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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

PDEA’S MAMASAHEB MOHOL COLLEGE

Arts, Science and Commerce PaudRoad, Pune -38

“SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY: STATUS AND IMPORTANCE”

In-House Journal

International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies

Chief Editor Dr. Mahendra R. Avaghade

Executive Editor Prof. Tanaji D. Jadhav

Published by IJRMS Sr. No. 397, Flat No. 7, 4 Sizan Society, Bhugaon, Tal. Mulshi, Dist. Pune 412115

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ISSN: 2454-8499 (Online)

Issue Available at www.irjms.in INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES Impact Factor: 0.679

Welcome to IRJMS

IMPACT FACTOR : 1) 1.3599 (GIF): General Impact Factor (GIF) 2) 0.679 (JIF) :International Impact Factor Services (IIFS), International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies(IRJMS) is a Monthly Published in English, Hindi & Marathi for scholars, practitioners, and students. The Journal is based on the New Developments in the field of research. It accepts innovative and original Research papers/Articles book reviews, commentaries, correspondence, review articles, technical notes, short communication, case study, books, thesis and dissertation that make a significant research contribution to the field of Commerce, Economics, Literature Studies, Banking and Finance, Computer Science, Political Science, Public Administration, History, Geography, Science and Technology, Engineering, Biotechnology, Botany, Physics, Chemistry, Zoology, Mathematics, Management Studies, etc IRJMS provides insights of research advancements and understandings in the field of Research and its relevant aspects. It publishes articles and case studies that consider significant importance in the relevant fields of Social Sciences, Life Sciences and Languages. The primary purpose of the IRJMS is to publish scholarly research articles in the Different fields of Social Sciences, Life Sciences and Languages. IRJMS aims to promote fresh scholarly enquiry in the region from within the humanities, sciences and the social sciences, and to encourage work that communicates across disciplinary boundaries. IRJMS is an Open Access Journal Open Access is a publication model that enables the dissemination of research findings to the global community without restriction. Thus, all articles published under open access can be accessed by anyone with internet connection Indexed International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies is included in different indexing agencies, Google Scholar, Directory of Research Journal Indexing, BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, International Impact Factor Services (IIFS), International Innovative Journal Impact Factor (IIJIF) , General Impact Factor (GIF),etc. Important Journal Dates: Last Date of Online Manuscript Submission: 25th of Every Month st Date of Online Publication : 1 of Every Month

Calls us : +919766264309 / +919823131575/+919028311410 Mail us : [email protected], [email protected] Visit us : www.irjms.in CHIEF EDITOR ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Mahendra Ramchandra Avaghade, Dr. Sunil Shete, Associate Professor, Mamasaheb Mohol Joint Director, Higher Education, Pune College, Paud Road, Pune, India Region, Pune, India Dr. Ms. Susan Silverstone, EXECUTIVE EDITOR Professor, National University, San Diego, Prof. Tanaji Dinkarrao Jadhav, Canada, Canada Assistant Professor, Mamasaheb Mohol Dr. Umesh Dangarwala, College, Paud Road, Pune and Head, Department of Commerce and Research Scholar, Bharati Vidyapeeth Management, MNS University. Gujrat, India University, Pune, India Dr. Paul Odundo, EDITORIAL BOARD Professor, University of Nairobi, Kenya Dr. Sanjay S. Kaptan, Dr. Dorji Waugchuk, Principal, Indira College, Pune, India Professor, Dept. of English, School of Arts Dr. Tushar A Shitole, & Humanities, Royal University of Bhutan, HOD, Geography, PDEA, Prof. Ramkrushan Bhutan College,Akurdi, Pune, India Prof. Dr. A. K. Chakrawal, Dr. Muktaja V Mathkari, Professor and Coordinator Internal Quality Principal, Garware College of Arts and Assurance Cell (IQAC) Saurashtra Science, Karve Road, Pune 04, India University Rajkot - 360 005. Gujarat, India Dr. Nanasaheb D Pawar, Dr. Ranjit D Patil, Associate Professor, HOD, Marathi, HOD & Vice Principal Padmshree Dr.D.Y. Waghire College, Saswad, Pune, India Patil College, Pimpri, Pune, India Dr. Vishnu Mugade, Prof. Dr. Sanjay Patil, Liberian, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Principal, Rajgad Dnyanpeeth Technical Yashwantrao Mohite College, Erandwane, Campus, Pune, India Pune, India Dr. Sudhakar Jadhavar, SUBSCRIPTION TO THE JOURNAL Dean, Faculty of Commerce, Savitribai Individual Annual Member : Phule Pune Univrsity, Pune, India India: 45 00, Outside of India : 150$ Dr. Chandrakant Rawal, Library Annual Member : Principal, Brihan Maharashtra College of India : 4500, Outside of India : 140$ Commerce, Pune, India Individual Per Month : Dr. Kailash K. Patil, India : 500 Outside of India : : 17$ Professor, H.O.D. Economics, Late Sow. Library Per Month : Kamlatai Jamkar Mahila Mahavidalaya, India: 500 Outside of India : 17$ Parbhani, SRTM University, Nanded., India (Journal Copy will be sent by Post) Prof. Dr. Karma Yoezer, Website: www.irjms.in Professor, Dept. of Economics, School of Contact Mail Id.: [email protected], Social Sciences, Royal University of [email protected] Bhutan, Bhutan Contact Person: Dr. Antonis Balssopoulos, +91 9823131575, +91 9766264309, Professor, University of Nikosia,, Cyprus +919028311410 Dr. Somnath Hanumant Mane Assistant Professor, Animal Husbandry SPECIAL ISSUE EDITORS: and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture, CHIEF EDITOR Pune, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, India Dr. Sushama Bhosale, Dr. Yogesh Pawar, Principal, Physical Director, Mamasaheb Mohol Mamasaheb Mohol College, Paud Road, Pune College, Paud Road, Pune

ASSISTANT EDITOR Dr. Yogesh Pawar Physical Education Director, Prof. Santosh More HOD, Computer Science

About Pune District Education Association The trust was established in the year 1941, before Independence by Late Shri. Baburaoji Gholap with philosophy of eradicating illiteracy in rural areas of Pune District thereby bringing about social upliftment of the masses. The mission of Trust is ‘Bahujan Hitay Bahujan Sukhay’ and this is being accomplished by trust through quality education. Trust has successfully completed 75 years and PDEA celebrating Platinum Jubilee Year. The efforts of trust have been recognized by the government and Society and it was declared as the “Best Educational Institution” by Government of Maharashtra in year 2000. As it stands today the Trust has emerged into a network of the institutions providing education from Preprimary to Post Graduate and Ph.D levels. The trust is lead by Hon. Ex. Deputy CM Mr. Ajitdada Pawar who through his dynamic abilities and vision has brought a facelift in the infrastructural facilities of the Schools and Colleges of the Trust. Since the world has become a global village, the vision of the Trust has been extended and the Trust is foraying into the national and global area. About College Mamasaheb Mohol College is premier institution engaged in imparting education to the youth for over 30 years. The college is affiliated to the Savitribai Phule Pune University and The college went through the two cycles of accreditation by NAAC. In the privious cycle college obtained ‘B’ grade with CGPA of 2.62 points. It has excellent center for offering courses in Arts, Commerce and Computer Science to the Students at the graduate and post graduate level. The college has done some path of breaking work in making educational accessible to the weaker section of the Society. The College awarded ‘The Best N.S.S. Unit University Award’, Best Volunteers Award. Three N.S.S. volunteers were elected as Senate Members of University of Pune. We have very good history in Sport field Our College players achieved medals in International Levels. Best Physique players represented India many Kabaddi players also played at National level. About the Seminar Sports is an activity whose importance cannot be over emphasized it creates bonds among Humanity that can help cultivate harmony across national, racial and gender boundaries sports has also helped foster development in all sectors of human endeavor it is in the light of this growth of the sports industry that Mamasaheb Mohol College organize an National level Sports Conference and summit the conference brings together scholars, Sports persons Directors Physical Educations to deliberate all aspects related to sports the sub themes of the Conference include but are not limited to the following: Sports Education and research: Research in Sports, Sports and Special Population, Sports and Curriculum, Contemporary Issues in Sports Sports Management and Economics: Sports Policies, Sports Entrepreneurship, Sports Marketing,Sport Talent, Innovation in Sports Sports Science: Doping in Sports, Sports and Health, Sports Medicines, Exercise Physiology, Strength and conditioning, Sports and Nutrition Sports Sociology and Psychology:- Sports and Media, Sports and Politics, Sports and Gender, Sports and Nationalism, Sports and Language, Sports and History, Emerging Issues in Sports

PROLOGUE

We all know that , “ A sound body keeps mind sound” , In the era of globalization we should focus on overall wellbeing . I am pleased that Department of Physical Education of Mamasaheb Mohol College , Paud Road, Pune is organizing National conference on “ Sports for sustainable development in India”. Our parent institute Pune District Education association has born mantle of excellence, committed to ensure the students there own space to learn, and broaden their horizon of knowledge by indulging into the diverse spheres of learning. The motto our institution is “ Bahujan Hitay Bahujan Sukhay”. Teaching Learning and extension are the basic pillars of higher education. Our Institute is highly encouraging and giving exposure on all levels to develop personality of students. Sports is an importance activity, it creates bonds among humanity that can cultivate harmony across national, racial and gender boundaries. This conference aims to bring different ideologies under one roof and provide opportunities to exchange ideas face to face to establish research relations as sports helped foster development in all sectors of human endeavor .The themes and sub themes for this conference are indicative of relevant research areas to give the prospective authors innovative prepositions about the sports development in higher education. We wish to welcome and thank our eminent chief guest Hon. Prof.( Dr.) Nitin Karmalkar, Vice Chancellor, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Dr. Deepak Mane ,Acting Dean, Physical Education, Savitribai Phule Pune University,Pune. I express my special thanks to Hon. Ajitdada Pawar, President of Pune District Education Association, Hon. Rajendraji Ghadge ,Vice President,PDEA, Hon. Ad. Sandeep Kadam, Honanarary Secreatary and Senate Member (SPPU, Pune and our distinguished authorities Shri. L.M. Pawar, Deputy Secretary and Shri. A.M. Jadhav, Joint Secretary (Administration) for their valuable and ever encouraging direction, cooperation and support for the organization of this seminar. I would like to thank International Research Journal And Multidisciplinary Studies (IRJMS), and International Journal Of Innovative And Informative Multidisciplinary Research (IJIIMR) for providing us with the platform for online publication.

I would like to extend my thanks to all the delegates ,participants from all over country for their valuable sharing and participation in Conference. Last but not least I would appreciate the hard efforts and keen interest taken by all teaching , nonteaching staff students of college towards successful organization of the conference. We welcome you all to Mamaasheb Mohol College and hope that this conference will help as a medium for all of us to motivate to take care of physical fitness and overall wellbeing. Thank you!! Dr. Sushama Bhosale, M.A. Ph. D. Erasmus Mundus Post Doctoral Fellow Principal, Mamasaheb Mohol College, Pune-38

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES SPECIAL ISSUE ON SPORTS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

INDEX SR. PAGE TITLE NO NO.

1 “SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY: STATUS AND IMPORTANCE” 1-4 Dr. Sushama Bhosale

2 “Study of Role of Media in Promotion of Sports in India” 5-8 Dr. Ramesh Ashok Gaikwad, Prof. Raosaheb Garad

3 Meditation for Adolescent 9-11 Ms. Paurnima Balawant Karale EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON KICKING SKILLS OF 4 COLLEGEFOOTBALLPLAYERS 12-15 Mr. P.G. Dhanave “A Review of Changed Scenario of Women’s Participation in 5 Sports” 16-19 Mangesh Babanrao Palwe “Construction and Standardization of Throwing Test in 6 Baseball” 20-25 Gautam S. Jadhav “SPORTS MANAGEMENT- WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT 7 26-33 OF THE TRIBAL STUDENTS” Dr. Narendra Uttamrao Patil, Prof. Dr. V. S. Wangwad, Prof. S.S. Sonwane Benefits of Laughter Yoga Therapy on the Physical health of 8 senior citizens 34-39 Prof. Anagha Chikte, Dr. M. R. Gaikwad Talent Identifying and Development in Sports – Kreedakul: - A 9 case study 40-43 Mrs. Geeta V Muthya, Dr. Anand B Lunkad Position wise Differences in Personality Differences in 10 Personality Traits of Women Kabaddi Players 44-47 Vidya Pathare, Dr. Aher Sharad S. The study causes and prevalence of physical injuries in women 11 Kabaddi players. 48-48 Prof. Shendkar Sheetal Laxman An Analytical Study of the Academic Achievement, and its 12 Relation to Physical Fitness Components of Pune University Boys 49-52 Players. Mayuri Milind Rokade

13 Study of Obesity in Women’s 53-56 Dr. Yogesh Pawar, Dr. Prajakta Pawar

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

Importance of adventure sports and tourism potential of forts in 14 Pune District 57-62 Shivaji B.Shinde, Tushar A. Shitole

15 SPORTS ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA : AN OVERVIEW 63-67 Smt Sheela B. Mohite

16 DOPING IN SPORTS : A STUDY 68-71 Dr. Savita .V. Bhosale

17 The Role of Government Schemes in Sport Development 72-77 Dr. Pathak Adinath Ramdas Carrier Opportunity in Physical Education Adventures Sports 18 and Games 78-81 Dr. Umeshraj Padamraj Paneru Primary Introduction, Rules and Regulations of Weight Lifting 19 Game 82-85 Prof. Ganesh Kardile, Prof. Santosh More, Prof. Deepshree Pokhlekar ESTABLISHING THE STANDARD NORMS OF DURATION OF CANT IN KABADDI BY TESTING THE INTER UNIVERSITY MALE 20 86-91 PARTICIPANTS SHAKUR SAYYAD

21 Rehabilitation of Sports Injuries using Yoga Postures 92-99 Mr. Rupesh Ramchandra Thopate Sport and History 22 100-101 Dr. Mrs. Asha Bengle

23 Sports policy for Disabled People in India 102-106 Dr. Rupali P Shendkar

24 EXERCISE DIET& NUTRITION 107-110 Prof. Rushikesh C. Kumbhar, Normative Study ofHealthRelated Physical Fitness of First 25 YearUnder Graduate Girl Students of Universityof Pune 111-115 Pratima Dattatray Lonari

26 महारा केसर कुती यशोगाथा 116-119 |ÉÉ.¤ÉÉ³ýÉºÉÉ½äþ¤É ¨É®úMÉVÉä egkjk"Vªkrhy lkglh ØhMk i;ZVu 27 120-123 डॉ. शवाजी ानोबा भंताडे

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

“SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY: STATUS AND IMPORTANCE”

Dr. Sushama Bhosale Principal, Mamasaheb Mohol College, Pune Abstract The importance of sports psychology is as academic discipline and applied practice has grown from last three decades. Sports psychology plays a very vital role in enhancing the performance of sportspersons. It deals with the various mental qualities such as concentration, confidence, emotional control and commitment etc., which are important for successful performance in sports and games. Personality, youth sport and coaching are common areas of study of sports psychology. Goal setting, self talk ,imagery and arousal regulations are major techniques used in sports psychology. This paper reviews a status and importance of sports psychology in today’s perspective. Key Words: Sports Psychology, Personality, Goal Setting, self talk, imagery and arousal regulation

Introduction: Sport psychology has a relatively short past, and in recent years is it becoming far more accepted and utilized as a valuable competitive edge among athletes and coaches. In 1897, an Indiana University psychologist, Dr. Norman Triplett, wrote what was considered the first scientific paper on sport psychology, on the social facilitation behavior of bicyclists. In the early 1920’s, the first sport psychology laboratory was created in Berlin, Germany, by Dr. Carl Diem. Soon after, sport psychology arrived in America when Dr. Coleman R. Griffith created the first sport psychology laboratory in the U.S., in the state of Illinois. Dr. Griffith also created and taught the first university level courses in sport psychology at the University of Illinois, in 1923. In addition, Dr. Griffith was the first sport psychologist ever hired by a professional sports team, the Chicago Cubs baseball team. For his pioneering efforts, he is considered the father of the science of sport psychology in the United States. We can define psychology as the study of the human mind, emotions and behavior. Psychology is an academic and applied field. The American Psychological Association (APA) states that sport psychology is the “scientific study of the psychological factors that are associated with participation and performance in sport, exercise, and other types of physical activity.” The most important certifying body in sport psychology, the Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP), states that they “promote the ethical practice, science, and advocacy of sport and exercise psychology”. The first journal “The Journal of Sports Psychology” came out in 1979; and in 1985, several applied sport psychology practitioners, headed by John Silva, believed an organization was needed to focus on professional issues in sport psychology, and therefore formed the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology (AAASP). In 2007, AAASP dropped "Advancement" from its name to become the Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP), as it is currently known It can be said that sports psychology plays a very vital role in enhancing the performance of sportspersons. It deals with the various mental qualities such as concentration, confidence, emotional control and commitment etc., which are important for successful performance in sports

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) and games. Applied sport and exercise psychology consists of instructing athletes, coaches, teams, exercisers, parents, fitness professionals, groups, and other performers on the psychological aspects of their sport or activity. The goal of applied practice is to optimize performance and enjoyment through the use of psychological skills and the use of psychometrics and psychological assessment. It is pertinent to mention that the practice of applied sport psychology is not legally restricted to individuals who possess one type of certification or licensure. The subject of "what exactly constitutes applied sport psychology and who can practice it?" has been debated amongst sport psychology professionals, and as of 2011, still lacks formal legal resolution in the United States. For instance, some question the ability of professionals who possess only sport science or kinesiology training to practice "psychology" with clients, while others counter that clinical and counseling psychologists without training in sport science do not have the professional competency to work with athletes. However, this debate should not overshadow the reality that many professionals express the desire to work together to promote best practices among all practitioners, regardless of training or academic background. There are different approaches that a sports psychologist can use while working with his clients. For example, the social-psychological approach focuses on the social environment and the individual's personality, and on how complex interactions between the two influence behavior. The psycho- physiological approach focuses on the processes of the brain and their influence on physical activity, and the cognitive-behavioral approach analyzes the ways in which individual thoughts determine behavior. Recently some studies have been influenced by an evolutionary psychology perspective.[45] This includes studies on testosterone changes in sports which at least for males are similar to those in status conflicts in non-human primates with testosterone levels increasing and decreasing as an individual's status changes. A decreased testosterone level may decrease dominant and competitive behaviors which when the status conflicts involved fighting may have been important for preventing physical injury to the loser as further competition is avoided. Testosterone levels also increase before sports competitions, in particular if the event is perceived as real challenge as compared to not being important. Testosterone may also be involved in the home advantage effect which has similarities to animal defense of their home territory. In some sports there is a marked overrepresentation of left-handedness which has similarities to left-handed likely having an advantage in close combat which may have evolutionary explanations. Personality is major area in the research field of sports psychology. There is a relationship between personality and performance of a player. Mental toughness , self efficacy and arousal are the pillars of the sports personality. Mental toughness is a psychological edge that helps one perform at a high level consistently. Mentally tough athletes exhibit four characteristics: a strong self-belief (confidence) in their ability to perform well, an internal motivation to be successful, the ability to focus one’s thoughts and feelings without distraction, and composure under pressure. Self-efficacy is a belief that one can successfully perform a specific task. In sport, self-efficacy has been conceptualized as sport-confidence. However, efficacy beliefs are specific to a certain task (e.g., I believe I can successfully make both free throws), whereas confidence is a more general feeling (e.g., I believe I will have a good game today). Arousal refers to one's physiological and cognitive activation. While many researchers have explored the relationship between arousal and performance, one unifying theory has not yet been developed. However, research does suggest perception of arousal (i.e., as either good or bad) is related to performance. Motivation can be

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) defined broadly as the will to perform a given task. People who play or perform for internal reasons, such as enjoyment and satisfaction, are said to be intrinsically motivated, while people who play for external reasons, such as money or attention from others, are extrinsically motivated. Sports psychology emphasize the use of psychological skills training e.g., goal setting, imagery, energy management, self-talk when working with players by educating and instructing them on how to use these skills effectively during performance situations. Goal setting is the process of systematically planning ways to achieve specific accomplishments within a certain amount of time. Research suggests that goals should be specific, measurable, difficult but attainable, time-based, written down, and a combination of short-term and long-term goals. A meta-analysis of goal setting in sport suggests that when compared to setting no goals or "do your best" goals, setting the above types of goals is an effective method for improving performance. According to Dr. Eva V. Monsma, short-term goals should be used to help achieve long-term goals. Dr. Monsma also states that it is important to "set goals in positive terms by focusing on behaviors that should be present rather than those that should be absent." Each long-term goal should also have a series of short-term goals that progress in difficulty. For instance, short-term goals should progress from those that are easy to achieve to those that are more challenging. Having challenging short-term goals will remove the repetitiveness of easy goals and will give one an edge when striving for their long-term goals. Another is self talk technique. Self-talk refers to the thoughts and words athletes and performers say to themselves, usually in their minds. Self-talk phrases (or cues) are used to direct attention towards a particular thing in order to improve focus or are used alongside other techniques to facilitate their effectiveness. For example, a softball player may think "release point" when at bat to direct her attention to the point where the pitcher releases the ball, while a golfer may say "smooth stroke" before putting to stay relaxed. Research suggests either positive or negative self- talk may improve performance, suggesting the effectiveness of self-talk phrases depends on how the phrase is interpreted by the individual. Relaxation is important for sportsman. Arousal regulation is refers to entering into and maintaining an optimal level of cognitive and physiological activation in order to maximize performance. The use of meditation and specifically, mindfulness, is a growing practice in the field of arousal recognition. Conclusion: As an interdisciplinary subject, sports psychology draws on several different scientific fields, ranging from psychology to physiology to neuroscience. Major topics of study are the relationship between exercise and mental health (e.g., stress, affect, self-esteem), interventions that promote physical activity, exploring exercise patterns in different populations (e.g., the elderly, the obese), theories of behavior change, and problems associated with exercise (e.g., injury, eating disorders, exercise addiction). Recent evidence also suggests that besides mental health and well- being, sport practice can improve general cognitive abilities. When requiring sufficient cognitive demands, physical activity seems to be an optimal way to improve cognition, possibly more efficiently than cognitive training or physical exercise alone.

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

References:  Driska, A. (2011). A brief history of sport psychology. The Tough Mind  Marchant, D.B. (2010). Psychological assessment: Objective/self-report measures. In S. J. Hanrahan & M.B. Andersen (Eds.), Routledge handbook of applied sport psychology (pp. 111-119). London: Routledge  Monsma, Eva.(2007). Principles of Effective Goal Setting  Moreau, D., & Conway, A. R. A. (2013). Cognitive enhancement: A comparative review of computerized and athletic training programs. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 155-183. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2012.758763.  Jowett, S. (2014). Interdependence Theory and Coach-Athlete Relationships. In Eklund & Tenenbaum (Eds), Sage Encyclopedia of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Sage

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

“Study of Role of Media in Promotion of Sports in India”

1Dr. Ramesh Ashok Gaikwad, 2Prof. Raosaheb Garad 1Directors of Physical Education and Sports, B. J. S. College, Wagholi 2Balasheb Jadhav Arts, Science and Commerce College Ale, Pune ABSTRACT In India sports were played since ages. The sports participation certainly benefits the players on health ground as well as building character at individual level. The sport events benefit the community development on sound lines.Participating in sports/physical activity develops the 5 components of fitness, which are: strength, speed, skill, stamina and flexibility.Participation in sports builds character, teaches and develops strategic thinking, analytical thinking, leadership skills, goal setting and risk taking, just to name a few.Over the past few years the Indian sports have shown tremendous progress in respect of all the games that are being played in India. In the field of Cricket, hockey, kabbadi, shooting, chess, badminton, tennis etc. in both genders we have achieved international ranking.Media plays a greater role in the development of the nation. There are some channels which are wholly devoted to sports activity, E.g. ESPN, Ten Sports, Star Sports etc.The media both print media and digital media are giving wide publicity to the various sports events and this is being watched by many people. Even in the interior areas, local channels also cover the various sport events give wide publicity to the sportsmen. This has certainly led to gradually change the mind-set of the parents and they are also in deserving cases motivate their kids to participate in the sports at various levels.Therefore there is every hope that, in times to come India has a bright future. The media will also be continuing its support to the sports events. Key words: Sports, Media, importance of the sports, change in mind-set, dedicated sports channels. Historical perspective of Sports in India

In India sports were played since ages. Sports since ancient times have been considered as a means to remain fit. Marbles, balls and dice were commonly used for playing games. Hunting was also popular as a game. Even in the Vedic literature we find reference to the games like chess, and races. Both in Ramayana and Mahabharata references are there of various games then played.During the princely regime the sports used to receive royal patronage. Takshashila and Nalanda universities were famous for sports activities like archery, Yoga, military training, swimming, etc. Thus we can see that right from the early age the Indian society has accorded prime place for the games. The sports participation certainly benefits the players on health ground as well as building character at individual level. The sport events benefit the community development on sound lines. Participation in sports by an individual certainly helps in developing his personality on sound footing. In India for the last several generations’ sports is regarded as an extra curricula activity in schools which certainly creates disrespect and its benefit. The families were not supporting the sport participation under the guise of that sport will be a barrier for career development. Since childhood, children are motivated to study and score marks, not to give priority to sports as it is not linked to academic performance and jobs.

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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES SPECIAL ISSUE ON SPORTS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

On the above backdrop there is a need to change the mind-set of the parents about the participation of their wards in sports. The parents should understand in right perspective the benefits associated with the participation in sports. Gradually we witness that the expected change is taking place. This is mainly because of the wide media coverage and the success that the Indian players are getting at national and international level. Even the government is also actively supporting the players having national / international ranking. The corporates are also giving due weightage to sports persons while recruiting their human resources. Significance of Sports There is a saying in English which reads “A healthy mind in Healthy Body”. Participation in sports builds character, teaches and develops strategic thinking, analytical thinking, leadership skills, goal setting and risk taking, just to name a few. Sports keep the human being physically and mentally fit and active, which results in healthy approach to human life. The participation in sports shapes your personality in a positive way. If the game is a team event then it builds team spirit. It builds character, teaches and develops strategic thinking, analytical thinking, leadership skills, goal setting and risk taking, just to name a few. Participating in sports/physical activity develops the 5 components of fitness, which are: strength, speed, skill, stamina and flexibility. When we are under stress from personal problems, work pressures and anxiety, apart from the fitness benefits, exercise through playing sports helps release pressure and tension in a healthy and controlled way. The World Health Organization has highlighted the importance in the following statement: “Experience and scientific evidence show that regular participation in appropriate physical activity and sport provides people of both sexes and all ages and conditions, including persons with disabilities, with a wide range of physical, social and mental health benefits. It improves diet and discourages the use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs. It helps to reduce violence, enhance functional capacity, and promote social interaction and integration.” 1. Team spirit: When one is working in a team the team members has to sacrifice personal interest and has to play for the common goals. 2. Leadership skills: The team member learns to lead the team members who come from different walks of life 3. Fair play:As a team member he has to sportingly accept win or defeat. He should have respect for the rules of the game and the umpire’s decision. 4. Never give up:The team member has to fight to the last without giving up in between. Perhaps you may win at the end. 5. Great leveller:The team members learn to believe that no loss is permanent. In course of time he understands that failure is the first step towards success. 6. Focus:Sports teaches the players how to concentrate on your goal using full strength and abilities. . 7. Strengths and abilities: The sport person is benefited by the participation as he can build sound health. Current status of Indian Sport Over the past few years the Indian sports have shown tremendous progress in respect of all the games that are being played in India. In the field of Cricket in both genders we have achieved

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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES SPECIAL ISSUE ON SPORTS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) international ranking. Our players are performing very well and bringing name and fame to the country. Our hockey teams, football teams are performing better. In the badminton and tennis our players again from both the genders have earned international fame and have won titles. Even in the Olympics though our performance is not satisfactory but it is certainly better than ever and the trend of getting medals is moving upward. Our players have won title in Weight lifting, wrestling, badminton, shooting, chess etc., in the last Olympic. Adding to this is the slew of recent wins by Indian sporting icons that have inspired youngsters to pursue their passion for sports. The success stories of SainaNehwal, Mary Kom and DipikaPallikal have also inspired a lot of young girls to pursue sports. The government is also taking initiative to promote sports in a big way. For the international and national players the government is providing suitable jobs to the medal winners besides the cash prizes or allotment of flats/plots. So far as the student stage is concerned the colleges have sports quota as well as extra rating for qualifying in the administration process. Media Media plays a greater role in the development of the nation. There are various forms of Media. E.g. print media, digital media, Radio Broadcasting etc. In India the first print media was established in the year 1870. In 1927, first radio broadcasting was established in the private sector and in the year 1930 it became the state responsibility. In India traditionally the print media and television media are owned by families. Today’s digital media is owned by the State as well as by corporate sector. Since 1991, when Indian govt. initiated economic reforms it also opened up its economy to the foreign investors as a result of which number of Multi-National Companies have made their presence in India. E.g. BBC, CNN, There are some channels which are wholly devoted to sports activity, E.g. ESPN, Ten Sports, Star Sports etc. Until recently in India only the game of Cricket was overshadowing the other games. However, during the last decade several Indian games like Kabbadi, Mallakhamb, shooting, chess, etc. have also been gaining popularity not only in India but also overseas. The world popular game football was also not so popular but now because of special efforts to make it popular with the private initiative of Mrs. Neeta Ambani’s NGO the game has now reached every nook and corner of India. The sports channels mentioned above which are throughout the day go on exhibiting the game events. They cover all the games. It is only because of this audio-visual media games like Tennis, Badminton, Table Tennis, Football, etc. have become so familiar not only to the youth but even the elders are also getting interest in watching these games. Now even ladies are also conversant about the rules of various games. The media both print media and digital media are giving wide publicity to the various sports events and this is being watched by many people. Even in the interior areas, local channels also cover the various sport events give wide publicity to the sportsmen. This has certainly led to gradually change the mind-set of the parents and they are also in deserving cases motivate their kids to participate in the sports at various levels. This support from the family is certainly helpful for the sportsmen to concentrate on their sports. The media is also benefitted by getting commercial sponsorship as well as advertisements from the corporates both domestic and multinationals. These channel owners are also funding the national organizations of various sports which in turn help the grass root level organization for development of the particular sport. Thus the sport stands benefitted. The media is also

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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES SPECIAL ISSUE ON SPORTS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) highlighting the failure of the government or the society if a particular sportsman is not given his due credit and brings it to the notice of the govt. so that corrective steps can be taken. This act on the part of the media is also creditable. The channels which are devoted to sports exclusively, they also release repeat telecast of the international matches which helps the sportsmen to watch those again and again and study their faults to improve their performance. Conclusion: Presently the overall tempo for all the sports is very much encouraging. Our teams as well as individual players are registering very good performance at the national and international levels. This also encourages the parents as well as the government efforts in promoting the sports. Even the corporate sector under the Corporate Social Responsibilities is supporting the sports activities in the rural area and deserving sportsmen. Therefore there is every hope that, in times to come India has a bright future. The media will also be continuing its support to the sports events.

References: 1. Abdul Kalam, The Hindu, 22nd March 2012, Article titled, “Media as a partner in national development” 2. United News of India, 28th December 2017, news titled, Media has imp role in taking sports to every home in India: Rathore” 3. Various newspapers’ sports reporting from time to time. 4. http://academicbag.blogspot.in/2012/05/role-of-media-in-sports-development.html

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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES SPECIAL ISSUE ON SPORTS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

Meditation for Adolescent

Ms. Paurnima Balawant Karale Director of Phy. Education, Shankarrao Bhelake College, Nasarapur Tal-Bhor,Dist-Pune Abstract;- As we all know the adolescence is one of the most confusing times of our lives There are so many factor contributing to the way teens feel from their school environment ,friendship ,family life to the biological changes going on their bodies Learning to manage these stressors and find balance can be extremely difficult for both teens and parents to ease physical emotional and biological challenges of adolescent. This is where meditation comes in. It is more than sitting quietly It is development of mindful awareness. Keywords:-Meditation, Adolescent,Adolescence Introduction:- Adolescent: (of a young person )in the process of developing from child in to an adult Adolescents depends on their families their communities, school services and their work places to learn wide range of important skills that can help them to cope with the pressure they face and make the transition from adulthood to child hood successfully Parents members of community service providers and social institute have the responsibility to both promote adolescent development and adjustment and to intervene effectively when problems arise When oil is poured from one vessel to another one can observe steady and constant flow .When the flow of concentration is uninterrupted the state that arises is meditation ( dhyana ) Meditation is the process of quieting the mind in order to spend time in thought of relaxation or religious and spiritual purpose .The goal is to attend inner state of awareness and intensify personal and spiritual growth In practice meditation involve concentrated focus on something such as a sound, image or feeling. Meditation is also referred dhyan in sanskit Meditation is an ancient practice that helps to control our own mind consequently our own life and discover our self .Meditation involve concentration and relaxation both of which are enhanced with the yoga ,so too there are variety of ways to meditate .the first stage of meditate is to find a focal point or method of focusing in order to free oneself from distractions. Some method of focusing includes: Sound:Repeating mantra phrase or other sound Visualizing:Picturing an object with eye closed, such as lotus flower or the energy points in the body (chakas) Gazing: Looking at an actual object eyes open Candles, flowers or picture are common objects use to gazing Breathing: Observing the breath and what it feels like – the sensations-as it travels in and out of the body To experience the benefit of meditation regular practice necessary .It takes only a few minutes every day once imbibed to the daily routine Meditation became a best part of your day Busy people from all back grounds are grateful to pause and enjoy a refreshing few minutes of meditation each day ,If you can meditate for few minutes you will able to engage yourself with

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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES SPECIAL ISSUE ON SPORTS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) peace and spiritual strength in the battle of life for one week through the force of this meditation .Such is the beneficial result of this meditation . There are many reasons why you should convince teen to meditate Improve Concentration: According to the study conducted meditation can actually improve how quickly and clearly brain cell communicate with one another and can improve how well people perform in busy, noisy environments. This can be huge benefit for studying especially at exam time. Improve immune system: Quieting of the mind, deep breathing and positive visualization which all come with meditation have also been shown to improve the immunity system Reduce stress: This is one of the tenants of meditation and defiantly one of the major benefits for teenagers Even small thing seem huge to teenagers and teaching them to let go and focus can extremely helpful Improve cardio health and lower blood pressure: calm and mindfulness it support can actually reduce blood pressure and improve overall cardio health Improve self awareness: The self awareness that is developed through meditation can be helpful to teenagers It can help teenagers see themselves as they really are ,and not compare themselves to theirs peer. This is key factor in building resilience, self confidence and self esteem. Improve self acceptance: .The teen ager that perhaps when this is most difficult .meditation can help teens to form a closer and healthier connection with themselves which can make accepting oneself much easier. This is turn can lead to more centered, happier teen Improves sleep: Teenagers need slip and lots of it. However the reality is many teens are staying up later and having more difficult getting to sleep .The mindfulness and calmness meditation promotes can not only help teenagers to quiet their mind at night, it can also help them to get deeper , more restful sleep when they actually do sleep. Anxiety decreases: Lowers level of blood lactate, reducing anxiety attacks Improves mood and behavior Increase serotonin production that improves mood and behavior Decrease any tension related pain: Decrease any tension related pain such as tension headaches, ulcer insomnia muscle and joint problems Increase the energy level as you gain and inner source :With meditation physiology go under change and every cell in the body is fill with the more energy This result in joy enthusiasm as the level of energy in the body increases on the physical level meditation Emotional stability: Meditation involves great deal of visualization-a powerful tool which can be helpful for adolescent to reshape their current way of thinking and create more positive stable and emotional environment Meditation can actually reduce stress :Meditation bring the body in to a state of deep relaxation and produce tools and resources needed to deal with the stress and mind learn to relax through deep breathing exercises and techniques ,the mind calm and body experience a stat of tranquility Conclusion: Meditation can positively affect adolescent lives .Research in neuroscience and attention provides evidence that meditation strengthens the neural system of the brain that are responsible for concentration and generating empathy .Adolescent can obtain benefits through meditation peace of mind ,good sustainability, good health ,concentration and attention are some of the major outcomes of meditation . Meditation is good for all ages especially it is very important for adolescent because this stage determines future life

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

References:-  Asy Steps To Yoga [Book] / auth. Shivanand Shri Swami. - Himalayas India : A Divine Life Society Pubalication, 1999.  The illusrated light on yoga [Book] / auth. Menuhin B.K.S IYENGAR Forwaeded by Yehudi. - New Delhi : Harper Collins Publishers, Tenth impression 2005.  B.K.S., I. (2005). The Illustated Light on Yoga (Vol. 00). News Dehli: HarperCollins Publisher India.  Menuhin, B. I. (Tenth impression 2005). The illusrated light on yoga . New Delhi: Harper Collins Publishers.  Shivanand, S. S. (1999). Easy Steps To Yoga . Himalayas India: A Divine Life Society Pubalication.  www.artofliving.org/meditation  www.yogapedia.com/defination

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON KICKING SKILLS OF COLLEGEFOOTBALLPLAYERS

Mr. P.G. Dhanave, Ph.D Scholar, Dept. of Physical Education, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune.

Abstract : The aim of this study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on kickingskills of college football players. To achieve this purpose, 26 men football players were selected from MIT College, Pune. Their age was under twenty one years. They were assigned to single group pretest-posttest experimental design. In this experiment, the group was assigned to one hour of yogic practices, every day for eight weeks. The subject underwent the test namely, Mc Donald skill test and SAI kicking accuracy football skill test. The “t test” and “degree of freedom” was used to analyze the data. The study revealed that the kicking accuracy and kicking efficiency variables was significantly improved due to the influence of the yogic practices of college football players. Key words: Yoga, football, kicking accuracy.

Introduction Yoga involves a combination of asanas and pranayamas that utilize in various body parts and mind to provide a lot of cardiovascular and concentration benefits. These asana poses and breathing techniques collectively lets the body reach its maximum level of physical health and as well as mental health.Yoga is a practice of the mind and body, with its roots deeply implanted in the ancient Hindu culture. Initially yoga was practiced mainly for meditative purposes, but it also providesflexibility and strength to the body and relax to the mind. Now a day’s most of the people practice yoga for the purpose of physical fitness. When we talk about Yoga and sports, they are both two different things. Yoga equals to the practice, especially for our mind control whereas sports equals to the training. But the one thing that connects these two together is the attainment of whatever aim one wants to achieve. As a matter of fact, Yoga can be a very helpful for training in sports. These days, more and more athletes are turning to Yoga to enhance their performance. No matter which type of sports you are into, you can be sure that Yoga can help you up your game. Benefits of Yoga . Yoga exercises can bring great flexibility to the spine and joints as well as help in improving the balance between mind and body. . Yoga will help you to prevent injuries by increasing flexibility and strengthening muscles. Yoga is recognized for preventive, promote and also curative aspect. . Yoga can also help improve your mental aspect as concentration,physical aspect as strength and endurance as well as skillful aspect as footwork. . Yoga teaches the discipline of physical postures mainly during asanas and breathing work during pranayamas. . Yoga mainly helps to reduce stress from your body and mind.

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

Although Yoga provides a lot of benefits for an athlete, so practicing any type of Yoga, can ensure to improve their overall state of being as well as athletic performance. Hence yoga is also useful for integration of personality. Our Indian people are full of talents with a great historical, cultural & sports background. Indian history is full of stories and awareness of physical fitness through sports. Sports like football are based on speed, agility, flexibility, strength &cardiovascular endurance of a player. Yoga is well known and proven therapy for all-round personality developments and the role of yoga in developing other skill in different disciplines has already been proved by different research.So here,the researchers are trying to find its usefulness and get the benefits of yoga practice in sports like football. The aim of this research is to gain benefits from yoga for improving the skill like kicking accuracy ofcollege football players. This research will be useful to the future players and coaches to improve the sports skills.Good effects of yogic practice is not only limited to the physical fitness components but it is also observed that the effects are dripping down from mind to body and vice versa and to develop the overall personality of a person. While improving the physical fitnessthrough yoga, it is automatically affected to improve the performance of sports kills. Thus, its utility might be effective for enhancing performance of Football players. Yoga is also a scientific discipline to realize the self-potentiality. Likewise, the Football players may improve their potentialities. Yoga practices begin to work at muscular level where stretching improves cellular diffusion that provides flexibility and strength at cellular level, ultimately resulting in flexibility and muscular strength. It also works at breathing level where pranayama improve lungs capacity and ultimate the result is endurance. Once yoga brings the physical fitness, which may be the key factor to improve football skills. Method Participants Twenty sixinter collegiate menfootball players of MIT College will be selected for the study by using convenient sampling technique. The age of players is under twenty one years. Procedure The researcher have chosen a single group pretest-posttest design for conducting experiment in the present study. This study consists of an experimental group.The subjects will be tested first which is named as pretest. In this the experimental group will be provided daily one hour yogic practice treatment for eight weeks. Pretest and Posttest was conducted for the study of single group Pretest- Posttest design which was used for the present investigation.

Testing Table 1.1 Tools for data collection

Sr.No. Name of the Test Measuring Factor (Objective) 1. Mc Donald Soccer Skill Test Kicking accuracy 2. SAI football Kicking Accuracy Test Kicking efficiency

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Results Table no 1.2 Descriptive statistics of pretest and posttest of football skills. Variable Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Kicking accuracy pre test 56.34 26 11.78 2.31 Kicking accuracy post 66.73 26 10.94 2.14 test Kicking efficiency Pre 5.76 26 2.02 0.39 test Kickingefficiency post 7.61 26 1.76 0.34 test The table 1.2 shows the descriptive statistics of pre test and post test of football skill performance measured by Kicking accuracy, Kicking efficiency test. The mean score pre and posttest of Kicking accuracy test was 56.34 and 66.73 (SD 11.78, 10.94) respectively and Kicking efficiency test the mean of pre and posttest was 5.76 and 7.61(SD 2.02, 1.76) respectively. Table No 1.3 paired sample ‘t’ test between pretest and post test Test Std. Sig. (2- Mean Deviation Std. Error Mean T df tailed) Kicking accuracy pre & post -10.38 5.09 1.00 -10.38 25 .000 test Kicking efficiency Pre & -1.84 1.91 0.37 -4.92 25 .000 post test The table 1.3 shows that the mean differences of kicking accuracy and kicking efficiency skilltest for the experimental group, between the pre and posttest were 10.38 and 1.84 respectively and degree of freedom, 25. The t value for both test were 10.38 and 4.92 which shows the significant difference between pre and posttest at 0.05 significance level (p=.000). Discussion This discussion evaluated the effect of yogic practices on improving the skills of football players. It also helped in the improvement of health related physical fitness components and personality factors of school going children (Kudale, B. A., 2009). Effect of yoga training on physical fitness helped to improve the performance of selected athletic events. Was given yogic training having asanas that would be influence in the high jump event. Also breathing exercises (pranayama) that would help in enhancing the athletes in 1500 m. run(Kanade, V. K., Gharote, M. L., 1983).The varied packages of yogic practices on selected biochemical variable such as Cholesterol, low density and high density lipo protein was significantly improved (Yograj, P. and Elangovan, R., 2011). In the present study the result shown the effect of yogic practices was found significantly improving the Kicking accuracy and kicking efficiency skills of college football players. Conclusion The purpose of this study to investigate the effect of yogic practices on kicking accuracy and kicking efficiency football skills. The result and findings of this experiment, within limitations, helped to conclude that: The training intervention i.e. yogic practices, improved kicking accuracy and kicking efficiencyfootball skills college football players.

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References  Bera, T. K., Rajapurkar, M. V. & Ganguli, S. K. (1990). Effect of yoga training on body density in school going boys. NIS Scientific Journal , 13,2, 23-35.  Best, J. W. & Khan J. V. (2010). Research in education (10th Edition ed.). New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited.  Chougule, S. N. (2006). Effect of selected asanas and aerobic exercises and selected health related physical fitness variables of upper primary school girls. Masters of Philosophy thesis in Physical Education, University of Pune.  Ganguli, S. K. & Gharote, M. L. (1989). Effect of yogic training on endurance and flexibility level. Yoga Mimamsa , 24,3, 29-39.  Gharota, M. L. (1970). Effect of yogic exersises on strength and endurance of the abdominal muscles of femalel. Vyam Vidnyan , 4,1, 11-12.  Gharote, M. L. (1982). Gudelines for yogic practice. Lonavala, India: The Lonavala Yoga Institute.  Health and physical fitness. (2011, January 31). Retrieved from Health and physical fitness: http://www.tpopatent.comphysical-fitness-with-yoga  Health and yoga. (n.d.). Retrieved from Health and yoga: http://www.healthandyoga,com/  Johnson, B. L. & Nelson, J. K. (1988). Practical measurement for evaluation in physical education (3rd Edition ed.). Delhi, India: Surjeet Publication.  Kanade, V. K., Gharote, M. L. (1983).Effect of yoga training on physical fitness of selected athletic events. Ph. D. Thesis, Mumbai University.  Kansal, B. K. (2008). Text book of applied measurement evalution and spotrs selection (2nd Editoin ed.). New Delhi: DVS Publication.  Kudale, A. B. (2009). Effect of selected yoga practices on health related physical fitness component and personality factors of school going childrens. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Pune.  Miller, D. K. (2002). Measurement by the physical educator (4th Edition ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.  Moorthy, A. M. (1982). Effect of selected yogic asanas and physical exercises on flexibility . Yoga Review , 2,3, 161-166.  Pise, V. N. (2007). Effect of selected yogic practices on health related physical fitness components of mentally retarded children. M. Ed. Thesis, Univesity of Pune.  Shahram, Y. (2009). Effect of selected yogic and stretching exercises on low back pain as a remedy. M. Ed. Thesis, University of Pune.  Soccer skills. (n.d.). Retrieved from Soccer skills: http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/soccer  Yoga and sports. (n.d.). Retrieved from Yoga and sports: htpp://www.abc-of-yoga.com/info- sports.asp  Yogaraj, p. & Elangonvan, R. (2011). Effect of varied packages of yogic practice on selected biochemical variables of college men students. International journal of physical education, sports management and yogic sciences. Vol.1, (1), pp 35-39.

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

“A Review of Changed Scenario of Women’s Participation in Sports”

Mangesh Babanrao Palwe Director of Physical Education & Sports, E.S.D. College Varvand Tal. Daund, Dist. Pune ABSTRACT Throughout the ages women are respected to a great extent but when it comes to decision making the male dominance is reflected. Women are considered as physically weak. Indian women face discrimination due to social and religious grounds since Veda’s time. Women were assigned the subdued role and were looking after the kitchen, earmarking their role as Housewife. They were expected to look after the kids as well as the old members of the family. Bharat Ratna Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve led the women’s education movement and established a school for the women in Pune and further developed the total educational set up specially for women. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule and his better half also followed his suit and started educational establishment at Pune. The movement gather momentum and today we see the impact of women’s education in every field. Our society has to make towards a massive cultural reform where we hold a sound work ethic. Until that is done Indian women will be just giving way after a mirage, not medals, in international sporting events. Now Indian women are adequately empowered economically as well as decision making. This has certainly helped them to pursue their sports interests. On this back drop now let us discuss the present scenario of women’s participation in sports. Now Indian women also play all the outdoor games and have acquired proficiency in those games. India has a lot of hidden talent in the villages, but there is a greater need to spot this talent and to give them scientific training and nourish them to be an asset in the form of international player representing India. Certainly discretionary treatment accorded to the women’s performers in the matter of welcoming them as well as in rewarding them demotivates the players and it affects their morale also. Therefore, we should take care that such things do not happen. This will be a historical achievement. Let us hope that the Indian women will continue their march towards achieving newer heights in the sports arena. Key words: traditional subdued role of Indian women, women in sports, change in the educational status, Indian women achievers even at the international level. Gender discrimination in recognition Introduction Traditionally India has predominantly a male dominated society. Throughout the ages women are respected to a great extent but when it comes to decision making the male dominance is reflected. Women are considered as physically weak. Indian women face discrimination due to social and religious grounds since Veda’s time. Women were considered as burden as a result of which they were not allowed to mix freely in the society. There were lots of restrictions on the women’s movements, their clothing, education etc. Under these circumstances till the last century women had to undergo lots of suffering and had to sacrifice their suffering. Women were assigned the subdued role and were looking after the kitchen, earmarking their role as Housewife. They were expected to look after the kids as well as the old members of the family. They were not allowed even to think of making a career. All financial and career decisions were used to be taken by the male members in the family. Women are expected to be feminine and were not allowed to undertake heavy duty and rigorous exercise. They were engrossed in the rules framed by the men. Under the guise of maintaining culture women were expected to dress them up

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) covering the full body. It will be appropriate to recall what Swami Vivekanand said about the women. He said, “It is impossible to recollect about the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved. It is unacceptable for a birdie to fly on only one wing.” 1 Discussion Bharat Ratna Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve led the women’s education movement and established a school for the women in Pune and further developed the total educational set up specially for women. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule and his better half also followed his suit and started educational establishment at Pune. The movement gather momentum and today we see the impact of women’s education in every field. Now we see Indian women are very well educated and we find their gracious presence in all walks of life. Women were not allowed to participate in the field games. Women used to play indoor games like, chess, ring tennis, langadi, etc. which did not require much of the muscle power. Women were considered as weak.

With the advent of the education, women started realizing their hidden talent and potential and gradually started ascertaining their due share in shaping the family and the country. Women started pursuing their careers as per their choice. They started acquiring new skills and compete with the men. Today, Indian women have reached in the international arena and adorning number of one position in the multinational companies all over the world. In India we find presence of women in those fields like the services, pilots, railway engineering, and scientists etc. which were once regarded as the men’s fields. Women are now competing with the men and are excelling. Our society has to make towards a massive cultural reform where we hold a sound work ethic. Until that is done Indian women will be just giving way after a mirage, not medals, in international sporting events. Now Indian women are adequately empowered economically as well as decision making. This has certainly helped them to pursue their sports interests. On this back drop now let us discuss the present scenario of women’s participation in sports. The importance of sports participation is beyond doubt. Whether one is participating in the individual event or a team event. Sports participation ensures physical as well as social well-being. It shapes her personality on a positive note. She can develop leadership qualities and decision making abilities. These qualities are very much helpful in the day today life to be successful. Now Indian women also play all the outdoor games and have acquired proficiency in those games. They are participating at all levels i.e. at school level, college level, state and national level. There are few women and their teams selected at national level, regional level are also participating in the international sports events and are bringing medals and fame to India. The Today, on the sports canvas we find the presence of the women in all the fields which were not even imagined about 50 years back. Today, Women’s Indian cricket team is number one at the global level. Indian Kabaddi team is ranked as number One. Media support and fan loyalty are also much more common in male sports than women.

1 Habeeb Husan, A Study on Female and Sports in India, https://ijosthe.com/a-study-on-female-and-sports-condition-in- india/.

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For easy and better understanding of the women participation let us list down the women achievers in the sports sphere at the international level. The list is not exhaustive but illustrative.

Name of the player Game which she/team represent/s Saina Nehwal Professional badminton player MC Mary Kom. Weight lifting P. V. Sindhu Badminton Bula Choudhury. National women's swimming champion Meetali Raj Cricket - has individual world record Geeta Phogat Wrestling Saina Mirza Tennis Deepika Kumari Archery Sakshi Malik Wrestling Won bronze medal at Olympics 2016 Name of the player Game which she/team represent/s P. T. Usha Running Dipa Karmakar Indian gymnast to qualify for the Olympics 2016 Sarita Devi Boxer Anjali Bhagwat Olympic athlete Shooting

Now the governments both central and state are encouraging women’s participation in sports and are offering various facilities for them. Women sports events are held every year at various levels and finally at the national level. Women who have state as well as national ranking in sports are also getting priority in jobs. Corporates are also supporting the women players who need support for pursuing their sports career. India has a lot of hidden talent in the villages, but there is a greater need to spot this talent and to give them scientific training and nourish them to be an asset in the form of international player representing India. Despite all this support that is forthcoming from the Govt. and Sports Associations, there are two vital areas which is pulling back the women’s participation in sports. When the male players reach home country after winning international events like cricket, kabbadi, hockey etc. or for that matter even the individual game events, they are accorded a huge reception at the airport. However, when women teams or individual players come winning international trophies hardly there are few fans to receive them. Not only that even the office bearers are also absent on most of the occasions. This is highly discouraging and women sports organizations as well as the government’s sports ministry should take it seriously and consciously avoid such embracing situations. Certainly such a treatment accorded to the women’s performers demotivates the players and it affects their morale also. Therefore, we should take care that such things do not happen. The other thing is that when the women sports teams / individual players come back winning international titles the amount of money given to them as an appreciation of their performance, is as compared to the male teams and players is very meagre. This does not happen to any particular game. This is the sad state of affair in all the games events. E.g. individual awards given for male cricketers is much more than that is offered to the world cup winner women team members. This type of discriminatory treatment demotivates the players and it adversely affects

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) their performance. Therefore, the need of the hour is to the discrimination in recognizing the performance and awarding the cash and kind prizes. Conclusion: Thus we find that the times have changed to a great extent and the Indian women are now overwhelmingly participating in the sports events at all levels including the international level and bringing glories to the nation. India is hosting several regional (SAARC level) as well as international events. India successfully hosted Asian, Commonwealth Games and is now poised to push her bid to hosting Olympic Games. This will be a historical achievement. Let us hope that the Indian women will continue their march towards achieving newer heights in the sports arena.

References:

1. Kumar, Rajan and Rajan, Sports Participation of Women in India, http://www.ijikc.co.in /sites/ijikc /index.php/ijikc/article/view/220. 2. https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2016/04/indian-women-in-sports/ 3. http://educoncours.com/2017/09/18/women-sports-india/

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“Construction and Standardization of Throwing Test in Baseball”

Gautam S. Jadhav Assistant Director of Physical Education and Sports. A.E.S. Tuljaram Chaturchand College ( Arts, Science and Commerce ), Baramati, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Abstract The study titled “Construction and Standardization of Throwing Test in Baseball” was conducted on under 18 male baseball players. The main objective of this study was to Construct and standardized an appropriate ‘Throwing skill test’ to select junior baseball Players. The study was limited for under 18 male baseball players of Maharashtra State. 511 subjects were selected for the study from 13th and 14th Junior State baseball Championship. The study was delimited to Throwing skill test which is necessary for the outstanding performance of fielding in the game baseball. Researcher not found any appropriate test battery after going through a range of study reviews, books, and published articles. Then the Researcher selected most important skill of baseball for the study. That is throwing. The test was standardized by determining the objectivity, reliability and validity. Test retest method was used for reliability, correlation between different observers for objectivity and face validity were taken in to consideration for the standardization of the test. The ‘r’ value of Validity of skill test found 1. The Reliability of skill test found 0.819 and the Objectivity of skill test found 1. Descriptive analysis was done by testing the Mean, Median and Standard Deviation. The normality of the scores was tested through skewness and kurtosis. The distribution of scores resides in the normal range of probability curve. The performance norms of skill test were graded as poor, fair, average, good, and excellent on the basis of Rank order method. The findings indicate that the baseball players must be selected on the basis of throwing test so that the team gets better throwers for fielding. The ‘Test’ can be successfully administered to discriminate between baseball players for selection. Selection Committee and coaches can use these Tests as “selection criteria” for District, University, State, National and International baseball Teams. This study will give players a guideline and target to prepare themselves for selection. Hence researcher recommends the use of test, norms and grading prepared. Keywords: Construction, Standardization, Baseball, Throwing.

Introduction The games like Baseball and Softball were not that popular in India and it was at initial stage. Compare to European or U.S.A. players our Indian players don’t have that much overall technique and tactics of both the games. If we want to compete with European or U.S.A. players we have to raise the standard of physical fitness, technique and tactics of our Baseball players. Whenever the researcher observes the game of European or U.S.A. players the main difference he observed that the hitting, fielding and accuracy of those pitchers were very high standard compare to Indian players. By the nature of the game, baseball is very dependent on the physical qualities of power and speed in base running, batting and throwing. Skillful players can score high and help to restrict the score of opponents; obviously it helps to win the match. We will get good results if we select the players having the skills and qualities of base running, batting, catching, throwing and pitching. But the researcher surprisingly noticed that no standardized skill tests are available for

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Baseball at present. Therefore the proper selection criterion is highly essential to select the quality players from the available sources. Throwing skill is highly important skill in baseball. Matches can win through the good score and good fielding, for that best quality throwers are essential. That is why the researcher decided to work on this topic, Construction & Standerdization of Throwing Test in Baseball. This topic is related to the theme, “Sports Education and Research” and sub theme, Research in Sports. Objectives of the study The present study had been conducting with following objectives. To design and construct throwing test in baseball To standardized the constructed throwing test in baseball To prepare norms of throwing test for junior level baseball players. Method The study is delimited to junior (Under 18) state level male baseball players from Maharashtra state. All the male baseball players from 13th and 14th junior Maharashtra state level baseball championship held in Baramati and Sangli respectively in 2013 and 2014 were selected as a sample (N=511). Equipments 3 official baseballs, a leveled ground, whistle, chalk powder, measuring tape recording sheet and a pencil. Procedure  The subject should stand on the marked starting line facing towards the catching target wearing the official glove in his proper hand.  When the whistle blows, the thrower runs towards the placed baseball 20 feet Away in front of him then picks up the ball and throws it towards the catching target in one and proper action of throwing.  The throw can be attempted from the area between the first marked line and the second marked line.  The tester should intimate the throw signal by whistle.  The test should last till the three throws are over.  Each subject will be allowed to get ready in 45 seconds for the next throw. Description of the test  The subject should stand on the marked starting line facing towards the catching target wearing the official glove in his proper hand.  When the whistle blows, the thrower should run towards the placed baseball 5 meters. Away in front of him then he should pick up the ball and throw it towards the catching target with proper action of throwing.  The throw should be attempted from the area between the first marked line and the second marked line.  The tester should intimate the throw signal by whistle.  The test should last till the three throws are over.  Each subject should be allowed to get ready in 45 seconds for the next throw. Scoring The total number of successful throws will be considered for the scoring. Each successful

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throw will get marks according to the throw in which area it is collected and unsuccessful throw gets zero. The rating is 1 to 5. Scoring Pattern  After observation of matches, the researcher decides to fix 100 feet distance for throwing test. The reason behind it is that the fielders standing on the base are going to throw the fielded ball at least from 90 feet distance. The fielder playing on short stop position is going to throw the ball at least from 100 to 110 feet and the players standing on right long centre long and left long position are going to throw the ball from 150 to 175 feet or more than that. Taking this into consideration, each fielder on an average 100 feet distance is finalized for throw.  The researcher finalizes 20 feet distance for the approach run to pick up the ball and throw it because the ball after hit is not coming towards the fielder. He has to run to the nearby area to field the ball. The fielders standing outside the diamond has to run at least 5 to 30 feet in nearby area to get the ball. That’s why, the 20 feet approach distance is finalized. Data Analysis  For the analysis of collected data SPSS version 17.0 and Microsoft Office Excel 2007 were used as a tool. Descriptive statistics was used for obtaining mean and standard deviation. The percentile method was used to prepare the norms.  This test is constructed to measure the base running ability and agility of the base runner. Base runners had given 3 chances per player and the score per chance was 5 that mean total marks were 15. The Descriptive of Throwing Test Table 1 The Descriptive Statistics of Throwing Test Score Distance Valid 511 511 N Missing 0 0 Mean 4.4070 2.1859 Median 4.6000 1.8000 Mode 4.80 1.40 Std. Deviation .48969 .97937 Variance .240 .959 Skewness -.933 .933 Std. Error of Skewness .108 .108 Kurtosis .383 .383

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Score Distance Std. Error of Kurtosis .216 .216 Range 2.40 4.80 Minimum 2.60 1.00 Maximum 5.00 5.80

Result based on scores From the table 1 it is clear that the Mean of score for throwing test is 4.4070. We can say that the skewness and kurtosis of scores are normally distributed. Result based on distance From the table 1 it is clear that the Mean of distance for throwing test is 2.1859. We can say that the skewness and kurtosis of distance and time are normally distributed. Table 2 Percentile Norms of Throwing Test Statistics Score Distance Grade Valid 511 511 N Missing 0 0 5 3.4000 4.9520 10 3.6000 4.2000 Grade “C” 15 3.8000 3.8000 20 4.0000 3.4000 25 4.2000 3.0000 30 4.2000 2.6000 35 4.4000 2.6000 40 4.4000 2.2000 45 4.4000 2.2000 Grade “B” 50 4.6000 2.2000 55 4.6000 1.8000 60 4.6000 1.8000 65 4.7600 1.8000

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Statistics Score Distance Grade 70 4.8000 1.4800 75 4.8000 1.4000 80 4.8000 1.4000 85 4.8000 1.4000 90 5.0000 1.4000 95 5.0000 1.0000 Grade “A” 99 5.0000 1.0000

Result of norms based on scores From the table 2 it is clear that the players obtain grade A can achieve the score of 5 points and distance below 1.4000. Those who obtain grade B can achieve the score of 4 points and distance below 3.4000 to 1.4000. Those who obtain grade C can achieve the score below 3 points and distance below 4.9520 to 3.8000. Result and Discussion  The statistical analysis clearly showed that the Mean of throwing test score is 4.4070 whereas the timing of throwing test mean is 2.1859. From the skewness and kurtosis of scores we can say that the scores are normally distributed.  Result of norms based on scores showed that when the players having throwing test score is 3.4000 then the players gets 5 percentile, whereas when players throwing test score is 4.6000 then the players gets 50 percentile and players record score is 5.0000 then players gets 99 points.  Result of norms based on distance showed that when the players distance throw is 4.9520 then the players gets 5 percentile, whereas when players distance of throw is 2.2000 then the players gets 50 points and players distance of throw is 1.0000 then players gets 99 percentile. Conclusion  Throwing test can measure the running skill of junior male baseball Players.  Throwing test is Valid, Reliable and Objective.  The norms of the test are gradable and can be useful to identify junior male baseball throwers having a good level of skill performance. Recommendation One can study and prepare norms for other skills of baseball like hitting, pitching, base running and catching.

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References 1 Jacobs,P.The overhand baseball pitch: A kinsiological analysis and related strength and conditioning programming. NSCA Journal 9(1):5-13,78-79.1987 2 Potteiger,J.A. and D. Wilson. Training the pitcher: A hypotheticalmodel. NSCA Journal. 11(3):27- 31.1989b. 3 Miyaguchi, K and Demura, S. (2012) Relationship between upper-body strength and bat swing speed in high-school baseball players. J Strength Cond Res 26(7): 1786–1791. 4 V. J. Prakash, (2000) Sports Statistics. Gwalior: Venus Publication. P. 285-290 5 Kansal D.K. (1996) Applied Measurement Evaluation and Sports Selection (2nd ed.) New Delhi: D.V. Publications. 6 Best, John W. (1977) Research in Education. ( Eagle Woods Cliffs, n.j.;Prentice Hall Inc., 1977) 7S.S.Daptare,(2012)ConstructionandStandardizationofKorfballSkillTestforCollegiatePlayerofPuneUniversit y. Completedresearchinhealth,physicaleducationandrecreation,PuneUniversity 8 Harpreet.,(1988). The Construction and standardization of physical fitness test for female hickey players,”In book of abstract, New horizons of human movement, SOSCOC

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“SPORTS MANAGEMENT- WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRIBAL STUDENTS”

1Dr. Narendra Uttamrao Patil, 2Prof. Dr. V. S. Wangwad, 3Prof. S.S. Sonwane 1,2Director of Sports and Phy. Edun., 3Dadasaheb Bidkar Arts and Commerc College, Peth Tal. Peth, Dist. Nashik ABSTRACT The Reader chose the Topic because, he has been working as the Physical Director in a college, that falls in the tribal area of Northern Maharashtra. Similarly, 98% of students belong to tribal area in General & S.T. category in particular. Hypothesis - "There will be a significant effect of Sports Management on Academic Achievement and Personality Development of the Tribal Students” The Paper is divided in to three parts like Sports Management, Academic Achievement and Personality Development. Sports Management refers to planning, organizing and supervising various sports activities – International and Domestic. And, it emphasizes leadership qualities enabling him to coach, manage and train various sportsmen. While considering the Academic Achievement, the reader developed a programme for one year having six days weekly programme with morning and evening sessions of two games like Kabaddi and Voleyball. In the Academic Achievement, he emphasized the points as further – 1. Interest in the study 2. Concentration . 3. Grasping Power 4. Fearlessness 5. Efficiency in studies 6. Increment in Marks. He compared the performance of students before launching the sports programme and after the competition of one year. Similarly, so far the Personality Development is concerned; the Reader has emphasized the further points – 1.Openness 2.Conscientiousness 3.Extroversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism and remaining points like as Non Addiction, Sportiveness, Positive Attitude and Physical Development. On the whole, the Reader has got positive results of the sports programme he had organized for the tribal students. The programme also showed good results such as the feeling of increased competitiveness, inclusion of the tribal students in developed socio-economic and educational strata of the society and they being included in the geographical and cultural main stream. The students became more out spoken and capable of tapping their potentialities in the competitive world, The students spent less time on watching T.V. and playing Computer games and spending the saved time on sports activities. They became healthy, strong, intelligent and happy while, their parents were required to spend less money on their health expenditure. As a result of the Academic Achievement and Personality Development, the Reader believes that the Hypothesis - "there will be a significant effect of Sports Management on Academic Achievement and Personality Development of Tribal Students” has been proved.

Introduction: I chose the topic because, I have been working as a ‘Physical Director’ in Dadasaheb Bidkar Art’s and Commerce College, Peth, Tal. Peth, Dist. Nashik; the Northern part of Maharashtra State; the tribal area earlier known as Dang District of Maharashtra State. Secondly, almost 98% of the

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) students under my Research Study belong to Tribal Area and S.T. category. The paper is divided into two parts, viz.

A] Academic Achievements; and B] Personality Development. Before that, it would be pertinent to say a few words about Sport Management- “Sports Management is planning, organizing and supervising various sports activities, both international and domestic”, is the general definition of Sports Management. Sports Management emphasizes Leadership Qualities in an individual enabling him to coach, manage and train sportsmen coming from various fields of sports activity. When it is regarded as a profession, it includes Marketing, Finance, Technology, Media, Event Management, Merchandising and Sponsorship. For the Academic Achievement and Personality Development of Tribal Students, I developed a plan of one year sports programme including four quarters of three months each, further every month in a quarter including four weeks. Thus, every week includes six days with one hour in the morning session and one hour in the evening session. The sports programme includes the activities as described below:-

Activity I & II III & IV V & VI VII & VIII IX & X XI & XII Warming 8 min 8 min 8 min 8 min 8 min 8 min up Exercise 4 min 4 min 4 min 4 min 4 min 4 min related to event Events – 20 min 20 min 20 min 20 min 20 min 20 min Kabaddi Rules & Few Few Training & All skills Participation & Regulations skills skills Coaching practised & Volleyball Competition Break 4 min 4 min 4 min 4 min 4 min 4 min Events – 20 min 20 min 20 min 20 min 20 min 20 min Kabaddi Rules & Few Few Training & All skills Participation & Regulations skills skills Coaching practised & Volleyball Competition Cooling 4 min 4 min 4 min 4 min 4 min 4 min down The results of the implementation of the above sports programme are as discussed as below. First we consider the results of Academic Achievement and then the Personality Development. A] ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT – The Academic Achievement was witnessed in respect of the following points:-

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A-1) Interest in the study – The students became more interested in their studies, as a result of the freshness that they started feeling due to the daily sports programme. Similarly, the regularity in the daily sports activity, also made them regular in their studies. Thus, both these factors rose their interest in studies. A-2) Concentration – It is found that, the degree of Concentration on the study also increased considerably. Because, in sports, one learns very easily to concentrate on the goal. The similar process, knowingly or unknowingly, is practised while studying. And Concentration is the important factor in studies. A-3) Grasping Power – It is also found that, the grasping power of the students also increased. Because, one who concentrates is presumed to have more grasping power. Similarly, any sports activity increases the blood circulation in the sportsmen. This results in increased efficiency of all the organs of human being, especially, human brain. Thus, the increased efficiency of the brain leads to increased Grasping Power.

A-4) Fearlessness – The students became more fearless than before. This is because, they felt stronger, they were exposed to newer challenges, there potentialities were tapped, etc. Similarly, the inborn inferiority complex in them started receding. They became little

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bolder. All this resulted into more fearlessness and the same was also experienced in respect of their studies. A-5) Efficiency in studies – Interest in study, Concentration on studies, Grasping Power and Fearlessness, these all together led to increased study efficiency both physically and mentally. They started sitting for increased study hours. A-6) Increment in marks – In India, the academic performance of the students is measured by the way of percentage of marks. An increase of 10% to 15% in the marks obtained by the students in the examinations has been recorded. The five points discussed above have contributed to the increment in the marks. B] PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT – Similar to the Academic Achievement, there was an achievement in Personality Development of the students under study as discussed below:-

B-1) Openness – Openness refers to doing newer things and exposing oneself to newer experiences. Such persons believe in the principle - “The change is only true”. The reason behind such a change is that, every now and then the student was exposed to newer sports situation and experiences to which he learnt to accommodate.

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B-2) Conscientiousness – In society Conscientiousness is deteriorating at a faster rate. however, the tribal students showed a remarkable increase in the degree of Conscientiousness because they felt the importance of being disciplined and single tasking. They seemed to be more punctual. B-3) Extroversion – It is the noteworthy result of the students that they become little extrovert because, in any sport activity you have to face minimum one or more persons in opposition or around you. Naturally, you have to think about others and thus, you start slowly thinking about them too. The result is Extroversion. B-4) Agreeableness – It is found that, the tribal students showed more agreeableness than before as a result of the sports programme implemented for them. They became less competitive and less argumentative. The Co-operative Attitude is at the root of this type of behaviour.

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B-5) Neuroticism – Neuroticism has a reference to emotional stability or de-stability. A persons with a low score on Neuroticism is even tempered, calm and vice-versa. The tribal students under study, started showing low score on neuroticism. This is because, the tribal student learnt that sport is highly important for their well being. They also started believing that, the sport is at the root of their overall development.

B-6) Non Addiction – The tribal students are addicted to Chewing Tobacco, Gutkha, Applying Mashery, etc. But, the percentage of addiction to these abuses started declining due to the sports programme that was given to them. Because, their concentration on these abuses was diverted to sports, studies and good health, etc.

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B-7) Sportiveness – It was also found that, the overall sportiveness among the tribal students under study increased considerably. Because, while following the sport programme, they naturally learnt importance of being sportive.

B-8) Positive Attitude – The tribal students also learnt always to be positive with the passage of time. Because, through sports, they understood that “Failure is the first step to success,” Yes, I can win.”, “Yes, I can do”, “Yes, it is possible” and so on…and so forth.

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B-9) Physical Development – It was observed that, the weight of the tribal students under study increased by 5 kg. to 7 kg. Similarly, they started feeling more enthusiastic, strong and healthy than before. All these contributed to their personality. It is concluded on the whole that, the tribal students as a result of the given sports programme showed good results such as the feeling of increased competitiveness, their inclusion in developed socio-economic and educational strata of the society, being in the geographical and cultural main stream. Similarly, they became outspoken students. They felt as if they got a platform for tapping their potentialities in the competitive world. The students under study were found spending less time on watching T.V. and playing Computer Games. Thus spending the time so saved on sports activities. Above all, the parents felt very much happy to see their children healthy, happy, strong and more intelligent. In particular, they were happy because, their expenditure on the children’s health, reduced considerably.

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

Benefits of Laughter Yoga Therapy on the Physical health of senior citizens

1Prof. Anagha Chikte, 2Dr. M. R. Gaikwad 1Director of Physical Education & Sports. Shri Siddhivinayak Mahila Mahavidyalaya Karvenagar, Pune-52. 2Director of Physical Education, MarathwadaMitramandal College of Commerce, Pune-4 Abstract: The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of laughter yoga therapy on the Physical health of senior citizens. For this study survey was conducted with the help of Questionnaire prepared by the researcher under the guidance of subject expert & guide. Seven yoga clubs out of fifteen, from Eastern area of Pune city were selected randomly. There were 1456 registered members out of which 295 were selected from the randomly selected clubs. Out of these 295 members, 250 members answered fully Questionnaire were taken for data analysis. Data collection was done after they finished their daily routine of the club. The statistical tools used are percentile. As per the result from this study is may be concluded that laughter yoga therapy has a highly positive impact on Physical health related problems of senior citizens. Key Words: Laughter yoga, Health, Senior Citizens. Introduction:- Laughter yoga-(Hasyayoga) is a practice involving prolonged voluntary Laughter yoga is based on the belief that voluntary laughter provides the physiological benefits as spontaneous laughter. Laughter yoga is done in groups, with eye contact, jokes and playfulness between participants. Forced laughter soon turns into real and contagious laughter. Method- Laughter yoga sessions may start with gentle warm-up techniques which include stretching, chanting, clapping, eye contact and body movement, to help break down inhibitions and encourage a sense of playfulness. Breathing exercises are used to prepare the lungs for laughter, followed by a series of ‘laughter exercises’ that combine the method of acting and visualization techniques with playfulness. Laughter exercises are interspersed with breathing exercises. Twenty minutes of laughter is sufficient to develop full physiological benefits. A laughter Yoga session may finish with “Laughter Meditation.” This session of unstructured laughter where by participants sit or lie down & allow natural laughter to flow from within like a fountain. This is a powerful experience that often leads to a healthy emotional catharsis & also a feeling of release & joyfulness. This can be followed by guided relaxation exercises. Laughter Yoga includes four things: 1. Clapping in rhythm to ‘ho-ho-ha-ha-ha’. 2. Breathing and stretching. 3. Child-like play. 4 Laughter exercises.

We change physiologically when we laugh. We stretch muscles throughout our face & body, our pulse & blood pressure go up, & we breathe faster, sending more oxygen to our tissues.

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“World Laughter Day” takes place on the first Sunday in May. The first celebration was on January 11, 1998 in Mumbai, India, was arranged by Dr. Madan Kataria, founder of the worldwide Laughter Yoga movement. The celebration of World Laughter Day was meant to be a positive manifestation for world peace & to build up a global consciousness of brotherhood & friendship through laughter. As of 2011 there are more than 8000 Laughter Clubs in 65 Countries. Each Club has its own Laugh captain & operates as an independent cell. Laughter Yoga Therapy has stress management benefits relive depression, reduce stress and tension, anxiety & psychosomatic disorders, natural pain killer, improve self-confidence, promote relaxation & improve sleep, improve mental health & mental function, improve overall attitude. Laughter protect heart, gives you a mini work-out, balanced blood pressure, improves breathing, lose weight, alleviates bronchitis & asthma, make you look younger, blood sugar level control, for cancer patients, relives pain, relax muscles throughout the body, enhance oxygen intake, internal workout improves stamina & also effective for improves social life and boosts interpersonal relationships. For understanding the effects related to participating in Yoga Laughter Club which was not just laughter club but has an Indian touch with yoga activity inclusion in the daily routine of the club, the researcher has conducted the survey. Research Method Survey was conducted with the help of the teacher made questionnaire. Seven Laughter Yoga Clubs out of fifteen, form eastern area of Pune City was selected randomly. There were 1456 registered members out of which 295 were selected randomly from the randomly selected clubs. Out of these 295 members 250 members answered full questionnaire and those were taken for data analysis. Data collection was done after they finished their daily routine of the club. One hour daily routine of the clubs was as follows; 1. Standing in circle & start clapping 2. Prayer- a) Shloka reading b) Omkar c) Vaidic Mantra 3. Laughing Exercise- (20-25 Minutes) a) Compulsory- 13 Types b) Optional- 12-15 Types (Total Laughing Types 73) c) Deep breathing Types- 1,2,3,4 4. Thoughts, Slogan etc. 5. General Exercise a) Suryanamskar b) Simple starching exercise c) Yogasanas d) Simple Aerobic exercise e) Different group games 6. Pranayama 7. Singing, Group Dance, Bhajan, Birthday Celebration etc. 8. Omkar & Closing Prayer

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9. Group Pledge. Findings- Physical Benefits- a) It was found that total 91% (N-227) members admitted that participating laughing club activity increasedRespiratory Efficiency. b) It was found that total 84% (N-210) members admitted that participating laughing club activity increasedEnergy level. c) It was observed that total 82% (N-205) members admitted that participating laughing club activity increased cardiovascular efficiency. d) It was found that total 80% (N-200) members admitted that participating laughing club activity increased breath holding time. e) After analysis total 80% (N-200) members admitted that participating laughing club activity improved sleep. f) It was found that total 72% (N-180) members admitted that participating laughing club activity improved breathing. g) It was observed that total 65% (N-165) members admitted that participating laughing club activity decreased Respiratory rate. h) It was found that total 64 %( N-160) members admitted that participating laughing club activity balanced blood pressure. i) It was found that total 64 % ( N-160) members admitted that participating laughing club activity control blood sugar level. j) It was found that total 64 % ( N-160) members admitted that participating laughing club activity Protect heart. k) It was observed that total 60 % ( N-150) members admitted that participating laughing club activity relax muscles throughout the body. l) It was found that total 60%( N-150) members admitted that participating laughing club activity Normalized Gastrointestinal Function. m) It was found that total 56%( N-140) members admitted that participating laughing club activity Enhanced oxygen intake. n) It was found that total 56 %( N-140) members admitted that participating laughing club activity increased musculoskeletal flexibility. o) It was found that total 56 %( N-140) members admitted that participating laughing club activity makes you look younger. p) It was observed that total 56 %( N-140) members admitted that participating laughing club activity normalized weight.

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Table Participant’s perception about Physical Benefits of doing laughter yoga Therapy q) Benefits Yes No Don’t No Respiratory efficiency increases 91.0 3.8 5.2 Energy level increases 84.0 6.0 10.0 Cardiovascular efficiency increases 82.0 1.2 16.8 Breath holding time increases 80.0 0.0 20.0 Sleep improves 80.0 1.0 19.0 Improves Breathing 72.0 0.0 28.0 Respiratory rate decreases 65.0 13.0 22.0 Balance blood pressure 64.0 0.0 36.0 Control blood sugar level 64.0 0.0 36.0 Protect heart 64.0 1.2 34.8 Relax muscles throughout the body 60.0 0.0 40.0 Gastrointestinal function normalizes 60.0 0.0 40.0 Enhanced oxygen intake 56.0 0.0 44.0 Musculoskeletal flexibility increase 56.0 0.0 44.0 Make you look younger 56.0 4.0 40.0 Weight normalizes 56.0 6.0 38.0 Conclusion: Participating in the Laughter yoga therapy clubs has a positive impact on physical Health related problems for senior citizens. After all “Laughter Yoga Therapy” is one of all-time favorite fitness strategies for senior citizens because it’s convenient& beneficial is so many ways. Recommendations:- 1. Each Laughter Club should appoint a well-trained coach. 2. A proper shelter should be provided by Municipal Corporation, so that these clubs get the cover space in rainy seasons. 3. The number of parks must increase, so that the numbers of clubs increase. 4.Yearly physical fitness check-up is necessary.

References-  Best, J. W., & Kahn, J. V. (Eds.). (2006). Research in Education (10th ed.). New Delhi: Pearson Education Inc.  Sapsford, R. (2007). Survey Research (2nd ed.). London: Sage.  Kataria, M. (2012). The Inner Spirit of Laughter- Five Secrets from the Laughing Guru . Mumbai: Madhuri International.  Kumar, R. (2011). Research Methodology, A Step by Step Guide for Beginners . New Delhi (south Asia): SAGE.  Chodzko-Zajko, W. J. (2005). Psychological and Sociocultural Aspects of Physical Activity For Older Adults. (C. J. Jones, & D. J. Rose, Eds.) United States: Human Kinetics.

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 Fink, A. (2009). How to Conduct Surveys, A Step by Step Guide. USA: SAGE..  Monica Guzmam (2009). “Harborview to mark World Laughter Day”  "Why Laughter May Be the Best Pain Killer". Scientific American.Retrieved 11 October 2011.  Bachorowski, J.-A., Smoski, M.J., &Owren, M.J. The acoustic features of human laughter. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110 (1581) 2001  Bakhtin, Mikhail (1941). Rabelais and His World. Bloomington: Indiana UniversityPress. ISBN 0- 253-34830-7.  Bogard, M. Laughter and its Effects on Groups. New York, New York: Bullish Press, 2008.  Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau, Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-11624-5 --ISBN 0-691-01211-3(pbk.) p. 18.  Chapman, Antony J.; Foot, Hugh C.; Derks, Peter (editors), u Transaction Publishers, 1996. ISBN 1-56000-837-7. Books.google.com  Cousins, Norman, Anatomy of an illness as perceived by the patient : reflections on  Cousins, Norman, The Healing Heart : Antidotes to Panic and Helplessness, New York : Norton, 1983. ISBN 0-393-01816-4.  Davila-Ross, M., Allcock, B., Thomas, C., and Bard K.A. (2011) Aping expressions?Chimpanzees produce distinct laugh types when responding to laughter of others.Emotiondoi: 10.1037/a0022594  Discover Health (2004) Humor & Laughter: Health Benefits and Online Sources, helpguide.org  Fried, I., Wilson, C.L., MacDonald, K.A., and Behnke EJ. Electric current stimulates laughter. Nature, 391:650, 1998 (see patient AK)  Fry, W.F. (1963). Sweet Madness: A Study of Humor. Palo Alto, Ca: Pacific Books Publishers  Humor Theory. The formulae of laughter by Igor Krichtafovitch, Outskitspress, 2006, ISBN 978-1- 59800-222-5  Johnson, S., Emotions and the Brain Discover (2003) V24, N4. discover.com  Kataria, M. (2002).Laugh For No Reason. (2ed), Mumbai, India: Madhuri International.  Kawakami, K., et al., Origins of smile and laughter: A preliminary study Early Human Development (2006) 82, 61-66. kyoto-u.ac.jp  Klein, A. The Courage to Laugh: Humor, Hope and Healing in the Face of Death and Dying. Los Angeles, CA: Tarcher/Putman, 1998.  McDonald, C, “ A Chuckle a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: Therapeutic Humor & Laughter” Journal of psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services. (2004) Vol. 42, 3:18-25. Psychnurse.  Milius, S., Don't look now, but is that dog laughing?[dead link] Science News (2001) V160 4:55. sciencenews.org  Monica Guzman (2009-05-01) “Harborview to mark World Laughter Day” http://blog.seattepi.com/thebigblog/archives/167831.asp?from=blog_last3.Retrived2003-05-06  Panksepp, J., Burgdorf, J.,“Laughing” rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy? Physiology & Behavior (2003) 79:533-547. psych.umn.edu  Provine, R. (1996).Laughter. American Scientist, 841, 38-47  Robert R. Provine (1950-09-09). "Provine, Laughter". Cogweb.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-26.  Ron Jenkins Subversive laughter (New York, Free Press, 1994), 13ff  Simonet, P., et al., Dog Laughter: Recorded playback reduces stress related behavior in shelter dogs 7th International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (2005). petalk.org  Vlachopoulos C, Xaplanteris P, Alexopoulos N, Aznaouridis K, Vasiliadou C, Baou K, Stefanadi E, Stefanadis C. (2009). Divergent effects of laughter and mental stress on arterial stiffness and central hemodynamics.Psychosom Med. May;71(4):446-53.PMID 19251872

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 Why Laughter Feels So Good 13 September 2011 New York Times science section.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughter  http://stress.about.com/od/stresshealth/a/laughter.htm  http://women.webmd.com/guide/give-your-body-boost-with-laughter  http://www.helpguide.org/life/humor_laughter_health.htm  http://www.intelihealth.com/ih/iht/h/wsih000/333/341/315813.html “Yes, Laughter May be the Best Medicine” 2001  http://www.latterklub.dk/htm/artiken%20healthbenifitsoflaughtertherapy.htm  “Health Benefits of Laughter: Dr.Kataria’s School of Laughter Yoga”  http://www.laughteryoga.org/index.php?option=com_corner  http://www.monksofadoration.org/hn/healnt//htm/”Laughter&Health”  dhaD ra.³2011´.EaI A@klakaoT svaamaI dOnaMidnaI.rama nyauja popr ejansaI¸ Sainavaar poz¸ puNao–411030  dugaD Aar.³2011´.sauKI jaIvanaacao rhsya hasya maaga-diSa-ka caoMbasa-¸gaaMvakrI p`osa samaaor¸iTLkpqa¸naaiSak–422001.pacavaI AavaR%tI  dosaa[- sau.³2009´.laaokmaanya hasya yaaoga saMGa. p`kaSana¸hasyayaaoga sadaiSava poz –30  pzaNa yau.³2009´.Aalaoya ivaVaqaa-MsaazI hasyayaaoga saaQanaa. saMgaIta EaIrama  caabauksvaar hsavaNaarM AaiNa hsavaayalaa iSakvaNaarM..hsatmauKI –sadasauKaI  [vha^lva piblakoSana pihlaI AavaR%tI 29À12À2013

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Talent Identifying and Development in Sports – Kreedakul: - A case study

1Mrs. Geeta V Muthya, 2Dr. Anand B Lunkad 1Ph.D. student, TMV, Pune 2PCCCS, Chinchwad Abstract This research paper is an effort to study the hidden abilities that enables an athlete to attain optimum sporting performance. To identify latent abilities of Sports at the entry level in Kreedakul this study observe relation between Physical Fitness score and Sports Achievement of National level athletes of Kreedakul and observe relation between Achievement Motivation score and Sports Achievement of National level athletes of Kreedakul. Design used was Ex-Post Facto in descriptive method of research. Sample was twenty three (23) National level athletes of Kreedakul have been taken into consideration Research tools used were Record of Sports Achievement of Kreedakul athletes, Physical Fitness Test Records and Achievement Motivation in Physical Education Test (AMPET) It was observed that high scores on Physical Fitness and AMPET leads to high probability of sport achievement at National level. Key Words: sport achievement, physical fitness, achievement motivation.

Introduction Physical education comprises of diverse activities, from informal play to highly competitive Olympic sports. No two athletes are alike in sporting ability. There are acute individual differences. Athletes differ from one another with respect to physical abilities, mental abilities, physiological structure etc. These individual differences give an opportunity to the experts in the field of sport sciences to study ‘what combination of the above mentioned abilities takes an athlete to his peak competitive performance’. Sport is an essential part of a healthy daily routine. A school sport is the bedrock of country’s success in international competition. Kreedakul is one of the key sports institutions under the direct leadership of “Jnana Prabodhini”. Jnana Prabodhini is an educational institution located at Pune founded in 1962. Kreedakul at Nigdi Jnana Prabodhini is an innovative and comprehensive integral part of it. Kreedakul is the part of Jnana Prabodhini giving more emphasis on sports. Kreedakul is specialized independent Sports School that offers an integrated academic and sports program catered to young athletes. For a nation with a population of 1.2 billon people, we have been embarrassingly poor performers in sports as a whole. Indian’s have won very few personal medals in Olympics. Lack of basic requirements, fundamental facilities and promotional sporting events at root level are the main reasons behind the failure of Indian athletes in the big events like Olympics. There are very less sporting authorities who concentrate on developing new talent from the roots in sports and Kreedakul has given thought to it. The need of systematic efforts with scientific view at grass root level was observed by Kreedakul. Different set up was established to nurture sports talent. Creating awareness towards the sports field and encouragement to adopt sports as a career is very necessary to achieve gold medals at national and international level. Kreedakul provides an ideal environment catering to sports training and studying right from the basics. Attitude formation and opening new avenues in sports fields at Indian sports scenario is aim of Kreedakul . Kreedakul was established in June 1998 as a specialized educational and training institution for preparing highly skilled athletes. Admissions are given in fifth standard and players are nurtured

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) through planned meticulous sports training along with Maharashtra state secondary board syllabus nearly for six years at two stages. The full set up of Kreedakul includes sports training, sports medicine, sports psychology and academic department. It is twelve hours school from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. with three hours for sports training and practice, four hours for academics, two hours for medical procedures and mental training and two hours are allotted for lunch and rest. Sport Structures are designed for exercising, sports training and practice, and competition in various individual games like athletics wrestling, gymnastics and mallakhamb. Facilities are available for team games like kabaddi, khokho. This research paper is an effort to study the hidden abilities that enables an athlete to attain optimum sporting performance. So researcher titled this study as “Talent Identifying and Development in Sports – Kreedakul: - A case study” Objectives of the study were stated as follows. 1. To observe relation between Physical Fitness score and Sports Achievement of National level athletes of Kreedakul. 2. To observe relation between Achievement Motivation score and Sports Achievement of National level athletes of Kreedakul. Methodology Research Design used in this study was Ex-Post Facto in Descriptive method. Population were Thirty Five (35) National level athletes from Kreedakul in duration between 2010 and 2012. Sample was Twenty three (23) National level athletes of Kreedakul have been taken into consideration (65%) Research tools used were 1) Record of Sports Achievement of Kreedakul athletes. 2) Physical Fitness Test Records 3) Achievement Motivation in Physical Education Test (AMPET) Independent variable was Sport Achievement and dependent variable was Physical Fitness and Achievement Motivation. Sports Achievement was measured as achievement in sports of a particular player in his/her game at National level Sports Competition. Physical fitness means score of various motor fitness tests conducted on a particular player of Kreedakul, which measures explosive strength- vertical jump and broad jump, agility- 10 mt X 6 and speed- 30 meter. Analysis of Data Table No. 1 Sports Achievement and Physical Fitness

Sports Achievement Physical Fitness Total A B C Ex (X) 1 3 4 8 AA 3 4 5 12 Sports Achievement Avg 0 2 1 3 A- Individual Medallist B- Team Medallist C- Team or Individual Participants Physical Fitness

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Ex- Excellent AA- Above average Avg - Average It was observed that, in the Physical Fitness domain-out of 23 players, eight players (35% ) of total players were excellent physical fitness. Out of eight players, four players are mere National level participants. Only one player is National level Individual Medallist. Twelve players are having average physical fitness, out of the 12 players three players are National level Individual Medallist. Players having average physical fitness could not perform at National level in Individual sport category. Two players having average physical fitness could win team game medals. Table No. 2 Sports Achievement and AMPET AMPET Sports Achievement Total A B C HAc 3 4 3 10 HAx 1 2 6 9 CC 0 3 1 4 Sports Achievement A Individual Medallists B Team Medallists C Team or Individual Participants AMPET HAc- High Achieving Type HAx- High Anxiety Type CC- Conflict and Calm Type

In the Achievement Motivation domain, out of total sample of 23 players 10 players are categorized as High Achieving Type, out of these 10 players, 3 are National level Individual Medallist. Out of 9 High Anxiety type players 3 players were individual and team game medallist, whereas 6 players could participate at National level sports. At individual game none of the Calm and Conflict type of players could perform, they were better in team game category. Discussion of the Study was as follows. Sports Achievement and Physical Fitness Players with A and B level of Physical Fitness have shown satisfactory results with relation to their Sports Achievement. Physical fitness is an inseparable part of sports performance and achievement. The quality of an individual sportsman's fitness in terms of its utilization value is directly proportional to the level of fitness. Greater the ability of a person to attain higher level of performance e.g. the differences between Chinese and Russian Gymnasts, they have same techniques and skills but regarding physical fitness Chinese are better than Russian Gymnasts. In the arena of international competitions, one can hardly differentiate the top-notch contents for one another in terms of level of fitness. However, the deciding factor sometimes remains with fitness for effective living has interdependent components involving intellectual, emotional as well as physical factor. Sports Achievement and AMPET Players with high achieving and high Anxiety level have shown satisfactory results with relation to their Sports Achievement. Achievement Motivation in Physical Education Inventory tests the following seven factors.  Learning strategy,  Overcoming obstacles  Diligence and seriousness  Competence of motor ability

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 Value of learning  Anxiety about stressful situations  Failure anxiety. The first five factors describe player’s Tendency to Achieve Success and last two factors describe player’s Tendency to Avoid Failure. If player demonstrates high score on Tendency to Achieve Success and low score on Tendency to Avoid Failure, there is possibility of success in the sporting competition. Some of the parameters which are used for identification of sports talent are as follows- a) Emotional stability, warmth, self-confidence, mental sharpness, orientation towards achievement, sociability, and a lack of anxiety (Lazarević, 2003) b) Emotional stability, self-confidence, stubbornness, self-motivation, self-control, ambition, social skills and steadfastness, that is, low-level anxiety and neurosis, are features which most often distinguish athletes from non-athletes (Anshel & Lidor, 2012). The importance of motivation in sports is clearly accepted by everybody. It shows itself in athletes in the form of a desire to be successful and avoid failure. Though the data of this research paper is very small, but it gives further direction to study role of Achievement Motivation in the Sport Talent Identification. Conclusions of the study were as follows. 1. It was observed that high scores on Physical Fitness and AMPET leads to high probability of sport achievement at National level. 2. While identifying giftedness in sports (sports achievement), Physical Fitness and psychological parameters have to be integrated.

Reference:  Achievement Motivation in Physical Education Test - Manual. (n.d.).  Amrule, M. N. (2012). CACPE, Physical Education. Pune: University of Pune.  Best, J. a. (2009). Research in education (10 ed.). New Delhi: Prentice - Hall of India.  Directorate of Sports and Youth Services Maharashtra State. (2008). Directorate of Sports and Youth Services Maharashtra State, home page. Retrieved January 2013, from http://www.mahasportal.gov.in: http://www.mahasportal.gov.in/english/awards/  Indian Olympic Committee. (1999). Sports Administration Manual. 393. India.  Kamalesh, M. (1988). Psychology in Physical Education and Sports (2 ed.). New Delhi: Metropolitan publication.  Kumar, R. (1999). Research Methodology a step by step guide for beginners. New Delhi: SAGE Publication.  Marijana Mladenović at al - Differences In Personality Features And Achievement Motivation In Child Athletes And Non-Athletes Udc 159.922:796.332-053.5,  Singh, H. (1983). Science of Sports Training. New Delhi: D.V.S.Publication.  Sonawane, S. A. (2003). Psychological study of mental health and its relation to physical fitness. 62. Mumbai: University of Mumbai.  Sports Authority of India. (2012). Sports Authority of India, home page. Retrieved January 2013, from http://www.sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in: http://www.sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=1174&subsublinkid=415&langid=1

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Position wise Differences in Personality Differences in Personality Traits of Women Kabaddi Players

1Vidya Pathare, 2Dr. Aher Sharad S. 1Director of Physical Education Baburaoji Gholap College,Sangavi, Pune, Maharashtra 2Chandrashekhar Agashe Collegeof Physical Education, Pune. Introduction Personality traits which influenced the sports performance were Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness. Review of literature shows dearth of research studies in personality traits and sports performance. The researcher herself being an experienced Kabaddi player has observed peculiar behavior of the players on the field. It was prominently seen that the players with certain level of aggression could sustain throughout the game. Some other personality traits which influenced the sports performance were killing instinct, openness, neuroticism, and anxiety etc. review of literature shows dearth of research studies in personality traits and sports performance. It is also seen that the game of Kabaddi lacks such kind of studies on performance and psychology, physiology, physical fitness attributes. Hence, the researcher thought it desirable to conduct an intervention in personality traits and Kabaddi performance.

Title of the problem Position wise Differences in Personality Differences in Personality Traits of Women Kabaddi Players Objectives of the study . 1. To measure selected personality traits of women Kabaddi players from Pune District. . 2. To classify the players based on position of play. . 3. To find out differences in personality traits based on positions of players. Hypothesis . H0: There will be no position wise differences in personality traits among women Kabaddi players. Assumptions . 1. Since the study is confined to Pune District Women Kabaddi players daily routine of the players are assumed to be similar . 2. It is assumed that each player is a specialized in the specific area only. . 3. It is assumed that players show appropriate response to the “Big Five Inventory” Delimitations 1. The study is delimited to women Kabaddi players of Pune District only. 2. The study is delimited to selected personality traits only. Limitations 1. Dietary habits of the players are limitations of the study. 2. Genetic potentials of the players are limitations of the study. Significance of the Study The findings of this study can be applied in the development of scientific training program. 2. It will be useful for the players to understand their own personality. 3. It will help the coach to select the players related to selected personality traits require for particular position and suggest appropriate measures.

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Methodology Research Method: This is a survey study under Descriptive method . Population: The population of this study is the women Kabaddi players who are playing in various clubs of Pune District. . Sample: As the study was limited to Pune District Women Kabaddi Players the number of total sample size was small. Therefore population was taken as subject for this study. A purposive sample technique was used. Main Study . The method adopted to collect the information was a survey study under Descriptive Research. . Tools used Dr. Tom Buchanan’s Big Five Inventory was administered as the tool for collection of data. Procedure of the Study The Inventory is based on the Five Factor Model of Personality. There is a broad consensus amongst personality, theorists that this model, which describes five major traits, is the best current description of the structure of personality. The Inventory consisted of forty one short descriptive statements. Each statement consists of five responses. The score obtained on each scale was interpreted relatively low means score was in the bottom 30%, relatively high in the top 30%, & about average somewhere in the middle.  The present study was done on selected Women Kabaddi players participated in District Championship of Pune District at Wagholi (Pune ).  They were made to understand the purpose and importance of this for getting their frank responses. Statistical tools used for analysis . The statistical tools . Mean, . Standard Deviation . ANOVA.

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Conclusion DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PERSONALITY TRAIT

PT LC LI LT Center RT RI RC Raider

E 30.11 28.90 29.38 30.66 30.18 24.28 31.76 28.46

A 29.00 26.36 26.15 28.33 26.93 28.50 28.69 28.66

C 36.64 37.72 36.92 38.33 36.18 36 37.69 36.86

N 20.17 21.63 20.07 19.11 17.75 21.50 17.69 20.06

O 25.82 25.63 26.53 27.44 27.87 26.50 24.38 25.86

 1. None of the selected Personality Traits had significant relation to the various playing positions  2. It is observed that the Extraversion trait is slightly significant to the position of play. This finding therefore concludes that the women Kabaddi players may possess the trait Extraversion, which enables them to be successful as a unit of one team and perform in the team game  3. The significant relationship in the personality trait and any of the playing positions can be attributed to the absence of specific psychological training.  4. The results also can be further attributed to similar socioeconomic backgrounds of the players possibly bringing in the players of similar psychological profile.  5. It can also be said that till date no special attention has been given to the psychological traits of the players in selection, training nor the competition, all the process which may at the end affect the performance of the players. Discussion  The Insignificant relationship in the personality traits and any of the playing position can be attributed to the absence of specific psychological training.  The results also can be further attributed to similar socioeconomic backgrounds of the players bring in the players of similar psychological profile.

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References . Asia K.K. (2002) A study of personality profile of physical education teachers as measured by cattell’s 16 P.F. Test. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pune. . Best, J. W. & Kahn, J. V. (2005). Research in Education. (9th ed.) New Delhi. Prentice Hall of India. Pvt Ltd. . Buchanan Tom, (2001). Big Five personality inventory. Retrieved from http://www2.wmin.ac.uk/~buchant/wwwffi/introduction.html on 5/7/2007 . Birnbaum, M.H.(2000). Survey Wiz and Factor Wiz: Java Script Web pages that make HTML, forms for research on the Internet. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32, 339-346. . Buchanan, T. (2000). Potential of the Internet for personality research. In M. H. Birnbaum (Ed.), Psychological Experiments on the Internet (121-140). San Diego: Academic Press. . Buchanan, T., & Smith, J. L (1999). Using the Internet for psychological research : personality testing on the World-Wide Web. British Journal of Psychology, 90, 125-144. . Costa, P. T., & Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI) : Professional Manual. Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources. . Davis, R. N. (1999) Web-based administration of a personality questionnaire: Comparison with traditional methods. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31, 572-577. . Dianel L.G. ( 1986) Psychological Dynamics of Sports and exercise (2nd ed.) . United states, Human Kinetics. . Digman, J. M. (1990) Personality structure: Emergency of the Five Factor Model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440. . Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative “Description of Personality” : The Big-Five Factor Structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216-1229. . Goldberg, L. R. (1990a).A broad-band width, public-domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level fa . Gore V. N. (2007) Position specific physical characteristics & technical skill of male field hockey players. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, university of Pine. . Rao P. E.(1994).Modern Coaching in Kabaddi.D.V.S. Publications New Delhi . Richard H. Cox, Sports Psychology Concepts and Applications (2000).5th Edition . Shaw D.F. & Gorely T. & Corban R. M. (2005). Sport & Exercise Psychology. Preston, UK: BIOS Scientific Publishers. . Shaw D.F. & Gorely T. & Corban R. M. (2005). Sport & Exercise Psychology. Preston, UK: BIOS Scientific Publishers. . Singh, A.I. (1992). Sports psychology: A study of Indian sportsmen. Delhi: Friends publication, p. 68. . Thelma S. H. (Ed.) (1992). Advances in sport psychology (2nd ed.).United States, Human Kinetics.

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The study causes and prevalence of physical injuries in women Kabaddi players.

Prof. Shendkar Sheetal Laxman Director of Physical Education Amruteshwar Arts and Commerce & Science College, Vinzar, Tal –Velha, Dist- Pune Introduction This research aims to study causes and prevalence of physical injuries of women Kabaddi players participating at state level Kabaddi competitions. Methodology Two hundred and forty women Kabaddi players (age range: 14-18 year) participated in state level Kabaddi state Championship in 2011 are studied. The competitions were held in kodoli.The main instrument of research was a questionnaire designed and used by Kazeme and Pieter (2004) in a study on sports injuries. This questionnaire included personal information, injury type, injury region, injury mechanisms, and other necessary data. The researcher gathered the data through this questionnaire. For the analysis of data descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were used. The research was of the descriptive type. The level of significance for this research was p<0.05 and the software package SPSS 12 was used for statistical estimations. Discussion on Findings In general, the results of the present study indicates that the prevalence of injuries in the women Kabaddi players has been very high and most of the injuries are in the lower extremities and are of contusion and sprain types. Further, the findings showed that the major cause of injury was the opponent's technical foul, and that the most prevalent mechanism of injury sustenance was Dive/Dash.

References 1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996.Donatelle J Rebecca Health, The Basics 6th ed. (Canada: Transcontinental Publication, 2005): 64-72. 2. Singh, R. Sports Training. General Theory and Methods (Patiala:NSNTS,1984) 3. Modern Techniques in Kabaddi (E. Prasad Rao p.50) 4. Kabaddi (D. G. Wakharkar p.20) 5. Kabaddi (E. Prasad Rao, Ramesh. Bhindigiri p.30)

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An Analytical Study of the Academic Achievement, and its Relation to Physical Fitness Components of Pune University Boys Players.

Mayuri Milind Rokade Sinhgad Technical Education Society. Pune Abstract- The association between health-related physical fitness and academic achievement has captured the interest of educators and researchers. The purpose of this review is to examine the relationships between health-related physical fitness and academic achievement among Pune University boys players. The association among muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance, body mass index with academic achievement was less consistent. As expected Flexibility and Muscular Endurance positively associated in the majority of academic achievement. These findings suggest differential relationships between components of health-related fitness and academic achievement. Key Words – Academic Achievements, Physical fitness, Pune University

Introduction:- The health benefits of regular physical exercise are widely acknowledged. For example, a front- page story in the Sacramento Bee (2004) reported that poor diet and physical inactivity might soon overtake tobacco as the leading cause of eath (2004). The Health section of CNN.com (2004) reported that for cancer survivors the key ways to prevent the return of the disease included a healthy diet and exercise (2003). Even though the benefits of physical exercise are acknowledged, physical education in public schools is viewed as an extracurricular activity and physical education teachers have experienced firsthand when money is tight and/or when there is pressure to improve test scores, physical education is one of the first activities to be cut back or eliminated. However, if there is evidence that physical education has a direct positive effect on important educational domains such as reading and mathematics, it could be argued that physical education is not extracurricular. Rather, it is a vital component in students’ academic success. It is not the intention of this paper to argue that the importance of physical education is its benefit to academic achievement. The overall health benefits of organized physical activity are probably much more important than possible academic benefits. Description of studies: The data was collected on the 271 University of Pune’s boys players were considered. By administering the selected Physical Fitness components tests on them, and also applying their final marks of University examination for calculating their academic achievement. Test re-test reliability coefficient of sample on the items of the Health related physical fitness test ie: Muscular strength, Cardio-vascular endurance, Muscular endurance, Flexibility and Body Mass Index were recorded as 0.78, 0.96, 0.92, 0.94 and 0.93 respectively.Composite measure of Physical fitness. 12 Minute run-walk test 2) Body Mass Index (BMI) 3 ) Sit Ups 4) Sit and Reach 5 ) Push Ups

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Statistical Properties of the Variables:-

V CVE MS ME FLX BMI AA N 271 271 271 271 271 271

Mean 2039.03 34.74 34.79 12.72 24.81 53.48

Std. Error of Mean 26.06 .87 .62 .33 .47 .46 Median 1945.00 32.00 34.00 12.00 24.00 52.36

Mode 2395.00 30.00 30.00 8.00 19.00 48.00

Std. Deviation 429.00 14.31 10.27 5.44 7.80 7.55 Skewness .92 .69 .25 .28 1.13 .56 Std. Error of Skewness .15 .15 .15 .15 .15 .15 Kurtosis 1.43 .20 .31 -.65 1.95 1.44 Std. Error of Kurtosis .29 .29 .29 .29 .29 .29

Thus, in the light of the above results on statistical properties, the variables for PUBP subjects (i.e. Muscular Strength, Muscular Endurance, Flexibility, Cardiovascular Endurance, BMI, Academic Achievement involved in the present study are by and large normally distributed and sample drawn in this study is the representative of the population mean. Hence, it was decided to apply parametric statistical devises for analyzing the quantitative measures for testing hypothesis. PUBP Variables M SD MS 34.74 14.31 ME 34.79 10.27 FLX 12.72 5.44 BMI 24.81 7.80 CVE 2039.03 429.00

N 271

The result of central tendency and dispersion of the data on physical fitness components (muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, and BMI) indicates that there exists some difference in mean performance for PUBP .

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Correlation Coefficients of Academic Achievement with Physical Fitness Components: V MS ME FLX CVE AA BMI P. Corr. 1 .040** .138* .208** -.084 -.022 MS PUBP Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 .023 .001 .167 .713 P. Corr. .440** 1 .009 .134* .014 -.035 ME PUBP Sig. (2-tailed) .000 . .887 .028 .818 .568 P. Corr. .138* .009 1 .061 .439 -.034 FLX PUBP Sig. (2-tailed) .023 .887 . .315 .912 .579 V MS ME FLX CVE AA BMI P. Corr. .208** .134* .061 1 -.035 -.356** CVE PUBP Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .028 .315 . .563 .000 Sig. (2-tailed) .738 .000 .158 . .314 .000 P. Corr. -.084 .014 .047 -.035 1 -.021 AA PUBP Sig. (2-tailed) .167 .818 .439 .563 . .730 P. Corr. -.022 -.035 -.034 -.356** -.021 1 BMI PUBP Sig. (2-tailed) .713 .568 .579 .000 .730 . * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). The Coefficient of Correlation between Muscular Strength and Muscular Endurance was Positive and statistically significant (r = .440**). The Coefficient of Correlation between Muscular Strength and Flexibility was Positive and statistically significant (r = .138). The Coefficient of Correlation between Muscular Strength and Cardiovascular endurance was Positive and statistically significant (r = .208**). The Coefficient of Correlation between Muscular Strength and Academic achievement was Negative and statistically insignificant (r = -.084). The Coefficient of Correlation between Muscular Strength and BMI was Negative and statistically insignificant (r = -.022). The Coefficient of Correlation between Muscular Endurance and Flexibility was Positive but statistically insignificant (r = .009). The Coefficient of Correlation between Muscular Endurance and Cardiovascular endurance was Positive and statistically significant (r = .134*) The Coefficient of Correlation between Muscular Endurance and Academic achievement was Positive and statistically insignificant (r = .014). The Coefficient of Correlation between Flexibility and cardiovascular endurance was Positive but statistically in significant (r =.061). The Coefficient of Correlation between Flexibility and Academic achievement was Positive but statistically insignificant (r =.047). The Coefficient of Correlation between cardiovascular endurance and Academic achievement was Negative and statistically insignificant (r = -.035). The Coefficient of Correlation between BMI and Muscular Endurance was Negative and statistically insignificant (r = -.035).

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The Coefficient of Correlation between BMI and Flexibility was Negative and statistically insignificant (r = -.034). The Coefficient of Correlation between BMI and Cardiovascular Endurance was Negative and statistically significant (r = -.356). The Coefficient of Correlation between BMI and academic Achievement was Negative but statistically not significant (r =.021). Findings: Results on relationship between Academic Achievement and Physical Fitness Components revealed the following results. In case of Boys (PUBP) Academic Achievement score is positively correlated with Muscular Endurance and Flexibility but the relationship is statistically not significant. While Academic Achievement shows negative and insignificant relationship with Cardio vascular Endurance, Muscular Strength, and Body Mass Index. Conclusion: There is no significant positive correlation between Academic Achievement and Physical Fitness Component.Evidence suggests that increasing physical activity and physical fitness may improve academic performance and that time in the college day dedicated to recess, physical education class, and physical activity in the classroom may also facilitate academic performance. Given the importance of time on task to learning, students should be provided with frequent physical activity breaks that are developmentally appropriate. Although presently understudied, physically active lessons offered in the classroom may increase time on task and attention to task in the classroom setting. References:  AAHPERD Convention (2005): “The effects of Physical Activity Fitness on Academic Achievement, Summaries, Convention in Chicago April 2005.”pp 1-9.  Agashe, and Helode., (1988) unpublished Thesis.  Antoch, R.F., (1984)“Social interest and mental health” Zeitschrift for Individual Psychologic, 9, 1, pp.2-8.  Bera, T.K., (1993), A Study of physical performance in athletics and its affective psychological determinants of physical education teacher-trainees. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Kalyani, West Bengal,  Best, W., and Kahn, J.V.,(1995) “Research in Education (7th Ed.)”. (Philadelphia: Prentice Hall, 1995), pp. 23-26.  Brad, S., Chissom, (1971) “A Factor-Analytic Study of the Relationship of Motor Factors to Academic Criteria for First-and Third-Grade Boys” Child Development, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Oct., 1971), pp. 1133-1143.  Carney, K., (2003, December 12) Study: Exercise may help ward off cancer’s return. CNN.com, Health. Retrieved March29,2004,http://www.cnn.com/2003/HEALTH/12/12/hln.fit.cancer.exercise/index.html.  Chauhan, S., Jain, R.K., and Singh, R., (1984) “The effect of retirement and family size on mental health.” Annual Conference of the Indian Psychiatric Association, Meerut, India.  COE, D.P., Pivarnik, J.M., Womack, C.J., Reeves,M.J., and Malina,R.M.,(2006) “Effect of Physical Education and Activity Levels on Academic Achievement in Children” Med. Sci. Sports Exercise., Vol. 38, No. 8, pp. 1515-1519, 2006

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Study of Obesity in Women’s

1Dr.Yogesh Pawar, 2Dr.Prajakta Pawar 1Mamasaheb Mohol College Paud Road.Pune 2Matrix School of Business Ambegaon, Pune. Obesity is increasing at an alarming rate throughout the world and has become a global problem. The World Health Organization has declared overweight as one of the top 10 health risks in the world and one of the top five in developed nations. According to recent estimates, there are more than one billion overweight people worldwide, and some 250 million of these are estimated to be clinically obese, equivalent to seven percent of the adult population. Once considered a problem related to affluence, obesity is now fast growing in many developing countries and in poor neighborhoods of the developed countries. Even in countries like India, which are typically known for high prevalence of under nutrition, a significant proportion of overweight and obese people now coexist with those who are under nourished (Popkin, 2002). Comparison of two major studies conducted by National family health survey in 1998-1999 and in 2005-2006 shows that prevalence of obesity among Indian women has elevated from 10.6% to 12.6% (increased by 24.52%). The prevalence is more profound in the women of age between 40-49 years (23.7%), residing in cities (23.5%), having high qualification (23.8%). Although this number seems small in the international perspective, it is significant because of the sheer size of population in India. In India the increased levels of obesity is primarily associated with the transition from rural to urban lifestyle. However, it is evident that this phenomenon is more profound among the urban populations in comparison to the rural ones. A living person's exact body fat percentage generally cannot be determined, but there are several techniques which can be used to estimate it to a good degree of accuracy. Near-infrared interactance A beam of infra-red light is transmitted into the biceps. The light is reflected from the underlying muscle and absorbed by the fat. The method is safe, noninvasive, rapid and easy to use.[4] Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, or DXA (formerly DEXA), is a newer method for estimating body fat percentage, and is a very efficient and advantageous method of determining body composition and bone mineral density. Body average density measurement The most accurate method of estimating body fat percentage was to measure that person's average density (total mass divided by total volume) and apply a formula to convert that to body fat percentage.[6] Bioelectrical impedance analysis The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method is a more affordable but less accurate way to estimate body fat percentage. The general principle behind BIA: two conductors are attached to a person's body and a small electric current is sent through the body. The resistance between the conductors will provide a measure of body fat, since the resistance to electricity varies between adipose, muscular and skeletal tissue. Also reducing the reliability of this method is the variation between models of the BIA devices: for instance when comparing outputs from a Tanita scale to an

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Omron Body Logic handheld device the Tanita scale overestimated the percentage body fat in college-aged men by 40% and in college-aged women by 55%.[9] Anthropometric methods There exist various anthropometric methods for estimating body fat. The term anthropometric refers to measurements made of various parameters of the human body, such as circumferences of various body parts or thicknesses of skinfolds. Most of these methods are based on a statistical model. Some measurements are selected, and are applied to a population sample. For each individual in the sample, the method's measurements are recorded, and that individual's body density is also recorded, being determined by, for instance, under-water weighing, in combination with a multi- compartment body density model. From this data, a formula relating the body measurements to density is developed Skinfold methods The skinfold estimation methods are based on a skinfold test, also known as a pinch test, whereby a pinch of skin is precisely measured by calipers at several standardized points on the body to determine the subcutaneous fat layer thickness. These measurements are converted to an estimated body fat percentage by an equation. Ultrasound Ultrasound is used extensively to measure tissue structure and has proven to be an accurate technique to measure subcutaneous fat thickness. By making thickness measurements at multiple sites on the body you can calculate the estimated body fat percentage. Ultrasound techniques can also be used to directly measure muscle thickness and quantify intramuscular fat. Height and circumference methods There also exist formulas for estimating body fat percentage from an individual's weight and girth measurements. 1. BMI 2. Body fat can be estimated from your body mass index (BMI). The BMI is calculated from an individual's weight divided by the square of the height if expressed in kg/m2, multiplied by 703 if expressed in lbs/in2. Need for study Obesity has emerged almost unnoticed in our society. Problems of overweight and obesity are caused by a chronic imbalance between energy intake and actual energy needs of the body. The metabolic factors concerned include a low metabolic rate, low insulin sensitivity and high respiratory quotient. In addition, various socio-demographic factors such as smoking habits, dietary habits, socioeconomic situation, education level, use of contraceptives, postpartum status and rapid weight gain in childhood, have been recognized as modifying factors. While the problem of under- nutrition still exists in many parts of India, the additional burden of obesity due to increasing sedentary lifestyle, junk food habits in some urban and economically sound areas is really alarming. Regardless of its cause, obesity may be associated with a variety of risks. Obesity causes or exacerbates many health problems, both independently and in association with other diseases. It is related to the risk for developing non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. It also creates an enormous psychological burden. Thus, obesity is associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. There are numerous studies worldwide that have dealt with obesity and its consequences. However, in the Indian context, very

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) limited information is available. Considering the economic burden and importance of overweight and obesity, documenting the patterns and trends in overweight and obesity in different Indian populations are of paramount importance. However, it is noteworthy to point out that, to date, there is no reliable estimate of the frequency of overweight and obesity among adult House working women in Pune city. Hence, the investigator conducted a survey to understand the obesity situation of adult House working women in Pune city. Area and Population: The investigation was carried out during the year 2009-2010. The data were collected from adult House working women aged between 18 to 32 years in Pune city residing within the Mukundnagar, Parvati and Ghorpadi Peth area. The method used to measure the amount of fat in the body of the subjects. The purposive sampling method was used to select the sample for the study. Total 90 subjects were investigated during the study. 30 adult House working women from each selected area were tested using skinfold measurement method. The measurements were taken at three places on the subjects body, at tricep, suprailac and abdominal region with the help of harpender caliper. The values were then compared using the norms available in total fitness book. The subjects were further divided into three age categories 18 – 22, 23 – 27, and 28 – 32 .years. After the data was collected it was processed through series of statistical analysis. Analysis: Table 1. Descriptive statistic of subject Age Group N Mean Standard Deviation Minimum Maximum 18 to 22 years 27 28.52 6.59 17.90 40.50 23 to 27 years 31 32.90 5.96 18.10 41.70 28 to 32 years 32 42 13.90 32.90 57.50 Table 2. Classification of subjects’ according to body fat content. Category of N Percentage N Percentage N Percentage body fat (18 to 22 yr) (18 to 22 yr) (23 to 27 yr) (23 to 27 yr) (28 to 32 yr) (28 to 32 yr) Low 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Optimal 9 33% 3 10% 4 13% Moderate 5 19% 4 13% 9 28% High 6 22% 12 39% 9 28% Very High 7 26% 12 39% 10 31% Table 3 Descriptive statistic of subject between 18 to 32 years N Mean Standard Deviation Minimum Maximum 90 31.23 6.44 17.90 57.50 Table 4. Classification of subjects’ aged between 18 to 32 years according to body fat content. Category N Percentage Low Body Fat 0 0% Optimal Range of Body Fat 16 18% Moderate Range of Body Fat 18 20% High Body Fat 27 30%

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Very High Body Fat 29 32%

Result and conclusion: Of the 90 subjects tested 18% of them were in the range of optimal body fat, 20% of the women were in moderate range. 30% of the women were in the high fat range and the remaining 32% of the women were in the very high body fat category. When the total subjects were divided into 3 age groups it was found that in the 18 to 22 yrs group 50 % of then fall in the optimal and moderate body fat range and remaining in the high and very high range. The number of subject in the risk zone for the 23 to 27 age group and 28 to 32 years is 60% and above which is alarming. The increased levels of obesity can primarily associated with the transition from rural to urban lifestyle. Recommendations:  It emerges from the study that we should not put the issue of obesity on the back burner.  It was found that there is a significant increase in overweight and obesity among women in Pune.  There is an urgent need to recognize the gravity of the problem of obesity and therefore incorporate it in the general health system.  Further elaborate should be undertaken to find the reasons tin the increase in body fat and obesity.  A healthy lifestyle should be promoted to tackle this emerging health threat.

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Importance of adventure sports and tourism potential of forts in Pune District

1Shivaji B.Shinde, 2Tushar.A. Shitole 1Research Scholar, T.M.V., Pune. 2Prof. Ramkrishna More College, Akurdi ABSTRACT Geographical information is necessary for the sustainable planning and management of the resources in the area. The area selected for proposed research is Pune District. Such study would be helpful to Government for planning and making strategic planning for District. Moreover, such study may provide potentiality to increase at glance current information of whole district. Besides this planners, administrators, layman and those who are interested in research in the field of economic and social planning, strategic study and social and economic development may get the benefit. In this present study try to provide an integrated plan for tourist places forts in the Pune district with some special case studies. Also, importance of adventure sports is stated. To give attention towards man power development and training through such study can be done by this project. It brings socio-cultural benefits to the local community in terms of employment opportunities, environmental and health awareness. Key: Tourist Information System (TIS), sustainable planning, adventure sports.

INTRODUCTION Tourism is considered as one of the world’s largest industry. India is a developing nation. The Government and their agencies as well as private sector units and individuals are taking various measures to promote tourism. Promotion of tourism can contribute immensely to our economy. Many years tourism was neglected at various levels but now a day’s concentrated effort are being made to improve the position and standard of tourism and for also the social benefit of the people. Pune district is highly rich by its scenery, spiritual base and its culture. Tourism industry will change the future of the district and will improve the social, cultural, economic status of the district; this was the main motive behind selection of this study area. Pune district lies in the Western Ghats or Sahyadri mountain range and it extends on to the Deccan plateau on the east. With its physiography it has abundance of forts and fortress located in it. With the long-standing bastion of the maratha empire and home to the legendary King Shivaji, the Pune district is marked by magnificent land forts, testimony to its glorious past. Every taluka in Pune district has significant forts located in the district. It is necessary to preserve and conserve them, as well as it can be great potential for creating job opportunities for the local people. Most of the forts in Maharashtra are in dilapidated condition. It represents history, they must be preserved. The study will help to aware people to conserve these sites. Tourism is the major subject of jobs and other means of subsistence for the local people at fort sites increasing number of tourists will surely be beneficial to the local people. They can earn some amount by providing meals and other things needed by the visitors. Business and jobs for locals will be created due to conservation of forts. STUDY AREA The study area, Pune district, usually termed as the cultural capital of Maharashtra. It is situated at 559 m ASL and lies between 17º 54’ to 19º 24’ N Latitude and 73º 33’to 75º 10’E

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Longitude. The total geographical area of the district is 15643sq.km. The district headquarters or the district place is Pune. The district consists of 14 tahasils. The area of district is surrounded by Thane district in the north and northwest, Raigarh district in the west, Satara district in south, Solapur district in the south and southeast and Ahmadnagar district to the east. (Fig. 1)

OBJECTIVES Against the above background, the present work attempts to study the Tourist Information System for tourism development in the Pune district. The broad objectives of the proposed study are: 1. Assessment of site and situation of forts in Pune district. 2. Assessment of present day fort tourism in Pune district. 3. To identify and examine the tourism potential of the forts in Pune district. 4. To identify the importance of adventure tourism sports.

Location Map

Fig. 1 METHODOLOGY AND DATABASE In order to understand for the sustainable development and planning of forts in Pune district the methodology adopted for the present study is divided into three phases are namely pre-field work phase, field work phase and post field work phase. In the first phase i.e. pre-field work phase literature review i.e. previous work carried out by other researchers are obtained from various journals, internet, visit to the MTDC resort to know about annual tourist flow, collection of survey of India toposheet (SOI) having scale 1:250000 (47/E,47/F,47/I,47/K,47/M,47/N,47/O), Atlas, Gazetteers, District Census Handbook, Tourist maps, etc. use for collection of information, District Resource map of Pune district published by

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Geological Society of India, Government published map of Pune district P.W.D. map, and other were completed with help of S.O.I. toposheets (Fig. 2). In the second phase i.e. fieldwork phase extensive field surveys were undertaken, to existed tourist places and newly found tourist places. The questionnaire filled in this phase. During this field surveys tourist facilities regarding destination photographs, GPS reading altitude and the related information is noted which were also useful to site suitability study. Digital Elevation Model

Fig. 2 In the third phase i.e. Laboratory worked is carried out. Government published map then digitization to generate thematic layer i.e. point layer- tourist places, tahasil headquarter, line layer- roads, railways, rivers and polygon layer- dams, reservoirs etc. and map were georeference same time. Integrating all above information and maps with help of GIS software. Finally these thematic layers are analyzed to demarcate tourism potential zones. POTENTIAL TOURIST CENTERS FORTS IN PUNE DISTRICT The term potential means something existing but not yet fully exploited. There are various criteria to selecting new potential suitable sites i.e. on the basis of phsiography, climate, and purpose of visit, on the basis of natural and cultural resources. The district has vast and rich tourism resource potential of different cultural background in all its 14 tahsils. We classified potential suitable sites forts on the basis of natural and cultural resources, i.e. Pune, Haveli, Junnar and Baramati. Potential tourist centers are selected in this manner they represent the entire Pune and same problem found in similar type of tourist centers in throughout the district.

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Potential suitable sites are very rich in natural and cultural resources, these tourism resources are not fully utilized because inadequate tourist facility, lack of information regarding this centers. New potential suitable sites forts can provide more scope for a generation of employment opportunities due to increases tourist facilities in terms of different socio economic and marketing indicators also bring money and reducing the regional disparities in Pune district. New potential suitable sites forts will be reducing the pressure on existed tourist centers and also reducing the migration of local peoples towards the Pune city. There are 32 forts in Pune district. Every fort has its own importance and uniqueness. The forts are selected according elevation controlled sampling. Table1: Forts selected for Study Sr. No. Fort Height (m) Taluka 1 Chakan 618 Khed 2 Rajmachi 692 Mulshi 3 Bhorgiri 735 Khed 4 Shivneri 998 Junnar 5 Tung 964 Maval 6 Nimgiri 980 Junnar 7 Ghangad 982 Mulshi 8 Tikona 988 Maval 9 Lohgad 1016 Maval 10 Rajgad 1307 Velhe 11 Sinhgad 1308 Haveli 12 Purandar 1320 Purandar 13 Torna 1358 Velhe 14 Raireshwar 1375 Bhor Source: Author Compile ANALYSIS OF SHIVNERI FORT SHIVNERI Shivneri is situated in Junnar tahasil and 93 km away from Pune. Shivneri is located at the intersection of 19° 13’ 38’’ N latitude and 73° 49’ 15’’ E longitude. The height of Shivneri is 914.4 m above ASL. Shivneri has number of underground caves. The Shivneri fort is situated on hillock and hence the various parameters of climate become the resource of tourist activity. Shivneri offer more prospects with its combination of cool pleasant summer climate along with its enchanting natural settings. State highway No. 52 and Main District highway No. 3 and 1 connect the Junnar which provides excellent road network so that tourist can reach easily to the Junnar by metal road. MSRTC buses that operate on the Pune – Junnar routes, will take Shivneri. There is no state transport for the last 3 km, but local transport will reach to the foot hill of the Shivneri also, helipad facility available on Shivneri. There are a quite number of hotels, restaurants and lodges available for accommodation in Junnar. Other than several private hotels there is a PWD and Forest Dept. rest house available for accommodation in Junnar.

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Present Status The present status of Shivneri as a tourist centre come under developing category. Shivneri has a great potential for tourism development. Archeological Department of India, Government of Maharashtra and MTDC give more attention to provide funds, donation and subsidy for infrastructure development on Shivneri forts. However serious attempts are needed to develop tourism in this region. Major problems faced by tourists The tourist opinions, complaints were collected during the field work. From Junnar to Shivneri fort there are no MSRTC buses, buses frequency is very less and buses are not in good condition, there is load shedding problem of electricity, hardly get pure quality drinking water and tourist guide on fort, accommodation charges in hotel quite expensive, parking, sewage and drainage system, toilets, communication, medical facility are not in well condition. etc. are major problem faced by tourist during visit of the Shivneri fort. Important Tourist Centers in and around Shivneri The Shivneri fort was the birth place of Maratha Empire Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Shivneri has number of under ground caves. In the upper and lower scarps are two irregular lines of Buddhist caves all of them small and some more like dwellings of vultures than of monks. In the Shivneri fort most important tourist places are the birth place of Shivaji, statues of Shivaji and Matoshri Jijabai, the Ganga – Jamuna reservoir, and the Idgah at the central square of the fort and Shri Shivai temple also, newly created lawn and garden etc. A week would be ideal to cover these interesting tourist centers. Remedies to overcome the problem – In the absence of basic facilities and amenities tourism activity at the resort cannot be undertaken. Therefore, there must be metal roads, drinking water, 24 hours electricity, frequency of mode of public transport, communication, sewage and underground drainage system, entertainment and recreation, market, health care facility etc. should be provided to tourists. In this way every attempt should be made to attract the tourist from within the country and other countries of the world. CONCLUSION Present study tries to provide an integrated plan for tourist places forts in the Pune district with some special case studies. If someone wants to know the forts along the Mumbai-Pune Express way map can be displayed. Also encouraged and facilitated youth geographers to travel and foster national integration. As far as potential places are concerned, after field work it is observed that few people only visited these forts who know about the places, but other have no any information about the places which should be published or advertised or marketing and the information should be reached to the tourists and they can visit the places. Also take an account of domestic needs of the Pune district by giving information such as cheap accommodation, easy way to transportation.

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REFERENCES: 1. Akmanchi Anand, (2002). Pune fire emergency management information system, Project report submitted to IIRS, Dehradum. 2. General Geography (Pune District) Standard Three (1993) Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. 3. Harpale D.V. (2009) “Identification of New Tourist Centers and Their Site Suitability A Case Study of Pune District Maharastra State unpublished thesis 4. Lo, C.P. and Yeung (2004). Concept and Techniques of Geographic Information System, Prentice – Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, 110001 5. Nagarale, V.R. (2007). ‘Site Suitability for Tourism Development with the help of GIS, A case study of Pune District Maharashtra.’ UGC Minor Research Project. 6. Pani Padmini, (2004). Geospatial Modeling for Identifying Aesthetic Spot for Tourism in a hilly Region, Project report submitted to IIRS, Dehradum. 7. Reddy Anji (2001). ‘Textbook of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (Second edition) B S Publications, Hyderabad.

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

SPORTS ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA : AN OVERVIEW

Smt Sheela B. Mohite Director of Physical Education Matoshri Bayabai Shripatrao Kadam Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Kadegaon Abstact: The global sports sector is estimated to be worth between $480-620 billion. However, in India, sport is yet to be recognized as an economic sector, mainly due to the fact there has been little or no comprehensive study done on the industry’s size, potential, and on the available opportunities that are on offer. The sports industry sector may include several different segments such as sports tourism, sporting goods (in manufacturing and retail), sporting garments, and the available opportunities in sporting management and sponsorship. It is seen across the globe that sports as a full-fledged industry can and may contribute about 1 to 5 percent of the country’s GDP. However, a lack of sporting culture has held back the growth of a similar industry in India in the past, despite the growing awareness and interest in various different sports besides cricket. Hence, due to a lack of industry status along with a lack of sporting culture, corporate investments in India’s sports have traditionally been limited to only non-profit corporate social responsibility activities and initiatives, while the scope for exploring profit-related activities under the sports industry have not been explored in vast depth. Key Words: Recognized, Comprehensive Study, Awareness, Traditionally, Explored etc.

1. INTRODUCTION Sports in India have a tremendous potential for expansion in the existing huge market. With a high growth economy and an ever-growing middle class with disposable income and leisure time, together with rapid growth in TV-owning households and a strong passion for sports, there is high potential for growth. These conditions have fostered a rapid rise in advertising, as local and international companies target this lucrative underdeveloped market through sports. Moreover, buying TV and marketing rights for the large sporting events that now regularly take place in India provides ample business opportunities and huge revenue for many companies. Besides cricket, recent years have clearly made it evident that other sports such as Formula One racing and the Hockey India League have some serious business propositions that can be explored. Moreover, with the coming of the Indian Super League, football is starting to achieve real traction with TV audiences, which are tuning in in ever greater numbers for international leagues and competitions. The sporting goods and apparel industry in India has been in existence for more than a century and has managed to flourish due to a skilled workforce. For example, the towels produced every year for the prestigious Wimbledon Grand Slam tennis tournament are produced in a factory in Gujarat, while footballs used in many of the international football tournaments across the globe are manufactured in the city of Jalandhar. Being labor-intensive in nature, the industry provides employment to more than 500,000 people. The nucleus of this industry in India is in and around the states of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh; however there is tremendous potential for developing a sporting goods industry just waiting to be explored in other cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai.

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2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To study the Growth of Sports Entrepreneurship in India. 2. To study the role of Entrepreneurs in Sports in India. 3. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY The present study has been descriptive; the data for this study were obtained from secondary sources. The secondary data has been collected from various references which already existed in published form; part of the paper is based on literature review the method comprising of collecting all the available papers relating to the theme and selecting relevant papers/books for the review purpose. Selection of the paper is done on the basis of their relevance and contribution to the body of knowledge. The author has made an attempt to do primary reading of the selected papers which will constitute the core of this review study. 4. GROWTH OF SPORTS ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA The Sports Sector in many countries around the world is a leading industry that increases employment opportunities for the citizens and enhances the economy. The industry is inclusive of various sections such as sports tourism, goods manufacturing and retail, equipments and apparels, promotional items, sports infrastructure, management services and sponsorships. The contribution by the sports industry can reach as much as 6 to 7 percent to a nation’s economy. Although India is at an embryonic stage of sporting culture, great developments have taken place in the country over recent period of time. Hosting a few international sporting events, India has become a multi sport nation. The country which is obsessive about cricket has not only shown rise in fans of “Indian Premier League” (cricket), but hosting different leagues such as Hockey Indian league, Indian Badminton League, Indian Super League (Soccer) and Pro Kabbadi (an indigenous traditional Indian sport) has also resulted in mass awareness and popular fan following for different sports. These initiatives are changing the game of sports culture in India, thereby, supporting the business of sports in the country. The segments of Sports Sector that have grown in past decade in India are as follows: 2. I. SPORTS TOURISM India hosted the 19th Commonwealth Games and the Hockey World Cup in the year 2010, ICC Cricket World cup in 2011, the 10th Women’s cricket world cup in 2013 and various other events in the past. As a result, lately, Sports Tourism- a global travel industry has flourished noticeably in the country. In many countries such as U.S.A., U.K., South Africa, Germany, Sports Tourism is a well developed sector that contributes in revenues for the nation. The concept of Sports Tourism has opened up tremendous opportunities for the tour organisers and agents in India as well. These agents specialise in offering different services to cater to diverse types of tourists who may either be players or visitors from different nations. Sports Tourism has broadened the horizons for the already established tourism industry of India. The country well known for its warmth and hospitality is growing strong in the fresh sector of Sports Tourism. 3. II. SPORTS AS AN INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY SECTOR The successful fan following of the IPL- Indian Premium League is just a beginning of the tremendous sporting development of the country. The recent developments have been possible with the help of investments made in infrastructure and media by several celebrities and entrepreneurs. Film stars such as Shilpa Shetty, Preity Zinta and Shahrukh Khan have been supporters of different franchises of the IPL for a long time. Others joining the club are Abhishek Bachchan, who recently

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) bought a franchise of Jaipur, Pro Kabaddi League, Salman Khan owns a Pune Franchise of Indian Super League (Football), John Abraham is a proud co-owner of teams of the Hockey India League and the Indian Super League and many others who aim to set in new levels of achievements in the sports industry. Cricketing legends such as Sunil Gavaskar, Sachin Tendulkar and Saurav Ganguly are extending their love for sports by being owners of different franchises of the Indian Badminton League, Indian Premier Tennis League and Indian Super League respectively. Mukesh Ambani, the wealthiest man of India, Chief of Reliance Group; G. M. Rao, Chairman of the GMR group, Sunil Mittal, Chairman of Bharti-Airtel, K.P. Singh, Chairman of DLF are a few of the entrepreneurs of India who have also invested in the sector of Sports in India. 4. II. SPORTS EDUCATION INSTITUTES AND INFRASTRUCTURE A sportsman has to be trained consistently, and diligently nurtured at the grass root level onwards. Institutes such as Amity School for Physical Education and Sports and Bharti Vidyapeeth University with their courses in Sports management, Physical Education, nutrition and sports science educate the young enthusiasts for the successful business of sports. There have been significant initiatives by the Government of India for proper education and training to evolve sports ecosystem in India. The Sports Authority of India (SAI), NSFs (public health and safety organisation), Central and State Governments of India are working together to provide quality training to trainers, sports equipments and infrastructure. Although, the government is making rigorous efforts to provide world class infrastructure and facilities, the void exists in the efforts which can only be filled by the combined efforts of public-private partnerships programs and autonomous organisations. Under CSR initiatives, TATA Group with its TATA Athletics Academy, Archery academy and Football academy has encouraging results. Jindal Steel Works (JSW) Foundation has established the second largest academy of squash in India. Also, the IMG-Reliance has partnered up with All India Football Federation (AIFF) to refurbish the game at grassroots and professional levels. Sports Infrastructure with all the modern amenities is imperative for the growth and transformation of the Indian Sports Industry that holds unexplored hidden potential. 5. III. SPORTS GOODS AND EQUIPMENTS The Sporting Goods and Equipment Industry already exist in India. Very few people know that the towels used in the Wimbledon Grand slam, footballs for International Leagues, sports nets and the cricket bats are the top export Sports Good that are manufactured in India. This makes India a leading sporting equipments exporter in Asia. Many Indian companies are working as contract manufacturers for international brands due to availability of low cost skilled labour and the area for industrial set-up. In addition, the Central and State Governments are taking initiatives to facilitate investments such as, allowance of 100% FDI in the sports manufacturing sector. As a result of exchange of ideas with foreign retailers, it has led to knowledge building and technological advancement of Indian manufacturers. The major manufacturing industries of sports goods are situated mostly around the states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. Many other states and cities are waiting to be explored for expansion of sports manufacturing industry. As per the Sports and Management Research Institute (SMRI), the land of Sports Engineering, U.K.is the major importer of Indian sports goods. 5. ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURS IN SPORTS IN INDIA Entrepreneurs are game for tapping into the increasingly lucrative sports sector in India. The Football Mind, a Pune based football networking website that brings together football clubs,

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) academies, players, coaches, associations and fans onto a single platform, got live three months ago. It has already notched up 5,000 users, more than 500 clubs, 200 academies and 50 football associations on its platform. "Popularity is directly proportional to sponsorship and that helps any sports club or association grows," said Pranesh Krishnamurthy, an IIT graduate who is chief executive and co- founder of The Football Mind. Football presents a $200 million (aboutRs 1,320 crore) opportunity in India, he said, as the country has more than 25,000 professional clubs, three lakh players and 8.5 crore fans. The future is bright for sports startups, said Devinder Singh Bhusari, who left his job with Indian Oil Corporation to launch tennis firm Shaishya Edu & Sports three years ago. More people are taking to sports not only as future profession for young students but also as exercise for busy working professionals and even housewives, said Bhusari, a former Asia number one in the under- 14 category and first Association of Tennis Professionals ranker from Gujarat. The company, which clocked a turnover of Rs 95 lakh in 2014-15, has 225-275 players round the year. Of these, 50 are business persons and working professionals, 10-15 are housewives and the rest are students. It has already organized two Asian ranking tournaments and about 10 national level tournaments of various levels. Citing a KPMG-CII report, Bhusari said tennis has caught the attention of the middle and higher classes owing to higher disposable incomes and share of spending on educational and recreational activities set to increase from 5% at present to 9% in 2025, quite a few Indian tennis icons to look up to, corporate participation and major international events such as the Chennai Open, ITPL and Champions Tennis League being held in India. Tuhin Mishra, managing director of Baseline, a startup which deals in sports marketing and licensing, said the overall sports industry in India has grown 10% from Rs 4,372.5 crore in 2013 toRs 4,806.9 crore in 2015. "The global sports industry is growing faster than overall GDP and long-term prospects remain strong," he said. According to Mishra, the industry has grown mainly due to the emergence of new sports leagues such as the Indian Super League, Pro Kabaddi League and World Kabaddi League, among others. 6. CONCLUSION The Indian sports sector is experiencing a sea of changes with all-round developments initiated by the government, the private sector as well as non- profit organizations. The government is introducing game-changing schemes such as “Khelo India’ to address issues regarding infrastructure, talent scouting and training facilitation. Private sector and non-profit entities are also increasingly contributing to the sector by organising leagues and tournaments, funding talented sportspersons and getting involved in grassroots development.

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REFERENCES 1. Chadwick S, Gorse S, Burton N. Entrepreneurship in Sport: How Dietrich Mateschitz built the red bull empire in a day. Centre for the International Business of Sport .CIBS Working Paper Series . 2009;11:1–13. 2. Ratten V. Sport-based entrepreneurship: Towards a new theory of entrepreneurship and sport management. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal . 2011;7:57–69. 3. Ghosh J. Business of sports shaping a successful innings for the Indian sports industry. SCORECARD 2014 – National Conference on Business of Sports: Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). 2014:1–71. http://www.kpmg.com/IN/en/ IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/Busin ss-of-Sports.pdf Accessed 21/11/2014. 4. Mun oz̃ FF, Otamendi FJ. Entrepreneurial effort and economic growth. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research.2014;2(8):1–17. 5. Hansen H, Gautheir R. Factors affecting attendance at professional sporting events. Journal of Sport Management.1992;3(1):15–32. 6. Buraimo B. Stadium attendance and television audience demand in English league football. Managerial and Decision Economics . 2008;29:513–523. 7. Hart RA, Hutton J, Sharot T. A statistical analysis of Association Football Attendances. Applied Statistics 1975;24(1):17–27.

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

DOPING IN SPORTS : A STUDY

Dr. Savita .V. Bhosale Director of Physical Education Smt. Akkatai Ramgonda Patil Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Ichalkaranji Abstact: Doping in sport is not a new phenomenon; athletes have taken performance-enhancing agents since the beginning of time. The legendary Arthurian knights supposedly drank magical potions from the cup of Merlin. Our own Celtic tales describe the use of strengthening potions to aid valour in battle and the druids' use of narcotics is well documented by historians. The berserkers', a class of ancient Norse warriors who fought frenziedly, "berserk" behaviour was attributed to a deliberate diet of wild mushrooms. The Ancient Olympics in Greece were riddled with corruption and doping to the extent that the games had to be dissolved. Sport goes beyond a measure of athletic excellence and the winning of trophies and medals. Sport is an integral thread in the fabric of society and enriches our daily lives. Most of us have a favourite sport we play or follow with a passion be it soccer, rugby, swimming, cycling, athletics, winter sports or our national games of hurling, football and handball. The character and team spirit displayed by the Irish football squad in the face of disappointment and adversity has ignited the country this month and national pride has soared and spread once again "like a prairie fire". Sport also teaches us about honest endeavour, commitment and fair play; ethics we can extrapolate to all walks of life. The most honourable among us are perhaps those who have competed in sport and hold true its finest principles. True winners are those who achieve their goals through talent, skill, training, motivation and rising to all the challenges their sports present. Increasingly, however, a "win at all costs" ethos that undermines the very integrity of sport has entered the arena and a new game is at stake, the dangerous and sometimes deadly game of doping. Key Words: Supposedly, Corruption, Commitment, Endeavour, Competed, Dangerous etc.

1. INTRODUCTION

In competitive sports, doping is the use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs by athletic competitors. The term doping is widely used by organizations that regulate sporting competitions. The use of drugs to enhance performance is considered unethical, and therefore prohibited, by most international sports organizations, including the International Olympic Committee. Furthermore, athletes (or athletic programs) taking explicit measures to evade detection exacerbates the ethical violation with overt deception and cheating. Historically speaking, the origins of doping in sports go back to the very creation of sport itself. From ancient usage of substances in chariot racing to more recent controversies in baseball and cycling, popular views among athletes have varied widely from country to country over the years. The general trend among authorities and sporting organizations over the past several decades has been to strictly regulate the use of drugs in sport. The reasons for the ban are mainly the health risks of performance-enhancing drugs, the equality of opportunity for athletes, and the exemplary

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) effect of drug-free sport for the public. Anti-doping authorities state that using performance- enhancing drugs goes against the "spirit of sport" 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 3. To study the concept of Doping. 4. To study the history of Doping in Sport. 5. To study the methods of Doping in Sport. 6. To study the effects of Doping in Sport. 7. To Study the control Doping in Sport. 3. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY The present study has been descriptive; the data for this study were obtained from secondary sources. The secondary data has been collected from various references which already existed in published form; part of the paper is based on literature review the method comprising of collecting all the available papers relating to the theme and selecting relevant papers/books for the review purpose. Selection of the paper is done on the basis of their relevance and contribution to the body of knowledge. The author has made an attempt to do primary reading of the selected papers which will constitute the core of this review study. 4. CONCEPT OF DOPING Doping' refers to an athlete's use of prohibited drugs or methods to improve training and sporting results. Steroids are the drugs that often come to mind when we talk about doping, but doping also includes an athlete's use of other forbidden drugs (such as stimulants, hormones, diuretics, narcotics and marijuana), use of forbidden methods (such as blood transfusions or gene doping), and even the refusal to take a drug test or an attempt to tamper with doping controls. As you continue to participate in sport, doping is an issue that you will increasingly face: you could be tested for drugs; some of your competitors will be cheating by using drugs; you may even be tempted to do so yourself.

5. HISTORY OF DOPING IN SPORT The use of stimulants and strength-building substances in sport is held to date back as far as Ancient Greece, but it was during the 1920s that restrictions about drug use in sport were first thought necessary. In 1928 the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) - athletics' world governing body - became the first international sports federation to ban doping. The use of stimulating substances in sport has been around since the Ancient Greeks. In 1966, the world governing bodies for cycling and football were the first to introduce doping tests in their respective world championships, with the first Olympic testing coming in 1968, at the Winter Games in Grenoble and Summer Games in Mexico. By the 1970s, most international federations had introduced drug-testing. A major drug scandal at the 1998 Tour de France underlined the need for an independent international agency to set standards in anti-doping work. The World Anti-Doping Agency (Wada) was established the following year. In January 2013, the retired American cyclist Lance Armstrong admitted to doping in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, and was stripped of his seven Tour de France wins and banned from sport for life. In December last year, a German TV documentary alleged as many as 99% of

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Russian athletes were guilty of doping, although the Russian Athletics Federation described the allegations as "lies". Since then, there have been numerous further allegations of doping in athletics. 6. METHODS OF DOPING IN SPORTS I. Blood Doping Blood doping, or blood boosting, as the "misuse of techniques and/or substances to increase one's red blood cell count." The practice involves removing blood from the body and returning it later. It started in the 1970s and was banned by the IOC in 1986. It can lead to kidney and heart failure. They are two methods of blood doping are a. Autologous: the athlete's blood is removed and subsequently re-infused to increase the level of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin. Two units (approximately 2 pints) of the athlete's blood are normally removed several weeks prior to competition. The blood is frozen, then thawed and injected back into the athlete's body 1-2 days before the competition. b. Homologous: fresh blood, removed from a second person, is injected straight into the athlete. Also banned in sports are artificial oxygen carriers, such as hemoglobin oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and Per fluorocarbons (PFCs), used for the same purpose. 1. II. Gene doping Gene doping has developed from gene therapy, which involves injecting DNA into a person's body in order to restore some function related to a damaged or missing gene. A synthetic gene is added to the patient's genome then reintroduced into the bone marrow. The new gene is expressed by the patient's cells and acts like a medicine, permanently incorporated in the bone marrow. Gene doping would involve inserting DNA for the purpose of enhancing athletic performance, potentially altering the genetic makeup of the receiver to increase strength or speed. It is virtually undetectable. 7. EFFECTS OF DOPING IN SPORTS In sports which physical strength is favored, athletes have resorted to anabolic steroids, known for their ability to increase physical strength and muscle mass79. The drug mimics the effect of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the body80. They were developed after Eastern Bloc countries demonstrated success in weightlifting during the 1940's81. At the time they were using testosterone, which carried with it negative effects; anabolic steroids were developed as a solution. The drug has been used across a wide range of sports from football and basketball. 8. DOPING CONTROL IN SPORT As you get older and get better at sport it is likely that you will be tested for doping. These tests are aimed at preserving the spirit of sport by catching the cheats. Testing can take place during a competition, during training, or in the off-season and will generally be given without forewarning. If you refuse to take a test or to follow the testing procedures, you will receive the same sanction as an athlete who tests positive. These tests are done by a certified Doping Control Officer who collects a urine sample. In some cases, both a blood sample and urine sample is required. Samples are sent to an approved lab for analysis. Some drugs can be detected in very small amounts and months after they have been taken. Evidence of the use of some other drugs can be found as a result of the changes they cause inside the body.

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9. CONCLUSION Doping in sport is a widespread problem not just among elite athletes, but even more so in recreational sports. In scientific literature, major emphasis is placed on doping detection, whereas detrimental effects of doping agents on athletes' health are seldom discussed. Androgenic anabolic steroids are well known for their positive effects on muscle mass and strength. Human growth hormone also increases muscle mass, although the majority of that is an increase in extracellular fluid and not the functional muscle mass. In recreational athletes, growth hormone does not have major effect on muscle strength, power or aerobic capacity, but stimulates anaerobic exercise capacity. Erythropoietin administration increases oxygen-carrying capacity of blood improving endurance measures, whereas systemic administration of beta-adrenergic agonists may have positive effect on sprint capacity, and beta-adrenergic antagonists reduce muscle tremor. Thus, there are certain drugs that can improve selective aspects of physical performance. However, most of the doping agents exert serious side-effects, especially when used in combination, at high doses and for a long duration. The extent of long-term health consequences is difficult to predict, but likely to be substantial, especially when gene doping is considered.

REFERENCES

1. Buechel, B, E Emrich, and S Pohlkamp (forthcoming), “Nobody’s innocent: The role of customers in the doping dilemma”, Journal of Sports Economics. 2. Cisyk, J and P Courty (forthcoming), “Do Fans Care about Compliance to Doping Regulations in Sports? The Impact of PED Suspension in Baseball”, Journal of Sports Economics. 3. Engelberg, T, S Moston, and J Skinner (2012), “Public perception of sport anti-doping policy in Australia.” Drugs: education, prevention, and policy 19(1), pp. 84–87. 4. Koslosky, J-E (2014), “How the Steroid Era Saved Baseball”, The Motley Fool, 14 January. 5. Solberg, H A, D V Hanstad, and T A Thøring (2010), “Doping in elite sport–do the fans care?: public opinion on the consequences of doping scandals”, International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship 11(3). 6. Van Reeth, D (2013), “TV demand for the Tour de France: The importance of stage characteristics versus outcome uncertainty, patriotism, and doping”, International Journal of Sport Finance 8(1), pp. 39–60.

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The Role of Government Schemes in Sport Development

Dr. Pathak Adinath Ramdas Assistant Professor- Economics Mamasaheb Mohol College, Paud Road, Pune- 38 1) Introduction : The Department of Sports was set up in 1980 under the Ministry of Human Resources Development as part of the 1982 Asian Games preparations. Youth Affairs was later added in 1985. The Department of Youth Affairs and Sports was upgraded to the status of an independent Ministry in 2000 and in 2008, Sports and Youth Affairs were bifurcated into two separate departments viz., Department of Sports and the Department of Youth Affairs. 2) National Sport Policy Initiatives: Physical education, games and sports have been receiving attention over successive Plans. However, it was only after India hosted the IX Asian Games in 1982 that “Sports” as a subject of policy started receiving attention. National Sports Policy, 1984 was the first move towards developing an organized and systematic framework for the development and promotion of sports in the country, and the precursor of the present National Sports Policy, 2001. National Sport Policy 2001 The twin planks of the National Sports Policy 2001 are “Broad-basing of Sports” or Sports for All and achieving excellence in sports at the national and international levels. Features of the Policy: 1. Broad-basing of sports 2. Achieving excellence 3. Up-gradation and development of infrastructure 4. Support to National Sports Federations and other appropriate bodies 5. Strengthening of scientific support to sports 6. Strengthening of coaching support to sports 7. Incentives to promote sports 8. Enhanced participation of women, scheduled tribes and rural youth 9. Promote sports-mindedness among the public at large 3) Functions and Objectives : The programmes and schemes of the Department of Sports can be categorized under four broad heads as given below: 1. Sports for All (i) „Khelo India - National Programme for Development of Sports‟ has been prepared by merging the erstwhile „Rajiv Gandhi Khel Abhiyan‟, „Urban Sports Infrastructure Scheme‟ and „National Sports Talent Search System Programme‟ as a Central Sector Scheme for implementation from the Financial year 2016-17 onwards. Khelo India Scheme has three components viz., competitions, talent and sports infrastructure. Objectives of the scheme are mass participation of youth in annual sports competitions through a structured competition, Identification of talent, guidance and nurturing of the talent through existing sports academies and new set up either by the central

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Government or State Government or in PPP mode and creation of Sports Infrastructure at mofussil, Tehsil, District, State levels, etc. (ii) Promotion of sports among persons with disabilities (iii) Creation, promotion and preservation of playing fields as safe play spaces. 2. Promotion of Excellence in Sports: i) Scheme of Assistance to National Sports Federations to hold domestic competitions and participation in international competitions ii) National Sports Development Fund iii) Scheme of Human Resource Development in Sports iv) National Anti-Doping Programme for dope -free sports 3 Incentives to sportspersons: (i) Scheme of National Awards (Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award which is a plan scheme; and Arjuna Award, Dhyan Chand Award and Dronacharya Award which are Non-Plan Schemes). ii) Scheme of Cash Awards to medal winners in international sports iii) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy for University Sports iv) Scheme of pension to meritorious sportspersons. v) National Welfare Fund for sportspersons. 4. Scheme Review : A) Sports for All - i) ‘Khelo India - National Programme for Development of Sports’: Khelo India - National Programme for Development of Sports‟ has been prepared by merging the erstwhile „Rajiv Gandhi Khel Abhiyan‟, „Urban Sports Infrastructure Scheme and „National Sports Talent Search System Programme‟ as a Central Sector Scheme for implementation from the Financial year 2016-17 onwards. Khelo India Scheme has three components viz., competitions, talent and sports infrastructure. Objectives of the scheme are mass participation of youth in annual sports competitions through a structured competition, Identification of talent, guidance and nurturing of the talent through existing sports academies and new set up either by the central Government or State Government or in PPP mode and creation of Sports Infrastructure at mofussil, Tehsil, District, State levels, etc. The talented sportspersons from amongst the participants of the competition for the different age groups at, District, State and National level will be identified through the defined competition structure. On conclusion of the competitions, the Organizing Committee of the respective level of Competitions will prepare a discipline-wise list of talented candidates separately for boys and girls keeping in view gender sensitivity and representation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Minorities, and weaker sections of society. The selected candidates will be eligible for either grant of suitable scholarships or for admissions in Sports Authority of India (SAI) Centers and Sports Academies. The disbursal of scholarships shall be on the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) principle through the implementing agency. Every potential candidate will have to pass through the same competition structure to be eligible for scholarships under this Scheme in a particular year and his/her having received the scholarship during any previous year will not have any bearing on his selection in any subsequent year. Thus, the process of fresh selection every

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year will ensure that only the most deserving candidate will be eligible for scholarships, thereby maintaining reasonable standard. Such selected candidates will also be given preference for induction in various sports promotional schemes of the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports (MYAS)/Sports Authority of India (SAI), wherever feasible and if the selected talents so desire. The possibility of their induction in State sports academies may also be worked out with the State Governments. The scholarships will be granted in a graded manner for each level, i.e, the National level scholarships will be the highest while the district level the lowest. The following sports infrastructures will be sanctioned under this scheme:- S. No. Particulars At District/State level

1. Synthetic Athletic Track Rs. 7.00 crore

2. Synthetic Hockey field Rs. 5.50 crore

3. Synthetic turf football ground Rs. 5.00 crore

4. Multipurpose Hall of size 60M x 40M Rs. 8.00 crore x 12.5M

5. Swimming Pool Rs.5.00 crore

6. Construction of Stadia complex at Rs.50.00 crore District Hqs.

The cost of the project over and above the admissible grant mentioned above shall be borne by the grantee. State Governments/State Sports Council/State Sports Authority, Local Civic Bodies, School, Colleges and Universities under Central/State Governments and Sports Control Boards shall be eligible to receive assistance for creation of sports infrastructure under this scheme. The erstwhile USIS scheme was converged with Member of Parliament Local Area Development (MPLAD) scheme with effect from March, 2012. In the new scheme of Khelo India, this convergence with MPLAD will continue on the lines of USIS and if a Member of Parliament contributes 50% of the grant admissible for an infrastructure project, two additional projects will be sanctioned in that State/UT. The total estimated cost of the Scheme in the year 2016-17 will be of the order of Rs. 500 crore. Budgetary allocation of Rs. 140 crore for Khelo India Scheme has been made during 2016-17. (ii) The promotion of sports among person with disabilities: The Ministry formulated a scheme for promotion of sports and games among disabled during 2009 on a pilot basis for a period of 5 years. The objective of the Scheme is broad-basing participative sports among the disabled. The Scheme of Sports & Games for the Disabled has the following components:-

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1) Grant for Training of Coaches 2) Grant for holding District, State & National level competitions for the disabled. Budgetary allocation of Rs. 4 crore has been made for the Scheme of Sports & Games for Persons with Disabilities during 2016-17. iii) National Playing Fields Association of India (NPFAI): NPFAI was established in February 2009 as a Society under the Societies Registration Act 1860. Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports is the chairperson of the NPFAI and the members include senior officers in the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, representatives of State Governments etc. The main objectives of NPFAI are: to protect, preserve, promote, develop and improve playing fields and open spaces and other facilities for sports and games; and to evolve a national policy on playing fields, playgrounds, play pitches, parks and open spaces. The NPFAI received Rs 50.00 lacs as seed money from the National Sport Development Fund in July 2009. The NPFAI had sanctioned Rs 192.00 lacs to the NDMC for development of 78 playfields in the NDMC area. This project has been completed (B): Sports Excellence: (i) The Scheme of Assistance to National Sports Federations (NSFs) Provides financial assistance to NSFs for holding National Championships; participation of national teams in international competitions; organization of international tournaments; holding national coaching camps, including the engagement of foreign coaches; and equipment support. Budgetary provision made for the Scheme of Assistance to NSFs during 2016-17 is Rs. 165 crore. (ii) National Sports Development Fund (NSDF) was instituted by the Central Government in 1998 with a view to mobilizing resources from non-governmental sources, including the private/corporate sector and non-resident Indians, with Government proving matching grant, for the promotion of sports and games in the country. In order to make contributions to the Fund attractive, 100% exemption from income tax is available on all contributions. The total money available in the Fund, as on 31.03.2016, was Rs. 125.00 crore. iii) Scheme of Human Resources Development in Sports: The Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sport revised the existing Scheme relating to Talent Search & Training and renamed it as Scheme of Human Resources Development in Sports in 2013-14. Under the revised scheme, the Government intends to focus on developing human resources in sports science and sport medicine for the overall development of sports and games in the country. Budgetary allocation of Rs. 4.00 crore has been made for scheme of human resource Development in Sport for 2016-17. (C) Sports Incentives: i ) Rajiv Gandi Khel Ratna Award : The Scheme was launched in the year 1991-92 Under this scheme, a medallion along with a cash award of Rs.7.5 lakh is given to the most spectacular and outstanding sportsperson of the year. Normally only one award is given every year. 28 sportspersons have been given this award since the inception of the scheme. ii) Arjuna Award : was instituted in 1961 and is given to players who have exhibited good performance consistently for the previous three years at the international level and have

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shown qualities of leadership, sportsmanship and a sense of discipline. The awardees are given a statuette, a scroll of honor, ceremonial dress and award money of Rs. 5. 00 lakh. Normally, up to 15 awards can be given each year. 799 outstanding sportspersons from various disciplines have been conferred Arjuna Awards so far. iii) Dhyan Chand Award for Life Time Achievements in Sport and Games : was instituted in the year 2002. This award is given to honor those sportspersons who have contributed to sports by their performance and continue to contribute to promotion of sports even after their retirement from active sporting career. The awardees are given a statuette, a scroll of honor, ceremonial dress and award money of Rs. 5.00 lakh. 45 sportspersons have been given this award since inception. iv) Dronacharya Award : was instituted in 1985. This award honors eminent coaches who have assisted national athletes and teams in achieving outstanding results in international competitions. The awardees are given a statuette, scroll, ceremonial dress and a cash prize of Rs.5.00 lakh. Normally, up to 5 awards can be given each year. 88 Coaches have been given this award since its institution. V) Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar : With a view to recognizing the contribution made to sports development by entities other than Sportspersons and coaches, Government has instituted from 2009 a new award entitled Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar, which has four categories, namely, community sports development, vi) Scheme of Special Awards to Winners in International sports events and their Coaches: was introduced in the year 1986 to encourage and motivate outstanding sportspersons for higher achievements and to attract the younger generation to take up sports as a career. The Ministry has revised the Scheme on 29.01.2015, in which amount of cash award to medal winning sportspersons has been substantially enhanced and the discriminatory clause of the scheme under which medal winners in closed events like Para- Olympics, Special Olympics Championships for handicapped, Deaf, Dumb, Blind etc. was done away with and these events were included in the revised scheme. vii) Scheme of Pension to Meritorious sportspersons: This scheme was launched in the year 1994. Under this scheme, those sportspersons, who are Indian citizens and have won gold, silver and bronze medals in Olympic Games, World Cup/World Championships, Asian Games, Commonwealth Games and Paralympic games; attained the age of 30 years; and have retired from active sports career are eligible for life pension Viii) MAKA Trophy: With a view to promoting competitive sports in colleges and universities, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy with a cash award of Rs.10 lakh is given to the University standing first in inter-university sports tournaments. The Universities standing second and third are given cash award of Rs. 5 Lakh and Rs. 3 lakh each, respectively. Ix) National Welfare Fund for sportspersons was set up in March, 1982 with a view to assisting outstanding sportspersons of the past, living in indigent circumstances, who had brought glory to the country in sports. The scheme was last reviewed and revised in July 2009. Scheme of National Welfare Fund of Sportspersons has been reviewed again and has been revised extensively in May 2016. Under the revised Scheme, amount of annual income

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for being eligible for getting financial assistance from the Fund has been raised from the existing Rs. 2 lakh to Rs. 4 lakh. 5. Conclusion: The role of the Department of Sports is to create the infrastructure and promote capacity building for broad-basing sports as well as for achieving excellence in various international and national competitive events. The schemes being implemented by the Department are geared towards achieving these objectives. Keeping in view the growing demands for advanced infrastructure, equipment and scientific support, Department of Sports has taken several initiatives and is providing the necessary assistance to sportspersons by way of training and exposure in international competitions backed up with scientific and equipment support as well as cash incentives for boosting their morale. The Government will have to make more efforts to promote sport in India. For the first, the allocation of funds, such as percentage of budget, should increase to broad base sport. Secondly effectiveness of Development Projects. Third Uniformity should be maintained in sports activities Finally, a Structure of good government should incorporate to make the system transparent and accountable. Government should revisit the sporting framework of India.

References- 1. Sport Report, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Department of Sport. 2. Directorate of Economics and Statistics Department Government of India. 3. . www.India.gov.in

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Carrier Opportunity in Physical Education Adventures Sports and Games

Dr. Umeshraj Padamraj Paneru College Director of Phy. Edu. & Sports, Annasaheb Waghire Arts Science and Commerce College, Otur, Tal. Junnar Dist. Pune Abstract: Physical Education and Sports is important aspect of our Society. Physical Education degree/diploma or sports and games related courses are important for other discipline for job opportunity, overall development of the general public. Nowadays the nature of present Physical education and sports is a one of the science. At the same time the physical education is a systematic area of professional opportunity as well as new areas of opportunity comprise: Sports Medicine and rehabilitation, Educational Institution, Fitness Industry, Electronic and Print media, Adventures Sports etc. In this paper physical education and sports under and post graduates, National and International or sports skills holders have further career opportunity in Government sector, Privet sector, Heath Sector and Fitness and Sports Industry. Key Words: Physical Education, Sports Medicine, Carrier, Opportunity. 1. Introduction: Physical education and sports is essential for overall development of an individual and society. India has a large population of youth compared to other developing and other developed countries. The world survey indicates that the massive population of youth is in India and youth is strength of the country. On other side World health Organization survey present more than 62 million Diabetes individual currently diagnoses in with disease in 2030 India will be become capital of Diabetes. Physical education and sports professionals play the important role for a child’s promoting health of body; sound in body, mind, or moral that is development and liberty from disease and building the nation physically fit and healthy. For the development of human body, hygiene and gymnastics, school are focused physical education and sports around 1820. Physical education and sports plays the major role in school and college system in 1851 Young men’s Christian Association launched physical education first chapter. More than 400 institutes had introduced physical education in 1950. For the encouragement of physical education and Sports Institutes focus on intramural and extramural sports like Track and field, Gymnastics and football. Now a day’s physical Education and sports is soul of the humane been and in spite of that Education, Medical, Media, Government sector, private sector physical education is of equal important for student and servants. Therefore job opportunity is more for physical educators in Government, Semi Government, public, Medical, Government and Private Institution. In future of India or in a foreign country for the physical educators have many exciting careers in physical education and sports. 2. Career Opportunities in Physical Education and Sports: 2.1. Career Opportunities in Sports Medicine: The world of sports use very high technology for performance therefore sports and games are extremely competitive. Every sportsmen need to stay at the top level for all time. This has in nature to led massive and significant importance and essential of Sports Medicine expert in the lives of sports persons. In order to excel, the help and guidance of such specialists is essential nowadays. For those intending to specialize in the field, a diploma or degree is the first step towards numerous roles such as that of a physiotherapist, physician, Aquatic therapist, Sport psychologist, Clinical

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) exercise physiologist, Certified clinical exercise specialist, Sport dietician, Sports medicine clinic director, Physical therapist, Occupational therapist, Medical and osteopathic physicians, Physician assistant, Kinesiology professor, Kinesiology researcher, Kinesiology department administrator, Cardiac Rehabilitation Hospital Wellness Instructor, Kinesiotherapist, Occupational Therapist, Physical Therapist, Weight-Control Counsellor etc. 2.2. Career Opportunities Educational Institution and Private Sector: We live in an era where people have realized the importance of Physical education, Sports and fitness. This field is expanding exponentially each passing day. So playing sports at your college or school level need no longer be just a hobby. You can today shape your future in the field by sticking around with physical fitness and pursuing your career in Physical Education can lead you to a wide range of career options; from being a part of the chosen sport you can serve as Health and Physical Education Teacher, Fitness specialist, Personal trainer, Group exercise instructor, Strength and conditioning coach, Sport instructor, Coach of different game and Sports, Sport official (Referee/ Umpire/ Official), Professional Athlete, Dance Instructor, Dance Therapist, Early Childhood Motor Skills Instructor, Equipment Manager, Fitness Instructor, Coach at Park Ranger, Outdoor Education Instructor, yoga Society Recreation Leader, Fitness Trainer, Camp Director, Community Centre Director, Corporate Fitness Instructor, Corporate Trainer, Correction Facilities Instructor, Entrepreneur, Intramural Director, Resort Manager, Community, Protective Service Worker, Recreation Therapist, Recreation Facility Manager, Salesperson, Sporting Good Salesperson, Sports Agent, Sports Clothing Designer, Sports Lawyer, Event managers, Sports facility managers or consultant, Quality controller –Sports facilities and equipmentand many other similar options. 2.3. Career Opportunities in Fitness Industry: The fitness industry play the important role for human wellness for the personal or group fitness there is lot of job opportunities in this field where you can working directly with people or Society as a Fitness Centre owner, Fitness Centre Manager, Fitness leader, Health promotion specialist, Sport administrator, Sport marketer, aerobics, indoor cycling and athletic-style workouts, Personal Training, Gym Assistant, Health Club Manager, Wellness Coordinator, Spa Professional and many other options. 2.4. Career Opportunities in Electronic and Print Media: Electronic and print media is one of the reputed careers where everyone feel freshness and platform that gives you the opportunity to meet new people from different society. In this profession opportunity to meet Celebrity, Models, Politicians, Ministers, High profile officers, criminals Media job that needs dedication, devotion and determination. It has vast job opportunity Like Media and public relations specialist, Professional Sports Investigator, Sport event manager, Sport Journalist, Sport facility operations manager, Sports Reporter, Sports Promoter, Sports Photographer, Sports event managers etc. Field Reporter, Writer, Editor, Research Analyst, Field and In-house Correspondent, News / Program Anchor, Presenter, News Analyst, Public Relations Officer, Cinema Projectionist, Media Marketing Executive, Content Writer and editor, Audiovisual Production Specialist, Advertising Executive and many others 2.6. 0.Career Options in Adventure facilitator: Adventure sports can be your full-fledged career option in India endowed with all the natural wonders a career in adventure sports can be really promising and exciting good thing is that

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) adventure sports and travel industry is growing up in big way in India . The increasing invasion of tourists has made Adventure tourism a booming sector. Due to the involvement of the media (National Geographic, Discovery, AXN, etc), people have become more aware of the adventure sports activities around them and want to plan an adventure holiday instead of a routine vacation. The demand of trained professionals in this field is much more than their availability. This is going to further increase in the near future. A qualified graduate with a certificate in adventure sports can pursue her/his career in a travel agency as an executive or guide, Instructor or coach. Water Sport: Sky Diving, Para Jumping, Para Sailing /Gliding, Bunge Jumping, Surfing/ Wind Surfing, Scuba diving, Life Guard at beaches or river, Rowing, Boat Racing, Cliff Diving, Yacht racing, White Water Rafting, Swimming, water safety and rescue, canoeing, kayaking, sailing, water surfing, skiing and white-water rafting Boat Club Managers. Land Sports: Trekking, Rock Climbing, Skiing, Adventure Racing, Snowboarding, Biking Mountain Cycling, Land Yachting, Corrective and Rehabilitation center experts, rock climbing, rappelling, river crossing, Mountaineering, caving, camping, map reading, skiing, Air Sports: Paragliding, Sky Surfing, Bungee Jumping, Sky Diving 3. Physical educator as you Gain knowledge of skills in a multiplicity of sports and games, rhythmic Exercise, dance, Aerobics Exercise, Zumba Dance workout, swimming, Yoga and Meditation  Develop Sportsmen sprit, communication skills, organization and leadership  Be aware of the Sports Psychology, Exercise Physiology, Like body works, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, respiratory system, the Neuromuscular system and the cardiovascular system  Be aware of Injury rehabilitation, dance skills, exercise Science, Nutrition  Be aware of (Sports Psychology) physically, mentally, emotionally, spiritually, socially, principles of healthy living , environmentally, and learn how to share this knowledge in many settings  Appreciate the breadth and depth of the physical education field, its history and future trends, and discover your place in the field.  Be aware of Changing Rules and Regulation of games and Sports  Be aware of application of technology in sports and connect with Electronic media and print media for promotion of events and talented players  Increase communication skill and contact with society for future development 4. Physical education growth Physical education teachers are in general working to teach children from the pre primary to College level and he is responsible for promoting physical activity and sports in institution. hence physical education and sports person aware of first aid he serve as coaches for schools' sports teams or serve as health teachers in addition to their physical education duties. They must be physically fit. Physical education teachers must develop lesson plans and prepare props and equipment just as any other teacher would. They must assure that their lesson plans are appropriate and effective for all students. 5. Education Requirements for Physical Educators and Sports Expert as Physical education expert must be played individual or team game during school education or university level. He should must be completed bachelor degree in physical education or post

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) graduation in physical education. National and international player must be completed their NIS (National Institute of Sports) Under SIA (Sports Authority of India) Diploma Course or other Level Courses. Physical education teachers, Coaches or Expert are great demand in School, Colleges, Sports Clubs, Fitness academy and canters, Government and Semi Government Sector, SIA Centres, Sports school, associations, organization clubs, Electronic Media as Expert. 6. Conclusion: At least we can say that physical education and sports has been one of the important part of education system in India. Physical education develop over all development of person i.e. Physical, Mantel, social etc. To study the physical education and sports on should also be energetic, sportsman sprit, physically fit, enthusiastic, So that physical education and sports have offering many career opportunities for young talents in India. Apart from this sports person can also work as a coaches, umpire, sports commentator, sports photographer, sports equipment suppliers, manufacturer and consultant.

Reference:  Dr.Prof.T.F.Gulhane (May-Jan 2014). Career in Physical education and sports, Journal of Sports and Physical Education, Vol:1 I:5 PP.21-22  Vats K.,Sharma P. and Sharma J. (2015). Careers in Physical Education and Sports. International Journal of Physical Education Sports and Health Vol: 1(5), PP 28-30.  Best, J. W. and Khan, J.V. (2002), Research in Education 7th (Ed). Prentice Hall.  AAHPERD. (1984). Health Related Physical Fitness: Technical Manual. Washington, D. C.: American Alliance of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance.  Career Center. (2018.). Medical sports Medicine Homepage. Retrieved, January 28, 2018 from http://www.indiaeducation.net  Career-in-adventure-sports. (20148). Adventure-sports Homepage. Retrieved, January 28, 2018 from https://idreamcareer.com  Kothri, C.R.(2004).Research Methodology Method and Techniques, 2nd(Ed.)Publish New Age Inter National Limited.

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Primary Introduction, Rules and Regulations of Weight Lifting Game

1Prof. Ganesh Kardile, 2Prof. Santosh More, 3Prof. Deepshree Pokhlekar 1,2,3Mamasaheb Mohol College, Paud Road, Pune

Introduction: Weightlifting, also called Olympic-style weightlifting, or Olympic weightlifting, is an athletic discipline in the modern Olympic programme in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates. The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk. Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each, and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category. Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors. A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total, and therefore receives an "incomplete" entry for the competition. The clean and press was once a competition lift, but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form. In comparison with other strength sports, which test limit strength (with or without lifting aids), weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits (explosive strength); the lifts are therefore executed faster—and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution— than other strength movements. Properly executed, the snatch and the clean and jerk are both dynamic and explosive while appearing graceful, especially when viewed from a recording at a slowed speed. While there are relatively few competitive Olympic weightlifters, the lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting, and in particular their component lifts (e.g. squats, deadlifts, cleans), are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength.

The Weights: The Bar itself is a standard. Women and under use a 15Kg bar which is a slightly smaller diameter than the standard 20Kg bar used by all men. The Barbell is loaded with Disks (Plates) of various weights. A combination of the international standard of 25 (Red), 20 (Blue), 15 (Yellow), 10 (Green), 5 (White), 2.5 (Red), 2 (Blue), 1 (Green), 0.5 (White) Kilogram disks to set the barbell at a certain weight, are used. The barbell will be loaded with the minimum number of disks required to total the required weight. In addition, collars must be used to tighten on the ends of the barbell to keep the weight disks attached. The standard collars are 2.5 Kg each.

Rules & Regulations Each lifter is given three attempts at each of the Snatch and the Clean and Jerk. First, all lifters in a session will complete all three attempts at the Snatch. Then, after a 10 minutes break, all lifters will take three attempts at the Clean and Jerk. The Total of the Best Snatch and the Best Clean and Jerk determine medal or trophy placement. Each lifter competes with other lifters in their own weight class but in most sessions, a few weight classes are mixed. In Open events, both Weight Classes and Age Classes are often mixed.

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Youth lifters are under 17 years old, Junior Lifters are under 20 years old, Seniors are Open and Masters are over 35. The weight on the barbell only goes up! All lifters who are attempting a certain weight complete their attempts before the other lifters attempt higher weights.

Three Judges watch for incorrect features of the lift to separate a “Good” lift from a “Bad Lift”. Here are the basic items judges look for: 1) No part of the lifter (except the bottom of the feet) shall touch the platform. 2) The Lifter cannot “press out” the barbell. Press out is when the elbows are bent and the lifter uses strength of the arms to lock out the elbows. 3) The lift must be all in one continuous movement - no stopping and restarting. 4) The elbows must not touch thighs or knees during the Clean. This is dangerous and can cause serious injury. 5) The Lifter must hold the bar steady and be motionless between the Clean and the Jerk. 6) The Lifter must hold the bar steady and motionless in all parts of the body overhead with feet inline with the plane of the trunk until the judges give the down signal 7) The Lifter must guide the bar down at least below shoulder level when the lift is complete. Dropping from overhead is dangerous and an incorrect movement. 8) The Lifter must remain on the platform during the execution of the lift. Barbell

Knurling on an Olympic barbell Olympic weightlifting uses a steel bar (also known as a barbell) with larger-diameter rotating sleeves on either end, holding rubber-coated weight plates of different weights. This sleeve rotation is important for the Olympic lifts, particularly the snatch and clean movements, because it drastically reduces the rotational inertia of the bar. Without sleeve rotation, the Olympic lifter faces more challenging lifts and a greater risk of injury. A men's Olympic barbell weighs 20 kg (44 lbs) with a shaft diameter of 28 mm and a length of 2200 mm, whereas a women's Olympic barbell weighs 15 kg (33 lbs) and has a shaft diameter of 25 mm with a length of 2010 mm. The distance between the sleeves, however, is the same for the men's and the women's bars at 1310 mm. The grip texture of the bar is called the knurling, and is distributed differently between the men's and women's bars: the men's has knurling in the centre but the women's does not. The Olympic barbells used in competition are certified by the IWF. Bumper plates The weight plates, typically referred to as "bumper plates" because of their rubber coated design, weigh between 10 kg and 25 kg in 5 kg increments. Smaller metal plates from 0.5 kg to 5 kg called

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) change or fractional plates are used to for smaller weight totals. The bumper plates are coated with rubber to allow the weights to be dropped from various heights—either after a successful lift or during an unsuccessful one. Olympic bumper plates conform to international standards for colouring. That is, 10 kg is green, 15 kg is yellow, 20 kg is blue, and 25 kg is red. Competition iron plates In addition to the rubber bumpers, smaller competition iron plates can be used to add weight in small increments to the bar. The colour designations for these iron plates are as follows: 1 kg is green, 1.5 kg is yellow, 2 kg is blue, 2.5 kg is red, 5 kg and 0.5 kg are white. It is useful to note the colour assignment of these iron plates is consistent with the heavier bumper plates (i.e. 1 kg and 10 kg are green, 1.5 kg and 15 kg are yellow, etc.). Collars

An Olympic lifter, Jang Mi-ran, holding a barbell loaded with red 25 kg bumper plates, held in place with a collar. Note the lifter's taped wrists and thumbs, her weightlifting shoes, and her weightlifting belt. Weight plates are secured to the bar using collars on each sleeve that weigh exactly 2.5 kg each. Singlet Lifters typically wear a one-piece, close-fitting leotard often called a singlet. The wearing of a T- shirt underneath the singlet is optional. Belt A weightlifting belt of 120 mm maximum width may also be worn to provide lower back support. Chalk Chalk is regularly used by Olympic lifters, generally prior to each attempt at a lift. Lifters rub their hands with the chalk to promote dryness and prevent the bar moving in their hands. In addition to the hands, chalk can be applied to the neck, usually above the collarbone, which is a key point of contact for the bar during a clean and jerk. Tape Olympic lifters frequently use tape to cover the areas of their bodies exposed to friction while completing Olympic lifts. Tape is most commonly found on the Olympic lifter's thumb. A taped thumb not only lessens the risk of calluses, it reduces the pain associated with the hook grip. Olympic lifters also tape their wrists, preventing exaggerated and uncomfortable joint movement during lifts. For particularly heavy overhead lifts, a taped wrist enables the lifter to regulate wrist extension and delimit the translation of the radius and ulna distal heads. However, while taped wrists can prevent wrist and forearm injuries in the short-term, excessive use can lead to weakened connective tissue in the area, increasing the risk of pain and injury.

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Shoes Perhaps the type of shoes worn by Olympic weightlifters is their most distinctive piece of equipment. Weightlifting shoes are typically designed with a raised heel of 0.5" to 1.5" and one or two metatarsal straps that tighten across the instep of the shoe. The raised heel helps the lifter maintain an upright torso while catching the bar and also allows for a deeper squat under the bar. The soles of the shoes are also quite rigid, helping to resist compression while under heavy loads. The shoes are designed for maximum stability while remaining flexible in the "toebox". This allows the lifter to come up on the toes and to catch the weight on the ball of the back foot during the "jerk" movement of the lift.

Weight classes Athletes compete in a division determined by their body mass. There have been eight male divisions and eight female divisions since 2017. Men's weight classes:  56 kg (123 lb)  62 kg (137 lb)  69 kg (152 lb)  77 kg (170 lb)  85 kg (187 lb)  94 kg (207 lb)  105 kg (231 lb)  105 kg and over (231 lb+) Women's weight classes:  48 kg (106 lb)  53 kg (117 lb)  58 kg (128 lb)  63 kg (139 lb)  69 kg (152 lb)  75 kg (165 lb)  90 kg (198 lb)  90 kg and over (198 lb+)

Basic skill The Snatch is a single movement where the lifter holds the bar in a wide grip, lifts the weight off the ground overhead in one movement, then stands upright holding the bar overhead. The Clean and Jerk is a two-part movement. First, the lifter holds the barbell in a shoulder width grip, then pulls the weight up to the shoulders and then stands up with the barbell balanced on the shoulders. Once settled, the lifter will snap the bar overhead and stand upright again with the barbell in control overhead. Once the lifter is in control, the judges will give the “Down” signal and the lifter will lower the bar.

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ESTABLISHING THE STANDARD NORMS OF DURATION OF CANT IN KABADDI BY TESTING THE INTER UNIVERSITY MALE PARTICIPANTS

SHAKUR SAYYAD, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF P.E. & SPORTS, M.U. COLLEGE OF COMMERCE,PIMPRI,PUNE -411017 INTRODUCTION Kabaddi is essentially an Indian game, which commands huge popularity in the India as well as its hinterland. In Indian Kabaddi is popular in different names. In the Southern parts of India, the game is referred to as Chedugudu or Hu-Tu-Tu. In eastern India, it is fondly called Hadudu (for men) and Kit-Kit (for women). The game is known as Kabaddi in northern India. Breath control, raid, dodging and movement of hand and feet are the basic skills that one has to acquire, in order to play Kabaddi. The player has to acquire power and learn both offensive and defensive skills to excel in the game, which combines the characteristics of rugby and wresting. Read on to explore the history of Kabaddi in India. The origin of Kabaddi can be traced to the pre-historic times. In India, Kabaddi was primarily devised as a way to develop the physical strength and speed in young men. During its inception, Kabaddi was played to boost the self-defense skills and to develop quick responsiveness to attacks. It also sharpened the reflexes of counter attacks of the individuals, who mostly played in groups or teams. Kabaddi also find place in Hindu Mythology. The dramatized version of the great Indian, epic, the Mahabharata, has made an analogy of the game, wherein the warrior Arjuna’s son Abhimanyu faces a tough time, when he is trapped in the ‘Chakravyuha’ set by his enemies of the War. Historians suggest that some other ancient scripts have proved that Kabaddi existed in the pre-historic times in India. In Mahabharata, Arjuna had a unique talent in the game of Kabaddi. He could effortlessly sneak into the ‘wall’ of enemies, destroy them all and come back unscathed. As per the Buddhist literature, Gautam Buddha played Kabaddi for recreational purposes. It says that he loved to play the game and took it as a means to exhibit his strength, which helped him to him to win his brides. It is quite evident from the manuscripts discovered by the historians that Kabaddi was a much adored game in the ancient times. In the modern times, Kabaddi was given the national status of a game in India in 1918. The state of Maharashtra is accredited with upbringing the game to a national platform. Consequently, the standard set of rules and regulations for the games where formulated in the same year. However, the rules and regulations were brought to print only after a few years, in 1923. During the same year, an All India Tournament for Kabaddi was organized at Baroda, wherein the player strictly followed the rules and regulations formulated for the game. Since then , the game has come a long way. Its popularity increased and a number of tournaments were organized at national level, throughout the country. The game was introduced at the 1938 Indian Olympic Games held at Calcutta, which fetched it international recognition. PROBLEM TO BE INVESTIGATED In 1968, the meeting of experts and the technical committee was held at Nagpur for preparing and framing the rules and regulations to make the game dynamic and attractive. After that

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) so many committees were formed to make the changes and modifications like Bonus line, Three unproductive raid and increase in distance of Bonus line and Baulk line. Till 1995, it was found that the changes were made except raiders canting ability (the duration of cant in seconds) which is the soul of the game. A number of ideas and logic, in relation to the rule, were put forward. This expressed nothing but lack of experimental / scientific research in this context. In 1995, the experts committee nominated by A.K.F.I. suggested a norm of cant duration maximum 25 seconds for men players. Unfortunately it was rejected. Thus the effort has to be making to see that the norms of canting ability must be established and standardized for men women separately. The canting ability depends upon player ags, sex, inborn capacities and conditioned abilities. In present days, the researches being qualified referee and also his professional colleagues observed that players/raiders are chiting to the officials / referees by taking pause between cant, by wrong pronunciation word Kabaddi and not saying the it loudly. In this situation it very difficult to referee to define the correct cant as well the duration and to give the raider out. Hence to have uniformity in the duration of cant the standard norm should be prepared, some guide line should be prepared. Therefore, the researcher undertook the study to find out the solution to this problem.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1. To prepare the standard norm of canting ability in seconds. 2. To standardize the game by improving the pronunciation of words Kabaddi. 3. Regarding cant to give the guideline to the players, umpires, coaches and trainers of the game Kabaddi. 4. To measure the health related Physiological and Biochemical variables of the inter university level male Kabaddi players; 5. To assess the skill related fitness and to make uniformity in pronunciation of raiders cant.. SIGNIFICANCE 1. This study will help to the area of Kabaddi at National Level especially at inter-University level. All the raiders in Kabaddi may take the benefit of this study to develop and improve their cant. This may inspire the raider to correct and by correct pronunciation of Kabaddi- Kabaddi. 2. Findings of the study will aware the coaches, trainers and players. The skill related fitness like percentages of Hemoglobin in the blood can be increased, which may help to increase the duration of cant. This change may enhance the performance of raider. 3. The coaches and trainers representing their concerned universities will get the standard norm to select and train the raiders for university competition. The coaches may plan their specific training conditioning and treatment programmer to produce the quality raiders in Kabbaddi. 4. This study will help not only raiders but also anti raiders and every individual in field to have a standard level of health related fitness viz., Hb%, B.P. and pulse rate which is the need of the day. 5. The result and finding of the study will reduce the possibilities of chiting by the raiders to the officials and the referees during the competition.

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DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Since the area and scope of this study is too large, the researcher has delimited this piece of research as follows:  The subjects of this study were from qualified teams of each zone under the discretion of Association of Indian Universities.  The age group was ranged from 17 to 25 years.  Only four qualified teams from four zones viz. East, West, South and North zone.  The study was delimited for 16 teams and 192 male players. METHODOLOGY This study was confined to the performance ability and norms of inter university Kabaddi player participated in all India level competition. The researcher has opted survey method, which needs field work to find out the present status of the skill. The study was confined to the skill ability norms of all India inter university Kabaddi male participants’. It is normative survey research method. This method involves establishing norms for abilities, performance, beliefs and attitude. The researcher selected the most appropriate tests to measure the desired ability in Kabaddi i.e. canting ability. Since it is normative survey research only qualified teams from each zone (n=192), age ranged from 17-25 years, were selected. Four teams from each zone under Association of Indian University was undertaken to get reliable result. Each 12 players constitute on Kabaddi team. The study was restricted to 16 qualified university team participated in All India inter university championship.

Since the jurisdiction of All India Inter University (National level) area, the researcher had attended West zone and all India inter university level competition venue situated at Kolhapur and Kurukshetra respectively. Researcher attended West zone first as he stays in the same jurisdiction (zone) and carried out the study on 48 players of four qualified team. And rest of 144 player from remaining three zones viz. north, south & east where under taken at all India competition venue at Kurukshetra university. Variables selected and tools used On the basis of several research reports following variables have been selected – Physiological Variables: Heart Rate Vital capacity, Breath Holding time was assed by using standard. Tools as follows-  HR & BP were measured by using a digital BP Monitor.  Vital capacity was assessed by using Spiro meter.  Breathe holding time by electronic stop watch and holding the breaths by object manually in observation. Kabaddi skills: cant ability of Raider on the field during game /competition and of the field before competition by electronic stop observation by collecting blood samples & send to their labs and obtain the written report signed by medical officer. Standard Equipments, apparatus and appropriate procedure were used for testing the above variables.

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ANALYSIS OF DATA AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS In this Chapter, the data were presented systematically in the form of tables in maintaining logical sequence. The results were also interpreted systematically with scientific reasoning and they were discussed sequentially with comparison along with findings to draw definite conclusion. The data collected was processed through a series of statistical analysis using SPSS software. The results of data analysis along with inference have been presented in this cha The selected data (n=192) were processed through descriptive statistics. Here the collected data has been analyzed and the mean, mode, median standard deviation and correlation has been calculated and presented.

The data were presented systematically in the form of tables. The results were reasoning and they were discussed sequentially with comparison with the previous findings to draw definite conclusion.  Relationship between cant off the ground and on the ground is found significant (P<0.05 level)  Relationship between breadth holding capacity and canting ability is found significant. the correlation is significant (P<0.01 level)  Relationship between cant of the ground and breadth holding time is found significant. There is correlation between breadth holding time and cant off the ground (P<0.01 level)  The physiological variables viz. Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and lung capacity do not correspond with skill related fitness of raiders in Kabaddi.  Relationship between hemoglobin and cant duration shows no correlation with each other. Results on establishing the norms: The result of norms as presented in this chapter indicates that the average and standard duration of Cant at University level Kabaddi player is 20 – 23 seconds. Therefore the average cant of University level players’ age ranged from 17 to 25 years in 21 seconds.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Kabaddi is deeply associated with the history of mankind for its immense role in initiating spontaneous joy and recreation along with a tremendously high level of psycho-physical fitness. Inclusion of this Indian traditional game : Kabaddi, at Asian Games and recently at International level. An efficient Raider in Kabaddi requires ability to hold the breadth and attack on an opponent with running, turning and jumping ability, and come back to his court successfully. In India, this game has significant place as it is originated in Maharashtra. It is very much popular in villages and all parts of country at root level as it doesn’t require equipment and much space. Since the game require high level of cardio – vascular efficiency. The number of teams participating in inter-university competition is higher than any game. Since the Inter University competition in Kabaddi is being organized every year in India and as well as in Maharashtra, the University affiliated to All participants in Ashwamedh inter university competition, in which Kabaddi is one of the sports. Every university selects their best team from the colleges affiliated to them. It has our experience that Research and Development programme in their organization.

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Present researcher, being an experienced Kabaddi player, undertaking a need-based research project on Kabaddi that will help to establish a standard norm of cant while selecting any university team. However the objective of the study of the study was to establish and fixed out the standard duration of cant. The study may have the following applications: . The findings of this study may benefit to area of Kabaddi in India especially at Inter University level. Even a coach and players (Raiders) can take advantage of the result of this study in realizing their fault cant. This may inspire them to correct their cant and may enhance their performance by improving their breadth holding capacity, Lung capacity as well as heart rate. . University level officials and referees will get ready made norm of duration of cant during the conduct of the game. Accordingly they can judge the cant and can take the decision. . The findings can help others researchers to use these techniques for other team games. The study will help every individual to acquire a better level of Hemoglobin in blood. The investigator employed a status finding procedure and correlation strategy under survey to complete this investigation. Since it is a survey, only selected and qualified male Kabaddi players (n=192), age ranged from 17-25 years, were considered and undertaken to get reliable results. This study was restricted to four qualified University teams from four zones under Association of Indian Universities. Therefore although it is a purposive sample, the investigator covered all region of nation under the jurisdiction of All and UGC. Since the study was limited for 2 years the investigator attended the two venues in the same year (i.e. 2005-2006). On the basis of several research reports available so far, following variables have been selected: . Physiological variables (viz. Breadth Holding capacity, Heart Rate, Blood pressure, expiratory reserve volume) were assessed by using standard tools. . Pathological Test-only blood sample collected to find out percentile of Hemoglobin in blood. This test was taken under the supervision of registered practitioner especially by Pathologists. . Raider’s skill in Kabaddi (viz. cant ability in seconds off the ground and Cant ability during actual competition (game). It was taken by using electronic stop watch. Standard instrument and appropriate procedures were used for testing the above variables. Major findings:  The players participating in All India Inter University found with healthy blood. The recommended hemoglobin in male is 13-17 mg/100 ml. Among the Kabaddi players it is 14 mg/100 ml of blood.  Breadth holding time is directly related to cant duration during the game.  The duration (in sec) of Raiders. Cant on ground is better than cant off the ground among raiders at all India University level competition. Conclusion The results of the present study within limitations warrant the following conclusion.  The Inter University level Kabaddi players had physiological profiles along varied abilities in fitness and skills.  Almost all the physiological variables could contribute to predict the performance in the game.

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 The selection criteria as developed and standardized in investigation can objectively assess the efficiency of Kabaddi player at University level with acceptable reliability and validity.  The norms of canting ability developed in this study have adequate objectivity with statistical acceptability. The norms of the arc gradable and can be useful for the referees and couches to take the decision against the children of cant during competitions. Recommendations Although the norms of duration of cant in Kabaddi is suitable for inter university level Kabaddi player under the jurisdiction of Association of Indian University, however different organization like AKFI, AKFA, state level Kabaddi Association and school National game association may use these norms.  Similar study on women participants at same level may be undertaken to establish a separate norms of cant.  This norm may be established for the different age group and sex.  Similar study on their game at All India level has obviously greater significance moreover the research workers may reasonably utilize the similar principles of the test development in other sports so as to select excellent players to exhibit top performance at Inter University and national level.  In the present study the researchers has selected the physiological variables viz. Heart Rate, Lung capacity, Blood Pressure. Breadth holding capacity to establish the norms of cant. Likewise other variables may considered and undertaken for further study.  For a study a limited number of 16 qualified team were selected and 181 players were chosen. It is recommended to study on large number of team participating in all 4 zones of AIU.

REFERENCES  Barrow, Harold M. And Mcgee, Rasemary (1979) . A Practical approach to measurement in Physical Education. Philadepia : Third Edition Lea & Fibiger..  Brooks, G.A, Fahey, D. Thomas and White, Timonthy P. (1996). Exercise Physiology. California, USA: Second Edition, May Field Publishing company.  Butcher, Charles A and Wuest, Deborah A. (1991). Foundation of Physical Education and sports. New Delhi: Eleventh Edition BI Publication Pvt. Ltd.  Gorrett, Henry E. (1981), Statistics in Psychology and Education. Mumbai: Tenth Edition, Vakils, Feffer and Simons.  Johnson & Nelson (1982). Practical Measurement and Evaluation in Physical Education. New Delhi: in Physical Education and Sports. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book co. Pvt. Ltd.  Mc Arde, William, D Katch, Frank I. and Katch Victor, L. (1996). Exercise Physioligy, Maryland, USA: Fourth Edition, Williams & Wilkins.  Mc Cloy Charles Harold (2004). Test and measurement in Health and Physical Education. New Delhi: Friends Publication (India).  PE di Prampero, (1981). Physiological Chemistry of Exercise and Training. Basel-Munchen- Paris-London-New York-Sydney: S Karger.  , 109.  Thomas, Jerry R. and Nelson, Jack K, (2001). Research Methods in Physical Activity. Campaign (U.S.A.): Fourth Edition Human Kinetics.

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Rehabilitation of Sports Injuries using Yoga Postures

Mr. Rupesh Ramchandra Thopate Director of Physical Education, Dr. Ambedkar college of Arts and Commerce, Yerwada, Pune-411006. 1. Introduction: Sports injuries result from acute trauma or repetitive stress associated with athletic activities. The most common cause of sports injuries is overuse, which is generally due to faulty training methods. The exerciser does not allow for adequate recovery after a workout or does not stop exercising when pain develops. Every time muscles are stressed by an intensive workout. Only uninjured and adequately nourished fibers function properly, closely spaced, intensive workouts eventually require comparable work from fewer healthy fibers, increasing the likelihood of injury. Stopping exercise at the first sign of pain, which precedes most wear-and-tear injuries, limits the injury to these fibers, resulting in a quicker recovery. However, continuing to exercise with pain tears more fibers, extending the damage and delaying recovery. Structural abnormalities can make a person susceptible to a sports injury by stressing parts of the body unevenly. To diagnose a sports or other musculoskeletal injury, a doctor asks when and how the injury happened, what recreational and occupational activities the person has recently or routinely been engaged in, and whether there is a change in the intensity of the activity. The doctor also examines the injured area. The person may be referred to a specialist for further testing. Diagnostic tests may include x-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, bone scanning, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) Immediate treatment for almost all sports injuries consists of rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE). Injections of corticosteroids into an injured joint or the surrounding tissue are sometimes used in addition to rest to relieve pain and reduce swelling. Dietary supplementation with glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate may be useful to help repair damage to an injured joint. Physical therapists may incorporate heat, cold, electricity, sound waves, traction or water exercise into a treatment plan in addition to therapeutic exercises. How long physical therapy is needed depends on the severity and complexity of the injury. Along with above therapies, yoga therapy may be an important treatment plan too. The practices of Yoga also work as therapy to remove the structural deformities of the body. It also strengthens muscles, ligaments and helps to brings in the joints. With the help of yoga therapy disorders like sleep disk, back pain, heart diseases, diabetes and other associated health hazards are manage. Unfortunately, no report is available so far in managing sports injuries through yoga therapy. This, in turn, suggests that there is need for this present investigation for assessing the effect of yoga therapy on the sports injuries. It was therefore thought desirable to undertake the research project entitled, “Rehabilitation of Sports Injuries Using Yoga Postures”

Objectives of the Study  To conduct a survey study with a view to identify the related complaints after sports injuries of the players of Pune city participated in State, National and International level sports competitions.

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 To assess only one of most frequently occurred complaints i.e., the intensity of low back pain (the players suffer due to sports injuries) with the help of X-rays and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).  To design and conduct yoga therapy program of Sun-Jeevan method for rehabilitation of the low back pain of the injured players.  To observe the implementation effect of the yoga therapy program on rehabilitation of the low back pain of the injured players for a particular duration along with considerable follow ups.

Methodology The present study has been designed for Rehabilitation of Sports injuries using yogic postures as modified by Sun-Jeevan method. As this is a survey cum experimental study, standard procedure was followed to conduct this project. The researcher followed step-wise method to conduct the survey cum experimental study. The detail procedure is presented below.

Survey Research Population Senior players of Hockey, Volleyball, Basketball, Football, Handball, Cricket, Tennis, Badminton, Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, Track and Field from Pune city, who represented at state, national and international level, were considered as population for this survey study. The approximate numbers of the male players were about 600. Sample The whole population, as identified, was considered as sample for the survey. All the male sports persons, age ranged between 20 to 30 yrs., who played/ playing at state, national and international level of sports competitions were the subject for survey.

Method of Survey Survey study was conducted by administering a Rating scale (custom made) on 334 players to assess the nature and types of sports injuries - they suffer. The rating scale was prepared and developed considering different literature on sports injury, which as finalized in consultation with the experts of physical and sports. This Rating scale could help to assess the number (percentage) of sportsmen possesses sports injuries.

Experimental Research On the basis of the survey study, it will be clearly evident that the percentage of the players suffers from pain because of their type of sports injuries. Further, number of players identified who suffers from pain due to any one type of mostly occurred sports injuries. Subjects Minimum 26 male sportsmen (i.e., from any one type of mostly occurred sports injury), age ranged from 20-35 yrs; from Pune city was chosen using purposive sampling technique. Inclusion and exclusion criteria  The subjects who got any one type of most frequently occurred injuries were included in this study.

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 In case, the subjects who have severity of the injury associated other disorders and have been ruled out by a professionally qualified medical doctor (orthopedics), were excluded from the study.  The subjects, who are given written consent to remain present till the experimental trials are over, were included in this study.

Drop outs  Out of 26 experimental subjects,4 remained absent in most of the yoga training sessions (i.e., whose attendance is below 80%) and they were considered as drop out. Finally, thus, 22 subjects remained in the experiment. However, the reasons for drop-out were: 1 left for abroad, 1 made an accident, 2 had health problems. Experimental Design The present study was conducted by considering a single group experimental design because the treatment part of the subjects was changed as per the structure of the injury. The design of the experiment is presented below. O1 – X1- O2 – X2 -- O3 – X3 – O4 – X4 – O5 Where O1 - Pre test O2, O3 & O4 - Mid test O5 - Post test X1 - Self control (blank period) X2 - Treatment/ Training intervention X3, X4 - Follow ups

The diagrammatic presentation of experimental design has been explained, briefly, below:  After assessment of the variables in pretest (O1) is over, there was a blank period of 6 weeks - during which the subjects continued their lifestyle and medication that they were following previously. This is called as self-controlled period. After completion of this self-control/ blank period, all the variables were again tested (i.e., Mid test O2).  Immediately the Mid test O2 is over, the subjects underwent a specified training of Sun- Jeevan method daily 45 min. / 1 hr. in the morning excluding Sundays and holidays for a total period of 6 weeks. The week-wise training schedule of Sun-Jeevan method for the period of 6 weeks has been executed. However, the treatment principles were as follows:  Awareness of space  Fractional dilution of density  Memory programming  Biofeedback  Periphery to centers  Proper alignment of bones and muscles  Principles of gravity and antigravity  Modified stretch reflex Sun-Jeevan method works on the principles of 5’R theory. These are as follows:

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 Resolve: - Resolve and separate the disease / deformity from the body.  Restore: - Physiologically to restore the state. Maintain the present state.  Reverse: - Start the process to stop and reverse the state towards natural state.  Rejuvenate: - Refresh, maintain the normal state. Remove the disease or destroy it.  Regeneration: - Regenerate new cells with feeded knowledge.

This training of Sun-Jeevan method for the period of 6 weeks is called as period of experimental intervention (Treatment X2).  Just like pre test (O1) or mid test (O2), the subjects were tested again (Mid test O3) with the same variables. This ensured the completion of the main part of the experiment.  The experiment was continued further for two follow-up periods of 6 weeks each (i.e., X3 and X4), which were repeatedly tested with the same variables (O4 and O5) without any intervention. This, in fact, helped to record the follow up effects of the Sun-Jeevan method. Variables and Tools used  A standard questionnaire was administered for evaluation of intensity of pain that appears due to occurred sports injury.  Medical diagnosis of injuries was assessed by standard X- ray and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) method.  Reports of subjective experience, pain intensity questionnaire, X-ray and MRI could confirm the rehabilitation status of the sportsmen from sports injuries. Procedure of the study  Various sports associations, sports federation, sports clubs and institutions (physical education & sports), in Pune city were attended and information about the renowned sports persons or athletes, who played/ playing at state, national and international level of sports competitions, were obtained. The investigator met these players personally and administered the rating scale as a process of survey.  For experiment, based on survey, minimum twenty six (n=26) male injured players / athletes were selected. Informed consent was also taken from them about their willingness to participate in the experiment.  The selected subjects were informed well in advance to bring their medical reports; clinical case reports etc. and instructed to gather in the Yoga center. To gather pre-test data following tests were administered with the help of medical experts: X- Ray and MRI.  A team of Medical experts (specialized physicians, radiologists etc.) helped to evaluate the above variables during pre-test, post-test and two follow-up tests.  Although the investigator is a specialized expert of yoga, he took suggestions and help from Yoga institute for imparting specified yoga training (Sun-Jeevan method) to the participated subjects for a period of 6 weeks.  After completion of 6 weeks period, the subjects were instructed to practice yoga (Sun- Jeevan method) on their own in their respective homes for a period of next 6 weeks and

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were called again for assessing the variables. The variables were assessed by the same medical experts. This is known as 1st follow up. Like this, there was2ndfollow up of 6 weeks. Thus, the total duration of the experiment phase was for 24 weeks i.e., 6 months. Statistical Measures The obtained data were processed primarily for descriptive statistics. Further, percentage-wise analysis was done for symptoms of low back pain, X-ray and MRI. Considering the experimental design, Repeated Measures ANOVA followed by Scheffe’s post hoc test was employed to assess the efficacy of Sun-Jeevan training intervention towards rehabilitation of sports injury of the selected players.

Major Findings I) Findings on Survey Survey was conducted by administering a rating scale. Total 17 questions in the rating scale were reconfirmed by some medical practitioners and yoga experts. It seems rating scale has its content validity. The reliability co-effecting was 0.88. Thus the rating scale was found a reliable and valid to assess the occurrence sports injuries among the sports persons. The result of survey could identify 334 injured players (who represented state, national and international competitions). Out of 120 male players 48 had symptoms of low back pain. Finally 26 players consented to participate in the experiment.

II) Findings on Experiment The findings of the experiment have been summarized below – Findings of X-ray and MRI of Low Back pain 1) Result on status of Straightening of lumbar spine 100% of the players could significantly improve the status of Straightening of lumbar spine (CD=0.31, p<0.01). 2) Result on status of Degenerative changes 100% of the players could significantly improve the status of Degenerative changes (CD=0.35, p<0.01). 3) Result on status of Bony canal narrowing 100% of the players could significantly improve the status of Bony canal narrowing (CD=0.38, p<0.01). 4) Result on status of Para-central protrusion of L5-S1 100% of the players could significantly improve the status of Para-central protrusion of L5-S1 (CD=0.36, p<0.01). 5) Result on status of Diffuse disc bulges of L2-3,L3-4 & L4-5 100% of the players could significantly recovered the status of Diffuse disc bulges of L2- 3,L3-4 & L4-5 (CD=0.28, p<0.01). 6) Result on status of Sacralisation of L5 vertebra 100% of the players could significantly recovered the status of Sacralisation of L5 vertebra (CD=0.28, p<0.01). 7) Result on status of Left renal calculi are seen

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100% of the players could significantly recovered the status so that Left renal calculi are not seen (CD=0.28, p<0.01). 8) Result on status of Mild scoliosis of lumbar spine convex to rt side None of the players (100%) could recover the status of Mild scoliosis of lumbar spine convex to rt side (CD=0.02, p>0.05). 9) Result on status of Spondylolisthesis grade-1 100% of the players could significantly recovered the status of Spondylolisthesis grade-1 (CD=0.27, p<0.01). 10) Result on status of Spondylolisthesis grade-2 None of the players (100%) could recover the status of Spondylolisthesis grade-2 (CD=0.01, p>0.05). 11) Result on status of Paraspinal muscle spasm 100% of the players could significantly recovered the status of Paraspinal muscle spasm (CD=0.29, p<0.01). Table Rehabilitation status of injured players asevaluated by medical diagnosis (X-ray and MRI) in low back pain Medical diagnosis on % of players indicating rehabilitation trend rehabilitation through X- evaluated by ray and MRI Medical diagnosis in low back pain Pre Mid Post 1st 2nd Remark (O1) (O2) (O3) FU FU s (O4) (O5) 68.1 68.1 68.1 22.7 0.00 100% Straightening of lumbar spine Recover y 18.16 18.1 18.16 4.54 0.00 100% Degenerative changes 6 Recover y 13.62 13.6 13.62 9.08 0.00 100% Bony canal narrowing 2 Recover y Para-central protrusion of L5- 4.54 4.54 4.54 0.00 0.00 100% S1 Recover y 31.78 31.7 31.78 4.54 0.00 100% Diffusedisc bulges of L2- 8 Recover 3,L3-4 & L4-5 y 22.7 22.7 22.7 13.6 0.00 100% Sacralisation of L5 vertebra is 2 Recover noted y Left renal calculi are seen 4.54 4.54 4.54 0.00 0.00 100% Recover

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y 4.54 4.54 4.54 4.54 4.54 No Mild scoliosis of lumbar spine Recover convex to rt side y 9.08 9.08 9.08 4.54 0.00 100% Spondylolisthesis grade-1 Recover y 4.54 4.54 4.54 4.54 4.54 No Spondylolisthesis grade-2 Recover y 81.72 81.7 81.72 27.2 0.00 100% Paraspinal muscle spasm 2 4 Recover y

The result X-ray and MRI reports presented above indicates that yoga therapy for a period of 6 weeks could help to improve various diagnostic measures of low back pain of the selected injured players in Pune city. Moreover, this therapy had long term follow-up effects so that the almost all the diagnostic measures of low back pain has been improved and completely recovered (expect Mild scoliosis of lumbar spine convex to rt side and Spondylolisthesis grade-2). Thus, the null hypothesis – “HO1: The yoga postures may not contribute any change in the reports of X-rays and MRI of the injured players” as formulated in this investigation has been refuted statistically. This, in turn, indicates that yoga therapy intervention for a period of 6 weeks (with its follow ups) is good enough to completely recover the low back pain of the injured players.

Conclusion: On the basis of the above findings, this investigation warrants the following conclusion:  Although yoga therapy intervention for a period of 6 weeks is good enough to initiate the recovery of the symptoms of low back pain among the players with sports injury, however, significant recovery is evident after second follow-ups.  X-ray and MRI evaluation revealed that yoga therapy for 6 weeks could initiate the trend of improvement in various diagnostic measures. However, significant improvement was evident after second follow-ups.  Yoga therapy helped to initiate in managing pain intensity. However, significant impact was evident after second follow-ups.  Impact of yoga therapy seems to be slow and steady in recovering players’ symptoms on low back pain, medically diagnostic measures on low back pain and intensity of pain.

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References:

American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. 6300 North River Road, Rosemont, IL 60018-4262. (800) 346-2267. http://www.aaos.org/. American Academy of Otolaryngology.Head and Neck Surgery. One Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-3357. (703) 836-4444. http://www.entnet.org/. American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM).(2007). Injuries in sports, Retrieved June 15th, 2009, from http://www.acsm.org/. Bak, M. J., &Doerr, T. D. (October 2004). Craniomaxillofacial Fractures during Recreational Baseball and Softball.Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 62, 1209-1212. Beers, Mark H.(2004). The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy.In Beers, Mark H., and Robert Berkow (Eds.), Common Sports Injuries.Section 5, Chapter 62. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, Periodicals. Bernhardt, David T. (2004) Concussion. eMedicine. July 6, 2004 . Bhide, A.(2008). Relationship between the biomechanical movements of lower extremity and knee injuries.Unpublished desecration, Kabirbag, Pune. Chaudry, Samena. ( May 2003). Insoles Help Prevent Sports Injuries. BMJ: 137. Conne, J.M., J.L. Annest, J. Gilchrist. (2003) Sports and recreation related injury episodes in the U.S. Population. Injury Prevention . 117. Institute for Preventative Sports Medicine.(2008). Prevention of sports injurie.Retrived on june 15th, 2009 from http://www.ipsm.org. Iyengar, B.K.S. (2008). Yoga the path to holistic health.Great Britain: Dorling Kindersley London, 27- 29. Kholhatkar ,&Randive S.(2008) Yoga of today. Pune: sunjevan foundation. Koutedakis, Y., and Jamurtas, A.. (2004). The dancer as a performing athlete: Physiological considerations.Sports Medicine,34, 10, 651-661. Levy, M. L., B. M. Ozgur, C. Berry, et al. (2004).Analysis and evolution of head injury in football.Neurosurgery 55: 649-655. Matz, S. O., G. Nibbelink. (2004). Injuries in intercollegiate women's lacrosse. American Journal of Sports Medicine 32, 608-611. McAmmond, D. (2009). Survey prevalence of spondylolysis in different sports. Unpublished Desertation, Kabirbaug, Pune. Novelline, R. (197) Squire's fundamentals of radiology.Harvard University Press.(5th edition).ISBN 0674833392. Rupp, Timothy J., MD, Marian Bednar, Stephen Karageanes. Facial Fractures,Medicine, August29,2004,http://www.emedicine.com/sports/topic33.htm. Soligard T, Myklebust G, Steffen K, et al. (2008). Comprehensive warm-up programme to prevent injuries in young female footballers: cluster randomised controlled tria. BMJ337: a2469. doi:10.1136/bmj.a2469. Zemper, E.D. (1990). Injury rates in a National sample of college football teams: A 2-Year prospective study, The Physian and Sportsmedicine, 17,100-113.

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Sport and History

Dr. Mrs. Asha Bengle, Director of Physical Education and Sports Abasaheb Garware College, Karve Road, Pune, SPPU, Pune. Introduction: Sports form an essential aspect of the lives of humans. For the players, apart from helping maintain a good health, it provides a means for expression, bonding and building communities. And for the watchers, it is often a captivating experience. Sports includes all forms of competitive physical activity or games. Sports helps in developing positive emotions, cooperative efforts, self discipline, leadership and such other qualities for development of character and personality. Being of such vital importance, the history of sports is a colourful subject that helps us to understand how it started out and evolved over the years to what it is today. The diversity among sports, their origins and their course over the year will be spoken about in the following parts of this text. Historic period: The history of sports extend as far back as to the old historic period. Cave paintings have been found of humans playing different sports such a sprinting, wrestling, etc. Some of these cave paints are found at Lascaux caves in France and Neolithic Rock art found at the cave of swimmers in Wadi Sura, near Gilf Kebir in Libya has shown evidence of swimming and archery being practiced. Some cave paintings in the Bayankhongor Province of Mongolia dating back to Neolithic age of 7000 BCE show a wrestling match surrounded by crowds. Ancient period: This period changed the face of sports, cause in this period the Olympic games were started. And many more games were been played. Many countries started playing sports in their own way. Some of them are as follows- Ancient Greece: these were the people who introduced formal sports , with the first Olympic Games in 776 BC, that included sports such as human and chariot races, wrestling, jumping, disk and javelin throwing, and many more. Leaving Olympic there were many other events played in Greece, Other important sporting events were the Isthmian games, the Nemean Games, and the Pythian Games. Together with the Olympics, these were the most prestigious games, and formed the Panhellenic Games. . The Heraean Games were the first recorded sporting competition for women, held in Olympia as early as the 6th century BCE. Ancient Sumer: In this civilization wrestling was a main sport. Various representations of wrestlers have been found on stone slabs recovered from Sumerian civilization. One showing three pairs of wrestlers. It is said that the origin of Boxing is from ancient Sumerian civilization. Even the Sumerian king Shulgi also boasts of his prowess in sport in Self-praise of Shulgi A, B and C. (in self praise of shulgi the king is compaired to all the animals). Ancient Egypt: Monuments to the Pharaohs found at Beni Hasan dating to around 2000 BCE indicate that a number of sports, including wrestling, weightlifting, long jump, swimming, rowing, archery, fishing and athletics, as well as various kinds of ball games, were well-developed and regulated in ancient Egypt. Other Egyptian sports also included javelin throwing and high jump. Many of today’s sports were practiced by the Ancient Egyptians, who set the rules and regulation of

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) them. Ancient Egyption Kings, princes and statesmen were keen on attending sports competitions, which they encouraged and provided with the necessary equipment. Ancient sports in other parts of the world: Sports that are at least two and a half thousand years old include hurling in Ancient Ireland, shinty in Scotland, harpastum (similar to rugby) in Rome, cuju (similar to association football) in China, and polo in Persia. The Mesoamerican ballgame originated over three thousand years ago. The Mayan ballgame of Pitz is believed to be the first ball sport, as it was first played around 2500 BCE.There are artefacts and structures that suggest that the Chinese engaged in sporting activities as early as 2000 BCE. Gymnastics appears to have been a popular sport in China's ancient past. Ancient Persian sports include the traditional Iranian martial art of Zourkhaneh. Among other sports that originated in Persia are polo and jousting. A polished bone implement found at Eva in Tennessee, United States and dated to around 5000 BCE has been construed as a possible sporting device used in a "ring and pin" game. Middle period: In the middle age sports had more importance, sports was used for military training, with competition used as a mean to determine whether individuals were fit and useful for the service. Team sports may have developed to train and to prove the capability to fight and also to work together as a team (army). In the middle age everyone got a chance to gain reputation, respect and higher rank social rank by proving himself in a sport. A person who could prove his ability during a war or a sports tournament was often awarded with great wealth. In the middle age entire villages have competed with each other in rough, and sometimes violent, ballgames in England (Shrovetide football) and Ireland (caid). In contrast, the game of calcio Fiorentino, in Florence, Italy, was originally reserved for combat sports such as fencing and jousting being popular. Horse racing, in particular, was a favourite of the upper class in Great Britain, with Queen Anne founding the Ascot Racecourse. Modern sports age: The games which we play today are been played from a long time, sports has been an important part of our lives. It has evolved a lot. Now a day’s sports are played only for fun. Many sports were originate in the last century. Now a sport has no boundaries it is for everyone all ages gender and every person who wants to play. Conclusion: Finally I conclude this brief of the vast subject of history, diversity and evolution of sports that have spanned across a multitude of years and grew into the form in which we know it today. The history of sport taught us about social change and about the nature of sports itself.

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Sports policy for Disabled People in India

Dr. Rupali P Shendkar Mamasaheb Mohol college Paud road Pune Introduction Today, the idea of people with a disability being able to participate in sport and physical activity is not so uncommon. In many developed countries, opportunities exist from the grassroots to elite levels for people with a disability to showcase their abilities in sport and physical activity. But this is not the case in all parts of the world. Whilst there has been progressive and positive change in quality of life for people with disabilities and their interest in participation in sport which is not only in many developed countries but in developing countries like India also. Studying it therefore, will help us to better understand and appreciate the contribution of various earlier as well as latest policies and organizations for the promotion of disable sports in India. What is Disability? Anyone may experience disability at some point in his/her lifetime. Disability is a normal part of the human experience, and people with disabilities are part of all sectors of the community: men, women, and children; indigenous and non-indigenous; employers and employees; students and teachers; consumers and citizens. Definitions of Disability:  The World Health Organisation states that “disability is a restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.”  United Nations Assembly defined disabled person as “any person unable to ensure by himself, wholly or partially, the necessities of a normal individual and/or social life, as a result of deficiency, either congenital or not, in his or her physical or mental capabilities”. Population of Disability: Estimating the number of people with disabilities worldwide at 1 billion, or 15 percent of the world’s population, the report from the WHO and World Bank confirms that disability is a major issue on a global scale. The causes of disability are evolving, mainly due to longer life expectancy, a higher prevalence of chronic illnesses, and also an increase in armed violence and natural disasters. According to the Census 2001, there is 28% in Movement, 49% Seeing6% Hearing, 7%, Speech and 10% Mental Disability in India who constitute 2.13% of the total population. 75% of persons with disabilities live in rural areas, 49% of disabled population is literate and only 34 % are employed. Disability Sport: While sport has value in everyone's life, it is even more important in the life of a person with a disability. This is because of the rehabilitative influence sport can have not only on the physical body but also on rehabilitating people with a disability into society. Furthermore, sport teaches independence. Nowadays, people with a disability participate in high performance as well as in competitive and recreational sport. From the late 1980s, organizations began to include athletes with disabilities in sporting events such as the Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games. However, many sports are practiced by persons with a disability outside the formal sports movements, for example: Wheelchair basketball, Wheelchair dancing, Weightlifting, Swimming, and many other sporting activities you can join if you are mentally or physical disabled.

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Major disability sporting events include: Disabled Veterans - The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs' Adaptive Sports programs are dedicated to motivating, encouraging and sustaining participation and competition for disabled. Studies show that adaptive sports provide numerous benefits including:  Less stress  More independence  Higher achievement in education and employment  Reduced dependency on pain and depression medication  Fewer secondary medical conditions (i.e., diabetes, hypertension) Deaflympics - The Summer and Winter Deaflympics are among the world's fastest growing sports events. Special Olympics - The global Special Olympics movement got its start on 20 July 1968, when the First International Special Olympics Games were held at Soldier Field, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Disability Commonwealth Games - For the first time in the Games history a number of Para- Sports were included in a fully inclusive Sports Program in Manchester 2002 when 20 countries sent both male and female elite athletes with a disability to compete in 10 events across 5 different Para-Sports; Athletics, Lawn Bowls, Swimming, Table Tennis and Weightlifting. Paralympic Games - A multi-sport event for athletes with physical, mental and sensorial disabilities. This includes mobility disabilities, amputees, visual disabilities and those with cerebral palsy. The Paralympic Games are held every four years, following the Olympic Games, and are governed by the International Paralympic Committee. The Role of Sport for People with Disabilities:  Sport can play a key role in the lives and communities of people with disabilities, the same as it can for people without a disability. There is a wealth of evidence to support participation in sport and physical activity for people with a disability concerning trends, barriers and benefits of participation.  Scientific research has been conducted across disability groups that make known participation in sport leads to improved levels of physical health and well-being. It has also been shown to improve physical fitness and general mood in psychiatric patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. Additionally, it has been linked to improvements in self-confidence, social awareness and self-esteem and can contribute to empowerment of people with disabilities.  Sport can have a positive impact on the lives of people with disabilities but many face challenges to getting involved in sport.  In article 30 of International Disability Alliance Guidance Document May, 2010regarding Participation in cultural life, recreation, leisure and sport clearly states about Access to culture, recreation, leisure and sport are also important areas to be taken into account for the full participation in society of persons with disabilities and create following questions:  Does public funding provided to cultural, leisure/touristic and sporting facilities and organizations require compliance with accessibility standards?  Do general accessibility plans include the elimination of barriers in culture, recreation, leisure and sport?  Is the State providing support to disability-specific initiatives in the area of sports and culture?  Is the State promoting and supporting deaf culture?

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National Policy for Persons with Disabilities Objective: Provision will be made for special sports, cultural and recreation for physical, mental, intellectual, and social development of people with disability. Policy: Sports, cultural and recreational activities will be carried out in accordance with the nature of disability and necessary human resources related to this will be developed for physical, mental, intellectual and social development of people with disability. Appropriate provisions will be made to provide access to people with disability in entertainment sports, gardens etc. Strategy:  Trainers training program will be carried out to operate sports, cultural and recreational activities for people with disability.  Provision will be made for an additional unit for development of sports related to people with disability in addition to provision for representation of people with disability in the National Sports Council.  Provisions will be made for sports and recreation in educational institutions where children with disability study in accordance to nature, and necessary materials and assistance related to this will be provided

The National Disability Sports Organisations: The National Disability Sports Organisations are a good starting point for many disabled people who want to be more active. They provide advice, support and opportunities for people of all ages with specific impairments. Achievements and Performance of Sports for Disable in India  Handicapped sports are also included in prestigious ARJUNA AWARDS since1995.  There are championships as Disabled cricket, blind cricket which are conducted every year  There were more than 150 players from 14 countries participated in APC Badminton Cup which was held in December 2008  In IWAS World Games more than 680 athletes from 43 countries took part and India stood 2ndin Medal Tally with a total of 110 medals which was hosted in the year 2009 at Bangalore.  Gold Medal with the World Record at the 2004 Athens Paralympics Games.  Special Olympics Bharat is a National sports Federation, recognized by the Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs, Government of India. The team representing India at 2011 Special Olympics World Summer Games.

Other Special Events  Special Olympics Bharat was given responsibility for the conduct of these inclusive sports programs in, two major inclusive schemes, one for the Disabled and other PYKKA which were activated in 2010.  Specialist Trainers from the UK conducted two Trains the Trainer courses specifically for inclusive games for disabled through International Inspiration Program of the British Council. They trained 60 Master Tutors in two courses held in Goa and New Delhi. These Master Tutors conducted the training of the first 60 Master Tutors who trained the first 600 to top Trainees in the LNUPE University to conduct inclusive sports for all children with all disabilities.

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Special Awards / Recognition  Mr. Satish Pillai was honored for his contribution to the promotion of sports in the country with the Dhyan Chand Life time award by the President of India .  The De Rozio Award for excellence in Human Enrichment and Education.  In the Special Educators Category was awarded to Ms.Lina Bardhan.  Area Director SOBhara – West Bengal who has served the Special Olympics Program for more then20 years  Rehabilitation Council of India has recognised training done by Special Olympic Bharat which is an organisation recognised by Government of India for approval of education method for the special educators.  All the educators undergoing training will be accredited with 30 CRE points to fulfill the requirement of 100 points overperiod of 2 years for renewal of their education certificate for the training conducted by Special Olympic Bharat at Lakshmi Bai National University of Physical Education, Sports Authority of India and Community Coaches camps.  National Trust felicitates 20 Special Olympians from different states who represented India at the 2007 Special Olympics Summer Games were awarded with a plaque, shawl and Rs. 25000/ ‐at the functions held in their respective states.  Special Athletes participated in the Queen’s Baton Torch run in several States during the Commonwealth Games Delhi 2010

Indian Blind Sports Association The Association has always played a prominent role in promoting sports among the visually handicapped. It was the initiative of BRA that Indian Blind Sports Association was formed in 1986 as the national level body for the promotion of athletics and different sports for the blind. Indian Blind Sports Association is recognized by the Indian Olympic Association and is affiliated with the International Blind Sports Federation, the apex world blind sports organization, and with Paralympics Committee of India. BRA also hosts jointly with Indian Blind Sports Association, national-level Sports Meets for the Blind once every two years. The Sports Meet is the largest sports event for the visually impaired in the country which attracts hundreds of sports persons from institutions across the country from different states who compete in athletics, chess and swimming.

Conclusions However, the situation on the ground remains mixed. Persons with physical disabilities are unable to enjoy leisure activities on an equal basis with others as long as transportation systems and public buildings continue to lack barrier-free access, a problem which has not been addressed on a consistent basis by the Government. However, organizations and establishments like the Wheelchair Sports Federation of India, the Indian Blind Sports Association, and the Special Olympics Bharat do provide opportunities for physically and mentally differently- able athletes to participate in sporting activities. Unfortunately, there remains no institution available to coach elite differently-able athletes in India, leaving a gap in attainment of the goals outlined in State policy. In order for persons with disabilities to be able to participate in leisure activities at the level described in government policies, stricter enforcement of these laws is needed. Under the Constitution of India, there are certain fundamental rights that can be enforced in courts of law. These fundamental rights include the right to equality (Article 14) and the right to live in dignity (Article 21).Disabled citizens have the same rights as other citizens and should be given the opportunities to participate effectively in society.

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Recommendations and suggestions  Increase support and funding to conduct empirical studies on topics of disability sport and adapted physical activity including, participation levels, attitudes, legislation, barriers and benefits of sport and physical activity.  Develop further studies of mental health and psychological well-being as an outcome of sport participation for people with a disability.  Affordable technologies, and increasing accessibility and universal designs in both the environment and the structures/rules of sports.  Produce inclusive coaching manuals and educational material in multiple languages and formats to make it accessible to developing countries  Research and develop monitoring and evaluation tools to ensure quality sport programmes are being implemented effectively and meeting target outcomes.  Create opportunities to share knowledge, experiences and best practice.  Utilise new technologies and online communication to enhance collaboration between development organisations, researchers and programmed staff.

References  http://www.disabilityindia.org/nationalpolicyfordisable.cfm  http://www.sportanddev.org/learnmore/sport_and_disability2/sport_and_adapted_physical_activity__apa_/the_rol e_of_sport_and_adapted_physical_activity_for_people_with_disabilities_/  http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/disabilities-convention.htm http://www.internationaldisabilityalliance.org/  http://www.paralympicindia.org.in/downloads/pci-brief-writeup.pdf  http://www.blindreliefdelhi.org/  Central Public Works Department. India: Ministry of UrbanAffairs and Employment.Department of Sports, M. o. (2011).  http://ayjnihh.nic.in/ http://www.artlimbs.com  http://www.censusindia.net/results/disabled_main.html

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EXERCISE DIET& NUTRITION

Prof. Rushikesh C. Kumbhar, Director of Physical Education, Waghire College, Saswad Introduction:- Healthy lifestyle is not a difficult task. In the bustle of an age of living and learning at a light speed compared to their ancestors, people start worrying about their health. With the information highway thick with one company after another along with the vast info commercials, it is hard to decide what vitamins you need, what foods should you eat, and how much exercise you need. And, even what ratio of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins should you feed your body and your family's bodies. It takes a lot of reading and trying to figure it all out. Healthy living is rather simple. It is the matter of knowing some essential ingredients to happiness.  Those who have some kind of faith or religion are happier life  Those who go to bed at night and sleep an average of 8 hours  Those who have friends and family  Those who are mentally and physically healthy  Those who have a regular schedule to live by Knowing how and what to eat can make a huge difference in how you feel. Improper eating habits can cause depression, overweight, illness and an overall lethargy. Sure, when you are young you can throw junk into your body. It is growing and it is generally a busy body, provided it has some nutrition along with the junk. But after awhile your body just can't handle it anymore. Those years of bad eating add up. Soon, the arteries get clogged, the cholesterol goes up, nights without sleep and partying add up ... and soon you wake up and you wonder what the heck happened to your energy and your youth. Let’s talk about changing your eating and exercising habits. You can do this. Do not try to change everything at once, unless you are just one of those rare individuals that can do that.

Objective:-  To study the importance of exercise,diet and nutrition in human life. Significance of the Study:-  This study is significant to understand the importance of health and health is depend upon proper exercise diet and nutrition. From this paper one can find the importance of these three factors in healthy lifestyle. EXERCISE:- “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” In this world of competition we don’t want any Jack or Jill to be inactive, so we must Exercise But what is exercise? The actual definition of exercise is; to use repeatedly in order to strengthen or develop, but to make it simpler, exercise is doing programs and workouts to keep fit, for example, running, hiking, bicycling, and any active sport. In this modern lifestyle do little or no exercise during work or rest hours. Today there aren’t many jobs requiring intense physical activity. Instead of walking, people use automobiles or public

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transportation. Instead of being physically active, people usually watch TV in their free time. So we must understand that exercise assumes more importance than before. Forms of Exercise:-

Exercise can be both mental and physical. Aerobics and Yoga are other forms of Exercise. Sports and games are undoubtedly most pleasurable form of exercise. Exercise is not only for Olympic athletes or supermodels but for every age, gender or role in life.swimming .jogging running ,cycling are other forms of exercise. Benefits: Exercise is “fountain of youth”. It gives us more energy and helps coping with stress. Exercise is beneficial both physically and mentally. When we exercise we feel better about our self .It improves self-image, and it increases resistance of tiredness. Exercise does not only keep us fit, it also reduces chance of heart attack. It really all adds up because with exercising, we burn off calories. Exercising regularly helps us maintain a healthy weight . A good exercise program has the ability to add a couple of years to our life. Those who exercise regularly, tend to be happier and laugh more, because exercise alleviates stress and anxiety. A healthier person as result have more optimistic outlook on life. It eventually helps in achieving improved quality of sleep, self confidence, improved body image, self awareness and esteem. we must take precaution while exercising. We must never over stress all of sudden it may result injury to the muscle or joints. We must exercise under correct supervision to avoid overexertion. We must always first warm up ten only do exercise to avoid chest pain, lightheartedness, fainting, and extreme breathlessness.

6. DIET:-

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Everyone wants to eat a healthy diet, but it can sometimes be difficult to know if your diet is healthy enough. There are a number of factors that go into creating a healthy diet, and it is important to evaluate the current state of your diet before embarking on a plan for healthy eating.Variety is one of the most important hallmarks of a healthy diet, since no one food contains all the nutrients needed by the human body. It is important to eat foods from all the major food groups, including grains and breads, fruits and vegetables, milk and dairy products, meats, beans and nuts. If you find yourself avoiding some food groups, such as vegetables for instance, it may be time to look for a healthy diet. Eating a wide variety of grain based products is important to a healthy diet. Grains and cereals contain a large number of important nutrients, including high levels of dietary fiber. Many people do not eat sufficient servings of fruits and vegetables every day. Most experts recommend eating between 5 and 9 servings of fruits and vegetables every day, roughly equivalent to 2 cups of fruit and 2 ½ cups of vegetables. Breakfast, or the absence of it, is often a good indicator of the state of your healthy diet. A healthy breakfast provides a foundation for the rest of the day, helps you avoid cravings and provides much needed nutrition. One part of following a low fat healthy diet is avoiding prepared foods whenever possible, since prepared foods tend to have higher amounts of fat and sodium than fresh foods. It is also important to control the amount of fat that is added at the table. Adding things like butter, sour cream and heavy sauces is a sure way to ruin an otherwise healthy diet meal. Even healthy diet foods like salads can be sabotaged by the addition of high fat salad dressings. Try using lower fat alternatives like flavored vinegars instead. Drinking plenty of fresh, pure water is important to maintaining a healthy body and a healthy lifestyle. Water is important to maintaining optimal levels of health. Gaining weight without trying to is often a sign of a poor diet. Following a healthy diet, and getting plenty of regular exercise, is the only way to lose weight and keep it off. The Food Pyramid :-

The Pyramid recommends eating a variety of foods in order to get the nutrients and calories needed for healthy weight maintenance.

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Nutrition :-

Nutrition refers to the nurturing of our body, in our ability to keep it healthy and functioning as it is supposed to do. Our ability to provide the body with all it’s necessary food, vitamins, and minerals so that we continue to thrive in our daily life processes. How do we determine that we are providing the essential nutritional needs? That knowledge comes by educating ourselves about what our individual needs are, the needs of our family, and then taking that knowledge and applying it to the foods we buy, that we prepare, and that our families consume. Quite often, our vitamin and mineral needs outweigh our caloric needs. In those instances, we turn to manufactured vitamins and minerals to fill the gap. This is a part of our nutritional needs, also. Nutrition is one of the most complex areas to gain useful knowledge about, because there are so many components, and because each person has their own individual needs. Women needs differ from those of men, and older women’s needs differ from those of a young girl. As we age, our needs constantly change; therefore continual education about nutrition is a fact of life. The nutritional needs of a cardiac patient are different than those of a healthy, middle-aged hiker. Can you see the complexity of the situation now? What we really need is to develop a scale that determines the nutritional needs of our bodies on a cellular level, so that as we age, as our physical condition changes, or our health changes, we can recalculate our needs, based on cellular changes and content in our body. Individuality is the key to understanding each person’s nutritional needs, and then working to educate us is the key to fulfilling those nutritional needs. Good nutrition should be the ultimate goal of every person alive.

Conclusion :- We must never ignore the importance of good health as it is said "Life is not living, but being in health.” and exercise,proper diet & adequate nutrition is a key to achieve it. Exercise helps to open doors of positive energy and health. It is said “Health is Wealth” but the fact is "Health is better than wealth". HAVE A GREAT HEALTH.

References:-  Marmot, M. G. (2004). The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing affects our health and Longevity.NewYork,NY:TimesBooks.  Raphael, D. (2004). Social Determinants of Health: Canadian Perspectives. Toronto, ON: Canadian Scholars’ Press.  PawarYogesh (2008). Normative study of health related physical fitness of first year undergraduate girl students of University of Pune.Pune  http://bodyfitnesshealth.com/definition-of-wellness  http://www.indiaprofile.com  http://bodyfitnesshealth.com

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Normative Study ofHealthRelated Physical Fitness of First YearUnder Graduate Girl Students of Universityof Pune

Pratima Dattatray Lonari Director of Physical Education & Sports Hutatma Rajguru Mahavidyalaya, Pune-410505. Abstract : Adequate attention has not been paid with respect to the assessment and standardized norms for evaluation of the physical fitness status of the college girl students. The investigator formulated a useful battery of standardized physical fitness test item namely 12 mints. run walk withthehelpoffieldeventandscoreswererecordedinnearest 0.5meter. for first year undergraduate girls student of University of Pune. He administered the said test battery to 7000 subjects from 47 senior colleges located in four different zones of University of Pune. The subjects were selected randomly. The reliability of the test items was checked statistical with the help of co-efficient of correlation. For the application of parametric or non-parametric statistics the investigator checked whether the variables are normally distributed ornot. The kurtosis and skewness showed that the data was normally distributed. Parametric statistic was applied forde scriptive analysis. The data was statistically analyzed for computation of normative scale for first year girl students, constructing percentile scale. The norms were computed forfirstyeargirlstudentsofUniversityofPune(zone wise). Thezonal comparativestudiescomparativestudieswerecarriedout. In that CardiovascularenduranceismoreinPunecityandlessinNashikzone. Itshows that cardiovascularenduranceof Punecitysubjectsisthebest. Introduction: In Indiayouthbecomesfarlessactiveastheymovethroughadolescenceandit is foundthatobesityisincreasing amongyouths.Recent newspaper reportshavehighlightedincreasing obesityamongstcollegegoing students.Prevention ofobesityhasthepotentialofpreventing cardiovascular diseasesin adults. Scientistsanddoctorshaveknownforyearsthatsubstantialbenefitscanbe gainedfrom regularphysicalactivity.Regularphysical activitysignificantly improvehealth,physicalfitnessandworkcapacity,also enabling peopleto engage their leisure time more beneficially and thereby assistingandidentifyingthemselveswith“addinglifetoyearsand yearstolife.Theessenceoflifeismovement anditisimperativethatallpartsofthebody shouldbeexerciseddaily. Even though there are some indications that they will also live a longer life, statistically this is difficult to prove because of the many different factors that can have an effect on our health and well-being. Several scientific research studies, nevertheless, are beginning to show an inverse relationship between exercise and premature mortality rates. However when it comes to quality of life, there is no question that physically fit individual who lead a positive lifestyle live a better and healthier life. Improve and strengthens the cardiovascular system (improves oxygen supply to all parts of the body, including the heart, muscles and the brain.)

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The physical health benefits of regular physical activity are well-established. Regular participation in such activities is associated with a longer and better quality of life, reduced risks of a variety of diseases and many psychological and emotional benefits. Statement of the Research Problem : “Normative Study ofHealthRelated Physical Fitness of First YearUnder Graduate Girl Students of Universityof Pune.”

Objective of the Study: 1. Toassessthestatusofhealthrelatedphysicalfitnessoffirstyear collegegirlstudentsof UniversityofPune. 2. Topreparethenormsofhealthrelatedphysical fitnessforfirstyear collegegirlstudentsof UniversityofPune. 3. Tocomparethedistrictwiseperformance ofthesubjectsinhealth- relatedphysicalfitness(Norms).

Hypothesis: H1Thereissignificantdifferencein“CardiovascularEndurance” ofdifferent districtoffirstyeargirlstudents ofUniversity ofPune.

H01Thereisnodifferencein“CardiovascularEndurance” ofdifferent districtoffirstyeargirlstudents ofUniversity ofPune.

Research methodology: aview todevelopstandard‘Norms’ offirst yeargirlstudentsofundergraduate collegesofUniversityofPune.Asthisisa NormativeStudy,standardprocedures werefollowedtoconducttheresearch &followedstep-wise methods of developing and establishing standardnorms.

Sampling Population: Undergraduategirl studentsof University ofPune.(B.A./B.Com./B.Sc.)Theresearcher reviewedthelistof collegesaffiliatedtoUniversityofPune. He also reviewedDistrict wisestrengthofstudentsincollegesofUniversityofPunefromthe(AnnualrepotofUniversityofPune– 2005-06). Sample: For Sampling cluster random sampling technique has been used and the sample size has been targeted to 7000 female studying in colleges (F.Y.B.A, F.Y.B.Com, F.Y.B.Sc.) under university of Pune. Tool used : HealthRelatedPhysicalFitnessVariable a)CardiovascularEndurance: TomeasuretheCardiovascularendurancecoopers12minuterun- walktestandscoreswererecordedinnearestto0.5meter.

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Statistical technique used: Thedatawasanalyzedbyapplyingdescriptivestatistics.coefficient ofcorrelation was used to establish the validity of testers and equipment. Meanstandard deviationkurtosis,skewness wasusedtoseewhether the distributionofscoreisnormalorhot. ComputationofQuartilefordevelopingscale. Analysis & interpretation of data: NormalityGraphForCardio-VascularEndurance

Thedataofvariablesshowninthetableindicatesin caseofcardiovascular endurance(assessedby12minrunandwalktest)the distributionisperfectlyskewedand thenatureisplatykurticbecausetheskewness is-0.13 andkurtosisis-0.34. Thescoreobtainedfrom12minrunwalktest representsnormaldistribution Testingstatisticalpropertiesof thevariablefornormalityofPunecityzonedata: Variables Mean Median Mode S.D. Skewness Kurtosis

CardiovascularEndurance 1273.5 1230 1200 241.62 -0.15 -0.35

Table indicates in case of cardiovascular endurance (assessed by 12 min run and walk test) the distribution is perfectly skewed and the nature is platykurtic because the skewness is-0.15 and kurtosis is -0.35. The score obtained from12 min run walk test represents normal distribution.

Statisticalpropertiesofthe variablesforAhemadnagarzone Variables Mean Median Mode S.D. Skewnesss Kurtosis

CardiovascularEndurance 1273.53 1230 1200 245.56 -0.16 -0.34

TableindicatesIncaseofcardiovascular endurance(assessedby12minrun andwalktest)thedistribution isperfectly skewedandthenatureisplatykurticbecausetheskewness is-0.16andkurtosis is-0.34 Thescoreobtained from12 minrunwalktestrepresentsnormaldistribution.

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StatisticalpropertiesofthevariablesforNashikzone Variables Mean Median Mode S.D. Skewness Kurtosis

CardiovascularEndurance 1263.2 1230 1200 241.6 -0.09 -0.31

Table indicates in case of cardiovascular endurance (assessed by 12 min run and walk test) the distribution is perfectly skewed and the nature is platykurtic because the skewness is -0.09 and kurtosis is-0.31. The score obtained from12 min run walk test represents normal distribution.

StatisticalpropertiesofthevariablesforPunedistrict: Variables Mean Median Mode S.D. Skewness Kurtosis

CardiovascularEndurance 1266.8 1230 1200 240.23 -0.11 -0.32

Tableindicatesincaseofcardiovascularendurance(assessedby12minrun andwalktest)thedistributionisperfectlyskewedandthenatureisplatykurticbecausetheskewness is- 0.11andkurtosisis-0.32. Thescoreobtainedfrom12 minrunwalktestrepresentsnormaldistribution Resultsonthe normsofvariablesfortotaldata NormsbyQuartile Percentile C.V Endurance

25 1100 50 1230 75 1520 N=7000 ComparisonofCardiovascularEndurance: MeanperformanceofCardiovascularEndurance

Zone CardioVascularEndurance

Ahmednagar 1273.53

Nashik 1263.21

Punecity 1273.55

Punedistrict 1266.83

N=7000

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Findings: Thenormsarepreparedforcardiovascularendurance variablefor firstyearstudents ofUniversity ofPune. Thenormswereprepared forthevariableforeachzone. NormsarepreparedQuartileandnormsbased on performance. Inquartilemethodnormsareformedaccording to marks.Itmeansmarksgiven totheirperformancearefixed. Thezonalwisedescriptive analysis ofthevariables iscarriedout forthepopulation. Thezonalcomparative studycomparison is carriedout. CardiovascularenduranceismoreinPunecityandlessinNashikzone. Itshows that cardiovascularenduranceof Punecitysubjectsisthebest. Conclusion: Accordingtodataanalysisthereis a differenceinhealthrelatedphysical fitnessofdifferent zonefor first year girl studentof UniversityofPune.Thereforethenullhypothesisis rejected. Cardiovascular endurance ismoreinPunecityandAhmadnagar Zone &lessinNashikzone. Itshows thatcardiovascularenduranceofPunecityandAhmadnagarsubjectsisthe best.

References:  Manley, A.F.(1996)PhysicalActivityandHealth.AReportofthesurgeon general. U.S.department of healthandhumanservices.Massachusetts,jonesandBartlettpublishers.ppv 6,7, 42-43  Barrow,H.M.&Mcgee.R(1979).A practicalapproachtomeasurementinphysicalEducation.  Clarke&Clarke(1984)Researchprocessinphysicaleducation.Prentice-hallInc.,NewJersy  Agnes,Wayman.(1930)whattomeasurein PhysicalEducation.ResearchQuarterly,Vol.1,.2.  Anderson,T. (1937)Studiesin StrengthTestingforHighSchoolGirls.ResearchQuarterly39.  Foster,W.L.(1941)ATestof PhysicalEfficiency:AmericanPhysicalEducationReview.  Cureton,T.K.(1947)PhysicalFitnessAppraisalandGuidanceSt. Lous:TheC.V. MosbyCo.  Hubbard,A.W. (1973)ResearchMethodsinHealth,PhysicalEducationandRecreation,Philadelphia, AAHPERP.P.84  Gupta,A.K.(2003)ResearchmethodologyinphysicalEducationDelhi:sportspublicationsP.68  Universityof Pune,AnnualReport2005-2006Analyticalinformation  Pargaonkar,G.V.(2003) DevelopmentofNormsofHealth Relatedphysicalfitnessandselected AthleticsforBoysaged10to16yearscreatorMumbai, unpublished DoctorialDissertation inphysical Education,Universityof Mumbai  Johnson,B.L.&Nelson,J.K.(1988)Practical measurementforevaluationinphysicalEducationNewDelhi, SurjeetPublications.P. 120,122.

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

+¶ÉÉ ªÉÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ º{ÉvÉæiÉ 45 iÉÉ±ÉÒ¨É ºÉÆPÉ x 20 EÖòºiÉÒÊMÉ®ú = 900 45 iÉÉ±ÉÒ¨É ºÉÆPÉ x 2 ºÉÆPÉ´ªÉ´ÉºlÉÉ{ÉEò = 90 45 iÉÉ±ÉÒ¨É ºÉÆPÉ x 2 ¨ÉÉMÉÇnù¶ÉÇEò = 90 iÉÉÆÊjÉEò +ÊvÉEòÉ®úÒ ({ÉÆSÉ) = 125 {ÉnùÉÊvÉEòÉ®úÒ = 80 xÉÉ¨ÉÉÆÊEòiÉ EÖòºiÉÒÊMÉ®ú = 20 +ºÉä BEÚòhÉ +ÆnùÉVÉä 1305 {ÉäIÉÉ +ÊvÉEò VÉhÉÉÆSÉÉ º{ÉvÉæiÉ |ÉiªÉIÉ ºÉ½þ¦ÉÉMÉ +ºÉiÉÉä. º{ÉvÉæºÉÉ`öÒ 2 ¨ÉÉiÉÒSÉä 2 MÉÉnùÒSÉä +ÉJÉÉbä÷ iÉªÉÉ®ú Eäò±Éä VÉÉiÉÉiÉ. 75 ½þVÉÉ®ú |ÉäIÉEò ¤ÉºÉiÉÒ±É +¶ÉÒ MÉì±É®úÒ =¦ÉÉ®ú±ÉÒ VÉÉiÉä. ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ º{ÉvÉæiÉÒ±É `ö³ýEò PÉb÷É¨ÉÉäb÷Ò :- 1953 SªÉÉ {ÉÊ½þ±ªÉÉ +ÊvÉ´Éä¶ÉxÉÉ{ÉÉºÉÚxÉ 2017 {ÉªÉÈiÉ BEÚòhÉ 61 +ÊvÉ´Éä¶ÉxÉä ZÉÉ±ÉÒ. ªÉÉ 61 +ÊvÉ´Éä¶ÉxÉÉ¨ÉvªÉä 1961 ±ÉÉ {ÉÊ½þ±ÉÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ ZÉÉ±ÉÉ. 2017 SªÉÉ ¦ÉÚMÉÉÆ´É ¨ÉÖ³ý¶ÉÒSªÉÉ +ÊvÉ´Éä¶ÉxÉÉ{ÉªÉÈiÉ 52 ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ ZÉÉ±Éä. ªÉÉ¨ÉvªÉä |ÉÉ¨ÉÖJªÉÉxÉä MÉhÉ{ÉiÉ JÉäb÷Eò®ú, nùÉnÖù SÉÉèMÉÖ±Éä, SÉÆ¤ÉÉ ¨ÉÖixÉÉ³ý, ±ÉI¨ÉhÉ ´Éb÷É®ú, SÉÆpù½þÉ®ú {ÉÉ]õÒ±É ½äþ {ÉÉSÉ |ÉiªÉäEòÒ nùÉäxÉ ´Éä³ýÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ ZÉÉ±Éä ´É xÉ®úËºÉMÉ ªÉÉnù´É ´É Ê´ÉVÉªÉ SÉÉèvÉ®úÒ ½äþ iÉÒxÉ ´Éä³ýÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ ZÉÉ±Éä. 1964 ºÉÉ±ÉÒ +¨É®úÉ´ÉiÉÒ ªÉälÉÒ±É +ÊvÉ´Éä¶ÉxÉÉiÉ |ÉlÉ¨ÉSÉ ¨Éì]õSÉÉ ´ÉÉ{É®ú Eò®úhªÉÉiÉ +É±ÉÉ {É®ÆúiÉÖ BEÚòhÉ 1987 {ÉªÉÈiÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ ÊEòiÉÉ¤ÉÒ ±ÉføiÉ ¨Éì]õ´É®ú JÉä³ýÊ´É±ÉÒ VÉÉiÉä. +¶ÉÉ ªÉÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ EÖòºiÉÒ º{ÉvÉæxÉä ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]ÅõÉSªÉÉ ¨ÉÉ¯ûiÉÒ ¨ÉÉxÉä, MÉhÉ{ÉiÉ®úÉ´É +ÉÆvÉ³ýEò®ú ½äþ +ÉÊ¶ÉªÉÉ<Ç ºÉÖ´ÉhÉÇ{ÉnùEò ´É ®úÉè{ªÉ{ÉnùEò Ê´ÉVÉäiÉä ¤ÉÖ´ÉÉ vÉÖ¨Éä, ¶ÉÉ¨É®úÉ´É ºÉÉ¤É³äý ½äþ EòÉÆºªÉ{ÉnùEò Ê´ÉVÉäiÉä iÉºÉäSÉ ½þÊ®ú¶SÉÆpù Ê¤É®úÉVÉnùÉ®ú, ®úPÉÖxÉÉlÉ {É´ÉÉ®ú, ®úÉ¨É ºÉÉ®ÆúMÉ, +É{{ÉÉ±ÉÉ±É ¶ÉäJÉ, xÉ®úËºÉMÉ ªÉÉnù´É ½äþ EòÉì¨ÉxÉ´Éä±lÉ ºÉÖ´ÉhÉÇ{ÉnùEò Ê´ÉVÉäiÉä iÉºÉäSÉ nùÉnÖù SÉÉèMÉÖ±Éä, Ê¶É´ÉÉVÉÒ ËSÉMÉ³äý ½äþ ®úÉè{ªÉ{ÉnùEò Ê´ÉVÉäiÉä iÉºÉäSÉ +Ê±ÉEòb÷SªÉÉ EòÉ³ýÉ¨ÉvªÉä ®úÉ½Úþ±É +É´ÉÉ®äú, xÉ®úËºÉMÉ ªÉÉnù´É, =iEò¹ÉÇ EòÉ³äý, Ê´ÉGò¨É EÖò-½þÉbä÷ ªÉÉÆºÉÉ®úJÉä +ÉÆiÉ®ú®úÉ¹]ÅõÒªÉ ¨É±±É ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ EÖòºiÉÒ º{ÉvÉæiÉÚxÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]ÅõÉ±ÉÉ Ê¨É³ýÉ±Éä. ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ º{ÉvÉæSÉä =Êqù¹]õ :- +ÉÆiÉ®ú®úÉ¹]ÅõÒªÉ EÖòºiÉÒSªÉÉ ¤Énù±ÉiªÉÉ ÊxÉªÉ¨ÉÉÆSÉÒ ¨ÉÉÊ½þiÉÒ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]ÅõÉiÉÒ±É ¨É±±ÉÉÆxÉÉ Eò¯ûxÉ näùhÉä iÉºÉäSÉ ®úÉ¹]ÅõÒªÉ ´É +ÉÆiÉ®ú®úÉ¹]ÅõÒªÉ nùVÉÉÇSÉä {ÉnùEòÊ´ÉVÉäiÉä ¨É±±É iÉªÉÉ®ú Eò®úhªÉÉSÉä EòÉªÉÇ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ º{ÉvÉæSªÉÉ ¨ÉÉvªÉ¨ÉÉiÉÚxÉ ½þÉäiÉä. +¶ÉÉ|ÉEòÉ®äú ªÉÉ ¶ÉÉävÉÊxÉ¤ÉÆvÉÉ¨ÉvªÉä MÉä±ªÉÉ 60 ´É¹ÉÉÇiÉÒ±É |É´ÉÉºÉ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉÉºÉ¨ÉÉä®ú +ÉhÉÚxÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ º{ÉvÉæSÉÒ ªÉ¶ÉÉäMÉÉlÉÉ ºÉÉÆÊMÉiÉ±ÉÒ +É½äþ. ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ iÉä +ÉÆiÉ®ú®úÉ¹]ÅõÒªÉ ºiÉ®ú :- ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ ÊEòiÉÉ¤É {É]õEòÊ´É±Éä±ÉÉ JÉä³ýÉbÚ÷ JÉÚ{É Eò¨ÉÒ |É¨ÉÉhÉÉiÉ +ÉÆiÉ®ú®úÉ¹]ÅõÒªÉ {ÉÉiÉ³ýÒ´É®ú SÉ¨ÉEòiÉÉxÉÉ ÊnùºÉiÉ +É½äþ. ºÉÖ´ÉhÉÇ¨É½þÉäiºÉ´ÉÒ {É±±ÉÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ ÊEòiÉÉ¤ÉÉxÉä {ÉÚhÉÇ Eäò±ÉÉ. +ÉiÉÉ{ÉªÉÈiÉ VÉ´É³ýVÉ´É³ý 43 ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ ZÉÉ±Éä {É®ÆúiÉÖ iªÉÉiÉÚxÉ {ÉÖfäø +ÉÊ¶ÉªÉÉ<Ç ´É +ÉìË±É{ÉÒEò{É]Úõ ÊEòiÉÒ ZÉÉ±Éä ½þÉ |É¶xÉ +VÉÚxÉ½þÒ {ÉÖfäø =¦ÉÉ ®úÉ½þiÉÉä. EòÉ®úhÉ ¤É½ÖþiÉäEò ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ EÖòºiÉÒÊMÉ®úÉÆxÉÒ ÊEòiÉÉ¤É Ê¨É³ýÊ´É±ªÉÉxÉÆiÉ®ú +ÉÆiÉ®ú®úÉ¹]ÅõÒªÉ ®úÉ¹]ÅõÒªÉ º{ÉvÉæiÉ ¦ÉÉMÉ PÉäiÉ±ÉÉ xÉÉ½þÒ ¨½þhÉÚxÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ ÊEòiÉÉ¤É |ÉÉ{iÉ EÖòºiÉÒÊMÉ®úÉÆxÉÉ ®úÉ¹]ÅõÒªÉ +ÉÆiÉ®ú®úÉ¹]ÅõÒªÉ º{ÉvÉæiÉ ºÉ½þ¦ÉÉMÉ PÉähÉä +ÊxÉ´ÉÉªÉÇ Eäò±Éä {ÉÉÊ½þVÉä. iÉºÉäSÉ

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS)

+ÉVÉSÉÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ ½þÉ =tÉSÉÉ ®úÉ¹]ÅõEÖò±É, +ÉÊ¶ÉªÉÉ<Ç +xÉÂ +ÉìË±É¨{ÉÒEò Ê´ÉVÉäiÉÉ ½þÉä>ðxÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ EäòºÉ®úÒ EÖòºiÉÒ º{ÉvÉæSÉÒ ªÉ¶ÉÉäMÉÉlÉÉ b÷Éè±ÉÉxÉä ¡òb÷Eäò±É. ºÉÆnù¦ÉÇºÉÚSÉÒ :-

1) EÞò¹hÉÉ ºÉÖªÉÇ´ÉÆ¶ÉÒ (1998) “¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ ¨É±±ÉÊ´ÉtÉ =nùªÉ +ÉÊhÉ Ê´ÉEòÉºÉ” |ÉEòÉ¶ÉxÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]Åõ ®úÉVªÉ, EÖòºiÉÒÊMÉ®ú {ÉÊ®ú¹Énù, {ÉÖhÉä. 2) =kÉ¨É®úÉ´É {ÉÉ]õÒ±É (2002) “£òÒ º]õÉ<Ç±É OÉÒEòÉä®úÉä¨ÉxÉ {ÉÖ¯û¹É ´É ¨ÉÊ½þ±ÉÉ +ÉÆiÉ®ú®úÉ¹]ÅõÒªÉ EÖòºiÉÒ ÊxÉªÉ¨É” |ÉEòÉ¶ÉxÉ ´ÉºÉÆiÉnùÉnùÉ EÖòºiÉÒEåòpù GòÒb÷ÉxÉMÉ®ú, ºÉÉÆMÉ±ÉÒ. 3) ºÉÆVÉªÉ nÖùvÉÉhÉä (2003) “+ÉìË±É{ÉÒEò´ÉÒ®ú JÉÉ¶ÉÉ¤ÉÉ VÉÉvÉ´É” ú3 ®úÒ +É´ÉÞkÉÒ,GòÒb÷ÉÊ¨ÉjÉ |ÉEòÉ¶ÉxÉ, {ÉÖhÉä. 4) ºÉÆVÉªÉ ¦ÉÉä±ÉÉ vÉÒ®ú (2008) “Ê´ÉÊ´ÉvÉ JÉä³ý +ÉÊhÉ ÊxÉªÉ¨É”, ºÉÉEäòiÉ |ÉEòÉ¶ÉxÉ, +Éè®ÆúMÉÉ¤ÉÉnù. 5) |ÉÉ.ÊnùxÉä¶É MÉÖÆb÷ (2013) “+ÉÆiÉ®ú®úÉ¹]ÅõÒªÉ EÖòºiÉÒ ÊxÉªÉ¨É” |ÉEòÉ¶ÉxÉ, VÉÉäMÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÉVÉ ´ªÉÉªÉÉ¨É ¶ÉÉ³ýÉ, +É³ÆýnùÒ.

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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES SPECIAL ISSUE ON SPORTS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) egkjk"Vªkrhy lkglh ØhMk i;ZVu

डॉ. शवाजी ानोबा भंताडे शरदचंजी पवार महावयालय, जेजुर, पुणे izLrkouk% lkglh ØhMk i;ZVu EgVys dh ,d Jhearh izdkj vlkok vlk xSjlet vkgs- ijarq lkekU; i;ZVukizek.ks gk lokZP;k vkoMhpk vkf.k lgt djrk ;s.;klkj[ks i;ZVu vkgs- fgeky; fdaok txHkjkrhy lkglh ØhMk i;ZVuk izek.ksp egkjk"Vªkrhy i;ZVu v’kh vksG[k gks.;kph xjt vkgs- HkkjrkP;k udk’kkoj lkglh ØhMk i;ZVuklkBh egkjk"Vªkr ns[khy izek.kkeoko vkgs- lg;knzhrhy ioZrjkaxk] taxy] FkaM gosph fBdk.ks] fxjhnqxZ] tynqxZ] HkqbZdksV] egkjk"Vªkyk ykHkysyk 720 fd-eh pk leqnzfdukjk] lg;knzh] lkriqMkioZr] ikpx.kh] fp[kynjk] esG?kkV] if’pe?kkV] vHk;kj.;] yks.kkj ljksoj] /kj.ks] gokbZ lkglh ØhMkalkBhph fBdk.ks] fx;kZjksg.k] jkWdDyk;Echax b- lkBh ykx.kkjs fulxZ o HkkSxksfyd ifjlj egkjk"Vªkyk ykHkysyk vkgs- lkglh ØhMkalkBh dk;Zdj.kkÚ;k vuasd ukeoar laLFkk dk;Zjr vkgsr- ekXkZn’kZuklkBh tfeuhojhy] gokbZ] lkglh tyØhMkalkBh ykx.kkjk izf’kf{kroxZ] rTK ;kaph ekxZn’kZu lgt miyC/krk ;k loZckch egkjk"Vªkyk lkglh ØhMk i;ZVu gc gks.;klkBh iqjs’kk vkgsr- eg % vk/kqfud ;qxkrhy fofo/k izdkjkaP;k rk.k r.kkokyk lkeksjs tk.;klkBh] eukyk 'kkarh व feGkoh] Eg.kwugh izokl dsyk tkrks- fulxZlainsus le`/n vl.kkjs egkjk"Vª jkT; vkgs- R;keqGs njo"khZ dksV;ko/kh i;ZVd egkjk"Vªkr i;ZVuklkBh ;srkr- fulxZ i;ZVukcjkscjp /kkfeZd] FkaMgosph fBdk.ks] 'ksrh] lkaLd`frd] vkjksX;] 'kS{kf.kd v’kk fofo/k i;ZVuklkBh jkT;kr ;sr vlrkr- R;kp cjkscj lkglh ØhMk i;ZVuklkBh ;s.kkjkaph la[;k ns[khy eksBh vkgs- lkglh i;ZVukyk i;ZVdkadMwu ok

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) fdYys vlwu map f’k[kj p<.;klkBh lTt vl.kkjs i;ZVd uok vknZ’k fuekZ.k d: ikgr vkgsr- vkjksX;klkBh ns[khy lkglh ØhMk i;ZVu mi;qDr Bjr vkgs- i;ZVukps izdkj% /kkfeZd] v/;kRehd] ;ksx] vk;qosZn] mipkj'kkL=] esfMVs’ku i;ZVu] ØhMk i;ZVu] vkjksX;fo"k;d i;ZVu] ,sfrgkfld i;ZVu] 'kkS{kf.kd i;ZVu] ckWMZj fdaok iWVªkWbZfV>e] 'ksrh laLd`rh fo"k;d i;ZVu] vkS|ksfxd i;ZVu b- Qk;ns%

1)fofo/k izdkjkaP;k jkstxkjkph fuehZrh gksbZy- 2)lkglh ØhMk izf’k{k.kkP;k lks;haph miyC/krk gksbZy- 3) egkjk"Vª ljdkjps lkglh ØhMk fo"k;hps /kksj.k] ngh gaMhyk ns[khy lkglh ØhMk Eg.kwu fnysyh ekU;rk- fofo/k /kksj.kkRed fu.kZ; mi;qDr vkgsr-

4)i;ZVukrhy fofo/k la/kh% vknjkfrF;kps izf’k{k.k] LFkGkaph iqjs’kh ekfgrh vl.kkjs ekxZn’kZd] izHkkoh laokn dkS’kY; vl.kk kauk ;k {ks=kr vusd la/kh miyC/k vkgsr- [kk| य laLd`rhph vksG[k d:u ns.kkjs O;kolkf;d] VªWOgy ,taV] gkÅlfdihax] bOgsaV eWustesaV] VqWj vkWijsVj] Vwj xkbZM] nqHkk"kh] Nk;kfp=dkj] dkWy lsaVj]

5) i;ZVu {ks=krhy fofo/k fodkldkekae/;s la/kh vkgsr- 6) lkglh i;ZVukdMs r:.kkbZpk vkse] gkWV ,vj cyqfux] iWjkX;kfMax] jk¶Vhax] Vsªy okWd] dWjkoWu Vqfj>e] jkWd D;kEchax] jWifyax] lkglh

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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES SPECIAL ISSUE ON SPORTS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) ØhMk f’kchjs] gkWlZ jk;fMax] Ldqck Mk;foax] lsyhax] Xyk;Mj ik;yV] iWjkeksVfjax] thi cksV lsfyax b- izdkjkaP;kdMs ok

9) lkglh ØhMk i;ZVuLFkgGkaps ekdsZfVx dj.;kph xjt vkgs- R;keqGs lkglh ØhMk dj.kk kk r:.kkauk dfjvjlkBh uoh fn’kk feGsy- य vkOgkus%

1) i;ZVdkaP;k lks;h lqfo/kk] lqj{kk o laj{k.kkckcr vf/kd l{ke gks.;kph xjt vkgs- 2) vusdosGk viqÚ;k lqfo/kk] ogkrwd] lkglh ØhMk o LFkGkaP;k ekfgrhpk vHkko R;keqGs i;ZVdkaph fujk’kk gksr vlY;kps okLro vkgs- ;krqu ekxZ dk<.;klkBh i;ZVu foHkkx] jkT; o ftYgkiz’kklu] lkglh ØhMklaLFkk] Lo;a lsoh laLFkk o O;kolkf;d ;kauh ,d= ;s.;kph xjt vkgs-

3) okgrwdhph iqjs’kh lk/kus] vkiRdkyhu ifjfLFkrhpk lkeuk dj.;kps izf’k{k.k vl.kkjs izf’k{kdkaph miyC/krk- egkjk"Vª 'kklukP;k fopkjk/khu vlysys dkgh miØe% vkiRdkyhu ifjfLFkrhpk lkeuk dj.;kps izf’k{k.k ns.kk k laLFkkaph mHkkj.kh dj.ks- ● य ●thoj{kd vH;klØe jkcfo.ks- ●fofo/k lkglh ØhMk laLFkkaP;k usr`Roxq.k fodklklkBh fdeku xjtk irZrk dj.ks- ●ftYgkLrjkaoj lkglh ØhMklaLFkkaph uksan.kh lDrhph dj.ks- ●uksan.khd`r laLFkkauk lkglh ØhMkfo"k;d f’kfcjkalkBh ijokuxh lDrhph dj.ks- ● lkglh ØhMkauk i;ZVuk’kh tksM.;kpk fopkj- ●vWMOgsapj ikdZ rlsp ftYgk ØhMk ladqyke/;s Dyk;fEcax okWy dj.ks] lkglh [ksGkaP;k brj lqfo/kk ;klkBh lqekjs ngk dksVhph rjrwn djkoh v’kh ekx.kh fopkjk/khu vlwu

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Vol. 4, Special Issue 4, February, 2018 ISSN (Online): 2454-8499 Impact Factor: 1.3599(GIF), 0.679(IIFS) iWjkXyk;fMax] jkWd Dyk;fEacx] lk;dfyax vknhlkBhgh nksu dksVh :i;kaP;k rjrqnhlkBh vkxzg /kj.;kpk fopkj vkgs-

●lk/ku lkeqxzhlkBh iUukl yk[kkai;Zr vuqnku- ●f’koN=irh jkT; ØhMk lkglh iqjLdkjkpk fopkj- ●jkT; vWMOgsapj LiksV~ZZl lsaUVj mHkkj.kkj- (egkjk"Vª VkbZEl] iq.ks tkusokjh 2011) fu"d"kZ%

●lkglh ØhMk i;ZVu LFkGkapk fodkl vkf.k R;kaps izHkkohi.ks ekdsZfVax dj.ks- ● Hkfo";krhy xjtk fuf’pr d:u /kksj.kkaph vk[k.kh dj.ks- ● egkjk"Vªkrhy loZ lkglh ØhMklaLFkk] la?kVukaps la?kVu d:u loZlkekU;kauk ijoMsy vls iWdstl r;kj dj.ks-

● lkglh ØhMk i;ZVu gs eqGkrp vo?kM vkgs- R;ke tks[khe vkgs R;keqGs i;ZVuklkBhps ;ksX; vkf.k lqjf{kr ekxZn’kZukph lks;] ;koj y{k dsafnzr dsY;kl lkglh ØhMk i;ZVukP;k udk’kkoj vxzLFkkuh tk.ks lgt 'kD; vkgs-

●gs lk/; dj.;klkBh ljdkjleosr i;ZVu O;olk;k’kh FksV vkf.k vizR;{kfjR;k lacaf/kr vl.kk k brj layXu O;kolkf;dkauh ,df=r dke dj.;kph xjt vkgs- य lanHkZ%

 Adventure Sports (Oct 2003) Magazine article “3rd Times a Charm”.  Kallsch, K.R.(1979) ‘The role of the outward bound educational process, Wisconsin, Three Lakes.  Sports Tourism In India, (June 2014), India China Economic and cultural council.

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