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North Carolina Mosquito Records. I. Uncommon Aedes and Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)

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North Carolina Mosquito Records. I. Uncommon Aedes and Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 14(2):165-172, 1998 Copyright @ 1998 by the American Mosquito Control Association, Inc. NORTH CAROLINA MOSQUITO RECORDS. I. UNCOMMON AEDES AND ANOPHELES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) B. A. HARRISON.'4 P B. WHITT,I E. E. POWELL2 eNo E. Y. HICKMAN, JR.3 ABSTRACT. New distribution records are provided for l0 mosquito species that are rare or uncommon in North Carolina: Aedes aegypti, Ae. cinereus, Ae. dupreei, Ae. fulvus pallens, Ae. hendersoni, Ae. mitchellae, Ae. thibauki, Ae. tormentor, Ae. trivittatus, and Anopheles atropos. Biological notes are provided for habitats, be- havior, and, in some cases, color patterns. Comments are also made about 6 additional species that are rare or uncommon in North Carolina. KEY WORDS Rare, Aedes, Anopheles, uncommon, North Carolina INTRODUCTION smaragdinus Reinert [Robertson et al. 1993, as Anopheles quadrimaculalus B; Reinert et al. 1998 Publications documenting the distributions of (1997)l in North Carolina. mosquito species in North Carolina are scarce. This A study of the mosquitoes of the western pied- state has some of the most variable ecosystems in mont and mountainous regions of North Carolina the United States, ranging from subtropical in the was initiated in 1994 by the Public Health Pest southeastern corner to boreal on the highest western Management Section, North Carolina Department mountains. Despite this recognized diversity, vir- of Environment and Natural Resources. The limited tually no efforts have been made to systematically information about the mosquitoes of this area and examine the mosquito fauna of the state. The first a growing concern about mosquito-borne diseases comprehensive listing for North Carolina mosqui- were the primary reasons for starting the study. The toes included 21 species (Dyar 1922). Bnmley western part of the state is developing rapidly with (1938) listed 32 species in his general insect survey a large influx of permanent and temporary resi- for the state. Later editions of this work (Wray dents. Human disturbances of the environment in 1950, 1967) reported records published elsewhere. this area will increase mosquito populations, hu- A large number of the initial records for species in man-mosquito contacts, and the potential for ex- the state and accompanying information on their posure to mosquito-borne human pathogens. Ar- distributions resulted from U.S. Army mosquito boviruses have been isolated in other states from surveys conducted on and around military instal- several of the included species. Because some of lations during World War II (King et al. 1942, those species can be locally common, it is impor- 1943; Bradley et al. 1944; Middlekauff and Car- tant to determine their distributions in North Car- penter 1944:' Carpenter et al. 1945; Carpenter and olina. During the past 4 years numerous mosquito Chamberlain 1946; Miles and Rings 1946). Schoof collections were made in the western half of the and Ashton (1944), working as state entomologists, state. Records for these collections, plus some from also contributed a number of precise distribution more eastern areas, are presented below. Additional records. Since these early works nearly all pub- unpublished records from collections made before lished efforts involving mosquitoes have been nar- this study was initiated are also included. rowly focused biological studies or studies dealing with control issues. Also, nearly all of the mosquito publications since World War II have addressed MATERIALS AND METHODS coastal plain or piedmont mosquitoes. Although Mosquito collections were made in urban, sub- Slaff and Apperson (1989) provided a list of 57 urban, and rural areas. Sites exhibiting a large spe- species for the state, no distribution data were pub- cies diversity were targeted for repeated collections. lished for the species occurring in the western half These included state, county, and local parks, and of the state. Based on known and examined mate- ecological and environmental preserves. The col- rial, including the U.S. National Museum (USNM) lection methods were: standard larval dipping, hu- (Smithsonian) collections, we have been able to man landing-biting, back-pack and mouth document only 55 species, including Anopheles aspira- tors, New Jersey light traps, and Centers for Dis- ease Control (CDC) light traps supplemented with I Public Health Pest Management, Department of En- CO, (dry ice). After collection, immatures were vironment and Natural Resources, 585 Waughtown Street, transported in 6-oz. plastic bags to the laboratory Winston-Salem, NC 27107. and set up for rearing or were killed in tepid water ' Department of Entomology Box 7 647 North Carolina , , preserved State University, Raleigh, NC 27695. and for identification. Adults collected 3 Brunswick County Mosquito Control, P. O. Box 249, biting, by aspiration, or in the CDC light traps were Bolivia, NC 28422. frozen in an ice chest with dry ice and transported a Address reprint requests to: Public Health Pest Man- back to the laboratory for identification. agement, DENR, P O. Box 27687, Raleigh, NC 27611. Immature and adult specimens were identified 165 r66 JounNrr-op rup AuemceN Moseurro CoNrnol AssocrnrroN Vor-. 14, No. 2 using Carpenter and LaCasse (1955), King et al. an (P): (1 coll.), IX, 1989, 9? , 126 ,9L. Wake (p): (1960), Darsie and Ward (1981), and Slaff and Ap- (1 coll.),IX, 1975,79,16. (1989). person Once identifled, immatures were The first published records of Ae. aegypti in preserved in 75Vo ethanol in labeled vials, and North Carolina were from Mecklenburg and New adults were glued with ambroid cement to paper Hanover counties (Brimley 1938). King et al. points on insect pins and labeled. (1942) listed this species in Norrh Carolina, but Preserved immatures and adults are deposited in without locality data. Carpenter and Chamberlain the Public Health Pest Management Collection, (1946) listed specimens collected in Cumberland, North Carolina Department of Environment and New Hanover, and Scotland counties. Subsequent- Natural Resources, Winston-Salem, or the Depart- ly, and to the present, many counties in the state ment of Entomology Insect Collection, North Car- have been reported to have Ae. aegypti. This is par- olina State University, Raleigh. ticularly true in the coastal plain counties. In fact, The terms rare, uncofiunon, and cornmon were this species is apparently able to survive the winters defined on a numerical basis in our study: rare = in Brunswick County, where it has been collected I or fewer collections per year, uncornmon : 2-lO every month except January and March. In the collections per year, and common : more than lO piedmont and mountainous regions this species is collections per year. The records and specimens re- transient, depending on the harshness of the win- ported here are grouped by counties and dates and ters. have been abbreviated and condensed to conserve Aedes aegypli was established in North Carolina space. The sequence for the records follows: coun- long before mosquito distribution lists were made. ty, with a regional indication for coastal plain (C), Several yellow fever epidemics caused considerable piedmont (P), or mountains (M); number of collec- mortality in eastern North Carolina up until the late tions; month(s) and year(s) ofcollections; and spec- 19th century. imens by sex and stage. Complete records for these Slaff and Apperson (1989) listed Ae. aegypti as specimens, including locality, exact dates, habitat, abundant in North Carolina. That was 2 years after collection method, collectors, and associated spe- the discovery of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in the cies, are available upon request. Emergency mos- state, when Ae. aegypti was still abundant. Since quito collections after Hurricane Fran in L996 tar- then Ae. aegypti has nearly disappeared from the geted the most common species. The less common state, with collections being made only from a tree species were recorded, but numbers were not kept. hole in the southeastern corner of the state during The sexes and stages are coded as follow: female 1997. Accordingly, we now consider Ae. aegypti to = I , male : d , whole pupa : P, whole larva = be rare in the state. There is conjecture regarding L, and larval skin : l. Generic abbreviations used the demise of populations of this species in North in the text follow Reinert (1975\. Carolina and other southeastern states. Two factors bearing on this in North Carolina are more rigid tire regulations requiring tires to be stored under RESULTS AND DISCUSSION cover and a rapid and successful tire pile cleanup program. Sixteen species are included in this paper. Ten species are discussed in detail, and 6 are discussed briefly at the end. Thirteen of these were reported Aedes cinerezs Meigen as rare or uncommon in North Carolina (Slaff and Anson (P): (1 coll.), VI, 1996, 19. Cabamrs (P): Apperson 1989) and 10 ofthe 13 have distributions (1 coll.), V, 1996, 19. Davie (P): (2 coll.), IY that extend into the piedmont region and some even V 1997,l3L. Forsyth (P): (16 coll.), V-XI, 1993-97, into the mountains. Most have spotty distributions 1139, 24L. Henderson (M): (2 coll.), V[, VII[ and are uncommon, but at certain times they can 1994, 159. Jackson (M): (l coll.), VII, 1994,29. be very abundant locally. New records for 5 species Rutherford (P): (1 coll.), VII, 1995, 19. Stokes (P): match or extend their western distributions in the (2 coll.),IV VI, 1997, 16,8L. Ttansylvania (M): state (Darsie and Ward 1981). (1 coll.), vIJ, 1994,349. The first recorded specimen of Ae. cinereus from Aedes aegypld (Linnaeus) North Carolina was found in Union County (Mid- dlekauff and Carpenter 1944). Subsequent county Alamance (P): (2 coll.), V[! I){, L99I, 1993, records include Buncombe (Schoof and Ashton 89,3R 44L. Brunswick (C): (8 coll.), V-XII, 1994, 1944); Buncombe, Richmond, and Robeson (Car- t539d; (7 coll.), VI-X[, 1995,2069 d; (2 coll.), penter et al. 1945); Union (Carpenter and Cham- VII, Vm, 1996, 38?d; (2 coll.), Ix, X, 1997, berlain 1946); and Duplin (Irby and Apperson 39d.
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