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Mosquito Vectors of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in Massachusetts

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Mosquito Vectors of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in Massachusetts University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 1996 Mosquito vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in Massachusetts. Rajeev Vaidyanathan University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Vaidyanathan, Rajeev, "Mosquito vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in Massachusetts." (1996). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 3073. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/3073 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MOSQUITO VECTORS OF EASTERN EQUINE EN®P^®miYELITIS VIRlIi IN MASSACHUSETTS A Thesis Presented by RAJEEV VAIDYANATHAN Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May 1996 Entomology MOSQUITO VECTORS OF EASTERN EQUINE TOCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS IN MASSACHUSETTS A Thesis Presented by RAJEEV VAIDYANATHAN Approved as to style and content by: D, Edman, Chair T. Michael Peters, Member John P. Burand, Member Thomas W. Scott, Member T. Michael Peters, Department Head Entomology Dedicated to the memory of George C. Eickwort He taught us how to fly. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS University of Massachusetts at Amherst Dr. John Edman Dr. T. Michael Peters Dr. John P. Burand Dr. John Buonaccorsi Geoff Attardo University of Maryland at College Park Dr. Thomas W. Scott Lynn A. Cooper Les Lorenz University of Massachusetts Cranberry Experimental Station Dr. Anne Averill Marty Averill Jay O’Donnell Massachusetts Department of Health Dr. Ralph Timperi Dr. Barbara Werner Donald Buckley Massachusetts Mosquito Control Projects John Smith (Norfolk County) Dr. Ken Ludlam (Plymouth County) Ken Ek (Plymouth County) Alan DeCastro (Bristol County) Family and friends Madurai Meenakshisundaram and Radha Vaidyanathan Dr. Myong Won Kahng Joseph and Julie Lakshmanan Nikhil and Varuni Mallampalli Nicholas Komar The Apiary Crew All the Beans IV ABSTRACT MOSQUITO VECTORS OF EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS IN MASSACHUSETTS MAY 1996 RAJEEV VAIDYANATHAN B.S., CORNELL UNIVERSITY M.S., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor John D. Edman The current study was conducted in 1994 and 1995 to determine vector competence of six local mosquitoes for a strain of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus isolated from Culiseta melanura in Easton, Massachusetts in 1992. Aedes canadensis, Ae. vexans, Coquillettidia perturbans, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, An. punctipennis, and Culex salinarius are potential vectors to humans and horses because of their geographic and seasonal overlap with EEE cases in mammals, isolations of EEE virus, and host preference. Nulliparous females (collected as late larvae, pupae, or teneral adults) were fed on an EEE-viremic chick. Mosquito saliva and bodies were collected 7 and 14 days post blood feeding and tested for cytopathic effect on a monolayer of baby hamster kidney cells. A laboratory colony of Cs. melanura, the enzootic vector of EEE virus, was used as a control. Aedes canadensis, Cx. salinarius, Cq. perturbans, and An. quadrimaculatus maintained infections and transmitted EEE virus via saliva. Aedes canadensis (13%) and Cx. salinarius (10%) demonstrated higher transmission rates and appear to feed more readily on avian and mammal hosts than Cq. perturbans (4%) and An. quadrimaculatus (10%). Coquillettidia perturbans and An. quadrimaculatus may play a role in equine or early human cases when nestling birds manifest a high viremia . Neither Ae. vexans nor An. punctipennis transmitted virus, although both became v infected (27 and 100%, respectively). Culiseta melanura, the enzootic vector of EEE virus, had the highest infection (100%) and transmission rates (94%). In addition, eight trapping methods for epidemic EEE vectors were compared with one another and to human biting rates. Supplemented with carbon dioxide, a light trap designed by the American Biophysics Company ® (ABC) best reflected human biting risk for most species. An ABC light trap supplemented with carbon dioxide and octenol was second best. A New Jersey light trap, flickering light ABC trap, steady light ABC trap, and resting boxes had nearly equal mean trap yields. Addition of octenol to an ABC light trap did not significantly improve trap yield over the CDC light trap. An ABC light trap with carbon dioxide best reflected biting risk from Ae. canadensis, Cq. perturbans, and other nuisance mosquitoes, such as Ae. triseriatus, Ae. cinereus, Ae. aurifer, and Ae. abserratus. An ABC light trap with carbon dioxide and octenol best reflected biting risk from Cx. salinarius. Resting boxes collected the most numbers of An. quadrimaculatus and An. punctipennis, but females often were engorged. An ABC light trap with either CO2 alone or with CO2 plus octenol was a better measure of human biting risk by anophelines. Natural populations of Ae. vexans were low, and no useful prediction could be made regarding trap efficiency. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.........................iv ABSTRACT.........................v LIST OF TABLES...........ix LIST OF FIGURES...... .xi Chapter 1. LITERATURE REVIEW....1 Introduction..........1 Epidemiology...... 1 Epizootiology.2 Virus Isolation.......3 Vectorial Capacity and Vector Competence................5 Rationale: Why these six species?.......6 Aedes canadensis (Theobald)........7 Aedes vexans (Meigen).......8 Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker).....9 Anopheles punctipennis (Say) and An. quadrimaculatus Say.....10 Culex salinarius Coquillett.....11 Monitoring Methods...........................12 Carbon dioxide and Octenol......... ..12 Landing Rates on Humans.............14 2. VECTOR COMPETENCE OF MASSACHUSETTS MOSQUITOES FOR A LOCAL STRAIN OF EEE VIRUS.........16 Introduction... .......16 Materials and Methods...........17 Collection of Test Mosquitoes.......17 Blood Feeding and Saliva Collection.......17 Virus Assay.........18 VII Results... 19 Host Feeding and Survival.19 Infection and Transmission.22 Discussion.25 Conclusions. 30 Summary...30 3. SURVEILLANCE FOR EPIDEMIC VECTORS OF EEE VIRUS.31 Introduction.32 Materials and Methods.32 Site Selection.32 Experimental Design.32 Data Analysis. 33 Results.34 Trap Comparisons of All Species Combined.34 Trap Specificity.38 Discussion.42 Conclusions.45 4. REFERENCES. 47 VIII LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Vims titers for blood from chicks injected with EEE virus (92-983 strain). Titers are given in PFUs, the reciprocals of logio plaque forming units per 1.0 ml of blood. Aedes canadensis, Cq. perturbans, and Anopheles were fed twice in 1995.....20 2. Feeding and survival data for females fed on an EEE-viremic chick, 1994.... 21 3. Feeding and survival data for females fed on an EEE-viremic chick, 1995. 21 4. Mosquitoes and saliva producing CPE on a BHK monolayer 7 and 14 days post blood feeding on an EEE-viremic chick, 1994......24 5. Mosquitoes and saliva producing CPE on a BHK monolayer 7 and 14 days post blood feeding on an EEE-viremic chick, 1995.24 6. Mosquitoes and saliva producing CPE on a BHK monolayer 7 and 14 days post blood feeding on an EEE-viremic chick, 1994 and 1995 combined..............................25 7. Nine monitoring methods for mosquitoes: trap total, nights in use, mean, and percent total yields.......35 8. Pairwise comparisons using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test between monitoring methods for all species. If p > 0.05, then difference is not significant; the probability that the two methods are the same is > 5%. If p < 0.05, then difference is significant.. 37 9. Nightly means for nine monitoring methods for female Aedes. Species included Aedes canadensis, Ae. vexans, Ae. stimulans s.l., Ae. triseriatus, Ae. cinereus, Ae. aurifer, Ae. abserratus, and Ae. punctor...........41 10. Nightly means for eight monitoring methods for female Coquillettidia perturbans..................................................41 11. Nightly means for nine monitoring methods for female Culex salinarius............41 IX 12. Nightly means for eight monitoring methods for female Anopheles quadrimaculatus. An. punctipennis, and An. walkeri.41 13. Nightly means for eight monitoring methods for female Culiseta melanura.41 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Mean nightly catches for nine monitoring methods for mosquitoes.36 xi CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Epidemiology Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus is enzootic in passerine birds (Dalrymple et al. 1972, Hayes et al. 1962b, Kissling et al. 1957, Srihongse et al. 1978, Stamm 1968), may cause high viremias in snakes, turtles, and frogs (Dalrymple et al. 1972, Hayes et al. 1964), and causes debilitating or fatal encephalitis in humans, horses, whooping cranes, and exotic game birds such as ring-necked pheasants and Pekin ducks (Ayres & Feemster 1949, Beaudette & Black 1948, Beaudette & Hudson 1945, Clark 1987, Dein 1986, Dougherty & Price 1960, Eklund & Blumstein 1938, Tyzzer et al. 1938, Wesselhoeft et al. 1938). EEE virus is maintained in a sylvatic avian cycle by the ornithophagic mosquito Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) and is transmitted from birds to mammals by other mosquitoes (Morris 1988). EEE virus is a member of the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, possessing a lipid bilayer and a single-stranded
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