Martin Luther's First Psalm Lectures and the Canonical Shape

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Martin Luther's First Psalm Lectures and the Canonical Shape Martin Luther’s First Psalm Lectures and the Canonical Shape of the Hebrew Psalter by Brian Thomas German A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Wycliffe College and the Biblical Studies Department of the Toronto School of Theology In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology awarded by the University of St. Michael's College © Copyright Brian Thomas German 2014 Martin Luther’s First Psalm Lectures and the Canonical Shape of the Hebrew Psalter Brian Thomas German Doctor of Philosophy in Theology University of St. Michael’s College 2014 Abstract This dissertation examines thirty-five psalms from Martin Luther’s first professional lecture series (Dictata super Psalterium) and compares them primarily with his most influential forerunner in the faith, Saint Augustine. Its central argument is that the second half of these lectures exhibits a noticeably different character than the first half because of the profound effect that the canonical shape of the Hebrew Psalter had on Luther’s journey from Ps 1 to Ps 150. This is substantiated not only by a comparison of Luther’s work on similar material from different places in the Psalter but also by his integration of the “faithful synagogue,” a phenomenon whose relationship to the final form of the Psalter comes about aggregately from the Asaphite corpus onward. The way that Luther uses (canonically) earlier psalms in his interpretations of later ones deserves a central place in hermeneutical discussions of the Dictata. Far from a systematic treatise or disputation, these lectures are the terrain of an Augustinian monk who grows increasingly dissatisfied with a perceived distance between the Christological exuberance of Augustine and the pastoral “ethos” of the Psalter. It would take Luther’s existential identification with the pulse waves of the sacred assembly throughout Books III–V to provide not only the spiritual relief he was seeking but also a realization of the profound capacity of the literal sense of Scripture to extend across all three advents of Christ as testimony. ii Acknowledgments At times I wonder what the following pages would look like were it not for the attentive involvement of my Doktorvater, Professor Christopher Seitz. His timely and insightful feedback kept my research at an optimum level, and I continue to welcome his influence on my thinking with great appreciation. A debt of gratitude is also owed to Pastor James Kellerman, whose expertise in Latin enriched my translations to a caliber beyond my competence. Lastly, this project would not have happened in the first place without my own “Katharina von Bora,” Kalia, who tirelessly supported her husband’s doctoral ambitions with patience and love. Luther once said that “There is no bond on earth so sweet…as that which occurs in a good marriage.” Kalia has shown me the truth in that. To her this work is dedicated. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................. iv Chapter 1 Setting the Stage ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Status Quaestionis ................................................................................................................................ 5 1.3 A New Approach ................................................................................................................................. 14 1.4 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 16 1.5 Procedure ............................................................................................................................................. 18 1.6 “Preface of Jesus Christ” ................................................................................................................... 21 Chapter 2 Luther and the Psalms of Asaph: The Origins of the “Faithful Synagogue” 26 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 26 2.1 Luther in Relation to Augustine and Cassiodorus throughout the Asaphite Corpus .. 28 2.1.1 Psalm 73: Conversion or Strengthening Faith? ............................................................................... 28 2.1.2 Psalm 74: A Synagogal Split ..................................................................................................................... 34 2.1.3 Psalm 77: Who Speaks this Psalm? ....................................................................................................... 39 2.1.4 Psalm 78: Today’s Dividing Line ............................................................................................................ 45 2.1.5 Psalms 80 and 81: The Figure of Joseph ............................................................................................. 50 2.1.6 Psalm 83: Israel among the Nations ..................................................................................................... 55 2.1.7 Summary of 2.1 .............................................................................................................................................. 59 2.2 Similar Material before the Asaphite Corpus ........................................................................... 60 2.2.1 Asaph before the Asaphite Corpus: Psalm 50 ................................................................................... 61 2.2.2 Corporate Laments before the Asaphite Corpus: Psalms 44 and 60 ...................................... 63 2.2.3 The Nations before the Asaphite Corpus: Revisiting Psalm 83 in Light of Psalm 60 ...... 68 2.2.4 Summary of 2.2 .............................................................................................................................................. 69 2.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 70 2.3.1 Who (or What) is Asaph? ........................................................................................................................... 70 2.3.2 Canonical Reflections .................................................................................................................................. 74 Chapter 3 The Integration of the Faithful Synagogue, Part I: Psalms 84–106 ............... 78 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 78 iv 3.1 The Faithful Synagogue throughout the Rest of Book III: Psalms 84–89 ........................ 80 3.1.1 Psalm 85: Mercy and Truth in One Person ........................................................................................ 80 3.1.2 Psalm 87: Shall a Man Say? ....................................................................................................................... 85 3.1.3 Psalm 89: Divine Rejection ....................................................................................................................... 89 3.1.4 Summary of 3.1 .............................................................................................................................................. 98 3.2 The Faithful Synagogue throughout Book IV: Psalms 90–106 ............................................ 99 3.2.1 Psalm 90: Moses, Man of God .................................................................................................................. 99 3.2.2 Psalms 93–99: The Lord Reigns, Let the Faithful Synagogue Say .......................................... 103 3.2.3 Psalm 101: The Reemergence of David ............................................................................................. 111 3.2.4 Psalm 102: The Threefold Advent ....................................................................................................... 116 3.2.5 Psalm 105: The Eternal Covenant ....................................................................................................... 125 3.2.6 Summary of 3.2 ............................................................................................................................................ 133 3.3 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 133 3.3.1 Luther’s Old Testament Focus in Relation to Augustine ............................................................ 134 3.3.2 Canonical Reflections ................................................................................................................................ 135 Chapter 4 The Integration of the Faithful Synagogue, Part II: Psalms 107–150 ......... 139 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 139 4.1 The Faithful Synagogue Leading up to Psalm 119: Psalms 107, 111, 112, and 115 . 141 4.1.1 Psalm 107: The Redeemed of the Lord ............................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • The Song of Songs: Translation and Notes
    The Song of Songs: Translation and Notes Our translation of the Song of Songs attempts to adhere as closely as pos- sible to the Hebrew text. As such, we follow the lead set by Everett Fox, most prominently, in his approach to translation. In addition, we have attempted to utilize common English words to render common Hebrew words and rare English words to render rare Hebrew words (see notes h and ac, for example). We also follow Fox’s lead in our representation of proper names. Throughout this volume we have used standard English forms for proper names (Gilead, Lebanon, Solomon, etc.). In our translation, however, we have opted for a closer representation of the Hebrew (i.e., Masoretic) forms (Gilʿad, Levanon, Shelomo, etc.). We further believe that the Masoretic paragraphing should be indicated in an English translation, and thus we have done so in our presentation of the text. While we consider (with most scholars) the Aleppo Codex to be the most authoritative witness to the biblical text, in this case we are encumbered by the fact that only Song 1:1–3:11 is preserved in the extant part of the Aleppo Codex. Accordingly, we have elected to follow the paragraphing system of the Leningrad Codex. Setuma breaks are indicated by an extra blank line. The sole petuha break in the book, after 8:10, is indicated by two blank lines. The Aleppo Codex, as preserved, has petuha breaks after 1:4 and 1:8, whereas the Leningrad Codex has setuma breaks in these two places. As for the remain- ing part of the Song of Songs in the “Aleppo tradition,” we note a difference of opinions by the editors responsible for the two major publications of the Aleppo Codex at one place.
    [Show full text]
  • SPIRITUALITY PROGRAM OFFERED at Duke DIVINITY School
    DUKE DIVINITY SCHOOL DUKE r SPIRITUALITY PROGRAM OFFERED AT DuKE DIVINITY ScHOOL Spirit of faith) come down) reveal the things of God) and make to us the God-head known) and witness with the blood. Charles Wesley ivinity School students will now have the opportunity to concentrate in the area of spirituality, thanks to D funding received from the Scarritt Foundation of Nashville, Tennessee. The grant will enable the Divinity School to undertake a five-year pilot project in spirituality in which students can further their spiritual life and their academic skills. Additionally, the program will allow chaplains and other per­ sons in ministry to complete a Master of Theology with a focus on spirituality. The program hopes to foster within ministers­ lay and ordained- those spiritual practices necessary to sus­ tain not only their work, but the work of the Church as well. Traditionally programs in spirituality for theological educa­ ,- tion center around Anglican and Roman Catholic disciplines; however, the Divinity School spirituality program will give attention to both the classics of Christian Spirituality and the disciplines of the Protestant tradition, including Wesleyan and other evangelical expressions. Courses such as biblical prayer, the doctrine of the Holy Spirit, medieval women at prayer, spiritual disciplines, and the Lord's Prayer will be offered. Participat­ / - ing faculty will include John Westerhoff, Professor of Religion and Education; Frederick Herzog, Professor of System­ atic Theology; Geoffrey Wainwright, Professor of Systematic Theology; James Crenshaw, Professor of Old Testament; Ted Campbell, Assistant Professor of \. Church History; William C. Turner, Assistant Research Professor of Theology and Black Church Studies; and Susan A.
    [Show full text]
  • Psalms Workshop Handout
    ASTE ING SALMS IN THE ITURGY T and S : P L PETER KOLAR, WORLD LIBRARY PUBLICATIONS ETYMOLOGY The word psalm is derived from the Greek Psalmoi [Ψαλµοί], originally meaning “music of the lyre” or “songs sung to a harp”, from psallein “play on a stringed instrument.” (Wikipedia) TYPES OF PSALMS 1. Hymns 2. Imprecatory (curse – to call down harm on somebody) 3. Individual Laments 4. Communal Laments 5. Songs of Trust 6. Individual Thanksgiving Psalms 7. Royal Psalms 8. Wisdom Psalms 9. Pilgrimage Psalms 10. Liturgical Psalms PSALM NUMBERING Masoretic (Hebrew-based) Septuagint, Vulgate (Latin-based) Spanish-language Bibles English-language Bibles (NAB) Spanish-language Leccionario & Misal Romano English-language Lectionary 1973 U.S. Sacramentary Roman Missal 3rd Ed.* Psalms Psalms 1–8 __________________________________________________________ 1–8 9–10 ___________________________________________________________ 9 11–113 ____________________________________________________ 10–112 114–115 ______________________________________________________ 113 116 vs. 1–9 ____________________________________________________ 114 116 vs. 10–19 __________________________________________________ 115 117–146 __________________________________________________ 116–145 147 vs. 1–11 ___________________________________________________ 146 147 vs. 12–29 __________________________________________________ 147 148–150 __________________________________________________ 148–150 DIFFERENCES IN TRANSLATION English: ICEL vs. CCD vs. Grail Spanish: Spain Leccionario (Biblia Latinoamerica)
    [Show full text]
  • A Crisis in Faith: an Exegesis of Psalm 73
    Restoration Quarterly 17.3 (1974) 162-184. Copyright © 1974 by Restoration Quarterly, cited with permission. A Crisis in Faith: An Exegesis of Psalm 73 TERRY L. SMITH Starkville, Mississippi Introduction Psalm 73 is a striking witness to the vitality of the individual life of faith in Israel. It represents the struggles through which the Old Testament faith had to pass. The psalm, a powerful testimony to a battle that is fought within one's soul, reminds one of the book of Job.1 Experiencing serious threat to his assurance of God in a desperate struggle with the Jewish doctrine of retribution, the poet of Psalm 73 raised the question, "How is Yahweh's help to and blessing of those who are loyal to him realized in face of the prosperity of the godless?"2 His consolation is the fact that God holds fast to the righteous one and "remains his God in every situation in life," and even death cannot remove the communion between them.3 He finds a "solution" not in a new or revised interpretation of the old retribution doctrine, but in a "more profound vision of that in which human life is truly grounded, and from which it derives its value."4 But Weiser argues, and rightly so, that what is at stake here is more than a mere theological or intellectual problem; it is a matter of life or death—the question of the survival of faith generally.5 The poem represents an 1. A. Weiser, The Psalms, Old Testament Library (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1962), p.
    [Show full text]
  • PSALMS 142 and 143
    PSALMS 142 and 143 This Maskil, Psalm 142, is written for our instruction. It teaches us how to order our prayer to Yahweh in times of distress. Such instruction is among the most needful, practical, and effectual parts of our spiritual education. He who has learned how to pray has been taught the most useful of the arts and sciences. William Thompson gives a firsthand account of "the cave" thought to be David's refuge: Leaving our horses in charge of some Arabs, and taking one for our guide, we started for the cave now known as Mughâret Khureitûn, which is believed to be the cave Adullam, having a fearful gorge below, gigantic cliffs above, and the path winding along a narrow shelf of the rock. At length, from a great rock hanging on the edge of the cliff, we entered by a long leap a low window which opened into the perpendicular face of the cliff. We were then within the traditional hold of David, and, creeping half doubled through a narrow crevice for a few rods, we stood beneath the dark vault of the first grand chamber of this mysterious and oppressive cavern. Our whole collection of lights did little more than make the damp darkness visible. After groping about as long as we had time to spare, we returned to the light of day, fully convinced that, with David and his lion-hearted followers inside, all the strength of Israel under Saul could not have forced an entrance--would not have even attempted it. Psalm 142 Maskil of David, when he was in the cave.
    [Show full text]
  • AD TE LEVAVI • “Hosanna” Literally Means, “Help” Or “Save, I Pray.” It Is Most Prominent in the Hallel: Psalms 113-118
    Covenant was brought forward was pulled by “two cows which had never been yoked.” (see John 19:41) 8 Most of the crowd spread their cloaks on the road, and others cut branches from the trees and spread them on the road. • The crowds laid their cloaks on the road just as it was done at the inauguration of Jehu (2 Kings 9:12-13). • Branches and palms were used for religious processions (see 1 Maccabees 13:51; 2 Maccabees 10:6-7). THE FIRST SUNDAY OF ADVENT 9 And the crowds that went before him and that followed him were shouting, “Hosanna to the Son of David! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! Hosanna in the highest!” AD TE LEVAVI • “Hosanna” literally means, “help” or “save, I pray.” It is most prominent in the Hallel: Psalms 113-118. The Hallel was a collection of Psalms for morning prayer. The crowds sang out Psalm 118:25-26, specifically. This To You I Lift Up part of the Hallel was sung during the feasts of the Passover and of the tabernacles, Israel’s great Jubilee, when the people walked around Study Notes for the Christian Layperson the altar with the branches of the palm and trees (Leviticus 23:40). by: Rev. Roberto E. Rojas, Jr. These were also the words of the Great Hosanna, the song of praise used in the time of the second temple when the people passed around the altar of the sacrifice, during the feast of the tabernacles. Collect of the Day: Stir up Your power, O Lord, and come, that by Your protection we may be • “Name of the Lord” — See the 2nd Commandment, the 1st Petition of rescued from the threatening perils of our sins and saved by Your mighty the Lord’s Prayer, the Sanctus (LSB 195), and the hymn “O Lord, How deliverance; for You live and reign with the Father and the Holy Spirit, one Shall I Meet You” (LSB 334).
    [Show full text]
  • The Book of Psalms “Bless the Lord, O My Soul, and Forget Not All His Benefits” (103:2)
    THE BOOK OF PSALMS “BLESS THE LORD, O MY SOUL, AND FORGET NOT ALL HIS BENEFITS” (103:2) BOOK I BOOK II BOOK III BOOK IV BOOK V 41 psalms 31 psalms 17 psalms 17 psalms 44 psalms 1 41 42 72 73 89 90 106 107 150 DOXOLOGY AT THESE VERSES CONCLUDES EACH BOOK 41:13 72:18-19 89:52 106:48 150:6 JEWISH TRADITION ASCRIBES TOPICAL LIKENESS TO PENTATEUCH GENESIS EXODUS LEVITICUS NUMBERS DEUTERONOMY ────AUTHORS ──── mainly mainly (or all) DAVID mainly mainly mainly DAVID and KORAH ASAPH ANONYMOUS DAVID BOOKS II AND III ADDED MISCELLANEOUS ORIGINAL GROUP BY DURING THE REIGNS OF COLLECTIONS DAVID HEZEKIAH AND JOSIAH COMPILED IN TIMES OF EZRA AND NEHEMIAH POSSIBLE CHRONOLOGICAL STAGES IN THE GROWTH AND COLLECTION OF THE PSALTER 1 The Book of Psalms I. Book Title The word psalms comes from the Greek word psalmoi. It suggests the idea of a “praise song,” as does the Hebrew word tehillim. It is related to a Hebrew concept which means “the plucking of strings.” It means a song to be sung to the accompaniment of stringed instruments. The Psalms is a collection of worship songs sung to God by the people of Israel with musical accompaniment. The collection of these 150 psalms into one book served as the first hymnbook for God’s people, written and compiled to assist them in their worship of God. At first, because of the wide variety of these songs, this praise book was unnamed, but eventually the ancient Hebrews called it “The Book of Praises,” or simply “Praises.” This title reflects its main purpose──to assist believers in the proper worship of God.
    [Show full text]
  • Johann Reuchlin's Open Letter of 1505
    Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations A peer-reviewed e-journal of the Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations Published by the Center for Christian-Jewish Learning at Boston College In Search of an Explanation for the Suffering of the Jews: Johann Reuchlin’s Open Letter of 1505 Franz Posset Volume 5 (2010) http://escholarship.bc.edu/scjr/vol5 Posset, In Search of an Explanation Posset 1 http://escholarship.bc.edu/scjr/vol5 Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations Volume 5(2010): Posset 1-11 In 1505, the humanist Johann Reuchlin (1455-1522) time to use Hebrew phrases, given in Hebrew characters,5 with- published a booklet titled Doctor iohanns Reuchlins tütsch in the Early New High German text. If Reuchlin had written the missiue, warumb die Juden so lang im ellend sind1 (Johann text in Latin as one scholar to another, it might not be particu- Reuchlin‘s German-language open letter [discussing] why the larly exceptional, but he writes in 1505 in the then non-scholarly Jews have been in ―exile‖2 so long). One may debate whether vernacular language. The only other document of the very early or not Reuchlin‘s ―German open letter‖ is to be understood as sixteenth century written in German and Hebrew is the pam- merely repeating the ―conventional view that they [the Jews] phlet by the former Jew, Johann Pfefferkorn (1469–1523), titled were suffering for the sins of their forefathers who had mur- The Enemy of the Jews and published in 1509,6 i.e., four years dered Jesus.‖3 However, such an interpretation is a far too after the Missiue.
    [Show full text]
  • Psalms Psalm
    Cultivate - PSALMS PSALM 126: We now come to the seventh of the "Songs of Ascent," a lovely group of Psalms that God's people would sing and pray together as they journeyed up to Jerusalem. Here in this Psalm they are praying for the day when the Lord would "restore the fortunes" of God's people (vs.1,4). 126 is a prayer for spiritual revival and reawakening. The first half is all happiness and joy, remembering how God answered this prayer once. But now that's just a memory... like a dream. They need to be renewed again. So they call out to God once more: transform, restore, deliver us again. Don't you think this is a prayer that God's people could stand to sing and pray today? Pray it this week. We'll pray it together on Sunday. God is here inviting such prayer; he's even putting the very words in our mouths. PSALM 127: This is now the eighth of the "Songs of Ascent," which God's people would sing on their procession up to the temple. We've seen that Zion / Jerusalem / The House of the Lord are all common themes in these Psalms. But the "house" that Psalm 127 refers to (in v.1) is that of a dwelling for a family. 127 speaks plainly and clearly to our anxiety-ridden thirst for success. How can anything be strong or successful or sufficient or secure... if it does not come from the Lord? Without the blessing of the Lord, our lives will come to nothing.
    [Show full text]
  • Psalms, Hymns, and Spiritual Songs: the Master Musician’S Melodies
    Psalms, Hymns, and Spiritual Songs: The Master Musician’s Melodies Bereans Adult Bible Fellowship Placerita Baptist Church 2009 by William D. Barrick, Th.D. Professor of OT, The Master’s Seminary Psalm 143 — Hear Your Servant, Lord 1.0 Introducing Psalm 143 y Psalms 142 and 143 express the same need for deliverance from enemies, employ a common vocabulary, and contain an identical phrase (142:3; 143:4). y Psalm 143 is the last of what Christendom has traditionally identified as seven penitential psalms (Pss 6; 32; 38; 51; 102; 130; 143). 9 “It is true that only verse 2 acknowledges wrongdoing, and even then the confession of sin is not personal. Still it is not wrong to think of Psalm 143 as a penitential psalm. For one thing, although the opening verses are in the form of a general confession of sin rather than a personal one, they nevertheless hit on the chief problem for anyone who seeks mercy from God: God is righteous; we are not.” — James Montgomery Boice, Psalms, 3 vols. (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998), 3:1236. y The psalm heading in the ancient Greek translation (the Septuagint) adds “When his son is pursuing him”—referring to Absalom’s rebellion. y David appears to have drawn phrases in Psalm 143 from many other psalms (primarily from his own). This demonstrates how valuable Scripture memorization (or, Scripture familiarity) provides encouragement and wisdom during times of distress. 2.0 Reading Psalm 143 (NAU) 143:1 A Psalm of David. Hear my prayer, O LORD, Give ear to my supplications! Answer me in Your faithfulness, in Your righteousness! 143:2 And do not enter into judgment with Your servant, For in Your sight no man living is righteous.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Complete Issue
    THE JOURNAL of the UNITED REFORMED CHURCH HISTORY SOCIETY (incorporating the Congregational Historical Society, founded in 1899, and the Presbyterian Historical Society of England, founded in 1913). EDITOR: Dr. CLYDE BINFIELD, M.A. Volume 3 No. 10 May 1987 CONTENTS Editorial . 403 The Reformed Churches and Sec~lar Authority in the United States 404 1776-1861 by Richard Carwardine, MA., D.Phil. ............. Isaac Watts's Will 423 by Edwin Welch. MA., Ph.D., FSA. ............ Reviews by R. Buick Knox, Mark Greengrass, Kenneth Fincham, David 432 Cornick, Stanley Russell. J.H Thompson, Charles Brock Some Contemporaries 445 by Alan PF Sell. MA., B.D., Ph.D. EDITORIAL Dr. Carwardine's review articles on aspects of American religious history have been a feature of the Journal for some years. In September 1986 he delivered the society's annual lecture during its sixth weekend school, held at Dunford House, Midhurst. That weekend encompassed excursions into local Catholicism, Quakerism, Unitarianism and Anglicanism as well as Congre­ gationalism and Presbyterianism. Its papers ranged from Crisis at Cheshunt College to Eighteenth-century Geneva. Dr. Carwardine's American dimension is printed here. We welcome as reviewers Dr. Fincham of St. John's College Oxford, Dr. Russell ofNorthern College Manchester and Mr. Thompson, of the Department of Education and Science. Dr. Knox' s review of Gordon Rupp' s last book is a tribute to a Methodist historian who belongs to all the churches. The Times obituarist (surely Owen Chadwick?) described his as "one of the most enchanting apprehensions of Christianity in any mind of our age." Innumerable researchers are indebted to the work of a very different kind of historian.
    [Show full text]
  • Psalms 112-113 Page 1 of 7 M.K
    Psalms 112-113 page 1! of !7 M.K. Scanlan Psalm 112 • Psalm 112 is a companion Psalm to Psalm 111. • It is also an acrostic Psalm with each verse or sentence beginning with a consecutive letter of the Hebrew alphabet. • This is one of the “hallel” psalms or Psalms of praise that either begins with or ends with “hallelujah!” • Psalm 111 ends with: (V: 10) Psalm 111:10 “The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom; a good understanding have all those who do His commandments. His praise endures forever.” • Psalm 111 ends with the reverence or fear of the Lord and the doing of His commandments. • Psalm 112 talks about the man who has learned what it is to stand in the awe and reverence of God, it’s about that man who has committed himself to obeying God and doing His commandments. V: 1 Praise the Lord! Hallelujah! Once again this could be both a proclamation and or an exhortation. • Blessed, or “Oh how happy” is the man who fears the Lord - why? Because if you learn to fear the Lord truly, you will ultimately end up getting saved! Proverbs 14:27 “The fear of the Lord is a fountain of life, to turn one away from the snares of death.” Proverbs 19:23 “The fear of the Lord leads to life,…” • If we fear God, then we don’t need to fear anything, or anyone else! Ecclesiastes 12:13 “Fear God and keep His commandments, for this is the whole duty of man.” • The antidote to depression, to un-happiness, anxiety, and fear - is to praise the Lord, to fear Him, and to joyfully be obedient to what He’s instructed us to do.
    [Show full text]