GRADE 10

ENGLISH: Grammar & Composition

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l ƒReview games ƒTests (8), 9-weeks exam (2) ƒParagraphs, summaries, outline ƒƒSemester exam, final exam ƒƒShort reviews, limerick, haiku ƒƒCompositions: ƒƒComparison and contrast ƒƒBook reviews: full (2), oral (1) ƒƒCharacter sketch ƒƒEssay answer, paragraph (1 each) ƒƒTheme paper on Julius Caesar ƒƒResearch paper and author project (1 each)

 RED indicates first introduction of content.

Grammar ƒƒColons: ƒƒCapitalization: ƒƒBefore a list of items ƒƒProper nouns and words formed from proper nouns: ƒƒTo introduce a formally announced statement or quotation ƒƒParticular persons, places, things: ƒƒBetween: ƒƒPolitical and economic organizations and alliances hhIndependent clauses when second clause further explains first one ƒƒWords referring to Deity and Holy Scripture ƒƒChapter and verse of Bible reference ƒƒWords from proper nouns ƒƒHour and minute of time reference ƒƒCommon noun or adjective when part of proper name ƒƒAfter salutation of a business letter ƒƒTitles of persons, titles of works ƒƒItalics: ƒƒFirst word of every sentence ƒƒFor titles of books, magazines, newspapers, plays, works of art, ƒƒPronoun I and interjection O ships, trains, aircraft, and spacecraft ƒƒFirst word of every line of poetry ƒƒFor words, letters, numbers referred to as such ƒƒPunctuation: ƒƒFor foreign words or phrases ƒƒEnd marks: ƒƒHyphens: ƒƒPeriod for declarative sentences, abbreviations, indirect ques- ƒƒTo divide a word at the end of line tion, and polite request ƒƒIn compound numbers ƒƒQuestion mark for interrogative sentences ƒƒIn fractions used as adjectives ƒƒExclamation point for exclamatory sentences ƒƒIn prefixes before a proper noun or adjective ƒƒCommas: ƒƒIn compound adjectives before a noun ƒƒBefore a coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses ƒƒQuotation marks: ƒƒTo indicate: ƒƒIn a direct quotation ƒƒOmissions or avoid possible misreading ƒƒTo enclose titles of short poems, songs, chapters, articles, and other parts of books or magazines ƒƒNonessential elements in a sentence: ƒƒTo enclose a quoted passage of more than one paragraph: at the ƒƒAppositive and appositive phrase beginning of each paragraph and at the end of the last paragraph ƒƒParticipial phrase ƒƒApostrophes: ƒƒAdjective and adverb clauses ƒƒTo form: ƒƒDirect address ƒƒPossessive case of nouns ƒƒWell, yes, no, or why ƒƒIndividual possession within a group ƒƒParenthetical expressions ƒƒPossessive case of indefinite pronouns ƒƒTo set off introductory phrases or clauses ƒƒTo show omissions from words ƒƒIn dates and addresses ƒƒWith s to form plurals of letters, numbers, signs, and words used as ƒƒAfter salutations and closings of letters words ƒƒSemicolons: ƒƒDashes: ƒƒBetween independent clauses: ƒƒAfter a series of words or phrases giving details about a statement ƒƒIf not using coordinating conjunction that follows ƒƒJoined by: ƒƒTo indicate an abrupt change or break in a sentence ƒƒTransitional words ƒƒTo set off parenthetical elements or confidential comments ƒƒCoordinating conjunction if clauses already contain commas ƒƒBetween items in a series if the items contain commas

Grammar & Composition cont. p. 161 160 GRADE 10

 RED indicates first introduction of content. ENGLISH: Grammar & Composition cont. Grammar cont. ƒƒNouns: ƒƒParentheses: ƒƒRecognizing nouns: ƒƒTo enclose: ƒƒCompound, common, proper, and collective ƒƒParenthetical elements ƒƒConcrete and abstract ƒƒBrief confirmatory information hhSubstantives ƒƒThe sentence: ƒƒKeeping agreement of subject and verb ƒƒDefinition of sentence ƒƒRecognizing and diagramming: ƒƒKinds of sentences classified by purpose: declarative, imperative, ƒƒNouns as predicate nominatives, direct objects, indirect interrogative, exclamatory objects, objects of prepositions, direct address ƒƒRecognizing subjects and verbs: complete subject, simple subject, ƒƒNouns as appositives complete predicate, simple predicate, and verb phrase hhRecognizing and diagramming objective complements ƒƒOvercoming problems locating subjects and verbs: ƒƒUsing: ƒƒFinding: ƒƒParallelism ƒƒSubject in an inverted sentence: interrogative sentence, sen- ƒƒExact and vivid nouns tence beginning with there or here ƒƒPronouns: ƒƒSubject of an imperative sentence ƒƒAntecedents ƒƒVerb phrase that is interrupted by other words ƒƒRecognizing personal, interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite, ƒƒDiagramming subjects and verbs compound, relative ƒƒRecognizing and diagramming compound subjects and verbs ƒƒKeeping agreement of verbs and indefinite pronoun subjects ƒƒRecognizing complements ƒƒMaking pronouns agree with their antecedents in number and in ƒƒCorrecting fragments and run-on sentences: gender ƒƒSentence structure: ƒƒNominative case: ƒƒDefining dependent and independent clauses ƒƒFor subjects, predicate nominatives ƒƒRecognizing and diagramming simple, compound, complex, and ƒƒFor appositives of subjects, appositives of predicate nomina- compound-complex sentences tives, appositives to subjects, and appositives to predicate nominatives ƒƒRecognizing noun clauses used as subjects of independent clauses ƒƒObjective case: ƒƒSentence improvement: ƒƒFor direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions ƒƒConciseness, subordination, active voice, parallelism, clear pro- ƒƒFor appositives of direct objects, indirect objects, objects of noun reference prepositions ƒƒPlacement of modifiers ƒƒFor appositives to direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions ƒƒConsistency of subject, tense, or voice ƒƒPossessive case hhClear and effective diction ƒƒUsing correct case for and ƒƒParts of speech: who, whom, whoever, whomever and in incomplete clauses beginning with than or as ƒƒRecognizing eight parts of speech ƒƒAvoid pronoun usage problems: double subject, possessive case ƒƒVerbs: before a gerund ƒƒRecognizing action (transitive and intransitive), linking, and ƒƒAdjectives: ­helping verbs ƒƒRecognizing and diagramming adjectives: participles and proper ƒƒDistinguishing verbs from verbals: participles, gerunds, and adjectives and infinitives as adjectives infinitives ƒƒDistinguishing adjectives from nouns and pronouns ƒƒUsing: ƒƒRecognizing and diagramming predicate adjectives ƒƒPrincipal parts of verbs ƒƒUsing and diagramming: ƒƒRegular verb endings, irregular verbs ƒƒPrepositional and participial phrases as adjectives ƒƒUsing correct principal parts ƒƒInfinitive phrases as adjectives ƒƒVerb tenses: ƒƒAdjective clauses ƒƒUsing progressive and emphatic forms ƒƒPlacing and punctuating adjective modifiers ƒƒWhen to use the tenses ƒƒUsing adjectives in comparison hhUsing logical verb tense sequence between clauses and ƒƒAvoiding double comparison and double negatives between verbals and independent clause ƒƒUsing exact and vivid adjectives hhAvoiding unnecessary shifts in sentences: in subjects, verb tense, voice of verbs ƒƒAdverbs: ƒƒActive and passive voice ƒƒRecognizing and diagramming adverbs ƒƒMood: indicative, imperative, and subjunctive ƒƒInfinitives as adverbs ƒƒAvoid incorrect verb forms ƒƒDistinguishing adverbs from adjectives ƒƒUse troublesome verbs correctly and avoid verb usage errors ƒƒUsing and diagramming: ƒƒUse exact and vivid verbs ƒƒPrepositional phrases as adverbs ƒƒInfinitive phrases as adverbs ƒƒAdverb clauses

Grammar & Composition cont. p. 162 161 GRADE 10

 RED indicates first introduction of content. ENGLISH: Grammar & Composition cont. Grammar cont. Composition ƒƒCorrect placement of adverb modifiers ƒƒManuscript form: abbreviations, numbers, titles ƒƒDistinguishing dependent clauses: ƒƒThe library: Dewey Decimal System, Library of Congress Classifica- ƒƒAdvanced technique to determine dependent clauses as noun, tion System, using the catalog and reference section adjective, or adverb ƒƒIntroducing paragraphs (12): ƒƒUsing: adverbs in comparison, exact and vivid adverbs ƒƒTopic sentence ƒƒPrepositions: ƒƒSummarizing sentence ƒƒRecognizing prepositions, prepositional phrases, and objects of ƒƒParagraph development: prepositions ƒƒBy examples, incidents, and reasons ƒƒDistinguishing between prepositions and adverbs hhBy comparison and contrast and combination of methods ƒƒUsing prepositions correctly ƒƒParagraph unity ƒƒConjunctions: ƒƒ Paragraph coherence: chronological order, order of importance, ƒƒ Recognizing coordinating, correlative, and subordinating conjunc- transitional expressions, space order, pronoun reference, and repeti- tions tion ƒƒUsing parallel structure ƒƒOutline (3): ƒƒInterjections: ƒƒTopical and sentence outlines ƒƒDefinition ƒƒFormat of outline ƒƒPunctuation with interjections ƒƒParallelism in an outline ƒƒOther parts of speech used as interjections ƒƒSteps to preparing an outline ƒƒDiagramming interjections ƒƒCritical book reviews: ƒƒWord study: ƒƒPreparing: ƒƒUsing the dictionary: ƒƒWritten book reviews including outline, introduction, body, hhKinds of dictionaries ­conclusion hhSelecting a dictionary ƒƒOral book reviews: written preparation and oral presentation ƒƒUsing the dictionary ƒƒFormal short essay: ƒƒParts of the dictionary: ƒƒWriting descriptions about persons, places, and things (6): hhVariant spellings, pronunciation, parts of speech, inflected ƒƒSteps: point of view, careful selection of details, arrangement of forms, cross reference, sample contexts, idiom, etymologies, details, use of exact nouns and verbs run-on entries, usage notes ƒƒFormal full-length essay: hhCapitalization, restrictive labels, scientific names, illustrations, hhInformative essay synonyms and antonyms ƒƒPersonal essay hhUsage and diction: ƒƒSummaries hhLevels of usage ƒƒThe Writing Process: plan, write, rewrite, edit hhUsing correct diction ƒƒResearch paper: hhUsing clear and effective diction ƒƒPlanning the paper: selecting subject, finding sources, writing bib- hhGlossary of diction liography cards, making a preliminary outline, taking notes, writing note cards, avoiding plagiarism ƒƒWriting the paper: introduction, body ƒƒUsing parenthetical citations ƒƒRewriting the paper: check organization, introduction, conclusion, unity, coherence, and citations ƒƒEditing the paper: check each paragraph, sentence, word; capital- ization and punctuation ƒƒPreparing works cited page ƒƒTyping the paper ƒƒDocumentation for research paper hhAuthor project ƒƒImproving writing style: correct a choppy or monotonous style hhExtended definition hhWriting about a process

162 GRADE 10

ENGLISH: Vocabulary, Spelling, Poetry ecessa rty n ry e e fo ffe m ct so c

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ƒƒSpelling and vocabulary: ƒƒSynonyms, antonyms ƒƒSpelling and vocabulary quizzes: ƒƒSpelling words (480) ƒƒRelated forms of the word ƒƒWeekly (20) ƒƒVocabulary words (144) ƒƒPractice exercises (100), including: ƒƒQuarterly review (1 each ƒƒSpelling lists (24): ƒƒPretest over vocabulary words and 9 weeks; each counts as 2 quiz ƒƒOrganized by spelling rules, their meanings grades) suffixes, homonyms, compound ƒƒCumulative review of vocabulary ƒƒPoetry quizzes; written (8), oral (2) words, and commonly words and definitions misspelled words ƒƒVocabulary chart showing: ƒƒVocabulary lists (12): ƒƒPrefixes (48), suffixes (48) ƒƒOrganized by word origin, ƒƒGreek and Latin roots and prefixes and suffixes, and vivid meanings (100) and precise verbs ƒƒGuidelines for solving analogy questions ƒƒEach vocabulary word includes: ƒƒPronunciation key ƒƒPronunciation, etymology ƒƒPoetry: footnotes define and explain ƒƒPart of speech, definition unfamiliar words ƒƒSample sentence

 RED indicates first introduction of content.

Spelling & Vocabulary Skills Development ƒƒLearn spelling rules: ƒ hhMaster spelling lists including: ƒUse i before e, except after c, or when sounded like long a ƒ hhVocabulary words and definitions ƒ Double a final consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel hhWords that follow the spelling rules ƒƒChange to when adding suffixes hhSound-alike suffixes y i ƒƒDrop the silent before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel hhCommonly misspelled words e ƒƒLearn exceptions to spelling rules hhHomonyms ƒƒLearn the principle of assimilation ƒƒUse vocabulary words in proper context ƒƒCreating a compound word doesn’t change the spelling of the ƒƒMemorize vocabulary definitions two parts ƒƒBe able to identify commonly misspelled words ƒƒAdding a prefix to a word doesn’t change the word’s spelling ƒƒApply spelling and phonics concepts through daily teacher-directed oral practice and independent written practice Poetry Skills Development ƒƒLearn to distinguish between homophones hhMemorize 10 lyrical poems ƒƒLearn practical spelling tips and suggestions by studying Keys to ƒƒDevelop appreciation of poetry Good Spelling ƒƒLay foundation for future literature study hhMaster 48 prefixes, 100 roots, and 48 suffixes ƒƒPerform in front of an audience hhLearn more than 1,000 synonyms, antonyms, and related words for ƒƒRecite in unison vocabulary words ƒƒUse appropriate expression and volume hhAnalyze word meanings based on their prefixes, roots, and suffixes ƒƒIncrease vocabulary hhDevelop ability to solve analogy questions ƒƒDemonstrate comprehension of emotion and content ƒƒDevelop a mental visualization of the poem ƒƒDiscuss meaning and purpose of poems ƒƒUse proper observation of punctuation

163 GRADE 10

ENGLISH: Literature

10 In previous years, students read mostly for enjoyment, but now they will learn about the makeup of litera- “Poetry is that art which selects and arranges the symbols of thought in such a manner as to excite the imagination the most powerfully and delightfully”. —WILLIAM C ULLEN B RYANT ture by studying a variety of literary terms and devices such as imagery and figurative language. While “Rhythm and harmony find their way into the inward places of the soul, on Fourth Edition which they mightily fasten, imparting grace, and making the soul of him who is rightly the first part of World Literature offers a background to the study of world literature, the second part educated graceful.” —PLATO “Literature expresses in artistic form the great moral forces introduces works chronologically from the time of the ancient East to the Modern Age (twentieth cen- which stimulate the highest activities of human life.” —L. H. J ONES “God is the perfect poet, Who in his person acts his own creations.” —R OBERT B RO WNING tury). Students will read classics which reflect the thinking of each time period, such as Divine Comedy, “Poetry expresses the universal, and history the particular.” —ARISTOTLE Moby Dick, Paradise Lost, Aesop’s Fables, and Foxe’s Book of Martyrs.

´+V!!9¨   abeka.com 11540101 Art appreciation is also an important part of the literature study in English 10. As the author uses words to paint visual images in our minds, the artist uses his brush to paint a story. World Literature includes paint- ings, sculptures, and architecture that reflect the themes of each unit.

Literary Value Added Enrichment Evaluation ƒƒ113 authors, including well-known writers ƒƒFootnotes define and explain unfamiliar ƒƒComprehension quizzes (25) such as E. E. Cummings, Charles Dickens, words ƒƒHomework reading quizzes (22) John Donne, Homer, Martin Luther, and ƒƒComprehension and discussion questions ƒƒTests (8), 9-weeks exam (2) Isaac Watts after selections ƒƒSemester exam, final exam ƒƒProse selections (49), poems (81), ƒƒCharacter-building quotations and verses plays (2), and essays (10) ƒƒIntroductory paragraphs for interest and background information ƒƒReview games ƒƒAuthor biographies ƒƒLiterary terms defined and explained throughout and in a handy glossary (121)

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Reading Skills Development Comprehension, Discussion & Analysis ƒƒDevelop skills in reading speed and comprehension Skills Development ƒƒFurther develop oral reading skills ƒƒRead entire works: Silas Marner and Julius Caesar ƒƒBe able to identify significant quotations and the selections in which ƒƒStudy drama and learn about Elizabethan and Greek theaters they are featured ƒƒDevelop proper discernment according to the truths of Scripture ƒƒIncrease vocabulary ƒƒAnswer factual, interpretive, and inferential comprehension and hhFurther develop writing skills discussion questions hhLearn various literary forms: short story, essay, novel, narrative ƒƒImprove ability to use deductive reasoning, understand cause and poetry, and descriptive poetry effect, and draw conclusions hhLearn meaning and use of literary terms and devices such as ƒƒBuild appreciation for good literature and a love of reading theme, plot, imagery, figurative language, point of view, dramatic ƒƒDevelop an understanding of people’s motives and feelings while structure and dénouement. recognizing consequences of particular actions hhStudy the development of plot, theme, setting, and character(s) in hhLearn to analyze literature while studying selections short stories, essays, and classical works of literature hhComprehend and appreciate the basic elements of a work of litera- ture hhLearn to appreciate the rhyme, rhythm, and figurative language of poetry

164 GRADE 10

MATHEMATICS: Algebra 2 Algebra 2, building from a foundation of basic algebra, develops confidence in problem-solving LGEBRA A F i r s t E d i t i o n 2 strategies through application of in-depth algebraic skills. Students will gain thorough exposure to algebraic techniques applied in many branches of mathematics. Concepts such as matrices, linear programming, and hypothesis testing will pique student interest in mathematical application. An increased understanding of algebraic concepts will result in thorough preparation for further study in mathematics. Algebra 2 builds from mathematical ideas to practical problem solving with applications in busi- ness, science, sports, medicine, and statistics. Students will learn to analyze results and make informed decisions for everyday life. For this grade level, see also Geometry on p. 176. Also available: Consumer Mathematics and Business Mathematics on Electives pp. 199-203. Features: Evaluation: ƒƒFlexible pacing options in curriculum ƒƒWord problem review ƒƒQuizzes (50) ƒƒReview exercises for every section (83) ƒƒQuarter reviews (2) ƒƒTests (8) ƒƒMid-chapter reviews (12) ƒƒSemester Review ƒƒQuarter Exams (2) ƒƒChapter reviews (12) ƒƒFinal Review ƒƒSemester Exam ƒƒFinal Exam  RED indicates first introduction of content.

Basic Algebra Polynomial Equations and Inequalities ƒƒOrder of operations hhRational Zero Theorem ƒƒAlgebraic properties hhFactor Theorem ƒƒExponent properties hhRemainder Theorem ƒƒNegative exponents hhSynthetic Division ƒƒWords as Algebraic Expressions hhSolving a polynomial equation ƒƒAddition and Subtraction of Polynomials hhEquations of the quadratic form ƒƒMultiplication and Division of Polynomials hhInteger exponents ƒƒSpecial Cases of Multiplication hhRational exponents ƒƒFactoring Special forms hhNonlinear absolute value equations ƒƒSum and Difference of Odd and Even Powers hhPolynomial Inequalities ƒƒFactoring by Grouping hhCritical number Equations and Inequalities hhRational inequalities ƒƒEquations in one variable Functions and The Cartesian Plane ƒƒAbsolute value ƒƒTwo-variable linear equation ƒƒLiteral ƒƒDistance formula ƒƒQuadratic hhMidpoint formula ƒƒZero Factor property ƒƒSlope formula ƒƒExtracting the root ƒƒIntercepts ƒƒCompleting the square ƒƒGraphing with slope and point ƒƒQuadratic formula ƒƒStandard form ƒƒDiscriminant ƒƒSlope-intercept form ƒƒRational ƒƒPoint-slope form ƒƒCross-multiplication ƒƒParallel and Perpendicular lines ƒƒLCD ƒƒDirect variation ƒƒRadical hhInverse variation ƒƒInequalities ƒƒFunctions hhInterval Notation ƒƒVertical line test ƒƒLinear hhAlgebraic test ƒƒCompound ƒƒNotation ƒƒAbsolute Value ƒƒEvaluation hhComplex numbers ƒƒDomain hhImaginary unit hhRange hhPowers of i hhTypes of functions hhStandard form ƒƒQuadratic hhArithmetic ƒƒConstant hhQuadratic with complex solutions ƒƒAbsolute value

Algebra 2 cont. p. 166 165 GRADE 10

 RED indicates first introduction of content. MATHEMATICS: Algebra 2 cont. Functions and The Cartesian Plane cont. hhExpanding logarithmic expressions ƒƒTypes of functions cont. hhCondensing logarithmic expressions ƒƒRadical hhChange of base formula ƒƒRational hhSolving exponential and logarithmic equations hhInverse properties, exponentiation, taking logarithm of both sides hhCombination of Functions hhApplication of logarithms hhComposition of Functions hhBacteria growth, Interest formula, Newton’s law of cooling, Sound hhTranslational Graphing level hhParent function hhStandard graphing form Trigonometry ƒƒRigid and Nonrigid Transformations ƒƒAngle properties ƒƒParabola Vertex Formula ƒƒClassification of angles System of Equations and Inequalities ƒƒSum of angles ƒƒRight triangle properties ƒƒIntersecting, parallel, and coincident lines hhRight triangle setup ƒƒSubstitution method, Elimination method ƒƒSimilar polygons hhParameter ƒƒTrigonometric functions hhThree-variable linear systems hhTrigonometric reciprocal functions hhElementary row-operations hhUsing calculator ƒƒTwo-variable inequalities hhInverse hhSystem of two-variable inequalities hhReciprocal hhIntersection hhRadian hhUnbounded, bounded hhSpecial triangle hhBoundary line hh30°-60°-90° triangle hhLinear programming hh45°-45°-90° triangle hhObjective function hhAngles on the Cartesian plane hhConstraints hhReference angle hhFeasible solution hhReference triangle Matrices hhCoterminal angles hhDefinition hhASTC hhParts and types of matrices hhTrigonometric Equations hhArithmetic with matrices hhUnit Circle hhMatrix multiplication hhIdentity matrix Sequences, Series, and Counting ƒƒArithmetic Sequences hhInverse matrix hhSeries hhElementary row operations hhSummation notation hhGaussian elimination hhSeries formulas: constant, consecutive integers, consecutive hhAugmented matrix squares hhTriangular form hhMathematical induction hhGauss-Jordan elimination ƒƒGeometric Sequences hhDiagonal form hhConverging, Diverging hhDeterminants hhFinite Geometric Series hhDiagonal hhInfinite Geometric Series hhAntidiagonal ƒƒCounting hhCramer’s rule ƒƒPermutation hhMatrix inversion hhCombination hhSolving by matrix inversion hhBinomial Theorem hhAdjugate matrix Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Probability ƒƒRelative frequency hhFinding inverse of a function ƒƒMutually and non-mutually exclusive events hhOne-to-one function ƒƒProbability of multiple events hhHorizontal line test ƒƒIndependent and dependent events hhEvaluating exponential functions ƒƒFrequency distribution hhTranslational graphing of exponential functions ƒƒRelative frequency distribution hhLogarithmic functions hhProbability density function hhCommon logarithmic function hhUniform probability distribution hhNatural logarithmic function hhGeometric probability hhConverting between exponential and logarithmic form hhProperties of logarithms Algebra 2 cont. p. 167 166 GRADE 10

 RED indicates first introduction of content. MATHEMATICS: Algebra 2 cont. Statistics hhStandard deviation ƒƒDescriptive and inferential statistics hhVariance ƒƒMeasures of center hhNormal distribution ƒƒMean, median, mode hhStandard normal distribution ƒƒMeasure of dispersion hhCalculating z-score ƒƒRange hhSampling Distribution h hhMean deviation hCentral Limit Theorem hhHypothesis Testing

HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY: World History

10 World History and Cultures is written and taught from the Christian perspective. Basic to this perspec- tive is the conviction that God is the Creator of the universe and the Controller of history. Because the focal point of history is the birth of Christ, World History and Cultures takes the view that all history is either pointing toward the birth of Christ or looking back to it. Students study how God used events before the birth of Christ to prepare the world for His coming. Then, after His birth, they trace the impact of Christianity on the events of world history.

´+Y#!E¨ abeka.com 11570301 The Christian perspective of World History and Cultures helps students see the sovereign hand of God in history, as well as the consequences of man’s choices. The Providence of God has guided history for His glory. Yet each person is free to choose whether to obey God and be used by Him, or to disobey and suffer the consequences. Thus world history also illustrates the truth of Proverbs 14:34: “Righ- teousness exalteth a nation: but sin is a reproach to any people.” Added Enrichment Evaluation ƒƒSpecial feature boxes (56): ƒƒReading quizzes (30) ƒƒProvide a framework for understanding the concepts ƒƒReview quizzes (40) in history ƒƒGeography map projects (8; each counts as quiz grade) ƒƒExplore language and writing through the ages ƒƒCurrent events (32; each counts as quiz grade) ƒƒGive insight to the people and events of history ƒƒTests (8), 9-weeks exam (2) ƒƒMaps correlating to text (84) ƒƒSemester exam, final exam

 RED indicates first introduction of content.

Foundations for Studying History ƒƒRise of Islam: Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, and Mohammed ƒƒCreation versus evolution ƒƒMiddle East (c. 1800 B.C.–A.D. 700s) ƒƒCapital punishment ƒƒMissionary efforts: ƒƒBeginning of languages, nations, and races: Nimrod and Babel hhIon-Keith Falconer and Samuel Zwemer ƒƒOther Asian cultures (c. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1800s): Asia and Africa: The Beginning of Civilization ƒƒIndia: Indus River, Hinduism, caste system, and Buddhism ƒƒCradle of Civilization: Fertile Crescent and Mesopotamia ƒƒAncient Chinese dynasties (c. 2300–1800 B.C.): hhChinese language ƒ ƒSumer: ƒƒJapan: Shinto religion ƒƒCuneiform, culture, civilization, education, architecture, trade, ƒƒEgypt—Gift of the Nile (c. 2300 B.C.–A.D. 1700s): society, religion ƒƒHistory and language: Herodotus and the Rosetta Stone hhMathematics, government hhReligion: Book of the Dead hhSettlements: Eridu, Uruk, Ur hhThebes hhGolden Age of Ur, Epic of Gilgamesh ƒƒOld, Middle, and New Kingdom ƒƒMiddle East (c. 1800 B.C.–A.D. 700s): ƒƒOther African cultures (c. 2300 B.C.–A.D. 1700s): ƒƒOld Babylonian Empire: hhLand of Phut and Cush ƒƒHammurabi and the law ƒƒEthiopia: hhPlace-value notation, Babylonian Genesis ƒƒKingdom of Aksum and Ethiopian Orthodox Church: ƒƒHittite Empire hhPiankhi, Ebed-melech ƒƒAssyrian Empire: Tiglath-pileser I, Nineveh ƒƒEarly Christianity in North Africa: Simon of Cyrene, Tertullian, ƒ ƒNew Babylonian Empire: Nebuchadnezzar and Daniel ­Clement of Alexandria, Athanasius, and Augustine ƒ ƒPersian Empire: Cyrus the Great, Darius I, and Xerxes I ƒƒOther empires and kingdoms: ƒ ƒIsrael: Patriarchs, Exodus, Moses, Decalogue, theocracy, David, ƒƒGhana, Mali, Songhai, and Kongo: and Divided Kingdom hhMansa Musa and King Ewuare hhHebrew and Arabic language

World History cont. p. 168 167 GRADE 10

 RED indicates first introduction of content. HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY: World History cont. Europe: Beginnings of Western Civilization ƒƒSaxons ƒƒGreece (c. 2000–30 B.C.): hhSalians, Hohenstaufens ƒƒMinoans and Mycenaeans hhInvestiture Controversy ƒƒCivilization: Homer, Greek gods, city-states, Olympics hhDecline of the papacy: Babylonian Captivity of the papacy and the Great Schism ƒƒGreco-Persian Wars: ƒƒMedieval culture (c. A.D. 500–1500): hhIonian Revolt, Battle of Plataea ƒƒFeudal society and chivalry ƒƒTypes of government ƒƒCrusades: hhDraco’s Code ƒƒCheck and balance results hhCourt of Areopagus hhBernard of Clairvaux, Frederick Barbarossa, Philip Augustus hhPeisistratus and Cleisthenes hhPre-Reformation Europe ƒƒSparta and Athens: Peloponnesian War ƒƒUniversities and scholasticism: ƒƒMacedonia: ƒƒThomas Aquinas and William of Ockham ƒƒAlexander the Great hhTrivium and quadrivium, scholasticism hhBattle of Ipsus ƒƒForerunners of the Reformation: ƒƒClassical Greece: ƒƒJohn Wycliffe, Roger Bacon, and John Huss ƒƒWriting and philosophy hhGerhard Groote and Savonarola hhHellenic Age, education and architecture, art and science ƒƒItalian Renaissance: ƒƒHellenistic Age: ƒƒHumanism hhStoics and Epicureans hhPetrarch, Boccaccio, Giotto hhLanguage of the New Testament: Koine Greek ƒƒJohann Gutenberg: Gutenberg Bible ƒƒRome (c. 753 B.C.–A.D. 476): ƒƒRise of modern nations (c. 850–1300): ƒƒEarly people: ƒƒAncient Britain: Stonehenge, Celts, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and ƒƒLatins, Etruscans, Magna Graecia, Carthage, and Gauls Beowulf hhItalis ƒƒAlfred the Great hhSociety: family, religion, education, and government ƒƒNorman Conquest: ƒƒPunic Wars: hhCharter of Liberties and Exchequer ƒƒHannibal and Scipio ƒƒPlantagenet kings: hhBattle of Cannae hhEleanor of Aquitaine, House of Lords, and House of Commons hhCivil Wars: reforms of Gracchi ƒƒHundred Years’ War, Wars of the Roses ƒƒPax Romana ƒƒFeudal France: ƒƒEmperors: ƒƒHugh Capet and Estates-General ƒƒClaudian, Flavian, “Five Good Emperors,” “Barracks Emperors,” hhHouse of Valois Diocletian ƒƒSpain: hhHadrian’s wall ƒƒMoorish culture, the Reconquista, Spanish Inquisition ƒƒChristian emperor: Constantine I hhEl Cid, Antonio de Nebrija ƒƒFall of Rome: ƒƒPortugal: hhRomulus Augustulus ƒƒPrince Henry hhLegacy of Rome: language, literature, law hhAlfonso Henriques ƒƒEarly church history (A.D. 30–476): hhAge of Exploration ƒƒApostolic church: the New and Old Testaments ƒƒNative civilizations: Arawaks, Mayas, Incas, and Aztecs hhPersecuted and imperial church ƒƒFrance: Northwest Passage ƒƒByzantine Empire (c. A.D. 324–1453): hhAge of Justinian: Hagia Sophia, Justinian Code, and Theodora The Reformation Era: The Modern Age Begins hhFall of Byzantium ƒƒProtestant Reformation (c. 1517–1600): hhByzantine contributions: Eastern Orthodox, Greek liturgy, ƒƒRenaissance in Germany, England, and France: Byzantine text hhJohann Reuchlin, Philipp Melanchthon, John Colet, Thomas The Middle Ages: From the Ancient to the Moore Modern ƒƒMartin Luther: ƒƒCharles V, Edict of Worms, popular education ƒƒDark Ages (c. A.D. 500–1500): hhKatharina von Bora ƒƒChurch of Rome: ƒƒSwitzerland: ƒƒPetrine Theory, Pope Leo I, Gregory I ƒƒUlrich Zwingli, John Calvin, Conrad Grebel, Anabaptists hhPatrick of Ireland hhGuillaume Farel ƒƒDoctrine of Romanism ƒƒPost-Reformation Europe (c. 1517–1650): ƒƒOther teachings: John Wycliffe, Vulgate, Peter Waldo, Council of Toulouse hhAugsburg Confession ƒƒCharlemagne’s empire: ƒƒCounter-Reformation: ƒ hhDivision: Lothar, Charles, Louis ƒThe Inquisition, Loyola ƒƒLorraine hhThe Index, Council of Trent

World History cont. p. 169 168 GRADE 10

 RED indicates first introduction of content. HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY: World History cont. The Reformation Era: The Modern ƒƒUnited States’ rise to power: capitalism and the Spanish-American War Age Begins cont. ƒƒBlessings of capitalism: John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, ƒƒReformation in the Netherlands: Council of Blood and William the J. P. Morgan, philanthropy, and Adam Smith Silent ƒƒVictorian Era: England’s Age of Progress (1837–1901): ƒƒEnglish Reformation: ƒƒGreat English statesmen: William Pitt the Younger and Sir Robert ƒƒTudor rulers, Spanish Armada Peel hhAct of Supremacy, Lady Jane Grey ƒƒVictorian England: William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli ƒƒScottish Reformation: Mary Stuart vs. John Knox ƒƒChina and Japan missions: ƒƒReformation in France: Huguenots and St. Bartholomew’s Day hhTreaty of Amity and Commerce, Neesima Massacre ƒƒChristianity and charity ƒƒThirty Years’ War: hhBritish imperialism: ƒƒPeace of Westphalia ƒƒCrimean War and British North America Act hhCount of Tilly, Albrecht Wallenstein ƒƒIndia: Sepoy Rebellion, William Carey and Amy Carmichael hhBattle of Lützen, results of Thirty Years’ War ƒƒVictorian Era: England’s Age of Progress (1837–1901) cont.: ƒƒPost-Reformation science and culture (c. 1517–1800): ƒƒAfrica: ƒƒFounders and progress of modern science ƒƒDavid Livingstone, Robert Moffat, and Samuel Adjai Crowther ƒƒClassics: music and art hhKhama The Age of Ideas: Revolution, Revival, and ƒƒSouth Africa: Reform ƒƒAfrikaners and Boer War ƒƒFrance—road to revolution (c. 1640–1815): hhCecil Rhodes, Paul Kruger, Louis Botha hhAge of Absolutism: War of the Spanish Succession hhBeginning of Britain’s decline: Charles Darwin, Thomas Henry Huxley, ƒƒEnlightenment: Christian Socialists, Fabian Society, utilitarians, and modernism hhDiderot ƒƒUnbelief and revolution in 19th-century Europe (c. 1800–1900): hhReasons for the revolution: religious, economic, and social turmoil hhGerman philosophy and liberal Christianity: romanticism, idealism, ƒƒFrench Revolution relativism, dialectic thinking, “Higher Criticism,” modernists, and Darwinism ƒƒReign of Terror: ƒƒAge of Metternich ƒƒAtheism, deism ƒƒRevolutions of the 1830s: France, Belgium, and Central Europe hhDirectory ƒƒ Revolutions of 1848: Louis Napoleon, Austria, and German states ƒƒTyranny of Napoleon: Continental System, Battles of Leipzig and Waterloo ƒƒFranco-Prussian War: ƒƒEngland and America: quest for freedom (c. 1600–1800): ƒƒOtto von Bismarck and Wilhelm II ƒƒJames I: Puritans, Separatists, KJV, Jamestown, and Plymouth hhThird French Republic hh hhNational Covenant, Long Parliament, Grand Remonstrance Rise of modern socialism ƒƒEnglish Civil War: Twentieth Century: A World at War ƒƒOliver Cromwell ƒƒWorld War I (1914–1918): hhRump Parliament, Battle of Marston Moor, Battle of Naseby, Treaty ƒƒRoad to war: spiritual decay of Dover ƒƒFronts: ƒƒGlorious Revolution ƒƒEastern, western, Balkans, and Italian ƒƒPietism in Germany: hhPétain, von Ludendorff ƒƒPhilipp Spener ƒƒBolshevik Revolution hhCount von Zinzendorf ƒƒAmerican involvement: ƒƒGreat Awakening in America: Jonathan Edwards and George ƒƒ and the Zimmermann Note Whitefield Lusitania hhWeimar Republic hhAge of Reason: John Locke and David Hume hhProvidence of God in History ƒƒWesleyan Revival: John and Charles Wesley ƒƒAftermath of war: Wilson’s Fourteen Points, Treaty of ­Versailles, and ƒƒRise of modern missions: League of Nations ƒƒWilliam Carey and Adoniram Judson ƒƒRise of Communism (1848–1939): hhJohn Howard ƒƒRoots of Communism: Karl Marx, dialectical materialism, bourgeoi- ƒƒFrench and Indian War sie, proletariat, Frederich Engels, Communist ­Manifesto, Das Kapital ƒƒAmerican War for Independence ƒƒEarly Russian history of the czars ƒƒAge of Industry (c. 1760–1900): ƒƒBolshevik Revolution: Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Red Guards, ƒƒProtestant work ethic Cheka ƒƒAgricultural advancements: better use of land and tools ƒƒLenin’s Russia: ƒƒIndustrial Revolution: Enclosure Movement and domestic and ƒƒThird International, new economic policy, USSR ­factory system hhCentral Committee ƒƒTransportation and communications: ƒƒStalin’s Russia: Five-Year Plan, collectivization, genocide hhGuglielmo Marconi hhWhy Communism Kills hhScience: Dalton, Faraday, Kelvin, Maxwell, Curie, Jenner

World History cont. p. 170 169 GRADE 10

 RED indicates first introduction of content. HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY: World History cont. Twentieth Century: A World at War cont. hhNuclear freeze movement ƒ hhTwentieth-century liberalism (c. 1900–1940): ƒSpace Age ƒ hhDefining liberalism and conservatism ƒRise of conservatism in the West ƒ hhLiberal pseudo-sciences and philosophies ƒMargaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan, Falkland Islands, Reagan Doctrine, SDI: hhLiberalism in education versus traditional education hhKAL 007, Chernobyl hhReligious liberalism: modernism, social gospel, and ecumenism ƒƒChanges in Eastern Europe: perestroika, glasnost, Berlin Wall falls, Poland, Hungary hhChristian witness ƒƒTiananmen Square Massacre hhLiberalism and conservatism in the arts ƒƒRise of globalism (c. 1990s–present): ƒƒProsperity of the Twenties: Paris Peace Pact ƒƒPersian Gulf War ƒƒGreat Depression: easy credit, risky investment, and government involvement ƒƒRise of Islamic terrorism: 9/11 attacks and Bush Doctrine ƒƒWorld War II (1939–1945): hhPakistan and Kashmir ƒƒIdeologies and dictatorships ƒƒChanges in Western Europe: ƒƒAggressors on the march: ƒƒGordon Brown, Jacques Chirac, Angela Merkel h hhMunich Pact, Siegfried and Maginot Lines hMaastricht Treaty ƒƒEuropean Theater: ƒƒEastern Europe: Bosnia, Slobodan Milosevic, Kosovo, Dayton Peace Accords ƒƒBattle of Britain, Winston Churchill, and Erwin Rommel ƒƒRussia after the Cold War: hhInvasion of Scandinavia ƒƒBoris Yeltsin, Dmitri Medvedev ƒƒInvasion of Russia hhChechnya ƒƒAmerican involvement: hhNorth Korea: Kim Jong Un ƒƒNeutrality Act, Lend-Lease Act, Pearl Harbor, and D-Day ƒƒNew leaders in African nations hhPanay Incident ƒƒCuba and Raul Castro ƒƒEuropean Theater: Operation Torch, Italian Campaign hhSouth America: Daniel Ortega ƒƒKey battles in the Pacific Theater: hhCanada: Pierre Trudeau, Kim Campbell ƒƒBataan Death March, Doolittle’s raid, Midway, Coral Sea, Guam, Saipan, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and kamikazes hhUnited States: GATT ƒ hhBattle of the Java Sea, Guadalcanal, the Aleutians, the Gilberts, ƒAsia and the Pacific: the Marianas ƒƒJapan ƒƒManhattan Project: hhTaiwan and Lee Teng-hui hhFermi, Teller, Oppenheimer hhSouth Korea and Kim Young Sam ƒƒHolocaust ƒƒSoutheast Asia hhAftermath: wartime conferences ƒƒIsrael and the PLO: ƒƒCold War Era (c. 1945–1989): ƒƒRoad map for peace hhForming, framework, and failure of the UN hhOperation Defensive Shield ƒƒCommunist subversion: Rosenbergs, Klaus Fuchs, and hhIntelligent Design Joseph P. McCarthy ƒƒBioethics ƒƒResponse of the West: ƒƒEnvironmentalism and globalism ƒ ƒTruman Doctrine, containment, Marshall Plan, and NATO Geography hhWarsaw Pact ƒƒ Geography projects (8) featuring maps, both physical and political: ƒƒFall of Nationalist China: Chiang Kai-shek, George C. ­Marshall, and Taiwan ƒƒThe World ƒƒCommunist China: ƒƒThe Middle East ƒƒMao Tse-tung, cultural revolution, Red Guards ƒƒAsia ƒ hhFive-Year Plan ƒAfrica ƒƒKorean War: ƒƒEurope ƒƒMacArthur vs. containment ƒƒNorth America ƒ hhInchon ƒSouth America ƒƒInternational changes: ƒƒAustralia and New Zealand ƒƒCommunist Cuba Prayer Time hhSouth America: Isabel Perón and Salvador Allende ƒƒLearn to pray for our nation and for government officials hhAsia: hhConflicts in Israel, Lebanon, Iran, and Iraq ƒƒConflict in India ƒƒAfrica ƒƒVietnam War: hhNgo Dinh Diem

170 GRADE 10

SCIENCE: Biology

Biology Biology: God’s Living Creation deals with one of the most fascinating subjects known to man. Students Fourth Edition God’s Living Creation Biology begin with a combination of field, text, and lab work to take a closer look at plants. They will use the God’s Living Creation microscope and dissections as they study the Creator’s provision for plants and animals. A detailed study of the anatomy and physiology of the human body will lead students to understand that they are “fear- fully and wonderfully made.”

® ® Students will look deeper into the micro-cosmos as they learn some of man’s latest discoveries about ´3mm!ߨ abeka.com 19777701 the most complicated structure in all of creation: the living cell. They will see the intricate detail that God has built into living things and His master plan for transmitting information within an organism and from one generation of organisms to the next. Students will also understand just how far man still has to go to gain a complete understanding of God’s living creation. Added Enrichment Evaluation ƒƒFeature articles with information about God’s design, ƒƒReading quizzes (16) provision, and the wonders of His creation (65) ƒƒReview quizzes (36) ƒƒLaboratory exercises (25) ƒƒScience project (counts as 4 quiz grades and 1 test grade) ƒƒApplication and Critical Thinking questions for every ƒƒTests (8), 9-weeks exam (2) chapter ƒƒSemester exam, final exam

 RED indicates first introduction of content.

Botany hhWater pressure and wilting ƒƒAngiosperms: ƒƒFlowers, fruits, and seeds: ƒƒIntroduction to biology: definition and major fields of study ƒƒFlower parts: ƒƒParts of a green plant: flowers, leaves, stems, roots ƒƒSepals, petals, stamen, pistil ƒƒNitrogen cycle hhComplete and incomplete flowers ƒƒFamilies of angiosperms: hhMonoecious vs. dioecious ƒƒComposite, mint, parsley, rose, pea, lily hhFactors affecting flowering: photoperiodism ƒ hhMustard, nightshade, cashew ƒDevelopment of fruits and seeds: pollination, fertilization ƒƒMonocots and dicots: ƒƒFormation, types, and function of fruits: ƒƒTypes of angiosperms: characteristics of monocots and dicots hhSimple, aggregate, and multiple fruits ƒƒGrasses: ƒƒSeed dispersal ƒƒCereal crops ƒƒStructure of seeds: parts of the embryo, germination ƒ hhTurf grasses, other grasses ƒStems and roots: ƒƒBroadleaf trees: ƒƒExternal structure of woody stems: ƒƒObserving trees, characteristics of trees ƒƒBuds, scales, bud-scale scars, growth h hhGuide to familiar American broadleaf trees by groups—bark, hBundle scars leaves, fruits, and crown shapes are pictured and explained ƒƒInternal structure of woody stems: ƒƒLeaves: ƒƒBark, pith hhSystems and organs in plants ƒƒWood: ƒƒExternal structure of leaves: ƒƒHeartwood, sapwood, annual rings ƒƒLeaf shapes hhTracheids ƒƒParts of a leaf: hhHerbaceous stems: dicots and monocots hhStipule ƒƒVegetative reproduction: ƒƒSimple and compound leaves hhAsexual reproduction, cutting, layering, grafting, budding, cultur- ƒƒArrangement of leaves on stems: ing ƒƒNodes, opposite, alternate, whorled, and rosette ƒƒSpecial stems: bulbs, corms, rhizomes, stolons, tendrils, tubers, thorns ƒƒPhototropism hhPlant hormones hhThree types of plant tissues: structural, vascular, and meristematic ƒƒRoot systems: ƒƒStructure of leaves: ƒƒTaproots, fibrous roots hhEpidermis, mesophyll ƒƒStructure: ƒƒVeins, parts of plant cells ƒƒRoot hairs, root cortex ƒƒPhotosynthesis: hhEpidermis, central vascular cylinder hhThylakoids, light and dark reactions ƒƒPrimary and secondary growth ƒƒProducts of photosynthesis ƒƒRoot’s absorption and transportation of water: hhFactors that influence photosynthesis ƒƒDiffusion, osmosis, capillarity ƒƒFall coloration of leaves and special leaves: hhSap stream ƒƒLeaf pigments, ­abscission layer hhCellulase Biology cont. p. 172 171 GRADE 10

 RED indicates first introduction of content. SCIENCE: Biology cont. Botany cont. ƒƒStructure: ƒƒVariety in the world of plants: hhDiaphysis, epiphysis, medullary cavity ƒƒClassification: hhTissues ƒƒLinnaeus, John Ray ƒƒBone growth and development: ƒƒKingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, scientific hhMaintenance name ƒƒNutrition hhDomains, phylogeny ƒƒExercise: ƒƒConifers and other gymnosperms: hhWolff’s law ƒƒCharacteristics and reproduction of conifers, cycads, and ginkgo hhConstruction trees ƒƒFracture and repair ƒƒFerns, club mosses, and horsetails: ƒƒJoints: ƒƒSpores hhSynovial fluid hhStructures and life cycle of ferns; alternation of generations ƒƒLigaments, types of joints, problems with joints ƒƒClub mosses, horsetails ƒƒMuscles: hhLycopodium ƒƒTypes ƒƒMosses and liverworts: hhSpecific muscles for moving different parts of the body ƒƒStructures of moss ƒƒStructure of skeletal muscles: hhUses, types and life cycle of mosses hhFascia, tendons, fibers, and neuromuscular junction; muscle ƒƒLiverwort characteristics ­control ƒƒAlgae: ƒƒMuscles and exercise: hypertrophy, atrophy, red and white fibers ƒƒCharacteristics ƒƒThe nervous system: ƒƒGreen algae: ƒƒDivisions of the nervous system: hhDesmids ƒƒCentral nervous system: ƒƒBrown algae: hhGlial cells, gray and white matter, myelin, ganglia, plexus, hhGulfweed ­poliomyelitis ƒƒYellow, red, and blue-green algae ƒƒPeripheral nervous system: h hhDinoflagellates hMixed nerves ƒƒFungi: ƒƒAutonomic nervous system ƒƒImportance hhNerves: median nerve, Schwann cells, multiple sclerosis ƒƒClub fungi: ƒƒHow neurons work: h hhRust life cycle hAction potential ƒƒMolds: ƒƒSynapse, neurotransmitter h hhParasitic molds hInhibitors ƒƒSac fungi ƒƒParkinson’s disease ƒ hhSlime molds ƒReflex action: ƒƒLichens hhReflex arc ƒƒParts of the brain: Human Anatomy & Physiology ƒƒCerebrum: ƒƒFearfully and wonderfully made: ƒƒHemispheres ƒƒWonders of the human body: the crown of God’s creation hhCorpus callosum ƒƒIntroduction to body cavities: ƒƒCerebral cortex, lobes, cerebral palsy hhCranial, spinal ƒƒCerebellum: ƒƒThoracic, abdominal ƒƒLocation ƒƒBody systems: introduction to eleven systems hhStructure hhHomeostasis and feedback mechanisms ƒƒFunction, purpose ƒƒTissues: ƒƒBrain stem: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, reticular forma- ƒƒFour main types tion ƒƒTissue fluids ƒƒLimbic system: hhMembranes: four main types ƒƒThalamus, hypothalamus ƒƒCells hhHippocampus, amygdala hhMatrix ƒƒThe mind and the brain: ƒƒVestigial organs: brief discussion hhBehaviorism ƒƒBones and muscles: ƒƒNeurological health: hhDetailed discussion of axial skeleton ƒƒCaring for the nervous system: hhDetailed discussion of appendicular skeleton hhREM sleep ƒƒBones: ƒƒImportance of avoiding alcohol: ƒƒClassification hhNeuritis

Biology cont. p. 173 172 GRADE 10

 RED indicates first introduction of content. SCIENCE: Biology cont. Human Anatomy & Physiology cont. hhIntrinsic factor ƒƒInjuries to the nervous system: hhCardiac and pyloric sphincters ƒ hhSciatica ƒThe liver and pancreas in digestion: ƒƒStroke, concussion, amnesia, coma ƒƒBile, gallbladder ƒƒNeurological diseases: hhBile salts, emulsification, common bile duct ƒƒTetanus, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy ƒƒPancreatic juice ƒƒDementia: hhSodium bicarbonate production by the pancreas ƒ hhAcute confusion, senile dementia ƒSmall intestine: ƒƒArteriosclerotic dementia ƒƒPrimary organ of digestion and absorption ƒƒSenses: ƒƒDivisions of the small intestine ƒ hhSomatic vs. special senses ƒVilli ƒƒSkin sensations hhMicrovilli, lacteal ƒƒChemical senses (taste and smell): ƒƒInsulin, glucagon h hhTaste bud structure hUrea ƒ hhPrimary odors ƒLarge intestine: function and structure ƒƒHearing: hhDivisions of the large intestine ƒ hhMalleus, incus, stapes ƒGastrointestinal disorders: ƒ hhTinnitus ƒFood poisoning ƒƒVision: hhDyspepsia ƒƒProtection of the eye: socket, eyelid, lacrimal glands ƒƒUlcers, ­effects of alcohol h hhEye movement hConstipation, diarrhea ƒƒEye structure and function: ƒƒDysentery, colon cancer ƒƒSclera ƒƒCirculation and respiration: ƒƒUvea: ƒƒBlood: cardiovascular system, arteries, veins, capillaries ƒ hhChoroid, ciliary body ƒComposition of blood: ƒƒIris, pupil ƒƒPlasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets: ƒƒRetina: hhPlasma proteins, circulatory shock h hhFovea hRed blood cell production, leukemia h hhStructure and function of rod and cone cells; rhodopsin; color hBlood types: antigens, ABO blood group, universal donors and vision, persistence of vision ­recipients, Rh blood group ƒ hhBlind spot ƒDesign of the heart: ƒ hhAqueous humor, vitreous humor ƒStructure: ƒƒLens hhLayers, valves, and skeleton ƒƒDefective vision: ƒƒBlood flow: ƒƒNearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, night blindness ƒƒThrough the heart h hhPresbyopia, colorblindness hTo the heart h hhGlaucoma hDetailed structure and function of cardiac muscle, electrical system, heart beats ƒƒNutrition and digestion: hhTypes, symptoms, and treatment of heart failure ƒƒNutrients and energy: ƒƒCirculation of blood: ƒƒCalories, metabolism ƒƒArteries, veins, and capillaries: hhObesity hhStructure of blood vessels ƒƒMacronutrients ƒƒAtherosclerosis ƒƒCarbohydrates, proteins, lipids hhBranches of systemic circulation ƒƒMicronutrients ƒƒPulmonary circulation ƒƒVitamins, minerals and water: ƒƒBlood pressure and pulse ƒƒCoenzymes ƒƒCardiovascular health: leading cause of death ƒƒEdema ƒƒAnatomy and function of respiratory system: ƒƒBeginning of the digestive system: hhTypes of respiration: external, internal, and cellular ƒƒAlimentary canal, digestion, enzymes, glands ƒƒOrgans of respiration: ƒƒOral cavity: hhNasal meatuses hhPalate, bolus, papillae ƒƒThroat structures hhWisdom tooth, impacted, mastication ƒƒTrachea, bronchi ƒƒEsophagus: peristalsis, epiglottis ƒƒLungs: ƒƒStomach and intestines: ƒƒBronchitis, pneumonia, bronchial asthma ƒƒStomach structure and function: ƒƒPleural membrane: hhHunger contractions hhPleurisy ƒƒGastric juice, hydrochloric acid, chyme ƒƒDiaphragm

Biology cont. p. 174 173 GRADE 10

 RED indicates first introduction of content. SCIENCE: Biology cont. Human Anatomy & Physiology cont. ƒƒBacteria: ƒƒThe breathing process: ƒƒStructure: h hhRole of intercostal muscles hPlasmids h hhControl by the medulla oblongata hTypes, variations and shapes, reproduction ƒƒLung capacity: hhDisease: ƒƒVital capacity hhGerm concept of disease, Koch’s postulates h hhTidal volume hPathogenic activity ƒƒRespiratory diseases: ƒƒViruses: ƒƒCommon cold, influenza, tuberculosis, emphysema, lung cancer hhReplication, diseases ƒ hhCystic fibrosis ƒProtozoa, fungi, parasites ƒƒIntegumentary, excretory, endocrine, and reproductive systems: ƒƒHow infectious diseases are spread: h hhIntroduction: body’s design for maintaining homeostasis hDroplet infection, carrier ƒƒIntegumentary system: ƒƒVector, sexually transmitted diseases ƒƒPurpose hhIncubation ƒƒStructure: ƒƒPreventing the spread of disease: epidemic, vaccination ƒ hhPsoriasis, keratin in skin, skin pigments ƒImmune system: ƒƒTanning, sunburn ƒƒOverview, white blood cells h hhHair structure hHistamine, interferon ƒƒSebaceous glands ƒƒAntibodies h hhDetails of sweat glands hSpecific vs. nonspecific defenses ƒƒExcretory system: hhTable of white blood cell types ƒƒKidneys: ƒƒLymphatic system: ƒ hhFunction, regulation, structures, failure, dialysis ƒLymph, vessels, ducts, nodes ƒƒEndocrine system: hhStructure and function of lymph nodes ƒ hhEndocrine vs. exocrine glands ƒOther organs ƒƒHormones: ƒƒOther defenses: skin barrier, mucous membranes, lysozymes, fever, microorganisms of digestion hhHormone receptors ƒƒAcquired immunity, innate immunity ƒƒPituitary gland: ƒƒImmune deficiency diseases (HIV, AIDS) ƒƒHypothalmus, somatotropin ƒƒMedical defenses against disease: hhDisorders: pituitary gigantism, pituitary dwarfism, acromegaly hhImmune therapy, serums hhGonadotropins ƒƒChemotherapy, antibiotics ƒƒThyroid and parathyroid glands: ƒƒPrevention: nutrition, rest, exercise ƒƒThyroxine ƒƒThyroid disorders: Life Sciences: Methodology & Philosophy hhCretinism, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism ƒƒNatural history and scientific investigation: ƒƒSimple goiter ƒƒNatural history through the ages: ƒƒPancreas (endocrine function): islets of Langerhans, insulin, ƒƒBible beginnings, Hebrews ­glucagon, diabetes mellitus ƒƒGreeks: ƒƒAdrenal glands: epinephrine, steroid hormones, cortisol, hhAnaximander, Plato, Aristotle aldosterone ƒƒRomans: ƒƒPineal gland: melatonin hhPliny, Galen ƒƒReproductive system ƒƒAncient science vs. the Bible hhGametes ƒƒMiddle Ages: ƒƒGonads: hhNestorians ƒƒEndocrine function: adolescence, puberty, secondary sex ƒƒModern science: Protestant Reformation, advances in biological characteristics ­sciences, microscopy, cell theory hhMajor organs ƒƒBiology and scientific investigation: ƒƒPrenatal development ƒƒScripture and scientific investigation, scientific method hhGestation, trimesters, primary germ layers, chorion, digestive ƒƒRepudiation of spontaneous generation, law of biogenesis tube, neural plate, labor ƒƒLimitations of science ƒƒSexual morality ƒƒScientism ƒƒDisease and the body’s immune system: ƒƒEvolution—a retreat from science: ƒƒIntroduction: disease, microbes, pathogen, infectious and nonin- fectious, acute, chronic ƒƒScience and faith: great founders of science believed in God and creation ƒƒNoninfectious diseases: degenerative, immunological, hormonal, congenital and genetic, nutritional, harmful substances, cancer ƒƒRejecting the truth: ƒƒInfectious diseases: ƒƒDarwin and Lyell, natural selection ƒƒCommunicable and noncommunicable hhEffects of naturalism

Biology cont. p. 175 174 GRADE 10

 RED indicates first introduction of content. SCIENCE: Biology cont. Life Sciences: Methodology & Philosophy cont. Zoology ƒƒPaleontology: ƒƒMammals: ƒƒEvidence against evolution, speciation, macroevolution, fossils ƒƒCharacteristics of animals, vertebrates, and mammals: ƒƒTransitional forms and lack thereof ƒƒMobility, diversity, symmetry ƒƒPunctuated equilibrium hypothesis ƒƒTypes of mammal reproduction ƒƒGeologic column, radiometric dating, Cambrian explosion ƒƒ18 mammal orders: discussed with representative animals ƒƒCoelacanth, Archaeopteryx, horse series hhExtinct mammals ƒƒHominid fossils, Neanderthal, Cro-Magnon ƒƒBirds: ƒƒBiological evidence against evolution: ƒƒFeathered vertebrates: ƒƒImpossible transitional forms: ƒƒCharacteristics for flight hhBat wings, avian respiratory system ƒƒBackyard and roadside birds ƒƒHomology ƒƒGroups of birds: ƒƒMolecular biology: design and complexity ƒƒPerching, birds of prey, swimming and wading, game, tropical, ƒƒGenetics: limited variety, mutations flightless ƒƒNatural selection and genetic variety: hhExtinct birds ƒƒPeppered moth ƒƒAvian anatomy and physiology: ƒƒPesticide-resistant insects, antibiotic-resistant bacteria ƒƒFeathers, skeletal and muscular systems hhBacterial proliferation hhNervous system: brain, senses ƒƒEmbryonic recapitulation ƒƒFood and digestion: hhWhy evolution cannot be properly called a science hhIntestine, cloaca, bursa of Fabricus hhThreat of evolution to modern science hhExcretory system ƒƒCirculatory system: Ecology hhNucleated red blood cells ƒƒIntroduction of basic terms: ecology, habitat, biotic and abiotic fac- hhDetails of respiratory system tors ƒƒFamily life of birds: ƒƒLevels of ecology: biosphere, biomes, ecosystems, community, ƒƒMigration, courtship ­population, organism hhMating and fertilization hhEcological stability ƒƒEgg, nesting, incubation ƒƒInfluences in the ecosystem: biodiversity, carrying capacity, types of abiotic and biotic factors hhCare of young ƒƒNutritional relationships in an ecosystem: ƒƒReptiles and amphibians: ƒƒProducers and consumers, trophic level, food chain, food web, ƒƒReptiles: niches ƒƒCold-blooded, similar traits hhEnergy flow, pyramid diagrams ƒƒLizards: habitat, sizes, poisonous lizards, colorful, detached tails ƒƒSpecial nutritional relationships: and other defenses, and eating habits ƒƒSymbiosis, predation, competition ƒƒSnakes: ƒƒSizes, methods of locomotion, scaly skin hhAmensalism ƒƒNeutralism ƒƒSense organs: hhScale-covered eyes, hearing (quadrate bone) hhHerbivory ƒƒNutrient cycles: ƒƒSmell: Jacobson’s organ ƒƒHydrologic, atmospheric, sedimentary cycles ƒƒDesign for feeding, groups of snakes, venom, snakebite treat- ment hhCarbon-oxygen, phosphorous cycles ƒƒTurtles: ƒƒMajor biomes: ƒƒReptiles with shells ƒƒTundra, northern coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest ƒƒCharacteristics: ƒƒGrassland, desert, tropical rain forest hhTympanic and nictitating membranes ƒƒAquatic biomes: ƒƒGroups ƒƒFreshwater ƒƒCrocodilians ƒƒMarine: ƒƒTuatara: parietal eye hhEstuary ƒƒDinosaurs and similar creatures: extinct reptiles, types and char- ƒƒEcological succession and man’s role: acteristics hhPrimary succession, secondary succession ƒƒAmphibians: ƒƒDominion and stewardship ƒƒVertebrates with a double life: ƒƒCharacteristics: hhThree-chambered heart

Biology cont. p. 176 175 GRADE 10

 RED indicates first introduction of content. SCIENCE: Biology cont. Zoology cont. ƒƒFlatworms and roundworms: ƒƒFrogs and toads: ƒƒPlatyhelminths: h hhColoring hAnatomy of planarians, flukes, and tapeworms ƒƒToxic skin secretions ƒƒNematodes: h hhExternal fertilization hFilaria, hookworm, trichina, ascaris ƒƒDevelopment and metamorphosis ƒƒProtozoa: ƒ hhAnatomy: head, oral cavity, body systems ƒFlagellates: ƒƒSalamanders: ƒƒEuglena: ƒƒReproduction and metamorphosis: hhPellicle, binary fission ƒ hhSpermatophore, paedomorphosis ƒTrypanosome ƒƒSizes; notable salamanders ƒƒSarcodines: ƒƒCaecilians ƒƒAmoeba ƒƒFish: hhForaminifera, radiolarla ƒƒBony fish: ƒƒCiliates: paramecia, other ciliates ƒƒAbundance and importance ƒƒSporozoans hhDetailed study of anatomy and physiology Cellular & Molecular Biology ƒƒCartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, and chimaeras; lampreys, hagfish ƒƒCytology—design and function of cells: ƒƒArthropods: ƒƒVariety and complexity of cells: ƒƒCommon characteristics, classes ƒƒDiscovery of cells ƒ ƒInsects: hhVariety in cells, complexity of cells ƒƒLife cycle of insects ƒƒDesign of cells: hh Grasshopper anatomy and physiology hhDetails of cell structure and organelles ƒ ƒOrders of insects and their economic significance: 8 of the more hhLife and work of cells: than 25 orders are taught hhMaintaining life, photosynthesis and cellular respiration ƒƒInsects and man hhMembrane transport, endocytosis and exocytosis, cell move- hhGenetic control ment, cilia and flagella ƒ ƒArachnids: hhCell cycle and mitosis, chromosomes, cell death ƒƒSpiders: ƒƒHeredity: continuity of life: ƒƒExternal anatomy ƒƒGod’s provision for the continuity of life: hhInternal anatomy, reproduction ƒƒHeredity, genes ƒ ƒHarvestmen, scorpions, mites, and ticks hhDifferentiation, sexual reproduction, meiosis ƒ ƒCentipedes and millipedes hhClassical genetics: ƒ ƒCrustaceans: hhMendel’s experiments, law of dominance, genotype and pheno- hhAnatomy and life cycle of crayfish type ƒƒOther crustaceans hhPunnett squares, hybrids and hybridization, law of segregation hhExtinct arthropods hhIncomplete dominance, law of independent assortment, linkage ƒƒOther invertebrates: hhSutton’s hypothesis ƒƒMollusks: hhMorgan’s research, sex chromosomes, sex-linked traits ƒƒGeneral characteristics hhHuman genetics: ƒƒBivalves, gastropods, cephalopods hhDominant gene inheritance, codominance ƒƒEnchinoderms: hhMultiple allele inheritance ƒƒStarfish anatomy hhPleiotropy and polygenic inheritance hhRotifers: parthenogenic hhSex-linked disorders, genetic advances, eugenics ƒƒCoelenterates and porifera: ƒƒDNA—regulation of life: ƒƒCoelenterates: hollow-intestined invertebrates, polyp, medusa, ƒƒDNA: hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals ƒƒDeoxyribonucleic acid ƒ ƒPorifera (sponges): hhWatson and Crick, storage as chromatin hh Anatomy and physiology hhStructure of RNA and DNA, bases, base pairing ƒƒAnnelids: ƒƒActivities of DNA: ƒ ƒEarthworms: hhCentral dogma of molecular biology, DNA replication, telomeres ƒ ƒCharacteristics and anatomy and physiology hhTranscription, mRNA, translation, rRNA, tRNA hh Sea worms hhNoncoding DNA, intron, exon, small RNA ƒ ƒLeeches hhGenetic engineering, cloning ƒƒMutations

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BIBLE: Bible Doctrines Christians need to know what they believe and why they believe it so they can be Evaluation built up in their faith and equipped to present their beliefs intelligently and effec- ƒƒVerses: tively to others. is written as a practical, personal study Bible Doctrines for Today ƒƒVerse quizzes (28) designed to reach both the head and the heart of the student. It covers all major ƒƒ9-weeks verses exams (2) doctrines: the Bible, God, Christ, the Holy Spirit, man, salvation, the Church, angels, ƒ and end times. Important terms and definitions of these doctrines will be explained, ƒSemester verses exam (1) illustrated, and applied to the student’s life. Many memory verses are correlated ƒƒFinal verses exam (1) with the text to confirm the doctrinal truths being presented. ƒƒContent: ƒƒQuiz on the books of the Bible (1) ƒƒQuizzes (8) ƒƒ9-weeks exams (2) ƒƒSemester exam (1) ƒƒFinal content exam (1)

 RED indicates first introduction of content.

Lessons 137 hhEschatology—doctrine of last things: h hhVarious biblical doctrines such as: Bibliology (18 lessons), Theology hThe rapture of the church (16), Christology (12), Pneumatology (6), Anthropology (9), Soteri- hhJudgment Seat of Christ for the saved ology (11), Ecclesiology (8), Angelology (9), and Eschatology (18) hhTribulation on earth hhBibliology—doctrine of the Bible: hhChrist’s second coming to earth and millennial reign hhRevelation and inspiration of the Scriptures hhGreat White Throne Judgment for the lost hhAuthenticity, credibility, and canonicity of the Scriptures hhPersonal eschatology hhTheology—doctrine of God: hhReality of heaven and hell hhArguments for His existence Music 90 songs hhAttributes, sovereignty, nature, and names of God ƒƒHymns of the faith, gospel songs, choruses, holiday songs hhHis work of Creation and providence hhChristology—doctrine of Christ: Memory Work hhNames and nature of Jesus Christ ƒƒPassages (32 containing 94 verses) hhSignificance of Christ’s supernatural life ƒƒSalvation (5) ƒƒHumiliation, crucifixion, resurrection, and exaltation of Jesus Christ ƒƒThe authenticity of the Scriptures (6) hhPneumatology—doctrine of the Holy Spirit: ƒƒThe Man of sorrows (6) hhHoly Spirit’s past and present work ƒƒBeing wise (3) hhGifts and graces of the Holy Spirit ƒƒBeing of one mind (4) hhBlasphemy against the Holy Spirit ƒƒPreeminence of Christ (4) hhAnthropology—doctrine of man: ƒƒThe Everlasting and All-Knowing God (10) ƒƒOrigin of man and sin on earth ƒƒPraises to God (3) hhSeriousness of sin ƒƒServing with gladness (5) hhSoteriology—doctrine of salvation: ƒƒBooks of the Bible hhNecessity of and faith for salvation hhJustification, sanctification, and adoption Prayer Time ƒ hhBlessings and assurance of salvation ƒLearn to pray for each other, our nation, those in authority over us hhEcclesiology—doctrine of the church: hhOrganization, ordinance, and mission of the church hhAngelology—doctrine of angels: hhNames and titles of specific angels hhSatan: his present and future position

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