Evaluation of Six Traps for Collection of albopictus and Associated Mosquito Species in a Suburban Setting in North Central Florida 1

Authors: Hoel, D.F., Kline, D.L., and Allan, S.A. Source: Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 25(1) : 47-57 Published By: The American Mosquito Control Association URL: https://doi.org/10.2987/08-5800.1

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EVALUATION OF SIX MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR COLLECTION OF AEDES ALBOPICTUS AND ASSOCIATED MOSQUITO SPECIES IN A SUBURBAN SETTING IN NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA1

D. F. HOEL,1 D. L. KLINE2 AND S. A. ALLAN2

ABSTRACT. We compared 6 adult mosquito traps for effectiveness in collecting Aedes albopictus from suburban backyards with the goal of finding a more suitable surveillance replacement for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light trap. Trap selection included 2 commercial propane traps (Mosquito MagnetTM Professional trap and Mosquito Magnet Liberty trap), 2 Aedes-specific traps (Fay- Prince Omnidirectional trap and Wilton trap), 1 experimental trap (Mosquito Magnet-X trap), and a standard surveillance CDC light trap that served as a control. Traps that did not generate carbon dioxide were provided with bottled CO2 at a flow rate of 500 ml/min. Those traps designed for use with chemical attractants (Mosquito Magnet traps) were baited with LurexTM (L-lactic acid) and octenol (1-octen-3-ol) commercial baits, known attractants to Ae. albopictus. Three repetitions of a 6 3 6 Latin square test yielded a total of 37,237 mosquitoes, of which 5,280 (14.2%)wereAe. albopictus. Significantly more (P , 0.05) Ae. albopictus were collected from the experimental and commercial traps (4,244/5,280; 80.3%) than from the CDC light trap and Aedes-specific traps. The Mosquito Magnet Liberty collected the most Ae. albopictus (1,591), accounting for 30.1% of the total take, followed closely by the Mosquito Magnet-X (1,468) and the Mosquito Magnet Pro (1,185). The omnidirectional Fay-Prince trap performed better than the CDC or Wilton trap. Twenty-seven mosquito species were collected during these trials, 9 species in large enough numbers for meaningful analysis. Aedes albopictus was the second most common mosquito trapped. The results of these trials indicate that propane-powered commercial traps would serve as useful substitutes in lieu of CDC traps in Ae. albopictus surveillance efforts. Trap features advantageous for collecting Ae. albopictus and other mosquito species are discussed.

KEY WORDS Aedes albopictus, Mosquito Magnet Professional trap, Fay-Prince trap, CDC Wilton trap, Mosquito Magnet-X trap, Mosquito Magnet Liberty trap

INTRODUCTION small black and white mosquitoes, weak fliers, mostly silent in flight, and often capable of taking Aedes albopictus (Skuse), a competent vector of a blood meal with no immediate noticeable effect. dengue viruses and dog heartworm, has expanded Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the most its range throughout the southeastern and central important and dengue virus vectors in portions of the United States from 911 counties in most of the world. Although Ae. aegypti prefer- 25 states in 1999 (Moore 1999), to 1,035 counties entially feeds on man (Harrington et al. 2001) and in 32 states including California (Linthicum et al. breeds almost exclusively in artificial containers, 2003) as of December 2004 (McKnight, personal Ae. albopictus is an aggressive opportunistic feeder communication). Aedes albopictus became estab- (Savage et al. 1993) and breeds in both natural lished in Hawaii approximately a century before and artificial containers (Hawley 1988), facilitat- its introduction into the continental USA (Perkins ing its colonization of suburban and rural areas 1913, Sprenger and Wuithiranyagool 1986). It is while consequently making it more difficult to particularly well adapted for colonizing artificial control than other peridomestic mosquitoes. containers and the forested environs typically Unfortunately, diurnally active mosquitoes do found in suburban settings in much of the USA. not respond well to light traps; such is the case Once established, it rapidly reaches nuisance with most Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes (Thur- population levels and has proven difficult to man and Thurman 1955), making distribution control. Like other Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes and population assessments difficult with com- (including Aedes aegypti L.), Ae. albopictus are monly used adult mosquito surveillance traps such as the New Jersey light trap or the Centers 1 This paper reports the results of research only. of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute an trap (Service 1993). endorsement or a recommendation by the U.S. Navy or Several traps designed for surveillance of Ae. USDA for its use. 2 aegypti may also be effective for collecting Ae. Naval Research Liaison Officer, Center for Medi- albopictus. Aedes-specific traps rely on key visual cal, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, USDA/ ARS, 1600/1700 SW 23rd Dr., Gainesville, FL 32608. features deemed highly attractive to lure them to 3 Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary these traps, which are often baited with dry ice or Entomology, USDA/ARS, 1600/1700 SW 23rd Dr., bottled carbon dioxide to increase capture Gainesville, FL 32608. (Rudolfs 1922, Gillies 1980). Highly attractive

47

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visual features include alternating black and Professional trap (MM Pro) and Mosquito white stripes and checkerboard patterns (Sippell Magnet Liberty trap (MM Liberty), manufac- and Brown 1953), broad black surfaces, and tured by American Biophysics Corporation enamel surfaces, which are favored over flat (North Kingstown, RI). At the time of this study black-painted surfaces, thought to be because of a (2004), both traps were commonly advertised in mirroring effect of the enamel surface (Peterson print media and over the Internet and were and Brown 1951). Kennedy (1940) showed that among the first carbon dioxide (from catalytic visual cues were as important attractant factors combustion of propane) -generating traps avail- for host-seeking adult female Ae. aegypti as air- able for homeowner use. We optimized attrac- borne emanations, and more so when tiveness of these models to Ae. albopictus by movement was added. These behavioral charac- adding both Lurex (L-lactic acid) and 1-octen-3- teristics led to the development of several Aedes- ol (octenol) cartridge baits to their exhaust ports specific traps utilizing black–white color contrast (Hoel et al. 2007). Both baits are formulated in a (Fay and Prince 1970) or black color to serve as gel or matrix slow-release cartridge, which highly attractive visual cues for increased surveil- releases minute quantities of attractant over a lance efficacy (Fay 1968, Wilton and Kloter 2–3-wk period. 1985). Successful experimental traps that were The MM Pro uses propane to generate not commercialized also used color contrast mosquito attractants and to power the unit. (Freier and Francy 1991) and movement (Den- Briefly, propane is continuously converted into nett et al. 2004) to survey for Ae. aegypti and Ae. water vapor, CO2 (520 ml/min, Karen McKenzie, albopictus. Our goal was to compare trap efficacy personal communication), and heat. Heated of a standard-use CDC light trap against 2 CO2- water vapor and CO2 are exhausted to the producing commercial traps, 2 Aedes-specific outside of the trap, providing a plume of traps, and 1 experimental trap for efficacy in mosquito attractants. Catalytic heat is provided collecting Ae. albopictus. to a second device adjacent to the catalyst, the thermoelectric module, which generates electricity to power the fan that exhausts downward the MATERIALS AND METHODS plume of attractants while providing a counter- We tested 6 adult mosquito traps for their ability flow updraft to capture . The MM Pro is a to collect Ae. albopictus from backyard suburban heavy (32 kg) standalone unit, somewhat difficult settings. The following is a detailed description of to move over long distances, and should be shut each trap and its chemical baiting regimen. down before being moved to prevent malfunc- A CDC light trap served as a standard for tioning of the thermoelectric module. The collec- comparison against other traps because this trap is tion net is protected by a PVC shell mounted on a routinely used by control and public health black metal stand and base. The trap stands agencies for mosquito surveillance. The CDC light 100 cm high and is supported by an 84 cm 3 trap (model 512; John W. Hock Company, 56 cm stainless steel base equipped with wheels Gainesville, FL) used a 6 V DC motor and a and a storage slot for a 9 kg propane tank. The CM-47 lamp (0.52 candlepower of incandescent intake tube opening stands 52 cm above ground. light) and was set 152 cm (5 ft) above ground. The Unlike CDC light traps, the intake tube is CDC light trap is compact, lightweight, and oriented downward, and mosquitoes are drawn portable and enables mosquito surveillance in up into the tube and retained in a net, where they locations lacking main line electricity. In these die of desiccation and are in poor condition for trials CO2 was provided from a 9 kg compressed identification purposes. The smaller exhaust tube gas cylinder for all traps not generating their own protrudes 10 cm below the center of a flared (CDC light trap, MM-X trap, Wilton trap, Fay- intake tube and releases the attractant plume. The Prince trap) at a flow rate of 500 ml/min (15 psi black exhaust tube serves as a visual attractant single-stage regulator with microregulators and an and contrasts with the light gray or white intake inline filter; Flowset 1, Clarke Mosquito Control, tube. In addition to visual, heat, moisture, and Roselle, IL). Carbon dioxide was delivered through CO2 attractants, the MM Pro was baited with an clear plastic TygonH tubing (2 m 3 6.4 mm OD) octenol and LurexTM (lactic acid) cartridge to (Saint-Gobain Performance Plastic, Akron, OH). maximize Ae. albopictus collections. All cartridges Power was provided by a 6 V, 12 ampere-hour (A- were replaced after the completion of each trial h), rechargeable gel cell battery (Battery Wholesale (after 8 days of use) in those traps supplemented Distributors, Georgetown, TX). with these lures (MM Pro, MM-X, and MM Liberty). The MM Liberty is similar to the MM Pro in Commercial traps form and functions also as a counterflow Two of the more successful commercial mos- geometry trap, but is smaller and usually powered quito traps were selected for this study (Kline, by main line electricity. A 12 V battery (SeaGel unpublished data): the Mosquito MagnetTM Deep Cycle Gel 31; West Marine, Watsonville,

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CA) was used to power the unit to avoid shutoff due to AC power outage. Water vapor, heat, and CO2 (420 ml/min; K. McKenzie, personal com- munication) are provided by combustion of propane as described above, and the unit is similarly baited with octenol and Lurex baits. This wheel-mounted ground unit is lighter (14.5 kg), more compact, and easier to transport than the MM Pro. It stands 84 cm high, with the intake tube 54.5 cm above ground. The black exhaust tube is seated in similar fashion as the MM Pro. The head housing the motor and collection net is supported by 2 black steel tubes (3 cm diameter) that may serve as visual attrac- tants. Similar to the MM Pro, the MM Liberty offered a large visual target to host-seeking Fig. 1. The MM-X experimental trap is a battery- mosquitoes. powered counterflow geometry trap for collecting hematoghagous insects. An exhaust plume exits the narrow tube protruding below the larger white intake Aedes (Stegomyia) traps tube. Mosquitoes are safely held away from the uptake airflow, resulting in low mortality while maintaining The omnidirectional Fay-Prince trap (model mosquitoes in good physical condition. 112; John W. Hock Company, Gainesville, FL) is a downdraft suction trap designed specifically to Experimental trap capture Ae. aegypti (Fay and Prince 1970) from all directions. The Fay-Prince trap consists of The Mosquito Magnet-X (MM-X; American four 40.5 cm 3 17.5 cm sheet metal arms set at Biophysics Corp., North Kingstown, RI) is a 90u angles to each other with a fan at the center of counterflow geometry updraft trap similar to the the arms. The 4-blade fan is set in an 8.5 cm MM Pro and MM Liberty (Fig. 1). It does not diameter black plastic cylinder, to which a use propane and requires an independent power collecting net is attached. The fan is covered by and CO2 source. The MM-X is moderately bulky a40cm2 rain shield set 10 cm above 4 vertical (56 cm 3 23 cm) but lightweight (2.7 kg). It metal panels and at their center. The Fay-Prince consists of an 80 mm intake fan, an oval-shaped trap consists of visually attractive black and white clear PVC shell, a 40 mm exhaust fan, and reflective panels, and it was supplemented with exhaust and intake tubes. Screening inside the CO2. It was set with the top of the cylinder 90 cm PVC shell allows air movement and prevents (3 ft) above ground and powered by a 6 V escape. Mosquitoes collected in this trap rechargeable gel-cell battery. It is bulky and are well preserved and easy to identify. Contrast- heavier (2.7 kg) than most other portable, non- ing black exhaust and white intake tubes provide CO2-generating mosquito traps. visual attraction for mosquitoes. The unit is The CDC Wilton trap (model 1912; John W. equipped with 3.2 mm 3 6.4 mm inside diame- Hock Company, Gainesville, FL) is a downdraft ter/outside diameter flexible vinyl tubing with suction trap designed to capture Ae. aegypti and quick connect Luer fittings that connect com- Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Wilton and Kloter pressed CO2 directly to the trap head. The unit 1985). It is believed to mimic tree holes and was powered by a 12 V rechargeable battery and thought to be attractive to gravid adult females baited with octenol and Lurex cartridges to seeking an oviposition or resting site. It consists maximize Ae. albopictus capture. The MM-X of a single 14.5 cm long 3 8.5 cm diameter flat was set with the intake tube 50 cm above ground. black cylinder that serves as a visual attractant These 6 traps were evaluated with 3 replica- and a 4-blade fan driven by a 6 V direct current tions using 6 separate suburban neighborhoods in (DC) motor powered by a 6 V rechargeable Gainesville during the summer of 2004. Selection battery. Mosquitoes are collected in a removable of the 6 test locations was based on homeowner white plastic cup with a stainless steel screen complaints of severe nuisance populations of bottom set inside the cylinder between the trap biting mosquitoes on their properties. Initial opening and the fan. The Wilton trap was set surveys confirmed the presence of Ae. albopictus 90 cm (3 ft) above ground and was supplemented at all test locations. All test sites consisted of a with compressed CO2 (500 ml/min) to collect mix of pine and hardwood trees with varying host-seeking adult mosquitoes in addition to amounts of undergrowth, typical of suburban gravid females. This small trap was lightweight neighborhoods in Gainesville. Additionally, 1 site (less than 2 kg) and easy to set. The constant high was planted extensively in Neoregelra (red finger velocity of air flow resulted in collections of nail), Billbergia pyramidalis,andBillbergia spp. mosquitoes that were difficult to identify. bromeliads; a second site had lesser numbers of

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Table 1. Composition of mosquito collections in different traps over 3 trials in suburban neighborhoods in Gainesville, FL (n 5 18 periods of 48 h). Species MM Liberty MM-X MM-Pro Fay-Prince CDC trap Wilton trap Total Spp. mean Ae. albopictus 1,591 1,468 1,185 473 325 238 5,280 293.33 Cq. perturbans 8 71 9 23 66 6 183 10.17 Cx. erraticus 29 46 13 80 152 20 340 18.89 Cx. nigripalpus 2,682 8,603 499 5,893 7,511 1,209 26,397 1,466.50 Ae. atlanticus 4 75 1 27 33 4 144 8.00 Ae. infirmatus 127 590 108 647 1,152 221 2,845 158.06 Ae. triseriatus 34 51 15 42 51 31 224 12.44 Ps. ferox 53 146 14 201 424 264 1,102 61.22 Wy. mitchellii 21 30 11 41 44 113 260 14.44 Total 4,563 11,143 1,863 7,452 9,873 2,145 36,775

Neoregelra bromeliads. Another site contained a collected in large enough numbers for meaningful large number of artificial containers and tree analyses were analyzed with respect to trap, holes, ideal breeding sites for Ae. albopictus period, and position as mentioned above. All (Watson 1967). Traps were placed in shaded capture data were transformed with log10 (n + 1) areas under trees or just inside a tree line next to prior to analysis, and pretransformed means are open spaces. The 6 test locations were separated presented in tables and figures. Paired t-tests were by a minimum of 1 mile. used to detect significant differences (a 5 0.05) Trapping occurred from July 12–24, August 2– between trap categories (commercial traps, Aedes 17, and August 25 to September 10, 2004. Traps traps, experimental trap, and surveillance trap) were left in place 48 h (1 trapping period) to allow for mosquito species of concern. for 1 uninterrupted daylight period because Ae. albopictus most actively feeds in the early RESULTS morning and late afternoon. During trial 3, traps were withdrawn from the field for 24 h on August Eighteen trap periods (48 h each) over 3 trials 13 (Hurricane Charlie) and from September 4–8 from 6 suburban sites yielded a total of 37,237, (Hurricane Frances). Captured mosquitoes were mosquitoes with the 9 most abundant species lightly anesthetized with CO2, stored in labeled totaling 36,775 mosquitoes (Table 1). The re- paper cups (Solo Cup Company, Urbana, IL) maining 462 mosquitoes comprised 22 different and frozen for later identification to species using species. Aedes albopictus made up 14.2% of the the keys of Darsie and Morris (2000). All entire catch (5,280 adults). Total Ae. albopictus Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, Anopheles cru- collection by trap and through 3 trials is shown in cians Wiedemann, and Aedes atlanticus Dyar and Table 2. There were significant differences be- Knab/Aedes tormentor Dyar and Knab were tween trap means (F 5 48.0, df 5 5, P , 0.0001), pooled because these mosquitoes were taxonom- site means (F 5 14.9, df 5 5, P , 0.0001), and ically indistinguishable from sibling species. trial means (F 5 2.2, df 5 17, P 5 0.0086). Order Traps were randomly rotated between sites in a of trap effectiveness was the MM Liberty . MM- 6 3 6 Latin square design. Trap, period (48 h), X . MM Pro . Fay-Prince trap . CDC light and position effects were evaluated using a 3-way trap . Wilton trap (Table 3). Apart from Ae. ANOVA (SAS Institute 2001) for the mean albopictus, only 22 males were collected. Of the number of Ae. albopictus collected. Multiple 5,280 Ae. albopictus collected, 1,370 (35.0%)were comparisons were made with the Ryan-Einot- male; commercial and experimental traps caught Gabriel-Welsh (REGW) multiple range test to much larger numbers of Ae. albopictus males than determine significant differences between trap did the Aedes- and the CDC trap. Male to female means (a 5 0.05). Those mosquito species ratios were: MM Pro (1:1.6), MM Liberty (1:2.1),

Table 2. Total adult Aedes albopictus mosquitoes caught in different traps over 3 trials in suburban neighborhoods in Gainesville, FL, over 36 days (n 5 18 periods of 48 h). Trap Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Total Mean (SE) MM Liberty 739 474 378 1,591 88.39 (8.40) MM-X 535 520 413 1,468 81.56 (13.94) MM Pro 462 408 315 1,185 65.83 (11.91) Fay-Prince 130 176 167 473 26.28 (3.87) CDC trap 125 91 109 325 18.06 (3.24) Wilton trap 141 67 30 238 13.22 (3.97) Total 2,132 1,736 1,412 5,280

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MM-X (1:4.0), Wilton (1:5.4), CDC (1:20.7), and Fay-Prince (1:9.1).

value Culex nigripalpus Theobald and Ae. albopictus

P were the 2 most abundant species, comprising 85.1% of all mosquitoes. Gainesville received approximately twice its average rainfall for August in 2004 (369 mm vs. 168 mm mean), and tremendous numbers of Cx. nigripalpus 0.1b0.8c 0.0001 6.4b 0.0001 0.5ab5.2a3.1a 0.0001 0.03 0.0001 0.003 4c53.6bc0.1bc 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 emerged at the beginning of September, 3 wk 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 after Hurricane Charlie struck Gainesville (Au- gust 13, 2004). Two sites were particularly productive for Cx. nigripalpus: one was in proximity to a flood plain, and the other was heavily wooded with a plastic children’s swim- 18 trap periods (48 h). ming pool that held water and leaves, providing 5 1.1a1.8a 0.3 28.3a 1.1 0.8a8.3a 12.3 1.2ab 1.7 14.6 6.1 3.2bc 13.2 244a0.7ab 67.2 0.2 an ideal breeding site for this mosquito. This was n 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 also our most productive Ae. albopictus site. The MM-X and CDC light traps collected the largest numbers of Cx. nigripalpus: 8,603 and 7,511, respectively. Species means (total from all traps/ ghborhoods in Gainesville, FL. Means within each row 18 trap periods) were 1,466.50 for Cx. nigripalpus and 293.33 for Ae. albopictus (Table 1). The 2 counterflow geometry commercial traps 0.4ab2.3b 3.7 16.8a0.6ab 8.6 4.6ab0.9ab 64 2.8 23.6 2.4 3.9b229.6b 18.1 0.7bc 417.3 1.8 (MM Pro, MM Liberty) collected half of the Ae. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 albopictus catch (2,776 adults, 52.6%). Adding the third counterflow geometry (experimental) trap (MM-X) increased the total to 80.3%. Collection means of mosquitoes between both commercial iel-Welsh Multiple Range Test). traps (MM Pro 5 65.8, MM Liberty 5 88.4) and the experimental trap (MM-X 5 81.6) were similar, and all counterflow geometry trap means 1.3a1.2bc10.8a 1.3 0.8a 4.4 3ab0.6ab 35.9 2.3 11.1 1.3 11.9a327.8b 26.3 1.8a 327.4 1.5 (MMPro,MMLiberty,andMM-X)were 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 significantly higher than the means for the rap capture. Aedes-specific traps (Wilton 5 13.2, Fay-Prince 5 26.3) and the CDC trap (CDC 5 18.1; t 5 14.6, P , 0.0001). Comparing noncommercial (and experimental) traps, the Fay-Prince trap caught significantly more Ae. albopictus than did the Wilton trap (P , 0.0001) and 31.3% more 0.2b0.8bc2.4b 3.9 0.8ab 2.6 1.3bc0.5ab 32.8 2.8 8.1 1.7 13.9a128.9b 81.6 0.1bc 477.9 4.2 than the CDC light trap (not significant). The 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 CDC light trap caught 26.8% more Ae. albopictus than the Wilton trap, but this difference was not . significant (Table 3). Site proved to be significant with respect to Ae. albopictus collections (F 5 14.89, df 5 5, P , 0.0001). Over half (53.5%) of all Ae. albopictus

Ae. tormentor trapped in our study were collected from 2 of the 0.2b0.2c2.7b 0.4 0.3b 1.6 0.3c0.4b 7.1 1.9 2.9 1.2 8.4a16.3c 88.4 0.06c 148.8 0.2 6 sites. One of these sites contained a large 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 number of natural (tree holes) and artificial SEM) of mosquitoes per trapping period by species in 6 traps in suburban nei 0.05).

0.5 0.6 6.1 0.8 0.8 0.6 containers, and the other site was planted 0.05). 65.8 27.8 0.06 , 6

, extensively in tank bromeliads. Both sites were P

P heavily treed and well shaded. Of the remaining 4 sites, only one had small numbers of tank bromeliads, and all had few, if any, artificial

having the same letter are not significantly different (Ryan-Einot-Gabr containers found breeding Ae. albopictus. 1,2,3 1 2 1,2 1,2 1 2,4 Twenty-seven species of mosquitoes were cap- 2 tured in our study, representing 35% of all 1,2 mosquito species (77) occurring in Florida (Darsie and Morris 2000). Other mosquito species trapped Species MM Pro MM Liberty MM-X Fay-Prince CDC trap Wilton trap

Significant position effect ( Significant period effect ( One or more trapAdults means could and not REGW be rankings distinguished differ from due to extreme variation in t but not included in Table 1 were Ae. vexans 1 2 3 4 Cx. erraticus Cx. nigripalpus Ae. triseriatus Ps. ferox Wy. mitchellii Cq. perturbans Ae. atlanticus Ae. infirmatus Table 3. Mean collection ( Ae. albopictus (Meigen), Anopheles crucians s.l., An. quadrima-

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Fig. 2. Relative species composition (%) by trap from 18 trapping periods in suburban settings, Gainesville, FL. The number of mosquitoes collected within each trap with the same letter is not significantly different (a 5 0.05, Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsh multiple range test).

culatus s.l., An. perplexens Ludlow, Culiseta rate of the next most effective trap, the Fay-Prince melanura (Coquillett), Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. trap (23%). Approximately 60% of all Cx. salinarius Coquillett, Mansonia titillans (Walker), nigripalpus were collected in CDC and MM-X Ae. canadensis canadensis (Theobald), Ae. dupreei traps. Similarly high collections of Ae. infirmatus (Theobald), Ae. fulvus pallens (Wiedemann), Ae. and Ae. triseriatus were obtained in CDC light taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann), Psorophora ciliata traps (40% and 23%, respectively) followed by the (Fabricius), Ps. columbiae (Dyar and Knab), Ps. MM-X and Fay-Prince traps. Over half of all Ae. cyanescens (Coquillett), Ps. howardii Coquillett, atlanticus were collected in MM-X traps followed Uranotaenia lowii Theobald, and Ur. sapphirina by CDC light traps (23%). Coquillettidia pertur- (Osten Sacken). The 9 most prevalent species bans responded equally well to MM-X (38%)and collected in descending order were Cx. nigripalpus, CDC light traps (36%). Approximately 38% of all Ae. albopictus, Ae. infirmatus, Dyar and Knab, Ps. Ps. ferox were trapped in CDC light traps, ferox, Von Humboldt, Cx. erraticus, Dyar and followed by Wilton traps (24%). Wyeomyia Knab, Wy. mitchellii, Ae. triseriatus Say, Cq. mitchellii found the Wilton trap highly attractive perturbans Walker, and Ae. atlanticus s.l. (43% of the total) in preference to the CDC and Relative species composition (%)ofthe6traps Fay-Prince traps (17% and 16%, respectively), is presented in Fig. 2. Culex erraticus (F 5 14.42, although these differences are not significant. df 5 5, P , 0.0001) and Cx. nigripalpus (F 5 8.11, df 5 5, P , 0.0001) were significantly higher in DISCUSSION CDC light traps than in any other trap tested. Forty-five percent of all Cx. erraticus were For collection of Ae. albopictus, both of the captured in CDC light traps, almost twice the commercial mosquito traps tested (MM Pro, MM

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Liberty) and the experimental trap (MM-X) Mosquito Magnet commercial traps designed performed very well. These traps caught signifi- for home use have an advantage over older cantly more Ae. albopictus (.80% of the total) surveillance traps in that they can be set by the than the other 3 traps, which included the homeowner and left to run for 3 wk without commonly used CDC light trap and the 2 maintenance. Propane provides power generation Aedes-specific traps (Fay-Prince and Wilton to operate Mosquito Magnet traps and produces traps). All 3 top performers were optimally baited attractants (CO2, moisture, heat), unlike surveil- with lactic acid and octenol lures to increase the lance traps. Additionally, the MM Liberty and attraction of Ae. albopictus (Hoel et al. 2007). MM Pro have an advantage for Ae. albopictus Octenol is known to be an attractant for most surveillance in that they can be baited with Aedes and some Culex mosquitoes (Kline et al. octenol and lactic acid baits, which enhance 1991a, 1991b; Kline 1994, Kline, and Mann overall collections (Hoel et al. 2007). The MM 1998), and lactic acid in minute quantities is Pro is a standalone unit, capable of operating in attractive to Ae. aegypti (Acree et al. 1968, Kline remote locations independent of AC electricity. et al. 1990, Bernier et al. 2003). These 3 high- The MM Liberty was manufactured to operate performing traps also utilize counterflow geom- with AC electricity and is thus limited in etry and operate in an updraft mode, which may operation to locations with main line electricity. be beneficial for capture of Ae. albopictus, which In our study, however, we used battery power to tend to feed near the lower extremities of hosts operate the trap. Nevertheless, both our MM and are weak fliers (Hawley 1988). The order of traps produced CO2, heat, and moisture indepen- success in collection of Ae. albopictus was the dently of AC electricity, factors important in MM Liberty . MM-X . MM Pro . Fay-Prince attraction of Ae. albopictus. The advantage of the . CDC light trap . Wilton trap. Because all MM Pro trap is that Ae. albopictus, a perido- traps were approximately equivalent (500 ml/ mestic species, can be surveyed in more remote min) in CO2 output, the updraft configuration areas where it often occurs, such as recreational and/or presence of chemical lures may have parks, forest trails, and rural trash dumps. contributed to the success of commercial and Contrasting colored exhaust tubes (black) and experimental traps over the CDC, Fay-Prince, flared intake tubes (white or gray) provide MM and Wilton traps. traps with color contrast, an important visual Visual contrast is a factor that can contribute to attraction component to host-seeking Aedes trap collection of diurnal mosquitoes. The highly mosquitoes (Sippell and Brown 1953). On many attractive visual target provided by the Fay-Prince occasions while setting the MM Liberty trap, and trap makes use of contrasting black and white prior to starting it, Ae. albopictus were noticed panels (Sippell and Brown 1953) and includes a swarming around the uptake tube, close to 2 glossy luster (reflective finish). Peterson and black metal supporting arms located within 6 Brown (1951) found reflective black finishes to inches of this tube. We believe this was an be more attractive to Ae. aegypti than nonglossy important factor in collecting large numbers of (flat) black surfaces. Likewise, the flat black color adults and a key reason this trap was more of the Wilton trap (Fay 1968) had minimal impact successful than any other trap; the black metal in collecting Ae. albopictus. The Wilton trap was support arms appear to mimic legs. Additionally, designed in mimic tree holes for gravid mosqui- all ABC Corp. traps (MM Liberty, MM Pro, and toes seeking oviposition sites, consistent with the MM-X) are updraft traps that take advantage of behavior of sylvatic African Aedes (Stegomyia) Ae. albopictus host-seeking behavior in that they mosquitoes (Gubler 1997) and possibly perido- tend to feed on the lower extremities of mammals mestic Ae. albopictus. However, collection totals (Watson 1967), closer to the ground where the between Fay-Prince and Wilton traps confirmed uptake tubes of these traps are situated (approx- the visual advantage of the glossy, high-contrast imately knee height on average-sized adults). The Fay-Prince trap to the nonglossy, no-contrast other 3 traps that caught significantly fewer Ae. appearance of the Wilton trap. albopictus were set at heights of 152 cm (CDC Incandescent light is known to be a poor light trap) and 90 cm (Wilton trap and Fay- attractant for Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes Prince trap). The updraft configuration seems (Thurman and Thurman 1955), and this finding advantageous for collecting near-ground, weak- served as the impetus for developing Aedes- flying, host-seeking insects such as Ae. albopictus specific traps (Service 1993). The CDC trap’s and sand such as Phlebotomus papatasi incandescent light had little positive effect on Ae. Scopoli as compared to downdraft configurations albopictus collections, although it was seemingly (P. papatasi was collected in much larger numbers more attractive to Ae. albopictus than was the flat in southern Egypt with MM-X updraft traps black surface of the Wilton trap. The CDC light compared to CDC light traps [downdraft]; D. trap and Wilton trap were the 2 lowest-yielding Hoel, unpublished data). With respect to visual Ae. albopictus collectors and did not differ targets, the larger silhouette of the MM Liberty, significantly. MM Pro, and MM-X traps were probably

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advantageous to those of the much smaller CDC Charlie passed through the area. The largest and Wilton traps. collections of Cx. nigripalpus came from MM-X Commercially formulated octenol and lactic acid and CDC traps, with 8,603 and 7,511 mosquitoes, baits would add an advantage to both commercial respectively. and experimental traps in that traps so baited have Our results reinforce the general trend that been shown to be much more attractive to Ae. Culex mosquitoes are strongly attracted to light albopictus than similarly unbaited traps (Hoel et al. and CO2. Use of octenol-baited traps has resulted 2007). Despite not producing the highly attractive in mixed results in Cx. nigripalpus capture rates factors of heat and moisture (for Ae. aegypti; (Kline et al. 1990, Kline et al. 1991b), although Peterson and Brown 1951), the experimental MM- most Culex mosquitoes do appear to respond X trap collected the next largest number of Ae. positively to some extent (Kline 1994, Van Essen albopictus adults, reinforcing the hypothesis that et al. 1994). Response of Cx. nigripalpus in our color contrast and updraft geometry contributed study was high for both octenol-baited MM-X strongly in collecting this mosquito. The MM-X traps and octenol-free CDC light traps. These trap is particularly useful in Aedes surveillance results appear to indicate that light and octenol in efforts because it is more lightweight and portable the presence of CO2 are 2 important factors in and preserves captured mosquitoes better than attracting Cx. nigripalpus. Fay-Prince and MM commercial traps. This is an important feature in Liberty traps also produced favorable results; it localities where Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti are appeared that visual qualities of the traps were an both present. The MM Liberty and MM Pro traps important factor in collecting Cx. nigripalpus kill adults through desiccation using high-volume because all 4 traps had either light or contrasting airflow, greatly damaging specimens in the collect- color as attractive components. ing process making species identification difficult. Overall, fewer numbers of Cx. erraticus were Mosquitoes trapped in MM-X traps are isolated collected (339), with the highest collections from from fast-flowing air, well preserved, and often the CDC light trap followed by the Fay-Prince alive when the trap is collected, a feature important trap. Collections from the CDC light trap were in arbovirus surveillance work. Additionally, the significantly (P 5 0.05) better than from other MM-X trap caught more female Ae. albopictus traps, and the Fay-Prince trap caught more than (1173) than did the MM Liberty (1075), although twice as many Cx. erraticus as the third best trap these totals were not significantly different. (MM-X). The lack of lactic acid and octenol bait With respect to collecting Ae. albopictus,our in CDC light and Fay-Prince traps may have results agree with those of Dennett et al. (2004). contributed to their relatively high capture rates. They tested the efficacy of 7 traps in collecting In a previous report Cx. erraticus were collected Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus at a tire repository in higher numbers (not significant) in octenol- in Houston, Texas, and found that the MM and CO2-baited, unlit CDC traps than in CO2- Liberty collected significantly more of both baited, unlit CDC traps in Arkansas rice fields species than the remaining 6 traps. An experi- (Kline et al. 1991a). Light traps appeared to be a mental moving target trap and the omnidirec- good choice for collecting Cx. erraticus, whereas tional Fay-Prince trap collected large numbers of commercial baits (octenol + lactic acid used both mosquitoes, with average results obtained together in Mosquito Magnet traps) appeared by the propane-powered Mosquito Deleto and to depress capture rates. Dragonfly traps and poor results obtained by Although a small number of Cq. perturbans CDC light traps with and without light. The were collected during these trials, the MM-X and Mosquito Deleto trap (Coleman Co., Wichita, CDC light traps caught approximately equal KS) combusts propane to produce heat, moisture, numbers of this mosquito (71 and 66, respective- and CO2 and uses an adhesive-coated paper strip ly) and significantly more than the remaining 4 to trap mosquitoes. The Dragonfly Biting Insect traps. Despite the small number captured, results trap (BioSensory, Willimantic, CT) uses main line indicated that light traps were a good surveillance electricity to power an electrocution grid and tool for this species. Our MM-X results differed produces CO2 via a power-driven solenoid. Their from those of Kline (1999), in which an MM-X study demonstrated the advantages of updraft caught significantly more Cq. perturbans than a traps (MM Liberty) and contrasting colors, light trap (ABC Pro trap), both of which were especially black and white (Fay-Prince trap) over baited with CO2 and octenol. Our MM-X trap other type types (downdraft and single color was baited with octenol, unlike our light trap. traps) in collecting these 2 species. Although octenol alone has been shown to be Culex nigripalpus was the most abundant more attractive to this species than traps baited mosquito collected during our study, comprising with CO2 alone, a rare occurrence among Florida 70.9% of the total trap collection, and together mosquitoes (Kline et al. 1990), incandescent light with Ae. albopictus accounted for 85.1% of all was as seemingly an important attractant factor mosquitoes collected. Tremendous numbers of as was octenol. Light traps and octenol-baited Cx. nigripalpus emerged 3 wk after Hurricane traps appear to be an excellent choice for

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collecting Cq. perturbans, and Campbell (2003) total catch. It appears that this mosquito is highly trapped more Cq. perturbans with MM-X and attracted to black surfaces that mimic reflected CDC light traps than with MM Pro and MM water or tree holes. Wyeomyia mitchellii breeds Liberty traps (no octenol). primarily in bromeliads with minor breeding in Three species of Aedes were trapped in tree holes and bamboo stumps (Carpenter and numbers worthy of review; they included Ae. LaCasse 1955), possibly accounting for the good infirmatus, Ae. triseriatus, and Ae. atlanticus. success of the Wilton trap with this species. Aedes infirmatus was the third most abundant In summary, 2 commercial traps (MM Pro, mosquito caught and is common throughout MM Liberty) and 1 experimental trap (MM-X) most of Florida. Significantly more Ae. infirmatus baited with octenol + lactic acid outperformed were caught in CDC light, Fay-Prince, and MM- Aedes-specific (Fay-Prince and Wilton) traps and X traps than the other 3 traps, with the CDC light a surveillance trap (CDC light trap) in collecting trap accounting for 40.5% of all adults collected. Ae. albopictus. The superior efficacy of counter- Few published reports of mosquito trapping and/ flow geometry traps over traditional downdraft or attractants include data on Ae. infirmatus traps in this study supported previous findings by (Kline and Mann 1998, Kline 1999). Kline (1999) Dennett et al. (2004). In both trials the MM found no significant difference in capture means Liberty attained superior results among all traps between MM-X and ABC Pro light traps; tested for collecting Ae. albopictus. In our study however, captures were very low (,2). Kline both commercial traps and the MM-X trap and Mann (1998) used different attractants with performed about equally well. Ease of use, long- CDC light traps and obtained significantly more term operation (3 wk), and superior results of Ae. infirmatus in octenol + CO2-baited traps than propane-powered counterflow geometry traps in CDC light traps baited with CO2, butanone, (MM Pro and MM Liberty) make them ideal CO2 + butanone, or octenol; however, trap candidates in long-term surveillance or trapping- captures were relatively small (,5 for octenol + reduction programs targeting Ae. albopictus. CO2). Although our trap captures of Ae. atlanti- When considering all species, the CDC light cus and Ae. triseriatus were also relatively low trap and the MM-X trap performed best overall. (,5), our highest trap captures where obtained Trap rankings of our study for all mosquitoes from CDC light traps and MM-X traps. were as follows: CDC light trap . MM-X . Fay- Trapping of Psorophora ferox indicated signif- Prince trap . MM Liberty . Wilton trap . MM icantly (P 5 0.05) higher preference for CDC Pro. Results indicated that light was a very light and Wilton traps compared to MM Pro and important attractant for most mosquito species MM Liberty traps. The Fay-Prince and MM-X collected from residential settings in north central traps produced intermediate results. Octenol, Florida. Except for Ae. albopictus and Wy. lactic acid, and octenol + lactic acid blends were mitchellii, all mosquito species collected were previously shown to be repellent to this species nocturnal biters. Incandescent light (from the (Hoel et al. 2007), and like-baited MM Pro, MM CDC light trap) is apparently the most effective Liberty, and MM-X traps collected the smallest trap feature for collecting nocturnally active numbers in our study. Almost 40% of all Ps. mosquitoes. The MM-X and Fay-Prince traps, ferox were collected from CDC light traps, which utilize visual contrast, performed well with indicating that this species is strongly attracted all species. Traps using counterflow geometry to light. The high collections of Ps. ferox in the performed well (MM-X, MM Pro, and MM Wilton trap may be owed to its black color and Liberty) with weak fliers (Ae. albopictus)aswell small size, mimicking reflected water, tree holes, as strong fliers (Cx. nigripalpus). The MM-X trap or dark mud surfaces in which adult females seek appeared to be the most effective for protection to oviposit (Carpenter and LaCasse 1955). and preservation of all mosquito species encoun- Trap type appeared to influence collections of tered in our study. Although the surveillance trap Wyeomyia mitchellii, although collections were (CDC) performed well in trapping Culex, Aedes, generally low. Collection sites differed in produc- and Psorophora mosquitoes, commercial traps tion of Wy. mitchellii, with only 4 of the 6 test sites (MM Pro, MM Liberty) also performed well and producing this species, including 1, the third site offer homeowners and public health personnel with a single specimen. The most productive site the advantage of long-term use with little was extensively planted in tank bromeliads and attendance or maintenance required for opera- accounted for 78.6% (202) of all adults; the second tion. A primary advantage of commercial traps is and third sites had fewer bromeliads. Wilton trap the production of CO2, the most effective of results were better than all other traps and mosquito attractants, whereas surveillance and accounted for 43.5% of the Wy. mitchellii catch. Aedes traps must be constantly resupplied with CDC light and Fay-Prince trap totals were CO2 and a power source (battery). In our approximately equal (44 and 41 adults, respec- opinion, these factors favor the newer, commer- tively). Surveillance traps (Wilton-, CDC light, cial mosquito traps for routine surveillance of Ae. and Fay-Prince traps) accounted for 76.2% of the albopictus. Continuing research into and devel-

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