesigned on the theme ‘Climate Change’ and from 15 October 2015, it is running as 'Science Express – Climate Action Special (SECAS)'. It is a unique collaborative initiative of Department of Science & Technology, Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC), and Ministry of Railway, .

.For Climate Change, 2015 could be a decisive year, with leaders of 190 nations gathering in Paris to discuss a possible new global agreement on Climate Change during the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 21) to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 11th session of the Meeting of the Parties (CMP 11) to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Thus, “Science Express”, redesigned as SECAS, intends to contribute towards increasing understanding of the science of climate change, the observed and anticipated impacts, and different possible responses. The previous 3 phases/runs of “Science Express” were rolled out as a joint initiative of DST and MoEFCC as Biodiversity Special and showcased the myriad ‘Biodiversity of India’. Thus it was rational to shift the focus to the theme ‘Climate Change’ as it will affect the biodiversity of not just India but the entire globe.

Vikram A Sarabhai Community Science Centre Vikram A. Sarabhai Community Science Centre (VASCSC) established in the 1960s by eminent space scientistDr. Vikram A. Sarabhai, is working towards popularizing science and mathematics education among students, teachers and the lay public. Its mandate is to stimulate interest, encourage and expose the principles of science and scientific method, and also to improve and find innovative methods of science education.

Centre for Environment Education was established in August 1984 as a Centre of Excellence supported by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. CEE, a national institution with its headquarters in ,

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has a mandate to promote environmental awareness nationwide. CEE is affiliated to the Nehru Foundation for Development

 EPHEDRA is a seed bearing non flowering plant belonging to the highly evolved order of Gymnosperm, Ephedrales. Ephedra is a medicinal plant.  The MEIZOTROPIS PELLITA(Vern, Patwa) is endemic but an endangered wild woolly shrub.  BUTANOL, Bioethanol and Biodiesel have emerged as an alternative fuels due to their oxygenated nature.  SLUDGE GAS:- sewage treatment plants existing in most large cities generate sludge gas during the treatment process. This gas is rich in methane and can be used for cooking, heating and even for generating electricity.

EPON and GPON are popular versions of Passive Optical Networks (PONs). These short-haul networks of fibre-optical cable are used for internet access, voice over Internet protocol (VoIP), and digital TV delivery in metropolitan areas. Other uses include backhaul connections for cellular base stations, Wi-Fi hotspots, and even distributed antenna systems (DAS). The primary differences between them lie in the protocols used for downstream and upstream communications.

There are a number of technical, economic, and business drivers that impact the selection of the right fibreto the home (FTTH) technology for an operator to deploy. We focus on an optimized Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) network model to evaluate different technology choices for greenfield and brownfield deployment for both incumbent telcos and cable operators. In a network model with a large number of parameters it is often challenging to identify the key parameters that are critical to the decision making. An operator runs the risk of choosing a less than optimum technology strategy if any of these key parameters are not identified and cost optimized. We present the results obtained by network modelling the capital investments and operations expenses for some typical operator scenarios covering Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) and point-to-point/active Ethernet technologies. Our analysis specifically accounts for scenarios with government un- bundling regulations on fibre. We use sensitivity analysis tools such as Tornado and Monte Carlo analysis to identify these key parameters and any zones of advantages.

Central Asia Bordering countries:

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Declarations:-

MOSCOW Declaration 2015:

This Declaration reflects BRICS partnership in addressing common global and regional socio-economic challenges, utilizing such drivers as science, technology and innovation (STI). BRICS STI Minister agreed on the collaboration for: (i) cooperation within large research infrastructures, including mega-science projects; coordination of the existing large-scale national programme of the BRICS countries; (ii) development and implementation of a BRICS Framework Programme for funding multilateral joint research projects, technology commercialization and innovation; (iii) establishment of BRICS Research and Innovation Networking Platform.(Source PTI)

UFA declaration 2015:

7th BRICS Summit

Theme “BRICS Partnership- Apowerful Factor of Global Development”

The OGP Declaration on the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals:

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On Sunday September 27,2015 members of the Open Government Partnership’s Steering Committee met in New York City on the margins of the United Nations General Assembly to endorse the Joint Declaration on Open Government for the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

MINSK Declaration:

Russia, Ukraine, French, Germany confirm the full respect of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine.

MainauDeclaration 2015 on Climate Change:

On 65th Lindau Nobel Laureate 36 Noble laureates signed the “Mainau Declaration 2015 on Climate Change”

List of extinct animals of India.

 Bharattherium  Exaeretodon  Gigantopithecus  Hyperodapedon  Indian (Bosprimigeniusnamadicus)

ULTRA mega Power Project

Capacity State Plant Status (MW)

Krishnapatnam Ultra 3960 Deferred or Postpone Mega Power Project Andhra

Pradesh Nayunipalli Ultra 4000 Proposed Mega Power Project

Surguja Ultra Mega

Chhattisgarh 4000 Uncertain Power Project

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Mundra Ultra Mega (5x800 MW). All units are

Gujarat 4000

Power Project fully functional.

Tilaiya Ultra Mega

Jharkhand 3960 Unknown. Reliance quit. Power Project

Tadri Ultra Mega

Karnataka 4000 Deferred Power Project

Madhya Sasan Ultra Mega (6x660MW) All units 3960

Pradesh Power Project operational

Girye Ultra Mega

Maharashtra 4000 Deferred Power Project

Bhedabahal Ultra Bids invited by Government 4000 Mega Power Project of India.

Sakhigopal Ultra

Odisha 4000 Proposed Mega Power Project

Ghogarpalli Ultra 4000 Proposed Mega Power Project

The IEEFA found it to be Cheyyur Ultra Mega

Tamil Nadu 4000 unviable. Bids invited by Power Project Government of India.

Uttar Etah Ultra Mega Bids invited by Government 4000

Pradesh Power Project of India.

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Kakwara(Banka

Bihar ------Distt)

Nuclear Safety:

1. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 1996 2. Convention on assistance in the case of a nuclear accident or radiological emergency(Assistance Convention) Vienna 1986 3. Convention on early notification of a Nuclear Accident (Notification Convention), Vienna 1986 4. Convention on nuclear safety Vienna, 1994 5. Treaty Banning Nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water 6. Vienna convention on civil liability for nuclear damage Vienna 1963.

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National Action Plan on Climate Change Government of India. On June 30, 2008, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh released India’s first National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) outlining existing and future policies and programmes addressing climate mitigation and adaptation. The plan identifiedeight core “national missions” running through 2017 and directedMinistries to submit detailed implementation plans to the Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change by December 2008.

Emphasizing the overriding priority of maintaining high economic growth rates to raise living standards, the plan “identifies measures that promote our development objectives while also yielding co-benefits for addressing climate change effectively.” It says these national measures willbe more successful with assistance from developed countries, and pledges that India’s per capita greenhouse gas emissions “will at no point exceed that of developed countries even as we pursue our development objectives.”

The Department of Science & Technology, Ministry of Science & Technology has been entrusted with the responsibility of coordinating two out of eight national missions launched under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). These are:

 National Mission for Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE)

 National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change (NMSKCC) The broad objectives of NMSHE include - understanding of the complex processes affecting the Himalayan Ecosystem and evolving suitable management and policy measures for sustaining and safeguarding the Himalayan eco-system, creating and building capacities in different domains, networking of knowledge institutions engaged in research and development of a coherent data base on Himalayan ecosystem, detecting and decoupling natural and anthropogenic induced signals of global environmental changes in mountain ecosystems, studying traditional knowledge systems for community participation in adaptation, mitigation and coping mechanisms inclusive of farming and traditional health care systems and developing regional cooperation with neighbouring countries, to generate a strong data base through monitoring and analysis, to eventually create a knowledge base for policy interventions.

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The NMSKCC has been launched with the broad objectives of mapping of the knowledge and data resources relevant to climate change and positioning of a data sharing policy framework for building strategic knowledge among the various arms of the government, identification of knowledge gaps, and formation of global technology watch groups to help accomplish the task of technology selection and prioritization, networking of knowledge institutions after investing critical mass of physical, intellectual and policy infrastructure resources, creation of new dedicated centres within the existing institutional framework, building international cooperation on S&T for climate change agenda through strategic alliances and assistance to the formulation of policies for a sustained developmental agenda within a responsive climate change framework and inputs to the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Ministry of External Affairs.

Other six missions are:

National Solar Mission: The NAPCC aims to promote the development and use of solar energy for power generation and other uses with the ultimate objective of making solar competitive with fossil-based energy options. The plan includes:  Specific goals for increasing use of solar thermal technologies in urban areas, industry, and commercial establishments;  A goal of increasing production of photovoltaics to 1000 MW/year; and  A goal of deploying at least 1000 MW of solar thermal power generation. Other objectives include the establishment of a solar research centre, increased international collaboration on technology development, strengthening of domestic manufacturing capacity, and increased government funding and international support. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency: Current initiatives are expected to yield savings of 10,000 MW by 2012. Building on the Energy Conservation Act 2001, the plan recommends:  Mandating specific energy consumption decreases in large energy-consuming industries, with a system for companies to trade energy-savings certificates;  Energy incentives, including reduced taxes on energy-efficient appliances; and  Financing for public-private partnerships to reduce energy consumption through demand-side management programmes in the municipal, buildings and agricultural sectors. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat: To promote energy efficiency as a core component of urban planning, the plan calls for:  Extending the existing Energy Conservation Building Code;  A greater emphasis on urban waste management and recycling, including power production from waste;

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 Strengthening the enforcement of automotive fuel economy standards and using pricing measures to encourage the purchase of efficient vehicles; and  Incentives for the use of public transportation. National Water Mission: With water scarcity projected to worsen as a result of climate change, the plan sets a goal of a 20% improvement in water use efficiency through pricing and other measures. National Mission for a “Green India”: Goals include the afforestation of 6 million hectares of degraded forest lands and expanding forest cover from 23% to 33% of India’s territory. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture: The plan aims to support climate adaptation in agriculture through the development of climate-resilient crops, expansion of weather insurance mechanisms, and agricultural practices.

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