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Efectos Letales Y Subletales De Monoterpenos Sobre Vectores De Chagas Y Su Posible Uso Como Herramientas De Control

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Efectos Letales Y Subletales De Monoterpenos Sobre Vectores De Chagas Y Su Posible Uso Como Herramientas De Control Tesis Doctoral Efectos letales y subletales de monoterpenos sobre vectores de Chagas y su posible uso como herramientas de control Moretti, Ariadna Noelia 2015-04-14 Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Moretti, Ariadna Noelia. (2015-04-14). Efectos letales y subletales de monoterpenos sobre vectores de Chagas y su posible uso como herramientas de control. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cita tipo Chicago: Moretti, Ariadna Noelia. "Efectos letales y subletales de monoterpenos sobre vectores de Chagas y su posible uso como herramientas de control". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2015-04-14. Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Efectos letales y subletales de monoterpenos sobre vectores de Chagas y su posible uso como herramientas de control Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área: CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS Ariadna Noelia Moretti Director: Dr. Raúl Adolfo Alzogaray Director Asistente: Dra. Valeria Sfara Consejero de Estudios: Dr. Juan Carlos Reboreda Lugar de trabajo: Centro de Investigaciones en Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN-UNIDEF-CITEDEF/CONICET), Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, abril de 2015 Fecha de defensa: 14/4/2015 1 “El misterio es la cosa más bonita que podemos experimentar. Es la fuente de todo arte y ciencia verdaderos” Albert Einstein Agradecimientos A las instituciones que financiaron este trabajo, la Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT) y el Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); al Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa (CITEDEF), espacio verde que agradezco haber tenido la oportunidad de llamar mi lugar de trabajo; a la Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), donde me vengo formando con mucho gusto y agradecimiento desde que terminé mis estudios secundarios y al Centro de Referencia de Vectores (Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba), que me proveyó de gran cantidad de material todo este tiempo y donde me recibieron, guiaron y asistieron para llevar a cabo ensayos de semi-campo. A todos los que compartieron conmigo los últimos cuatro años de trabajo: con mates, bizcochitos o charlas de chat; trabajando a la par con bioensayos o escribiendo; con desayunos, almuerzos, reuniones, despedidas, clases de maestría, cursos, o congresos; a los que me enriquecieron la tesis y los que me enriquecieron el corazón; a los que hablamos más, debatimos, filosofamos, hasta discutimos y a los que compartimos silencios; a los que ya se fueron, los que apenas llega, los ue siepe estuvieo…todos fueron grandes compañeros y grandes maestros. A todos los animales de los que hice uso (y abuso) durante esta tesis doctoral, parte de la compasiva naturaleza de la que somos solo un punto consciente más; con la sincera intención de, en un futuro, ser parte de algún proceso de multiplicación de vida. A todos los que insistieron, confiaron y me hicieron creer a mí también, que podía finalizar esto. A todos los que aplaudieron cada pequeño, hasta mínimo, logro, por darme impulso con su entusiasmo. A todos los que, en simultáneo, caminaron conmigo otras sendas de conocimiento y me ayudaron a poner amor en mi trabajo, fortalecer mis decisiones, tener fe, equilibrio y sobre todo, sonreír. A los seres de luz y gurús, distantes o muy cercanos, siempre presentes. “Hay una fuerza motriz más poderosa que el vapor, la electricidad y la energía atómica: la voluntad” A. E. 2 Índice Resumen…………………………………………………………………...6 Abstract……………………………………………………………………8 Glosario…………………………………………………………………..10 1. Introducción 1.1. Los aceites esenciales y sus componentes……………….......11 1.1.1. Características, origen y propiedades………………....11 1.1.2. Composición………………………………………….1β 1.1.3. Efectos insecticidas letales y subletales…...……….…16 1.1.4. Modo y sitio de acción……………………..…...…….19 1.1.5. Justificación del uso de insecticidas naturales………..β1 1.2. Enfermedad de Chagas………………………………..……..25 1.2.1. Etiología y sintomatología………………….…..…….25 1.2.2. Vectores.……………………………............................25 1.2.3. Situación en América del Sur…………………….…...29 1.2.4. Control químico en Argentina……………….………..32 1.2.5. Monitoreo y diagnóstico de infestación………………34 1.3. Justificación de los objetivos elegidos……………………….37 1.4. Objetivos…………………….....……………………………..40 1.4.1. Objetivo General………………….…………………..40 1.4.2. Objetivos Específicos………………………………....40 2. Materiales y Métodos…………...………………………………….....42 2.1. Material biológico………………………………………….....42 2.2. Reactivos……………………………………………….……..45 3 2.2.1. Controles positivos…………………………………....45 2.2.2. Monoterpenos………………………………………....48 2.2.3. Otros…………………………………………………..49 2.3. Actómetro……………………………………..………………51 2.4. Bioensayos……………………………………….……………54 2.4.1. Descripción de los síntomas visibles de intoxicación...54 2.4.2. Repelencia.…………..………………………………..54 2.4.3. Volteo.……………………………….………..………57 2.4.3.1. Por exposición a superficies tratadas...……....57 2.4.3.2. Por aplicación tópica……………………...….58 2.4.4. Actividad locomotora………………………….….......59 2.4.5. Expurgue……………………………………………...60 2.4.5.1. Bioensayos de laboratorio……...…………….60 2.4.5.2. Bioensayos de semi-campo…………………..64 2.5. Resumen de los bioensayos realizados………………………67 2.6. Análisis de datos………………………………….…………..68 3. Resultados……………………...……………………………………...70 3.1. Síntomas visibles de intoxicación……………………………..72 3.2. Repelencia…………………………………………..….……...75 3.2.1. 1,8-Cineol.…………………………………………….75 3.2.2. Diez monoterpenos alcoholes……………….…...…...77 3.3. Volteo………………………………………………………….81 3.3.1. 1,8-Cineol……………………………………………..81 3.3.1.1. Por exposición a superficies tratadas...……....81 4 3.3.1.2. Por aplicación tópica………...……………….84 3.3.2. Diez monoterpenos alcoholes………………………...86 3.4. Actividad locomotora…………………………………...……88 3.4.1. 1,8-Cineol……………………………..………………88 3.4.2. Diez monoterpenosalcoholes………………………....90 3.4.3. En ninfas del quinto estadio………………………......95 3.5. Expurgue producido por monoterpenos en T. infestans…...99 3.5.1. Expurgue en condiciones de laboratorio...……..……..99 3.5.2. Expurgue en condiciones de semi-campo…..……….105 4. Discusión……………………………………………………………...108 4.1. Síntomas visibles de intoxicación…………………………..108 4.2. Repelencia…………………………………………………...109 4.3. Volteo………………………………………………………...113 4.4. Actividad locomotora……………………………………….119 4.5. Expurgue…………………………………………………….121 5. Conclusiones….………………………………………………………126 6. Bibliografía…………………………………………………………...130 7. Anexos………………………………………………………………...148 7.1. Anexo 1. Ciclo de vida de triatominos……………………….148 7.2. Anexo 2. Familias de plantas que biosintetizan los monoterpenos evaluados………..………………………………….……………..150 7.3. Anexo 3. Trabajos publicados en revistas internacionales como resultado de esta tesis ……………………………………..……...152 5 Efectos letales y subletales de monoterpenos sobre vectores de Chagas y su posible uso como herramientas de control El control de vectores de la Enfermedad de Chagas se realiza en Argentina mediante la aplicación de insecticidas piretroides. En las últimas décadas, la aparición del fenómeno de resistencia a los piretroides y la necesidad de identificar sustancias menos peligrosas para los humanos y el ambiente, motivaron la búsqueda de alternativas naturales para el desarrollo de nuevas herramientas de control y diagnóstico entomológico (presencia de insectos vectores en viviendas). El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral fue explorar la bioactividad de sustancias de origen natural sobre los triatominos vectores de la Enfermedad de Chagas Triatoma infestans y Rhodnius prolixus. Para tal fin se evaluaron los síntomas visibles de intoxicación, la repelencia, el volteo, el efecto sobre la actividad locomotora y la capacidad expurgante, de once monoterpenos componentes de aceites esenciales (el éter cíclico 1,8-cineol, también conocido como eucaliptol, y diez alcoholes). Se describieron por primera vez en insectos los síntomas visibles de intoxicación por exposición a un monoterpeno (1,8-cineol). En ambas especies, este monoterpeno produjo síntomas similares a los que ocasionan insecticidas neurotóxicos como organofosforados y piretroides, y se registró por primera vez el fenómeno de distensión abdominal en insectos expuestos a un monoterpeno. Se evaluó por primera vez en triatominos la repelencia producida por los monoterpenos de origen botánico carvacrol, (-)-carveol, 1,8-cineol, citronelol, eugenol, linalool, mentol, α-terpineol, timol y (S)-cis-verbenol. La mayoría de los monoterpenos mostró un buen efecto repelente, similar al de la dietiltoluamida (DEET). La toxicidad de los once monoterpenos, aplicados como filmes sobre papel de filtro, siguió la tendencia observada por otros autores en otros insectos: fueron menos tóxicos que los insecticidas convencionales; el timol se destacó de los demás monoterpenos
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