EFFECT OF PHYSICAL COMBINED PHYSICAL CUM YOGIC PRACTICES ON SELECTED PHYSICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERFORMANCE FACTORS OF PLAYERS

A thesis submitted to Bharathidasan University for the award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Submitted by K. SENTHIL KUMAR

Under the Guidance of Dr. K. CHANDRASEKARAN Professor & Head Department of Physical Education Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai – 625 021

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-620 024 TAMILNADU,

April 2012 Dr. K. CHANDRASEKARAN Professor & Head Department of Physical Education Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai – 625 021 [email protected]

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of Physical Combined Physical cum Yogic Practices on Selected Physical Physiological Psychological and Performance Factors of Kabaddi Players” submitted by K. SENTHIL KUMAR for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Physical Education, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, is a bonafide record of research work carried out under my guidance and supervision. It is further certified that to the best of my knowledge that this thesis does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Place: Madurai Research guide Date:

ii

DECLARATION

I do here by declare that the thesis entitled “Effect of Physical Combined Physical cum Yogic Practices on Selected Physical Physiological Psychological and Performance Factors of Kabaddi Players” submitted for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Physical Education, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli is the original work carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of Dr. K. CHANDRASEKARAN, Professor and Head, Department of Physical Education, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. I further declare that this work has not been submitted earlier in full or in parts to any university for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Place: Tiruchirappalli (K. SENTHIL KUMAR) Date:

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Dedicated to Father Natesan Mother Muthammal and my Adored Wife

iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I gratefully acknowledge and sincerely appreciate my guide Dr. K. Chandrasekaran, Professor and Head, Department of Physical Education, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai for his scholarly guidance, constant encouragement, continuous support and patience throughout the completion of this work. Without his valuable guidance this work would not be a successful one.

I extend my deep heart felt thanks to Dr. A. Pushparajan, Dean, School of Education and Research, Karpagam University, Coimbatore for his technical assistant and his valuable support, this work would certainly not have been possible.

I acknowledge with all humility and deep gratitude to Dr. P. Marriayya, Professor and Head, Department of Physical Education, Periyar Maniammai University, Thanjavur for their encouragement throughout my carrier.

I am eternally grateful to Dr. R. Kalidasan, Assistant Professor and Head i/c, Department of Physical Education Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli for his help rendered in the completion of this study.

I extend my deep heart felt thanks to Dr. S.T.N. Rajeshwaran, Associate Professor and Dr. T. Radhakrishnan, Assistant Professor, Bharathiar University for their constant encouragement throughout my doctoral programme.

I extend my gratitude and sincere thanks to Dr. C. Saikumar, Principal, and Dr. T. Jayapal, Associate Professor, Maruthi College of Physical Education, Coimbatore for their constant encouragement throughout my doctoral programme.

I would like to give my sincere thanks to Dr. G. Palanisamy and Dr. V. Perumal, Retired Associate Professors, Maruthi College of Physical Education, Coimbatore for their encouragement throughout my carrier.

v I express my sincere thanks to Dr. V. Jayaveerapandian, Associate Professor and Dr. C. Ramesh, Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai and D r. MMG. Harihararamachandran, Physical Director, Govt. Hr Sec School, Thulayanatham for their kind help at various stages of this study.

I thank Dr. V. Vallimurugan, Principal and Mr. M. Suresh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Selvam College of Physical Education, Namakkal for their kind help at various stages of this study.

I thank Mr. S. Jayatheerthan and Mr. S. Ramji, Assistant Professors, Dept. of Commerce and all the faculty members of Valluvar College of Science and Management, Karur for their careful effort and fine tuning of language.

I thank Mr. P. Muralikrishnan, Mr. M. Venkatachalam, Mr. S. Anand and Mr. S. Prabhu for their kind help at various stages of this study.

I extend my feelings of gratitude to research scholars of Bharathidasan University Mr. A. Needhiraja, Mr. J. Viswanathan and Mr. T.P.Yogesh for their kind help at various stages of this study.

I extend my feelings of gratitude to Mr. P. Prabakaran, Mr. T. K. Rajasekaran, Mr. M. Arumugam and Mr. K. Soundarrajan, staff members, Department of Physical Education, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli.

I express my sincere thanks to all who actively involved as the subjects for this study. Finally, I wish to thank everybody who participated directly or indirectly in the process of the completion of this work.

K. Senthil Kumar

vi List of Contents

Certificate by the Supervisor ii Declaration by the Scholar iii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v List of Contents vii List of Tables ix List of Figures x

Chapter I Introduction 1-27 Objectives of the Present Study Statement of the Problem Hypothesis Significance of the study Delimitations Limitations Definitions of the Terms

Chapter II Review of Related Literature 28-41 Studies on Yogic Exercises Studies on Kabaddi

Chapter III Methodology 42-72 Selection of Subjects Selection of Variables Experimental Design Reliability of the Test

vii Reliability of Data Tester’s Reliability Subject’s Reliability Orientation of the Subjects Administration of the Test Items Administration of Training Programme Collection of Data Statistical Techniques

Chapter IV Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 73-97 Overview Test of Significance Descriptive Analysis Computation of Analysis of Covariance Discussion on Findings Discussion on Hypothesis

Chapter V Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 98-101 Summary Findings Conclusions Recommendations

Bibliography 102-105

viii

List of Tables

Table Title Page No

I Reliability co-efficient of correlation of test-retest scores 45

Descriptive analysis of initial, final and adjusted means II of physical exercises combined physical cum yogic 75 practices and control group on criterion measures

Summary of analysis of variance for the initial means III among physical combined physical cum yogic exercises, 76 and control group on criterion variables

Summary of analysis of variance for the final means IV among physical combined physical cum yogic practices 78 and control group on criterion variables

Summary of analysis of variance for the adjusted means V among physical combined physical cum yogic practices 80 and control group on criterion variables

Scheffe’s test of significance between paired final VI 82 adjusted means for physical variables

Scheffe’s test of significance between paired final VII 85 adjusted means for physiological variables

Scheffe’s test of significance between paired final VIII 88 adjusted means for psychological variables

Scheffe’s test of significance between paired final IX 91 adjusted means for performance variables

ix List of Figures

Page Figure Title No

Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined I physical cum yogic practices and control group on explosive 83 power

Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined II physical cum yogic practices and control group on muscular 83 endurance

Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined III 84 physical cum yogic exercise and control group on speed

Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined IV 84 physical cum yogic practices and control group on agility

Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined V 86 physical cum yogic practices and control group on heart rate

Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined VI physical cum yogic practices and control group on systolic 86 blood pressure

Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined VII physical cum yogic practices and control group on diastolic 87 blood pressure

Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined VIII physical cum yogic practices and control group on breath 87 holding time

Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined IX physical cum yogic practices and control group on cognitive 89 anxiety

Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined X physical cum yogic practices and control group on somatic 89 anxiety

Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined XI physical cum yogic practices and control group on self 90 confidence

x Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined XII 92 physical cum yogic practices and control group on hand touch

Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined XIII 92 physical cum yogic practices and control group on leg touch

Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined XIV 93 physical cum yogic practices and control group on ankle hold

Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined XV 93 physical cum yogic practices and control group on blocking.

xi Chapter – I

Introduction

CHAPTER - I INTRODUCTION

Advances in medicine and technology which have made life easier for us, and results in many serious health and fitness problems. What care about most is that you are physically fit to be healthy. Physical exercise is good for us in so many ways that it is almost like a magic tonic. It not only strengthens your heart and lungs but also help burn off fat. It gives you more energy which improves your muscle tone and even helps you to concentrate and think better. It is the single most important form of exercise you can do all life. Yoga also keeps us awake and expresses the path and the means to proceed the life. It is important to know that the origin of kabaddi is said to be India, and the performance also stated high.

ORIGIN OF YOGA Yoga is as old as civilisation. Early Upanishads, the Bhagavadgita and the Yoga sutras of Patanjali are universally accepted as constituting the verbal foundation of the Yoga tradition. Among these, the Yoga Sutras provide the basis and inspiration for most of todays tradition of Yoga. In its recorded history and continuous evolution, Yoga has come to represent not only the ultimate goal, but also the many practices, techniques, methods and ways that to move towards that goal. Thus the literature includes numerous yogic paths. Yoga's classical definition is derived from the Sanskrit root "Yuj".

Yoga represents the study, path and the means to proceed and also the absolute aim, which includes the following core concepts: the union of opposites, the effect the outside world has on the body, the yearning for and seeking of form of liberation; the merging of the individual consciousness with the Universal consciousness and the interest of discovering and attaining one's true self. 2

Yoga has shown through its long history that it represents the effort that we are going to make in achieving something, the path that will take us to the ultimate achievement and the progress that we are going to make along the way, and ultimately, the end result: the sum of total of our achievements. Experiencing life with awareness, with exposure to great depths of Yogic literature, reinforces my motivation and provides the drive to devote the effort required to follow the Yogic path.

SCIENCE OF YOGA The science of yoga works on physical, mental, emotional, psychic and spiritual aspects of a person. When imbalance is experienced at this level, the organs, muscles and nerves no longer function in harmony, rather they at in opposition to each other. Therefore yoga aims at bringing the different bodily functions into perfect co-ordination so that they work for the good of the whole body. Yoga is one of India’s wonderful gifts to mankind. One of its valuable qualities is that it builds up a store of physical health through the practice of a system of exercises called asanas which keep the body cleansed and fit. Yoga believes that exercise is essential for speedy removal of toxins and for keeping blood circulation and all internal processes functioning smoothly. Yoga is a science and it is based on observation and experiment. This method of observation and experiment is regarded in the west as a distinctly modern innovation, but as a matter fact it was adopted in India in very ancient time by the ‘ishis. Through the process of close observation and constant experiment they discovered the fine forces of nature, as also the laws that govern our physical, mental and spiritual being.

Yoga can help to check any imbalance in muscular development and will enable both mind and body to function more efficiently. Practicing of yoga asanas strengthen the muscles, release physical tension and improve concentration and poise. Yoga makes limbs balanced strong and relaxed. The 3 standing poses improve balance and muscle flexibility. Yogic practice can help players to relax and replenish their energy after strenuous games. It also promotes calm, clear thinking even in situations that call for fast reactions. Yoga stretches and strengthens all muscles of body and brings peace and calm to the mind and spirit.

MEANING OF YOGA Yoga was first summarized and systematized around the second century A.D. by a man known as Pathanjali discusses the nature of enlightment, the means of attaining it, the obstacles and problems of practice and the ways of overcoming them. Yoga is derived from the Sanskrit root ‘YUJ’ which means to join. The English word ‘YOKE’ also comes from the same root. Originally the literal significance of the two words were almost the same. The root verb ‘YUJ’ signifies to join oneself to something. Thus in its primary meaning it conveys the same idea of preparing for hard work (sports etc.) as the common English expression to go into the harness. The effort required is mental or physical, according to the object in view. If the object be the acquirement of perfect health or longevity, the effort of both mind and body to accomplish this through certain practices is called yoga.

Yoga derives its philosophy from Indian metaphysical beliefs. The word yoga comes from Sanskrit language and means union or merger. The ultimate aim of this philosophy is to strike a balance between mind and body and attain self-enlightenment. To achieve this, yoga uses movement, breath, posture, relaxation and meditation in order to establish a healthy, lively and balanced approach to life. Though the exact origins of Yoga are unknown but Yoga is considered to be the oldest physical discipline in existence. Yoga, thus symbolizes balance in every area of life. In the earlier times, the rationale of the Yoga postures and breathing exercises was to bring stability and relaxation so that practitioners could prepare for the rigors of meditation, sitting still and alert 4 for long periods of time. In modern context also Yoga can play an important role in maintaining a fine balance between work and healthy mind.

Yoga is a science of right living and it works when integrated in our daily life. It works on all aspects of the person: the physical, mental, emotional, psychic and spiritual. The word yoga means ‘unity’ or ‘oneness’ and is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘yuj’ which means ‘to join’. There are too many misconceptions clouding the science of Yoga. People perceive it to be some kind of black or white magic, sorcery, physical or mental debauchery through which miraculous feats can be performed. For some it is an extremely dangerous practice which should be limited to only those who have renounced the world. Few others think it to be a kind of mental and physical acrobatism that is compatible only to a Hindu mind. Human mind is subject to certain weaknesses which are universal. Avidya wrong notions of the external world, asmita wrong notions of the external world, asmita wrong notions of oneself, raga-longing and attachment for sensory objects and affections, dweshad is like and hatred for objects and persons, and abinivesha or the love of life are the five defects of the mind that must be removed. Yoga, the constant meditation and introspection eradicate these mental flaws.

YOGIC PRACTICES It is necessary to note that the nature of all yogic practices are psychological and physiological. Some exercises emphasizing the control of mental processes directly are more psychological and other exercises are more physical or physiological. It is this later part of yogic practices that has become more popular and is being extensively used for the development and promotion of health and fitness. The Yogic exercises in general differ from the physical exercises and the important differences are: the non-yogic exercises are repetitive in character and utilize a lot of energy whereas yogic exercises help to conserve energy. The caloric requirement of yogic exercises is only 0.9 to 3 5 calories per minute depending upon the severity of exertion. Relaxation forms the most important aspect of yogic exercises unlike non-yogic exercises, during the practice of asana, muscles, which do not support weight or which are not actively involved are relaxed. With relaxation, the muscles return to normality after contraction and therefore yogic exercises keep the body more flexible. Non-yogic exercises improve the circulation of blood in voluntary system, thereby resulting in better muscular development as a result of improved function of the muscles. Yogic exercises aim at improving blood circulation to all the vital organs and thus improve their functions.

Unlike non-yogic exercises, in yogic exercises spine has been given an important place and various exercises for the spine aim at keeping the spine flexible and joints supple. Yogic exercises influence both mind and body whereas non-yogic exercises have their effect mainly on the body. They have more positive reaction to stress, thus minimizing its ill effects. As mentioned earlier, asanas can be understood as postures rather than exercises. It is presumed that they predominantly work at the cerebellar level rather than the cortical level because cerebellum is the one responsible for the maintenance of tone, posture and equilibrium. On relatively relaxed background of the skeletal muscles, certain groups of muscles are put to stretch because of the particular position of the body, which leads to the stimulation of the muscle spindles. If the whole technique is properly followed, then the stretch reflex initiated through action can lead to the release of tensions and relaxation of the related groups of muscles.

Developing awareness of breathing movements in different regions of the body while the posture i.e. asana is maintained for some length of time further helps to release tension and develop a kind of balance and equilibrium at different levels of the body musculature. Thus one may be able to appreciate the role that can be played by asanas in releasing tension, initiating relaxation of the 6 skeletal muscles and establishing a condition of balance and equilibrium. Excellent performance in any sport is governed by several factors of physical fitness. The important ones may be mentioned as speed, strength, stamina, suppleness, stability and neuro muscular co-ordination.

Most sports build muscular strength and stamina, often in specific areas of the body. Yoga can help to check any imbalance in muscular development and will enable individual both mind and body to function more efficiently. If body is flexible and supple, player will be less prone to sports injuries. Active individuals are accustomed to using their bodies and muscles vigorously on a regular basis. All sports have certain movements that build the body in specific ways. This can lead to imbalances and possible injuries. Yoga helps to prevent injuries by bringing balance back to the body along with relaxation and focused concentration of the mind. The poses should be practised in conjunction with strenuous activity. When regular stretching is neglected, strenuous activity strains the muscles, joints and tendons and tension accumulates in the body. This accumulated tension has forced many active people to give up their favourite sport or activity as a result of some type of injury or permanent damage.

The following three types of yogic practices are commonly used in Sports and Games. 1. Asanas (Posture) 2. Pranayama (Science of Breathing) 3. Meditation (Dhyana)

ASANAS The third limb of Yoga is asana or posture. Asana brings steadiness, health and lightness of limb. A steady and pleasant posture produces mental equilibrium and prevents fickleness of mind. Asanas are not merely gymnastic exercises. They are postures. To perform them, one needs a clean airy place, a 7 blanket and determination, while for other systems of physical training, one needs large playing field and costly equipments. Asanas can be done alone, as the limbs of the body provide the necessary weights and counter weights. By practising them, one develops flexibility, agility, balance, endurance and great vitality.

Many actors, acrobats, athletes, dancers, musicians and sportsmen also possess a physique and have great control over the body, but they lack control over the mind, the intellect and the self. Hence they are in disharmony with themselves and one rarely comes across a balanced personality among them. They often put the body above all else. Though the yogi does not under rate his body, he does not think merely of its perfection, but of his senses, mind, intellect and soul. The yogi conquers the body by the practice of Asanas and makes it a fit vehicle for the spirit.

PRANAYAMA Pranayama is control of Breath. ‘Prana’ is breath or vital energy in the body. On subtle levels, prana represents the pranic energy responsible for life or life force and ‘Ayama’ means control. So pranayama is ‘control of breath’. One can control the rhythms of pranic energy with pranayama and achieve health if body and mind. Five types of Prana are responsible for various pranic activities in the body, they are prana, apana, vyana, vudana and samana. Out of these prana and apana are the most important. Prana is upword flowing and apana is downward flowing. Practice of pranayama achieves the balance in the activities of these pranas, which results in healthy body and mind.

Prana means breath, respiration, life, vitality, wind, energy (or) strength. Pranayama thus can notes extension of breath and its control. This control is over all the functions of breathing namely, 8

(1) Inhalation or inspiration which is named Puraka (filling up) (2) Exhalation (or) expiration which is called Rechaka (emptying the lungs) and (3) Retention or holdings the breath or state where there is no inhalation (or) exhalation which is termed Kumbhaka.

Emotional excitement affects the rate of breathing. Equally deliberate regulation of breathing checks emotional excitement. As the very object of yoga is to control and steal the mind. The Yogi first learns Pranayama to master the breath. This will enable him to control the senses and so reach the stage of Pratyahara. Only then will the mind be ready for concentration (Dhyana).

MEDITATION According to Patanjali “Yoga Sutra (Astanga Yoga)”, Meditation (Dhyana) means “Full concentration of the mind focused on one of those experiences.” In simple terms the spontaneous concentration of the mind on the object is Meditation.

Mind can recall past experiences, keep think about the future and experience the present with all its might and we do not have any control over our minds journey. ‘Dhyana’ (Meditation) is the deep concentration, calmness and tranquility of the mind. It is the study of attaining complete control over ones mind. Meditation takes the consciousness beyond conscious. Sub conscious and unconscious states to super conscious.

IMPORTANCE OF YOGA IN KABADDI Kabaddi is aptly known as the "GAME OF THE MASSES" due to its popularity, simple, easy to comprehend rules, and public appeal. The game calls for no sophisticated equipment what so ever, which makes it a very popular sport in the developing countries. Though it is basically an out door sport played on 9 clay court, of late the game is being played on synthetic surface indoors with great success. The duration of the game is 45 minutes for men & junior boys with a 5minute break in between for the teams to change sides. In the case of women/girls & sub junior boys, the duration is 35 minutes with a 5ininute break in between.

Kabaddi is a combative team game, played with absolutely no equipment, in a rectangular court, either out-doors or indoors with seven players on the ground in each side. Each side takes alternate chances at offence and defense. The basic idea of the game is to score points by raiding into the opponents’ court and touching as many defense players as possible without getting caught on a single breath. During play, the players on the defensive side are called "Antis" while the player of the offense is called the "Raider". Kabaddi is perhaps the only combative sport in which attack is an individual attempt while defense is a group effort. The attack in Kabaddi is known as a 'Raid'. The antis touched by the raider during the attack are declared 'out' if they do not succeed in catching, the raider before he returns to home court. These players can resume play only when their side scores points against the opposite side during their raiding turn or if the remaining players succeed in catching the opponent's raider.

Yoga, the Indian science to control body and mind through meditation and self-control plays an integral part of Kabaddi. The raider has to enter the opponent's court chanting the word "Kabaddi" while holding his breath and has to continue to do so until he returns to his home court. This is known as 'Cant', which is closely related to "Pranayama” of yoga. While Pranayama is about with holding breath in order to exercise internal organs, cant is the means to with hold breath with vigorous physical activity. This is perhaps one of the few sports to combine yoga with hectic physical activity. The game calls for agility, good lung capacity, muscular co-ordination, presence of mind and quick responses. For a 10 single player to take on seven opponents is no mean task, requires dare as well as an ability to concentrate and anticipate the opponent's moves.

BENEFITS OF YOGA Yoga has both preventive and therapeutic benefits. It has been shown to offer both physical and mental benefits to the body and the mind. A near-perfect fitness routine, yoga provides the means for people of any age not only to get and stay in shape but also to develop balance, coordination, and a sense of centeredness. It renews, invigorates, and heals the body - stretching and toning the muscles, joints, and spine and directing blood and oxygen to the internal organs (including the glands and nerves). Yoga is distinctly different from other kinds of exercise. It generates motion without causing strain and imbalances in the body. When practiced correctly, yoga has no such negative effects on either the inner or outer body.

When done with dedication and purpose, yoga can be a quite demanding, yet an immensely rewarding type of exercise. While not inherently aerobic, it involves almost every muscle in the body and challenges the body to work in a different and often more passive way. Since the limbs function as free weights, resistance is created by moving the body's center of gravity. This strengthening gives way to endurance as poses are held for longer periods of time.

Many athletes are having more injuries that require surgery because of the increased focus on strength training with weight resistance. This method for increasing strength and muscle mass is highly effective and efficient, yet it dramatically decreases flexibility. However, if yoga or other types of prolonged stretching are practiced in combination with strength training and practical application exercises (using the body in a way that mimics the movements of their particular sport, while performing a balancing or core movement), injury can be minimized during engagement in other competitive sports that call for the 11 athlete to be more spontaneous with their bodies, calling for overextended reaches, lunges, falls, etc., all of which increase the odds of injury, opposed to the safety of controlled mechanical motion used in weight room workouts.

With yoga, the athlete will not only increase flexibility but also increase poise and balance from the practice of the yoga holding/balancing poses. This type of balancing will enhance athletic performance by enabling the athlete to prevent falls because of his heightened awareness of his bodies center place. When balancing poses are mastered the athlete is then conditioned to unconsciously recover from any imbalances their body may experience, staying centered in action, moment by moment during play. This is when the athlete begins to perform miraculous stunts. He is able to use his body in ways he never thought possible while remaining centered and injury free.

Physical Benefits Flexibility: Stretching your tight body in new ways will help it to become more flexible, bringing greater range of motion to muscles and joints. Over time, you can expect to gain flexibility in your hamstrings, back, shoulders, and hips.

Strength: Many yoga poses require you to support the weight of your own body in new ways, including balancing on one leg (such as in Tree Pose) or supporting yourself with your arms (such as in Downward Facing Dog). Some exercises require you to move slowly in and out of poses, which also increases strength. Muscle tone: As a by-product of getting stronger, you can expect to see increased muscle tone. Yoga helps shape long, lean muscles.

Pain Prevention: Increased flexibility and strength can help prevent the causes of some types of back pain. Many people who suffer from back pain spend a lot of time sitting at a computer or driving a car. That can cause tightness and spinal compression, which you can begin to address with yoga. 12

Yoga also improves your alignment, both in and out of class, which helps prevent many other types of pain.

Better Breathing: Most of us breathe very shallowly into the lungs and don't give much thought to how we breathe. Yoga breathing exercises, called Pranayama, focus the attention on the breath and teach us how to better use our lungs, which benefits the entire body. Certain types of breath can also help clear the nasal passages and even calm the central nervous system, which has both physical and mental benefits.

Mental Benefits Mental Calmness: Yoga asana practice is intensely physical. Concentrating so intently on what your body is doing has the effect of bringing a calmness to the mind. Yoga also introduces you to the meditation techniques, such as watching how you breathe and disengagement from your thoughts, which help calm the mind.

Stress Reduction: Physical activity is good for relieving stress, and this is particularly true of yoga. Because of the concentration required, your daily troubles, both large and small, seem to melt away during the time you are doing yoga. This provides a much-needed break from your stressors, as well as helping put things into perspective. The emphasis yoga places on being in the moment can also help relieve stress, as you learn not to dwell on past events or anticipate the future. You will leave a yoga class feeling less stressed than when you started. Read more about yoga for stress management here.

Body Awareness: Doing yoga will give you an increased awareness of your own body. You are often called upon to make small, subtle movements to improve your alignment. Over time, this will increase your level of comfort in your own body. This can lead to improved posture and greater self-confidence. 13

Yoga postures are the physical positions that coordinate breath with movement and with holding the position to stretch and strengthen different parts of the body. Asana practice is the ideal complement to other forms of exercise, especially running, cycling and strength training, as the postures systematically work all the major muscle groups, including the back, neck, and shoulders, deep abdominal, hip and buttocks muscles and even ankles, feet, wrists and hands.

By their very nature, asanas affect major and minor muscle groups and organs as they simultaneously import strength, increase flexibility and bring nourishment to internal organs. Although most poses are not aerobic in nature, they do in fact send oxygen to the cells in the body by way of conscious deep breathing and sustained stretching and contraction of different muscle groups. Whatever sport you choose to practise, yoga can enhance and complement your ability. Most sports build muscular strength and stamina, often in specific areas of the body. Yoga can help to check any imbalance in muscular development and will enable both your body and your mind to function more efficiently. If your body is flexible and supple you will be less prone to sports injuries, as your joints will be kept lubricated. Yoga asanas strengthen your muscles, release physical tension and improve your concentration and poise. Yoga makes your limbs balanced, strong and relaxed.

Golfers may be prone to one-sided or uneven muscle development. Yoga asanas can strengthen weak areas and ease muscular tension. The standing poses improve balance and muscle flexibility. Yoga breathing techniques help swimmers to breathe in a relaxed way when exercising. For bicyclists, back bends can relieve any stiffness caused by bending over handlebars. Because a cyclist's back stays in one position for long periods, the muscles may become tense. This can be remedied with stretches. Gentle stretching exercises also ease stiffness in the legs and shoulders. Yoga asanas will also improve flexibility. Racket sports often involve intense physical effort. Yoga practice can help 14 players to relax and replenish their energy after strenuous games. It also promotes calm, clear thinking, even in situations that call for fast reactions. Asanas for joint mobility can make hips and shoulders more flexible.

YOGA FOR SPORTS Actually it is the Spirit, the Mind and then the Body. The player needs all three integrated to have peak performance.

1) SPIRIT * Inspiration * Motivation Everything starts from the Spirit. The athlete must first be inspired, meaning “in spirit ", having a desire to compete, play, or win. To have team spirit. If an athlete lacks spirit he won't play his best. Yoga connects the athlete deeper with his spirit through the meditative poses thus allowing him/her to tap into their pure potentiality, unlimited. This occurs when the athlete practices yoga as a meditation, so that union with the infinite spirit that is also the infinite potentiality is achieved.

2) MIND * Preparation * Education Inspiration is not enough. Once inspired the athlete must prepare with his Mind. He must have a game plan, a strategy, and education of his game and opponents to fulfill his inspiration or desire to play and win. To follow through with a strategy, yoga trains the athlete to focus, balance emotions, concentrate, & get in the zone. When enduring the uncomfortable sensations the body feels while holding long and still in poses such as the "warrior" or " hero", will power, discipline and determination are developed in the mind, and then infused with inspiration.

3) BODY * Perspiration * Implementation Inspiration and preparation are still not enough. Perspiration is what makes it all happen. In order to ultimately fulfill the desire of the Spiritual body 15 and execute the strength and game plan of the mental body, the athlete must have a finely tuned, flexible and strong Physical body.

PHYSICAL TRAINING Physical training is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health. Physical fitness is the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, and muscles to function at optimum efficiency. In previous years, fitness was defined as the capacity to carry out the day’s activities without undue fatigue. It is performed for many different reasons. These include: strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, and weight loss or maintenance. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune system, and helps prevent diseases. A moderate to high level of fitness reduces the incidence of "hypo kinetic" diseases. Hypo kinetic basically means a lack of movement or too little movement. When the body doesn't move enough, it slowly deteriorates and becomes vulnerable to disease. In essence, a sedentary lifestyle can contribute to or increase the severity of such problems as hypertension (high blood pressure), obesity (excess fat), adult-onset diabetes, osteoporosis (brittle bones), depression, and low back pain. Individuals who are poorly fit often end up with one or more of these conditions, which impairs the individual's quality of life. Today, there is a growing emphasis on looking good, feeling good and living longer. Increasingly, scientific evidence tells us that one of the keys to achieving these ideals is fitness and exercise. But if you spend your days at a sedentary job and pass your evenings as a "couch potato," it may require some determination and commitment to make regular activity a part of your daily routine. Exercise is not just for Olympic hopefuls or supermodels. In fact, you are never too unfit, too young or too old to get started. Regardless of your age, gender or role in life, you can benefit from regular physical activity. If you are committed, exercise in combination with a sensible diet can help provide an overall sense of well-being and can even help prevent chronic illness, disability and premature death. A general physical 16 deterioration which is also with our present day patterns of living and neglect of basic fitness habits.

The age in which we live seems to have bred under exercised, overfed individuals-young and old who are fat, flabby and weak in the upper trunk, back, abdominal areas and feet. Lack of physical activity has been shown also to physical activity has been shown also to be related to the prevalence of varicose veins, hemorrhoids and muscle atrophy. Many of our young men continue to be judged unfit for military service for a variety of medical reasons. Of those accepted, many can’t swim, never have engaged in vigorous sports or other physical activity, and have to be placed in special conditioning battalions and on special diets.

ORIGIN OF THE GAME – KABADDI The sport has a long history dating back to pre-historic times. It was probably invented to ward off croup attacks by individuals and vice-versa. The game was very popular in the southern part of Asia played in its different forms under different names. A dramatized version of the great Indian epic, the "Mahabharata" has made an analogy of the game to a tight situation faced by Abhimaneu, the heir of the Pandava kings when he is surrounded on all sides by the enemy. Buddhist literature speaks of the Gautam Buddha played Kabaddi for recreation. History also reveals that princes of yore played Kabaddi to display their strength and win their brides. The origin of kabaddi can be traced to the pre-historic times when the game was devised as a way to develop the physical strength and speed in young men. The game is essentially an Indian one, and commands huge popularity in the Indian hinterland.

Kabaddi is a game of 2 teams of 12 players each, where one team becomes the raiders and the other team anti raiders. Seven players shall take the ground at a time and the remaining five players shall be reserved. The raider has 17 to go to the opposing court with the continuous clear sound recitation aloud of the word 'Kabaddi' without stopping to take a breath and should try to touch an anti raider and make him out. The duration of a match for men shall be 2 halves of 20 minutes each. For women and juniors there will be 2 halves of the duration of 15 minutes each. There shall be an interval of 5 minutes between both the halves. The side that wins the toss shall have the choice of the court or the raid. In the second half, the court shall be changed and the side which had not sent their raider first shall send their raider first. The game in the second half shall continue with the same number of players as it was at the end of the first half.

GOVERNING BODIES OF KABADDI Kabaddi was included in the curriculum of Regular Diploma courses in coaching conducted by the National Institute of Sports, the premier institute to develop sports in the country with effect from the year 1971. There after, qualified coaches in Kabaddi are being produced every year. The neighboring countries, Nepal & Bangladesh also send their coaches for the diploma course in various disciplines including Kabaddi, regularly. These qualified coaches are equipped to train players at different levels in a systematic manner with sports science back up.

The Amateur of India, the new body, came into existence in the year 1972. This body was formed with a view to popularize the game in the neighboring countries and organize regular National level Men and Women tournaments. After the formation of this body, sub-junior and junior sections were included in Kabaddi national level tournaments, as a regular feature. The Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation was formed in the year 1978, during the silver jubilee celebrations of National Kabaddi Championships in India, organized at Bhilai, Madhya Pradesh. Kabaddi was introduced and popularized in Japan in 1979. The Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation sent Prof. Sundar Ram of India to tour Japan for two months to introduce the game. The first Asian 18

Championship in Kabaddi was organized in Calcutta, in the year 1980. A goodwill tour was organized in the year 1981 in which, the Indian men & women teams visited Thailand, Japan and Malaysia to play exhibition Kabaddi matches. Federation Cup Kabaddi matches also commenced in the year 1981.

The South Asian Federation included Kabaddi as a regular sports discipline from the year 1984. Kabaddi was played for the first time in the SAF games at Dacca, Bangladesh. Since then Kabaddi is being included in every SAF Games, which is played every once in two years. For the first time in the Inter- National Kabaddi scenario, India faced defeat at the hands of Pakistan and had to be satisfied with second place, winning the silver medal, in the VI SAF Games at Dacca, Bangladesh, in the year 1993.

The second Asian Championship was hosted by India and was organized at Jaipur, Rajasthan. Malaysia and Japan participated for the first time in this Championship. In the XI held in the year 1990 at , China, Kabaddi was included in the main disciplines. This was a major landmark in the history of Kabaddi. India won the Gold Medal, which was a proud and unforgettable moment for Kabaddi lovers who had strived to bring Kabaddi to the Asian platform. India has been the reigning champion in the succeeding Asian Games held in 1994 at , Japan and in the Asian Games held in 1998 at in Thailand.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE GAME Over the years, the game's pattern changed along with the rules and the size of the playfield. The concept of Kabaddi as an Indigenous Game of India first came up during the year 1921 in Maharashtra, when a certain framework of rules was prepared and the game was played on the pattern of Sanjeevani & Gemini in a combined form. A special committee was constituted in 1923 which 19 amended the rules. These rules were applied in an All India Kabaddi Tournament organized during the same year.

In Maharashtra, the pioneering state to regularize the game and bring it to the National platform, Kabaddi, which was known as "Hu-Tu-Tu", was played according to the rules framed by the Deccan Gymkhana from 1928 to 1938. It was the Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal, Amaravati, Maharashtra, which took up the task of organizing and developing Kabaddi in a more systematic & scientific manner. This Institution believes in the maxim “A healthy mind in a healthy body", and has been doing yeoman's service to sports in general and indigenous games in particular, over the years. During the years 1927 to 1952, Kabaddi was played in different parts of the country based on rules framed by the various clubs and organizing committees, which mushroomed and gained in prominence. There were frequent disputes over the rules during tournaments owing to lack of uniformity in the rules and regulations followed in various parts of the country.

The introduction of the game to the Inter-national arena as a demonstration game in the 1936 Berlin Olympics led to the inclusion of Kabaddi in the list of priority games of the Indian Olympic Committee, in the year 1940. Thereafter, Inter-provincial Kabaddi tournaments were organized bi-annually. The matches at the district and provincial level were played as per the rules framed by the Akhil Maharashtra Sharirik Shikshan Mandal, while the Inter- Provincial Championships were based on Buck's Rules of Games and Sports, published by Mr. H.C Buck, Founder and Principal of YMCA College of Physical Education, Madras. The game's pattern also changed over the years, along with the standardization of rules and regulations. Some of the major changes in the game's pattern include the introduction of the Unproductive Raid Rule, Time Out system, Bonus Line Game, etc that did not change the basic structure of the game but all the same had a lot of impact. Some of the major 20 changes that had an impact on the game are being elaborated in this chapter for the benefit of the readers.

In 1979, a return test between Bangladesh and India was held at different places of India including , Hyderabad, and . The Asian Kabaddi Championship was arranged in 1980 and India emerged as champion and Bangladesh runner-up. Bangladesh became runner-up again in 1985 in the Asian Kabaddi Championship held in Jaipur, India. The other teams in the tournament were Nepal, Malaysia and Japan. The game was included for the first time in the Asian Games in Beijing in 1990. India, China, Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh took part and India won the gold medal and India also won gold at the following three Asian Games in Hiroshima in 1994, Bangkok in 1998 and in 2002. India won the gold medal in the 2006 Asian Games at . The game of Kabaddi got a major boost when it was included for the first time in Asian Games held in Beijing in 1990.

Attempts to popularize kabaddi in Great Britain saw British TV network Channel 4 commission a programme dedicated to the sport. The show, Kabaddi, on Channel 4 in the early 1990s, failed to capture viewers despite fixtures such as West Bengal Police versus the Punjab. Kabaddi was axed in 1992, but not before its presenter Krishnan Guru-Murthy suffered a collapsed lung while participating in the sport. The First World Kabaddi Championship, was in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, when 14,000 at the Copps Coliseum watched top players from India, Pakistan, Canada, England and the United States. The next edition was in Surrey, British Columbia, which hosted the first all-kabaddi stadium. India has remained world champion since it was included in Asian Games and South Asian Federation games. In 2008 Sukhbir Singh Badal mooted a professional world kabaddi league with sponsorship to attract the best players; this league will be based in India with tournaments in Canada as well. The current Kabaddi Championship team consists of several local Indian players. 21

FORMS OF KABADDI AMAR Amar literally means invincible. This is a form of Kabaddi, which is played based - on points scored by both sides. The play field has no specific measurements and nine to eleven players constitute each of the teams. In this form of Kabaddi, there is no 'out' and revival' system or 'Iona' but time is the deciding factor. The main advantage of this form of the game is that tile players remain in the court through out the match and are able to give their best performance.

GEMINI This form of Kabaddi is played with nine players on either side, in a play- field of no specific measurements. The principle characteristic of this form of Kabaddi is that a player who is put out has to remain out until all his team members are put out. The team that is successful in putting out all the players of the opponent's side secures a point. This is akin to the present system of 'Iona'. After all the players are put out, the team is revived and the game continues. The game continues until five or seven 'Iona' is secured. The game has no fixed time. The main disadvantage of this form of Kabaddi is that the player is not in position to give his best performance since he is likely to remain out for the better part of the match until a lona is scored.

SANJEEVANI This form of Kabaddi is the closest to the present game. In this form of Kabaddi, players are put out and revived and the game lasts for 40 minutes with a 5-minute break in between. The team consists of nine players on each side. The team that puts out all the players on the opponent's side scores four extra points for a 'Iona'. The winning team is the one that scores the maximum number of points at the end of 40 minutes. The play field is bigger in this form of Kabaddi 22 and the 'cant' was different in various regions. Modern Kabaddi resembles this form of Kabaddi a great deal especially with regard to 'out & revival system' and 'Iona'. The present form of Kabaddi is a synthesis of all these forms of Kabaddi with a good number of changes in the rules and regulations.

KABADDI IN INDIA The game, known as Hu-Tu-Tu in Western India, Ha-Do-Do in Eastern India & Bangladesh, Chedugudu in Southern India and Kaunbada in Northern India, has undergone a sea chance through the ages. Modem Kabaddi is a synthesis of the game played in its various forms under different names. Kabaddi is said to have originated in the Indian state of and is called Sadugudu in Tamil and Chedugudu in Telugu Kabaddi is also very famous and popular in Punjab and Bangladesh, where it is the national sport, known as Hadudu. In India, kabaddi is played in different names (Chedugudu or Hu-Tu-Tu in southern parts of India, Hadudu (Men) and Chu-Kit-Kit (women) in eastern India, and Kabaddi in northern India) and forms (Amar, Gemini and Sanjeevani).

The Kabaddi Federation of India came into existence in 1950 and took upon the task of standardizing the rules of the game. After the formation of the Federation, the first men's Nationals were held in Chennai, while the women's Nationals were held in Calcutta in the year 1955. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI) was founded in 1973.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY Now everyone is aware of the importance of yoga and its contribution towards sports. Yogic exercises are less economic as compared to physical and other techniques. The investigator as a physical education teacher and expert in kabaddi, he combines both physical and yogic exercises for gaining more advantage to develop the physical, physiological, psychological and performance factors of kabaddi players. Keeping this objective in mind the present study has 23 been taken to compare the effects of physical combined physical cum yogic practices on selected physical, physiological, psychological and performance factors of kabaddi players at inter-collegiate level.

Keeping this objective in mind the present study was formulated.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of the present study was to find out the effect of physical combined physical cum yogic practices on selected physical, physiological, psychological and performance factors of kabaddi players.

HYPOTHESES On the basis of the literature, research findings, experts opinions and the scholars own apprehension of the problem, the following hypotheses were formulated with regard to the present investigation.

1. In the performance of physical fitness variables physical exercises group would have better performance than that of combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups among kabaddi players.

2. In the performance of physiological variables combined physical cum yogic practices group would have better performance than that of physical and control group among kabaddi players.

3. In the performance of psychological variables combined physical cum yogic practices group would have better performance than that of physical and control groups among kabaddi players.

4. In the kabaddi performance factors both combined physical cum yogic practices and physical groups would have better performance than that of control group among kabaddi players.

24

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The significance of the present study was as follows.

1. This study helps the kabaddi players to know their physical, physiological, psychological and performance factors.

2. This study helps the Physical Education teachers, trainers and coaches to formulate a training program for kabaddi players.

3. By practising the specific physical exercises used in the present study, the kabaddi players can develop the physical, physiological, psychological and performance factors.

4. The incorporation of yogic exercises with physical exercises as schedule of treatment helps the players to develop the physical, physiological and psychological qualities that are much needed for the performance in kabaddi. In addition to this, the salient feature of the combined physical and yogic exercises is a source to develop the cant performance in kabaddi which is the most needed factor for kabaddi players.

DELIMITATIONS The present study was confined into the following aspects:

1. The subjects for the present study were confined to 45 kabaddi players participated in the inter-collegiate tournament.

2. Further the subjects have confined to kabaddi players from men section only and their age ranged from 18 to 24 years.

3. As far as the variables are concerned, the present study was delimited to physical, physiological, psychological and performance factors. 25

4. Since no standardized tests were available for assessing the performance of offensive and defensive skills of kabaddi players, subjective rating by experts was used to test the performance.

5. The period of the treatment for the present study were fixed to twelve weeks and alternate three days in a week.

LIMITATIONS The limitations of the present study are as follows.

1. The effect of unidentified and uncontrollable factors like food habits, life style and health conditions of the subjects during the training as well as testing periods that might have influenced the test items were accepted as a limitation.

2. The change in climatic conditions such as temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, etc., during the training as well as testing period could not be controlled. So, their influence on the results of the study was recognised as one of the limitations.

3. Apart from the training programme the involvement of the subjects in daily routines was not taken into consideration.

4. No specific motivational techniques were used to encourage the subjects to attain their maximum performance.

5. Since the selected subjects were from different locality, the socio- economic status was not taken into consideration.

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DEFINITION OF THE TERMS Yoga Yoga is a way of life, which can be practised by any human being regardless of age and condition of health (Chandrasekaran, 1999).

Pranayama Pranayama is the control of all life forces. (Chandrasekaran, 1999).

Meditation Meditation is a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the reflexive thinking mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness (Chandrasekaran, 1999).

Explosive Power Explosive strength is the ability of a muscle or a group of muscles to release maximum force in the shortest possible time, in an explosive manner, projecting the body or an object (Clarke, 1976).

Muscular Endurance The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to overcome resistance or to act against resistance for longer duration under conditions of fatigue or tiredness (Singh, 1991).

Speed It is the performance prerequisite to do motor actions under given conditions in minimum of time (Singh, 1991).

Agility The ability to change the direction quickly and effectively while moving as nearly as possible at full speed (Singh, 1991). 27

Heart Rate Measurement of heart rate when an organism is under physical and mental rest can be resting pulse rate (Fox, 1993).

Breath Holding Time Breath holding time has been defined as an individual’s ability to hold the breath (a voluntary forced maximam inhalation) without inhaling or exhaling during the period of holding the breath (Morehouse and Miller, 1976).

Systolic Blood Pressure Systolic pressure is the highest blood pressure of the cardiac cycle occurring immediately after systolic of the ventricles of the heart (Fox, 1993).

Diastolic Blood Pressure Diastolic pressure is the lowest arterial blood pressure of the cardiac cycle occurring during diastolic of the heart (Fox, 1993).

Hand Touch Hand touch is an individual offence skill in kabaddi. This skill is mostly used to touch the defensive players to score the points (Prasad, 2002).

Leg Touch Leg touch is an individual offence skill in kabaddi. This skill is mostly used to touch the defensive players to score the points (Prasad, 2002).

Ankle-hold Ankle hold is an individual defence skill in kabaddi. This is a counter skill used by defense players against leg thrust and foot touches by the raider during the attack (Prasad, 2002).

Blocking Blocking is a defence skill in kabaddi (Prasad, 2002). Chapter – II

Review of Related Literature

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CHAPTER - II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Study of the related literature comprises locating, reading and evaluating reports of research as well as reports of casual observation and opinion that are related to the individuals planned research report. The review of literature is instrumental in the formation of hypothesis and deductive reasoning to the problem. A study of relevant literature is an essential step to get a full picture of what was done with regard to the problem under study. Such a review brings about a deep and clear perspective of the overall field.

The literature is any field forms the foundation up on which all future work will be built. It seems to be a necessary one to formulate such a review of various scholars work. We can bring out a deep insight and clear perspective of the overall field in such reviews. Such collected reviews have been presented in logical order, in order to importance and in sequence of merit. This chapter is a step to get full picture of what has been done and said with regard to the problem under study.

STUDIES ON PHYSICAL AND YOGIC PRACTICES Malik, et al. (2011) assessed the effects of yogic breathing techniques (Ujjaiya, Bhastrica and Humsa) on heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). The Treatment Group consisted of 100 subjects while Control Group consisted of 50 subjects. All subjects signed an informed consent. Physical characteristics (age, height, and weight) were recorded and medical history was obtained from both groups of subjects. The subjects’ cardiorespiratory responses were assessed before and after the pranayama (Yogic breathing) session. Yogic breathing techniques were demonstrated and practiced for 1 hr by the Treatment Group under expert guidance, while the Control Group sat quietly. The data were analyzed using 29

SPSS 17 and Student t-tests. When the before and after data were analyzed in each group, the mean values for HR and SBP in the treatment group were significantly decreased after the pranayama session while PEFR was significantly increased. Yogic breathing improved the subjects’ cardiorespiratory responses in the Treatment Group. Further study is required to understand how long the positive hemodynamic responses continue to produce positive health benefits, and the degree to which individuals with hypertension and asthma will benefit from Yogic breathing.

Anita, et al. (2010) conducted a study to analyze the effect of yoga on cardiovascular and mental status in normal subjects above the age of 30 years. The cardiovascular status was assessed by recording the blood pressure and heart rate; and mental status in terms of a questionnaire, before and after 6 months of regular yogic practice. The mean resting heart rate(beats/min) before yoga was 77.8 ± 4.8, which reduced significantly to 71.3 ± 5.2 after 6months of yogic practice (p<0.001). The mean resting systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) before yogic practice was 131.4 ± 10.2 and after 6months, it was lowered to a highly significant (p<0.001) level of 123.5 ± 9.9. The mean resting diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) before yoga was 85.6 ± 6.8 and reduced significantly (p<0.001) to 79.6 ± 7.3. The mean General Health Questionnare-28(GHQ-28) score before yogic practice was 8.4 ± 5.7 which reduced to 5.0 ± 4.1 after 6 months (p<0.001), showing a positive attitude of the subjects.

Rajakumar (2010) analyzed the impact of yogic practices and physical exercises on selected physiological variables among the intercollegiate soccer players. To achieve this purpose, sixty (60) male intercollegiate soccer players from the various colleges in Chennai were selected at random. Their age ranged from 17 to 22. The selected subjects were divided into three equal groups of 20 each, namely yogic practice group (Group A), physical exercises group (Group B) and control group (Group C). The experimental groups have underwent 12 30 weeks of training namely; yogic practices and physical exercises respectively, whereas the control group (Group C) maintained their daily routine activities and no special training was given. The subjects of the three groups were tested using standardized tests and procedures on selected physiological variables before and after the training period to find out the training efforts in the following test items: Resting pulse rate through stethoscope, Breath holding time through digital stop watch, Peak flow rate through Wright's peak flow meter. The collected data were analyzed statistically through Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Scheffe's post - hoc test to find out the pre and post training performances, compare the significant difference between the adjusted final means and the better group. The yogic practice group showed significant improvement due to 12 weeks training on resting pulse rate, breath holding time and peak flow rate compared to the physical exercise and control group. In the overall training effects in terms of improved number of physiological variables and their magnitude of improvement through training, yogic practice group was found to be the better group when compared to the other two groups.

Atkinson and Permuth (2009) wanted to explore perceived benefits, barriers, and cues to action of yoga practice among adults. Methods: Focus groups were conducted with persons who had never practiced yoga, practitioners of one year or less, and practitioners for more than one year. The Health Belief Model was the theoretical foundation of inquiry. Results: All participants acknowledged a variety of benefits of yoga. Barriers outweighed benefits among persons who had never practiced despite knowledge of benefits. Positive experiences with yoga and yoga instructors facilitated practice. Conclusions: Newly identified benefits and barriers indicate the need for quantitative research and behavioral trials.

Baljinder et al. (2009) conducted a study was to find out the effects of kapalbhati on peak expiratory flow rate and pulse rate. The subjects for the 31 present were selected on the basis of random group design. Thirty (N=30) female inter-college players of yoga were selected as subject for the present study from Guru Nanak Dev University, (Punjab), INDIA. All subjects ranged between the chronological age of 18-24. The selected subjects were further divided into two groups. Experimental treatment was then assigned to group “A” and group “B” acts as control. The difference in the mean of each group for selected variable was tested for the significance of difference by “t” test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The treatment of six week kapalabhati programme showed significant improvement in peak expiratory flow rate and pulse rate.

Pramanik, et al. (2009) examined a study was to evaluate the immediate effect of slow pace bhastrika pranayama (respiratory rate 6/min) for 5 minutes on heart rate and blood pressure and the effect of the same breathing exercise for the same duration of time (5 minutes) following oral intake of hyoscine-N- butylbromide (Buscopan), a parasympathetic blocker drug. Heart rate and blood pressure of volunteers (n = 39, age = 25-40 years) was recorded following standard procedure. The pranayama was conducted in a cool, well-ventilated room (18-20 degrees C). After 5 minutes of this breathing practice, the blood pressure and heart rate again were recorded in the aforesaid manner using the same instrument. The other group (n = 10) took part in another study where their blood pressure and heart rate were recorded following half an hour of oral intake of hyoscine-N-butylbromide 20 mg. Then they practiced the breathing exercise as stated above, and the abovementioned parameters were recorded again to study the effect of parasympathetic blockade on the same pranayama. It was noted that after slow bhastrika pranayamic breathing (respiratory rate 6/min) for 5 minutes, both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly with a slight fall in heart rate. No significant alteration in both blood pressure and heart rate was observed in volunteers who performed the same breathing 32 exercise for the same duration following oral intake of hyoscine-N- butylbromide.

Chen, et al. (2008) aimed to test older adults' physical fitness after a 24 week silver yoga exercise programme and to examine whether the programme could be further shortened to fit senior activity centres' programme designs. A quasi experimental, pre post tests design was used: baseline, at 12 week and at 24 week periods. Convenience samples of 204 subjects were recruited from eight senior activity centres and 176 subjects completed the study. Subjects were randomly assigned into three groups based on the centres: (1) Experiment I: complete silver yoga with stretching and meditation, (2) Experiment II: shortened silver yoga without the guided-imagery meditation and (3) Wait-list control. The interventions were conducted three times per week for 24 weeks. Physical fitness indicators included body compositions, cardiovascular- respiratory functions, physical functions and the range of motion. The physical fitness of older adults in both the 70 minute complete silver yoga group and the 55 minute shortened silver yoga group had significantly improved after the interventions. It was recommended that the silver yoga programme be shortened by eliminating the guided-imagery meditation.

Upadhyay et al. (2008) Pranayama (breathing exercise), one of the yogic techniques can produce different physiological responses in healthy individuals. The responses of Alternate Nostril Breathing (ANB) the Nadisudhi Pranayama on some cardio-respiratory functions were investigated in healthy young adults. The subjects performed ANB exercise (15 minutes everyday in the morning) for four weeks. Cardio-respiratory parameters were recorded before and after 4- weeks training period. A significant increment in Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR L/min) and Pulse pressure (PP) was noted. Although Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was decreased insignificantly, the decrease in pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (RR), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were significant. Results 33 indicate that regular practice of ANB (Nadisudhi) increases parasympathetic activity.

Mark, et al. (2007) Ten healthy, untrained volunteers (nine females and one male), ranging in age from 18 to 27 years, were studied to determine the effects of hatha yoga practice on the health related aspects of physical fitness, including muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and pulmonary function. Subjects were required to attend a minimum of two yoga classes per week for a total of 8 weeks. Each yoga session consisted of 10 minutes of pranayamas (breath-control exercises), 15 minutes of dynamic warm-up exercises, 50 minutes of asanas (yoga postures), and 10 minutes of supine relaxation in savasana (corpse pose). The subjects were evaluated before and after the 8-week training program. Isokinetic muscular strength for elbow extension, elbow flexion, and knee extension increased by 31%, 19%, and 28% (p<0.05), respectively, whereas isometric muscular endurance for knee flexion increased 57% (p<0.01). Ankle flexibility, shoulder elevation, trunk extension, and trunk flexion increased by 13% (p<0.01), 155% (p<0.001), 188% (p<0.001), and 14% (p<0.05), respectively. Absolute and relative maximal oxygen uptake increased by 7% and 6%, respectively (p<0.01). These findings indicate that regular hatha yoga practice can elicit improvements in the health-related aspects of physical fitness.

Shenbagavalli and Rajkumar (2007) investigated the effect of pranayama on selected physiological variables among men volleyball players. Twenty four male subjects for this study were selected from Dr. Sivanthi Aditanar college of physical education, Tiruchendur randomly and divided into two groups as experimental and control groups. Data were collected from each subject before and after the training. The collected data were statistically analysed by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). It was found that there was significant difference on selected physiological variables of resting pulse rate, breath 34 holding time and diastolic blood pressure in the experimental group when compared to the control group.

Nandi, et al. (2004) studied the effects of Aerobic exercise, Yogic Practice and the combination of both on Cardio respiratory endurance. Eighty school boys (9th and 10th grade) were randomly selected and then sub divided into four equal groups (n=20 in each group). Three training programmes viz., aerobic exercise, Yogic practice and combination of aerobic exercise and yogic practice were randomly allotted to three groups, where the remaining one group was the control. The performance on cooper’s test (12 minutes run or walk) of all the three groups were recorded before and after 12 weeks training programmes. Result of ANCOVA reveals that the aerobic group showed greater cardio respiratory endurance ability. However the yogic practices group as well as the combination of aerobic exercises and yogic practice also have a significant improvement on the development of greater cardio respiratory endurance (post test f value=3.785.2.73 at .05 level).

Telles, et al. (2004) investigated whether yoga reduces heart rate and whether the reduction would be more after 30 days of yoga training. Two groups (yoga and control, n = 12 each) were assessed on Day 1 and on Day 30. During the intervening 30 days, the yoga group received training in yoga techniques while the control group carried on with their routine. At each assessment the baseline heart rate was recorded for one minute. This was followed by a six minute period during which all the participants were asked to attempt to voluntarily reduce their heart rate, using any strategy. Both the baseline heart rate and the lowest heart rate achieved voluntarily during the six-minute period were significantly lower in the yoga group on Day 30 compared to Day 1 by a group average of 10.7 beats per minute (i.e., bpm) and 6.8 bpm, respectively. In contrast, there was no significant change in either the baseline heart rate or the 35 lowest heart rate achieved voluntarily in the control group on Day 30 compared to Day 1.

Govindarajalu, et al. (2003) investigated the effect of yoga practices on flexibility and cardio respiratory endurance on high school girls. Sixty high school girls were volunteered in a pre experimental group design, where the practice of selected yoga practices was given at an intervention to the experimental group ‘A’ (n1 =30) for a period of eight weeks. The control group ‘B’ (n1=30) was not allowed to participate in the experimental treatment. The pre and post tests were conducted on flexibility and cardio respiratory endurance. The results of ANOVA revealed that there was an improvement in the flexibility and no significant change was evident in the cardio respiratory endurance. Thus, short term yoga is useful in improving flexibility, but not the cardio respiratory endurance, even at the stage of puberty in girls.

Manjunath and Shirley Telles (2001) took twenty girls between 10 and 13 years of age, studying at a residential school they were randomly assigned to 2 groups. One group practiced yoga for one hour fifteen minutes per day, 7 days a week, while the other group was given physical training for the same time. Time for planning and for execution and the number of moves required to complete the Tower of London task were assessed for both groups at the beginning and end of a month. These three assessments were separately tested in increasingly complex tasks requiring 2 moves, 4 moves and 5 moves. The Pre Post data were compared using the Wilsoxon Paired Signed Ranks Test. The yoga group showed a significant reduction in planning time for both 2 moves and 4 moves tasks ( 53.9 and 59.1 percent respectively) execution time in both 4 moves and 5 moves tasks (63.7 and 60.3 percent respectively) and in the number of moves in the 4 moves tasks (20.9 percent). The physical training group showed no change. Hence yoga training for a month reduced the planning and execution time in 36 simple (2 moves) as well as complex tasks (4, 5 moves) and facilitated reaching the target with a smaller number of moves in complex tasks (4 moves).

Jayaveerapandian (2000) investigated the effect of physical exercises and yoga practices on selected physical and physiological variables during off season among the sports participants. One hundred and fifty samples were volunteered in a experimental group design and their age ranged from 14 to 16 years. The pre and post tests were conducted on selected variables. The results of ANCOVA revealed that yogic exercises group shown an improvement in the muscular endurance flexibility, heart rate and systolic blood pressure than the other groups. None of the groups showed reduction of level of diastolic blood pressure and physical exercises group better in heart rate and systolic blood pressure than the control group.

Raghuraj, et al. (1998) The heart rate variability (HRV) is an indicator of the cardiac autonomic control. Two spectral components are usually recorded, viz. high frequency (0.15-0.50 Hz), which is due to vagal efferent activity and a low frequency component (0.05-0.15 Hz), due to sympathetic activity. The present study was conducted to study the HRV in two yoga practices which have been previously reported to have opposite effects, viz, sympathetic stimulation (kapalabhati, breathing at high frequency, i.e., 2.0 Hz) and reduced sympathetic activity (nadisuddhi, alternate nostril breathing). Twelve male volunteers (age range, 21 to 33 years) were assessed before and after each practice on separate days. The electrocardiogram (lead I) was digitized on-line and off-line analysis was done. The results showed a significant increase in low frequency (LF) power and LF/HF ratio while high frequency (HF) power was significantly lower following kapalabhati. There were no significant changes following nadisuddhi. The results suggest that kapalabhati modifies the autonomic status by increasing sympathetic activity with reduced vagal activity. The study also 37 suggests that HRV is a more useful psychophysiological measure than heart rate alone.

Raju et al. (1994) found out effect of pranayama a controlled breathing practice, on exercise tests was studied in athletes in two phases; sub- maximal and maximal exercise tests. At the end of phase I (one year) both the groups (control and experimental) achieved significantly higher work rate and reduction in oxygen consumption per unit work. There was a significant reduction in blood lactate and an increase in P/L ratio in the experimental group, at rest. At the end of phase II (two years), the oxygen consumption per unit work was found to be significantly reduced and the work rate significantly increased in the experimental group. Blood lactate decreased significantly at rest in the experimental group only. Pyruvate and pyruvate- lactate ratio increased significantly in both the groups after exercise and at rest in the experimental group. The results in both phases showed that the subjects who practised pranayama could achieve higher work rates with reduced oxygen consumption per unit work and without increase in blood lactate levels. The blood lactate levels were significantly low at rest.

Chinnasamy (1992) conducted a study on effects of Asana and physical exercise on selected physiological and Bio-chemical variables among school boys. In this study ninety male students were randomly selected from Government Higher Secondary School. The initial scores were measured for the selected variables namely pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood sugar level. The treatment was given for a period of 6 weeks for the experimental group. The significance of the difference among two kinds of exercise group and Asana group for the pre and post test mean gain were determined by F-ratio through analysis of variance. Asana had significantly improved the hemoglobin content, blood sugar pulse rate and blood pressure.

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Madanmohan et al. (1992) opines that the practice of yoga improves physical and mental performance. The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of yoga training on visual and auditory reaction times (RTs), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), 40 mmHg test, breath holding time after expiration (BHTexp), breath holding time after inspiration (BHTinsp), and hand grip strength (HGS). Twenty seven student volunteers were given yoga training for 12 weeks. There was a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in visual RT (from 270.0 +/- 6.20 (SE) to 224.81 +/- 5.76 ms) as well as auditory RT (from 194.18 +/- 6.00 to 157.33 +/- 4.85 ms). MEP increased from 92.61 +/- 9.04 to 126.46 +/- 10.75 mmHg, while MIP increased from 72.23 +/- 6.45 to 90.92 +/- 6.03 mmHg, both these changes being statistically significant (P < 0.05). 40 mmHg test and HGS increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 36.57 +/- 2.04 to 53.36 +/- 3.95 s and 13.78 +/- 0.58 to 16.67 +/- 0.49 kg respectively. BHTexp increased from 32.15 +/- 1.41 to 44.53 +/- 3.78s (P < 0.01) and BHTinsp increased from 63.69 +/- 5.38 to 89.07 +/- 9.61 s (P < 0.05). Our results show that yoga practice for 12 weeks results in significant reduction in visual and auditory RTs and significant increase in respiratory pressures, breath holding times and HGS.

Krishnan (1991) conducted a study on the effect of exercises and yogic exercises on physiological variables among school boys. In this study 90 students were selected from Thirumayam. Three groups were randomly selected of which one served as control group and other two served as experimental groups with Bharathiyam and Yogasana exercises respectively. They were measured for selected physiological variables like pulse rate, breath holding time, cardiovascular efficiency and vital capacity before training as well as immediately after six weeks of training. The significance of the difference among the means of control group, Bharathiyam group and Yogasana group, pre test and post test were determined by ‘t’ – ratio. Through analysis of variance, 39

Bharathiyam and yogic group significantly improved the pulse rate, breath holding time, cardiovascular efficiency and vital capacity.

De, et al. (1982) The participants of inter-university "Kabaddi" competition showed higher values of height, weight and surface area than average Indian population, indicating better attainment of growth in them. Further, the values of respiratory efficiency tests like, FEV1, MEFR and PEFR were also observed to be more in these players, probably due to training effect. The grip strength values were high in comparison to those of Indian football goalkeepers and hockey players.

Moorthy (1982) tried to find the training effect of selected yogic exercise on fitness. A group of 60 boys and 60 girls were selected from the failures of the fitness test and were randomly allotted to each group in control and experimental groups. The subjects were tested twice before and after 6 weeks of yogic training on fitness tests. On all other days, except Sundays, eight Yogic exercises (slides) were imparted to experimental group for a period of 30 minutes in the afternoon everyday. The control group did not participate in Yogic exercises. He found that the experimental group made statistically significant gains in muscular fitness after six weeks of yogic training. Even though the control group boys made a numerical gain of 3.33, this was not statistically significant.

Thankamma Ommen (1981) compared the isometrics, yogic physical culture and combination training on body composition and physical fitness status of high school boys. Results of all the three exercise groups showed a significant increase in toe-touching scores. The inter group differences showed that yogic physical culture group was more helpful in developing flexibility than the isometric and combination groups and in dynamic flexibility, comparatively yogic exercises were the best in developing dynamic flexibility.

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STUDIES ON KABADDI Khanna, et al. (1996) determined the physical and physiological profile of kabaddi players and the physiological demands of playing a kabaddi match. Maximum aerobic capacity (VO2max), maximum ventilation (VEmax), O2 pulse, respiratory equivalent (RE), maximum heart rate, and O2 debt were assessed on 16 players. The somatotype of the players was calculated by the Health and Carter method. Heart rate was monitored during a selection trial match on eight players who represented India in the Asian Games, 1994. From the playing heart rate, oxygen consumption (VO2) was computed through a heart rate v VO2 regression equation. Maximum lactate was evaluated from the blood samples collected at the end of the match. The average heart rate and oxygen consumption during the match were 146.5 (SD 9.25) beats min-1 and 2.25(0.59) litre min-1 respectively. During raiding the maximum heart rate attained varied from 162.4(11.3) to 177.4(4.2) beats min-1. Out of 40 min of match play a raider raided on average on 8.13(2.03) occasions. The average time per raid was 20.8(6.26) s. The match heart rate and oxygen consumption was 72.3-83.3% of the maximum heart rate, and 43.5-70.5% of VO2max respectively. Maximum lactate at the end of the match was 6.13(2.53) mmol litre-1. Kabaddi players had the somatotype of 2.68-4.71-1.83, with absolute back strength of 175.0 kg. VO2max and O2 debt were 3.59(0.36) litre min-1 [47.82(3.68) ml kg-1 min-1] and 5.3(1.85) litres (70 ml kg-1) respectively. Kabaddi is an intermittent sport. The rest pause during the game is sufficient for recovery. During raiding the main source of energy is anaerobic.

Sangean (1994) A rare case of traumatic rupture of Adductor longus muscle in a young Kabaddi player is presented. Excision of ruptured muscle mass was done. Maximum follow up at eighteen months showed no disability.

Dey, et al. (1993) Twenty five national kabaddi players (Asiad gold medalists 1990), mean age 27.91 years, who attended a national camp at the 41

Sports Authority of India, Bangalore before the Beijing Asian Games in 1990, were investigated for their physical characteristics, body fat, lean body mass (LBM) and somatotype. The physiological characteristics assessed included back strength, maximum oxygen uptake capacity and anaerobic capacity (oxygen debt) and related cardiorespiratory parameters (oxygen pulse, breathing equivalent, maximum pulmonary ventilation, maximum heart rate). Body fat was calculated from skinfold thicknesses taken at four different sites, using Harpenden skinfold calipers. An exercise test (graded protocol) was performed on a bicycle ergometer (ER-900) using a computerized EOS Sprint (Jaeger, West Germany). The mean (s.d.) percentage body fat (17.56(3.48)) of kabaddi players was found to be higher than normal sedentary people. Their physique was found to be endomorphic mesomorph (3.8-5.2-1.7). Mean (s.d.) back strength, maximum oxygen uptake capacity (VO2max) and oxygen debt were found to be 162.6(18.08) kg, 42.6(4.91) ml kg-1 min-1 and 5.02(1.29) litre respectively. Physical characteristics, percentage body fat, somatotype, maximum oxygen uptake capacity and anaerobic capacity (oxygen debt) and other cardiorespiratory parameters were compared with other national counterparts. Present data are comparable with data for judo, wrestling and weightlifting. Since no such study has been conducted on international counterparts, these data could not be compared. These data may act as a guideline in the selection of future kabaddi players and to attain the physiological status comparable to the present gold medalists.

SUMMARY The researcher has presented the reviews in the related subjects by depending upon the highly authentic sources. Each review has been written in details in related to my subject. Finally the researcher puts to an end to this chapter after giving all relevant details to each reviews of this chapter. Chapter – III

Methodology

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CHAPTER - III METHODOLOGY

In this chapter selection of subjects, selection of variables, experimental design, reliability of the test, reliability of data, tester’s reliability, subject reliability, orientation of the subjects, administration of test, training programme and statistical techniques adopted for the analysis of data have been described.

SELECTION OF SUBJECTS The purpose of the present study was to find out the effect of physical combined physical cum yogic practices on selected physical, physiological, psychological and performance factors of kabaddi players. To achieve the purpose of the present study, forty five interc-ollegiate level kabaddi players were selected as subjects at random and their age ranged from 18 to 24 years. The subjects were divided into three equal groups.

SELECTION OF VARIABLES The research scholar reviewed the available scientific literature pertaining to the problem from books, journals, magazines, websites, and research papers. Based on the consideration of feasibility on criteria and availability the following variables were selected:

Physical Fitness Variables

Sl.No Variables Tests 1 Explosive Power Standing Broad Jump 2 Muscular Strength Sit Ups 3 Speed 50 Metres Run 4 Agility Shuttle Run

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Physiological variables

Sl.No Variables Tests 1 Heart rate Stethoscope 2 Systolic Blood Pressure Sphygmomanometer 3 Diastolic Blood Pressure 4 Breath Holding Time Digital Stop Watch

Psychological variables

Sl.No Variables Questionnaire 1 Cognitive Anxiety 2 Somatic Anxiety CSAI- II 3 Self Confidence

Performance Variables

Sl.No Variables Tests Offensive skills 1 Hand Touch Coaches Rating 2 Leg Touch Defensive skills 3 Ankle hold Coaches Rating 4 Blocking

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The study was formulated as a true random group design, consisting of a pre-test and post-test. The subjects (N=45) were randomly assigned to three equal groups of fifteen men students each. The groups were assigned as physical exercises group (PEG), combined physical cum yogic practices group (PCYPG) and control group (CG) in an equivalent manner. The physical exercises group and combined physical cum yogic practices group participated for a period of 44 twelve weeks and the post-tests were conducted. The training programme was scheduled at 6.30 to 7.30 am for alternate three days in a week for both the groups.

THE RELIABILITY OF THE TEST Reliability may be explained as a consistency of the test in measuring a phenomenon. There are many methods found in the literature to ascertain the reliability of the test. The best one was test-retest method.

Scott and French (1980) stated that the ideal method of ascertaining the reliability of the test was to administer it in identical form on successive days and to correlate the results. If the test was measuring consistently, it should yield a very high co-efficient in the range of 0.90.

RELIABILITY OF DATA The reliability of the data was established by using test-retest method. The intra-class correlation was used to find out the reliability of the data for each variable.

TESTERS RELIABILITY To ensure that the investigator was well versed in the technique of conducting the test, the investigator had a number of practice sessions in the teaching procedure. All the measurements were taken by the investigator with the assistance of person well acquainted with tests and their procedures. Tester competency and reliability of test were established by test, retest process.

For this purpose ten subjects were selected at random on the chosen variables, which were recorded twice under identical conditions on different occasions by the investigator. 45

The scores thus obtained could be analysed by using Intra-class correlations. This could be tested for significance at 0.05 level of confidence as shown in table I.

TABLE – I RELIABILITY CO-EFFICIENT OF CORRELATION OF TEST-RETEST SCORES

Co-efficient of correlation Sl.No Test Items (N=10) Test – Retest Scores Physical Variables 1 Explosive Power 0.94* 2 Muscular Strength 0.95* 3 Speed 0.98* 4 Agility 0.97* Physiological variables 5 Heart Rate 0.96* 6 Systolic Blood pressure 0.91* 7 Diastolic Blood Pressure 0.94* 8 Breath Holding time 0.91* Psychological variables 9 Cognitive Anxiety 0.93* 10 Somatic Anxiety 0.94* 11 Self Confidence 0.93* Performance Factors 12 Hand Touch 0.91* 13 Leg Touch 0.94* 14 Ankle Hold 0.91* 15 Blocking 0.92* * Significant at 0.05 level 46

SUBJECTS RELIABILITY In order to get uniform results from the same subjects, they were used under similar conditions for the same test by the same tester. The pre-test and post-test method were used to find out the subjects reliability

ORIENTATION OF THE SUBJECTS The investigator held a meeting with the subjects prior to the administration of tests. The purpose, the significance of this study and the requirements of the testing procedure were explained to them in detailed, so that there was no ambiguity in their minds, regarding the efforts required for them. All the subjects voluntarily came forward to co-operate in the testing procedures and the training to put in their best efforts in the interest of the scientific investigation and in order to enhance their own performance. The subjects were very enthusiastic and co-operative throughout the project.

ADMINISTRATION OF TEST ITEMS

EXPLOSIVE POWER Purpose: To measure the explosive power of the subjects.

Equipments: Floor with take off mark and tape measure.

Procedure: The subject should stand with feet several inches apart and with the toes just behind the take off mark. They may swing the arms and bend the knees in making the jump forward. Both feet should leave the floor at the same time. 47

Instructions: The subjects should crouch before the takeoff and swing your arms down in a preliminary movement. As the jump is made, throw your arms up and out. Jump from both feet and try not to fall backwards on landing.

Scoring: The measurement is made from the takeoff line to the nearest point where any part of the body touches the floor. Three trials are permitted and the best one is estimated to the nearest inch.

MUSCULAR STRENGTH Purpose: To measure abdominal muscular strength of the subjects.

Equipments: Mats, stop watch.

Procedure: The student lies flat on the back with knees bend and feet on the floor with the heels no more than 1 foot from the buttocks. The knee angle should not be less than 90 degrees. The fingers are interlocked and placed behind the neck with the elbows touching the floor. The feet are held securely by a partner. The students then curls up to a sitting position and touches the elbows to the knees. This exercise is repeated as many times as possible in the time requirement.

Scoring: One point is scored for each correct sit-up. The score is the maximum number of sit-ups completed in 60 seconds.

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SPEED Purpose: To measure the speed of the subjects.

Equipments: Stopwatch, whistle, score sheet, pen and lime powder

Procedure: The Subjects take their position the starting line. The starter uses the command “Ready” and blows the whistle. The latter is accompanied by a downward sweep of the starter’s arm as a signal to the timer. On hearing the whistle sound, the subjects started running as fast as possible up to the finishing line.

Scoring: The score is the elapsed time to the largest one tenth of a second between the starting and the instant the subject crosses the finish line.

AGILITY Purpose: To measure the agility of the subjects.

Equipments: Two lines parallel to each other are placed on the floor 30 feet apart. Since the student must over run both of these lines, it is necessary to have several feet more of floor space at either end. Two blocks of wood and a stopwatch are needed.

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Procedure: The student stands at one of the lines with the two blocks at the other line. On the signal to start, the student runs to the blocks, takes one, and returns to the starting line, and places the block behind that line. He then returns to the second block, which is carried across the starting line on the way back. Two trials are necessary to return the blocks each race.

Scoring: The score is the elapsed time recorded in seconds and tenths of seconds for the better of 2 trials.

HEART RATE Purpose: To measure the rate of the heart beat per minute

Equipments: Stethoscope, Score Sheet, Stop Watch.

Procedure: The stopwatch was used to count the seconds for starting and ending the heart beat counts. After every minute, when the stopwatch was stopped, both the subjects and investigator called out the number of beats counted by them simultaneously.

There were five repetitions of such one – minute counts and the highest count were recorded as the subject’s resting pulse rate.

Scoring: Number of beats per minute was counted.

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BLOOD PRESSURE Purpose: To measure the blood pressure (systolic and diastolic pressure) of the subjects.

Instruments: Sphygmomanometer

Procedure: The measurements were taken with the subjects in supine position. The cuff was wrapped around the arm evenly with the lower edge approximately one inch above the anticubital space. The stethoscope was placed on the medical side of the elbow, over the artery and was made sure that it had no contact with the cuff. The cuff was inflated until the artery was fully collapsed to the extent that number of pulse beat could be heard. Pressure of the cuff was then slowly released as the investigator watched the guage when sound of the pulse become audible the reading in mm of Hg at that instant was recorded as the systolic pressure. The pressure was further released gradually as the sound of the pulse change in intensity and quality. The index of the diastolic pressure was would in mm of Hg when the heart beat sound completely ceased.

Scoring: The blood pressure was measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

BREATH HOLDING TIME Purpose: To find out the maximum ability of the subject to hold his breath.

Equipments: A stopwatch. 51

Procedure: The subject was asked to stand at ease and inhale deeply after which he held his breath as long as possible. The index finger of the subject served as an indicator for the investigator to know the start and end of recording time. To prevent exhalation or inhalation through the mouth during the recording time the subject was asked to couple his lips tightly. Two trials were permitted for each subject with a gap of five minutes and the better time was recorded.

Scoring: The time of holding the breath till the subject lets the air out was recorded to the nearest one tenth of a second using a stop watch.

COMPETITIVE SPORT ANXIETY INVENTORY – II Author: Rainer Martens et.al., a) Description of CSAI-2 The CSAI was revised to develop a sport –specific inventory that measured the cognitive and somatic components of A-state. The CSAI –2 was originally constructed to include subscales to measure not only cognitive state anxiety and somatic anxiety but also fear of physical harm and generalized anxiety. The development of the CSAI-2 as a sport-specific measure of multidimensional A-state followed a systematic Psychometric process. The CSAI-2 is an A-state inventory designed to measure existing state of cognitive state anxiety, somatic state anxiety, and state of self confidence in competitive situations,. The CSAI-2 was constructed primarily as research tool. It was administered three hours before competition. When administering the CSAI-2, it was recommended that the title on the form given to the subjects to be Illinois self-evaluation questionnaire. This technique helps to reduce the bias to the inventory. In addition antisocial instructions given by author of CSAI-2 was committed to memory and orally communicated with conviction to the respondents. Before allowing subjects to begin completing the CSAI-2 it was 52 made sure that whether the instructions are completely understood and particularly that responses should be based on how the respondent feels at the moment.

B) Sub Scales Item • Cognitive Anxiety 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25 • Somatic Anxiety 2, 5, 8, 11, 14*, 17, 20, 23, 26 • Self Confidence 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27

C) Scoring

Not at all Some what Moderately Very much 1 2 3 4 * The test item 14 reversed

Performance Variables To achieve the purpose of collection of data for offensive skills and defensive skills the researcher approached three experts in the field of Kabaddi.

During the actual playing situation a panel of the three qualified judges evaluated the playing ability of the players. The investigator has made detailed discussion with panel of experts about the study and criteria for evaluation. The experts of the game will observe each player and rate their performance in ten- point scale. The average score of the three judges was taken.

ADMINISTRATION OF TRAINING PROGRAMME To achieve the purpose of the present study, training programmes for physical exercises group and combined physical cum yogic practices group were designed scientifically. The scientifically designed programmes were given to the subjects of both the groups. The subjects of the control group were not 53 participated in any physical activities. The detailed training programme was given below:

Physical Exercises group

Sl. No Training Duration 1 Warming Up 5 Minutes 2 Physical Exercises 50 Minutes 3 Warm Down 5 Minutes

I to VI Weeks Sl.No Exercises Repetition 1 Run in Place 5 x 6 2 90-Degree Push Up 5 x 6 3 Line Jump 5 x 6 4 Knee-to-Nose Touch 5 x 6 5 Double Heel Click 5 x 6 6 Curl Up 5 x 6 7 Skipping 5 x 6 8 Bench Step 5 x 6

VII to XII Weeks Sl.No Exercises Repetition 1 Sprint the Line 5 x 6 2 High Knee Jog 5 x 6 3 Side Shuttle 5 x 6 4 Short Sprint 5 x 6 5 Sand Running 5 x 6 6 Jumping Jacks 5 x 6 7 Front Kick 5 x 6 8 Split Jump 5 x 6 54

Combined Physical cum Yogic Practices Group

Sl. No Training Duration 1 Asana 15 Minutes 2 Pranayama 10 Minutes 3 Meditation 5 Minutes 4 Physical Exercises 30 Minutes

Yogic Practices I to VI Weeks S.No Yogic Practices 1 Pranayama 2 Ardha-matsyendrasana 3 Badrasana 4 Bhujangasana 5 Chakrasana 6 Dhanurasana 7 Halasana 8 Savasana 9 Meditation

VII to XII Weeks S.No Yogic Practices 1 Pranayama 2 Matsyasana 3 Pashchimottanasana 4 Pavan-Muktasana 5 Sarvangasana 6 Vajrasana 7 Savasana 8 Meditation

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Physical Exercises I to VI Weeks Sl.No Exercises Repetition 1 Run in Place 3 x 4 2 90-Degree Push Up 3 x 4 3 Line Jump 3 x 4 4 Knee-to-Nose Touch 3 x 4 5 Double Heel Click 3 x 4 6 Curl Up 3 x 4 7 Skipping 3 x 4 8 Bench Step 3 x 4

VII to XII Weeks Sl.No Exercises Repetition 1 Sprint the Line 3 x 4 2 High Knee Jog 3 x 4 3 Side Shuttle 3 x 4 4 Short Sprint 3 x 4 5 Sand Running 3 x 4 6 Jumping Jacks 3 x 4 7 Front Kick 3 x 4 8 Split Jump 3 x 4

DESCRIPTION OF YOGIC PRACTICES PRANAYAMA (ANULOMA-VILOMA) From a sitting position the subjects were asked to inhale through left nostril for 5 seconds and block the right nostril with right thumb. Then block the left nostril with fingers and hold the breath inside for 5 seconds. Then open right nostril and exhale for 10 seconds. The total duration of the process was 20 seconds. After that the subjects were asked to block the left nostril with right 56 index finger and inhale for 5 seconds through right nostril and block the right nostril as well and hold in breath for 5 seconds then open the left nostril and exhale for 10 seconds. Repeat this process.

SURYA BHEDA The subjects are asked to sit on Padmasana or Siddhasana. Close the eyes. Keep the left nostril closed with his right ring and little fingers. Slowly inhale without making any sound as long as you can do it comfortably through the right nostril. Then close the right nostril with his right thumb and retain the breath firmly pressing the chin against the chest (Jalandhara Bandha). Hold on the breath till perspiration oozes from the tips of the nails and roots of the hairs (hair follicles). This point cannot be reached at the very outside. The period of Kumbhaka were gradually increased. This was the limit of the sphere of practice of Surya Bheda Kumbhaka. Then exhale very slowly without making any sound through the left nostril by closing the right nostril with the thumb. Repeat OM mentally with Bhava and meaning during inhalation, retention and exhalation. Exhale after purifying the skull by forcing the breath up.

UJJAYI The subjects are asked to sit on sit on Padmasana or Siddhasana. Close the mouth. Inhale slowly through both the nostrils in a smooth, uniform manner till the breath fills the space from the throat to the heart.

Retain the breath as long as subjects can do it comfortably and then exhale slowly through the left nostril by closing the right nostril with your right thumb. Expand the chest when you inhale. During inhalation a peculiar sound was produced owing to the partial closing of glottis. The sound produced during inhalation should be of a mild and uniform pitch and continuous.

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ARDHA-MATSYENDRASANA

Method:  Bend left knee, place left foot under right hip.  Bend right knee, place right foot on left side of left knee.  Hold left knee or right foot with the left hand - keep right knee on the left of left arm.  Trunk to right, look back over right shoulder, right hand on ground or on waist as close to left thigh as possible.  Repeat with left knee bent and trunk turning to left.

Benefits:  Increase the elasticity of the spine, and massage the abdomen and internal organs

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BADRASANA

Method:  Sit holding feet together.  Heels as close to body as possible.  Head up, chin down.  Normal breathing.

Benefits:  Specially recommended for those suffering from urinary disorder.  The pelvis, the abdomen and the back get stimulated through a plentiful supply of blood.  Keeps the kidneys, the prostate and the bladder healthy.

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BHUJANGASANA

Method:  Lie on your stomach, forehead on the ground, hands under shoulders.  Raise your upper body by the strength of the back muscles, head up.  Don't take help of the hands, they may remain on the ground or held on the back over the hips.

Benefits:  Helps in keeping the dorsal spine elastic and strong.  Backache due to overstrain can be thus relieved.  Helps considerably in reducing abdominal fat.

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CHAKRASANA

Method:  Lie on your back.  Bend knees, place feet apart and close to hips, place hands overhead, palms besides ears and shoulders.  Push with hands and, without moving feet, raise trunk as high as possible to curve the back into an arch.  Look on the ground between the hands.

Benefits:  Builds a flexible back, stimulates the nerves of the spine.  One of the powerful back bending postures.

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DHANURASANA

Method:  Lie on your stomach.  Bend knees, hold the ankles.  Pull your hands and push with your legs, knees together, till the trunk forms an arch with only the stomach on the ground and Look up.  After releasing the posture lie for a while in Shavasan.

Benefits:  Reduces abdominal fat.  The compressing of the spinal column, pressing the nerves with the scapula minimizes blood circulation while in the asana.  But when the pose is released a greater supply of blood is endured to those very regions increasing spinal flexibility and definitely raising the vitality.

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HALASANA

Method:  Lie on your back, arms alongside.  Raise legs an in Sarvangasan (you may take help of hands on the hips), then lower them overhead, knees straight, ankles stretched, toes pointed and touching the ground.  Arms stay on ground as in the beginning, palms on the ground.  The posture resembles the shape of a plough.

Benefits:  Makes the spine flexible, creates energy, and blood of the muscles of the back.  Aids the functioning of the thyroid and thymus glands thus helping retain the individual's youthful physical characteristics for a longer period.

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MATSYASANA]

Method:  Sit with legs an in Padmasan - knees bent, feet on opposite thighs, heels towards the abdomen.  Lie on your back. Placing hands near the head for support  Lift your back above the ground, keep the top of your head on the ground over a padded surface, e.g., a towel.  Keep your hands an your feet.  Normal breathing.

Benefits:  Makes the neck flexible and strong, increases the size of the rib cage, widens the windpipe and thus helps deep breathing.  Relieves the neck after sarvangasana. 64

PASHCHIMOTTANASANA

Method:  Lie on your back, legs straight, arms overhead, hands together, palms facing up.  Sit up, take hands overhead, back straight,  Then bend forward to hold the big toes, head between arms and touching the knees.

Benefits:  Reduces abdominal fat.  Removes wind from the intestines and increases appetite.

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PAVAN-MUKTASANA

Method:  Lie down on your back.  Breath in. Then fold the left leg from the knees.  Hold the fingers together and bring the folded leg to touch the stomach.  Lift the head and touch the nose to the knee. The other leg remains straight. Hold the breath.  Come to original position and leave the breath.  Follow the same for the other leg.

Benefits:  Removes gas from the abdomen and reduces abdominal fat.  Increases the flexibility of the knees and hips.

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SARVANGASANA

Method:  Lie on your back, arms alongside.  Raise both legs together - taking support of hands on the hips and the elbows on the ground.  Straighten the body - feet, knees, hips and back form one vertical column from the base of the neck to the tip of the toes, feet stretched, toes pointed, chin pressed against the chest.  Normal breathing.  Lie on your back, arms alongside.  Raise both legs together - taking support of hands on the hips and the elbows on the ground.  Straighten the body - feet, knees, hips and back form one vertical column from the base of the neck to the tip of the toes, feet stretched, toes pointed, chin pressed against the chest.  Normal breathing.

Benefits:  Promotes healthy secretion of the circulatory, respiratory, alimentary and genito-urinary systems. 67

 Keeps the spine flexible preventing the bones from early ossification.  Supplies large quantity of blood to the spinal roots of the nerves, thereby giving them sufficient nourishment.

VAJRASANA

Method:  Sit on your heels.  Hands on knees, abdomen drawn in, chest up, back straight, shoulders squared, head erect.  Normal breathing.

Benefits:  Aids digestion and helps cure sciatica.

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SAVASANA

 Lie flat on the back with the arms beside and in line with the body, palms facing upward.  Move the feet slightly apart to a comfortable position and close the eyes. Relax the whole body. Do not move any part even if discomfort occurs.  Let the breathing become rhythmic and natural. Become aware of the inhalation and exhalation.  Count the number of respirations: I in, I out, and so on, continue to count for a few minutes. If the mind starts to wander bring it back to the counting.  If you can keep the mind on the breath for a few minutes, the mind and body will relax.

MEDITATION The aim of meditation is to bring inner peace within our self. Meditation is one of the best methods to bring about transformation and nurture the natural qualities within. The best way that we can create that change is to change our thoughts from being negative to positive. The positive discovery about meditation is that we are focusing within our self and becoming free of negativity. Meditation techniques simply involve a process of transforming yourself, your thoughts, and recognizing the negative thoughts, and changing them into positive and peaceful thoughts.

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DESCRIPTION OF PHYSICAL EXERCISES With the help of field experts and coaches a package has been designed with selected physical exercises that tend to enhance the performance level of the offensive and defensive players of kabaddi players.

RUN IN PLACE Stand in a comfortable position and run 120 steps in the same place for 1 minute. A step is every time a foot hits the floor.

90-DEGREE PUSH UP Lie facedown on a mat with your hands under shoulders, fingers spread, and legs straight. Legs should be slightly apart and toes should be tucked under. Push up until your arms are straight. Keep your legs and back straight. Body should form a straight line.

Lower your body by bending your elbows until they are each parallel to the floor (90-degree angle), then push-up every 3 seconds.

LINE JUMP Balance on your right foot on a line on the floor. Leap onto the line onto the right foot; land to the left of the line. Leap onto the left foot, landing on the line.

DOUBLE HEEL CLICK Jump into the air and click your heels together twice before you land. Your feet should be at least 3 inches apart when you land.

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CURL UP Lie on your back with your knees bend and your feet close to your buttocks. Hold your hands and arms straight in front of you and curl your head, shoulders, and upper back off the floor. Slowly roll back to the starting position.

KNEE-TO-NOSE TOUCH Kneel on all fours. Pull your right knee toward your nose. Extend your right leg and head to a horizontal position. Return to the starting position. Repeat the exercises with the left leg.

SKIPPING Use either the jog step or the two-foot jump. For the two-foot jump, jump on both feet simultaneously with each rope swing. Beginners should jump twice with each rope swing. This second jump is a small bounce. For the jog step, jog or step from one foot to the other foot.

BENCH STEP Step up to a bench with your right foot, and then up with your left foot. Step down with your right foot, then down with your left foot. Repeat this 4- count (up, up, down, down) stepping at an even rhythm about 25 times per minute.

SPRINT THE LINE Run from one line to another 10 yards away. Walk back and repeat the sprint.

HIGH KNEE JOG Jog in place. Try to lift each knee so that your upper leg is parallel with the floor. Count 1 each time the right foot touches the floor. Try to do 1 to 2 jog steps per second. 71

SIDE SHUTTLE Stand with the first line to your right. When your partner says “go”, slide to the right until your right foot steps over last line. Then slide to the left until your foot steps over the first line. Repeat the exercise, moving from side to side as many times as possible in 10 seconds. Only one foot must cross the outside lines. When your partner says stop, freeze in place until your partner counts your score. Score 1 point for each line you crossed in 10 seconds. Subtract 1 point for each time you crossed your feet. Do the side shuttle twice. Record the better of your two scores on your record sheet.

SHORT SPRINT Stand 2 or 3 steps behind the starting line. When your partner says “go” run as far and as fast you can. Your partner will start a stopwatch when you cross the starting line. Then your partner will blow the whistle 3 seconds later. When the whistle blows, do not try to stop immediately, but begin to slow down.

SAND RUNNING Run in the sand for 50 yards away. Walk back and repeat.

JUMPING JACKS Jumping Jack is a physical jumping exercises performed by jumping to a position with the legs spread wide and the hands touching overhead and then returning to a position with the feet together and the arms at the sides.

FRONT KICK A front kick in martial arts is regarded as the simplest possible kick. It is typically executed by lifting the knee straight forward, while keeping the foot and shin either hanging freely or pulled to the hip, and then straightening the leg in front of the practitioner and striking the target area. It is desirable to retract the leg immediately after delivering the kick, to avoid the opponent trying to grapple 72 the leg and (unless a combination is in process) to return to stable fighting stance.

SPLIT JUMP Assume an upright squatting position with one foot forward and the other back with a jumping motion, simultaneously move the rear foot forward and the front foot back, ending as position 1 with the feet reversed.

COLLECTION OF DATA The variable to be used in the present study was collected from all subjects before they have to treat with the respective treatments. It was assumed as pre-test. After completion of treatment they were tested again as it was in the pre-test on all variables used in the present study. This test was assumed as post- test.

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES The following statistical techniques were used to find the physical combined physical cum yogic practices on kabaddi players. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the adjusted mean difference among the three groups. When the adjusted post test was significant, the Scheffe’s post-hoc test was used to find out the paired mean differences. Chapter – IV

Analysis of Data and Interpretation of Results

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CHAPTER - IV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

OVERVIEW This chapter deals with the analysis of data collected from samples under study. The three groups namely physical exercise, combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups were analysed for the differences in their measures of physical fitness, physiological, psychological and performance factors of kabaddi players in relation to pre-test, post-test and adjusted post-test scores. To achieve the purpose of the present study, forty five inter-collegiate level players were selected as subjects at random and their ages ranged from 18 to 24 years.

Thus the obtained results were interpreted with earlier studies and presented in this chapter well along with graphical presentations.

TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE This is the crucial portion of the thesis, that of arriving at the conclusion by examining the hypotheses. The procedure of testing the hypothesis in accordance with the results obtained in relation to the level of confidence which was fixed at 0.05 level, was considered necessary for this study.

The tests are usually called as the test of significance, since we test whether the difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the samples are significant or not. In the present study, if the obtained F-ratio was greater than the table F-ratio at 0.05 level, the hypothesis was accepted to the effect that there existed significant difference between the means of groups compared. And if the obtained, F-ratio was lesser than the table F-ratio at 0.05 level, then the 74 hypothesis was rejected to the effect that there existed no significant difference between the means of groups under study.

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS The primary objective of the descriptive analysis is describing the level of kabaddi players belong to physical combined physical cum yogic practices on selected criterion measures such as explosive power, muscular endurance, speed, agility, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, breath holding time, cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, self confidence, hand touch, leg touch, ankle hold and blocking.

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE The subjects were selected random, but the groups were not equated in relation to the factors to be examined, hence the difference between means of the two groups in the pre-test had to be taken into account during the analysis of the post-test differences between the means. This was achieved by the application of the analysis of covariance, where the final means were adjusted for differences in the initial means, and the adjusted means were tested for significance. Thus the obtained results were interpreted with earlier studies and presented in this chapter well along with graphical presentations.

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Table- II DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF INITIAL, FINAL AND ADJUSTED MEANS OF PHYSICAL COMBINED PHYSICAL CUM YOGIC PRACTICES AND CONTROL GROUP ON CRITERION MEASURES

Combined Physical cum Physical Exercises Group Control Group Yogic Practices Group S.No Variables Initial Final Adjusted Initial Final Adjusted Initial Final Adjusted Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Explosive 1 1.87 2.10 2.13 1.88 2.13 2.10 1.89 1.90 1.90 power Muscular 2 29.67 37.47 37.48 28.93 37.13 37.33 30.67 31.20 30.97 Endurance 3 Speed 7.36 7.09 7.05 7.45 7.07 7.10 7.42 7.39 7.38

4 Agility 16.13 14.23 14.09 16.16 14.12 14.20 15.96 15.95 15.99 Heart 5 71.80 63.87 63.84 70.73 62.00 62.04 71.87 69.20 69.17 Rate Systolic 6 Blood 123.40 117.60 117.61 123.20 116.80 116.79 123.07 121.27 121.25 Pressure Diastolic 7 Blood 85.40 78.47 79.52 84.87 79.47 78.37 85.00 83.13 83.15 Pressure Breath 8 Holding 26.13 31.93 32.09 26.47 33.47 33.50 27.07 29.53 29.33 Time Cognitive 9 23.80 19.67 20.40 24.00 20.40 19.76 24.20 23.47 23.36 Anxiety Somatic 10 21.00 18.73 19.20 22.07 19.40 19.20 22.20 21.73 21.45 Anxiety Self 11 26.87 31.07 29.87 27.40 30.13 31.21 26.93 27.40 27.50 Confidence Hand 12 3.20 6.93 6.92 3.33 7.33 7.34 3.27 3.33 3.33 Touch 13 Leg Touch 3.40 7.30 7.30 3.47 7.67 7.66 3.40 3.60 3.60

14 Ankle Hold 3.53 7.40 7.41 3.53 7.87 7.88 3.33 3.47 3.44

15 Blocking 3.27 7.60 7.60 3.60 7.93 7.92 3.40 3.33 3.33

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Table – III

SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE INITIAL MEANS AMONG PHYSICAL COMBINED PHYSICAL CUM YOGIC PRACTICES, AND CONTROL GROUP ON CRITERION VARIABLES

Source of Sum of Mean Sl. No Variables df F-value variation Squares Squares Explosive Between Sets 0.01 2 0.005 1 0.20 Power Within Sets 0.65 42 0.02 Muscular Between Sets 22.71 2 11.36 2 1.42 Endurance Within Sets 335.60 42 7.99 Between Sets 0.06 2 0.03 3 Speed 0.26 Within Sets 4.82 42 0.12 Between Sets 0.35 2 0.17 4 Agility 0.32 Within Sets 22.60 42 0.54 Between Sets 12.13 2 6.07 5 Heart Rate 0.54 Within Sets 473.07 42 11.26 Systolic Blood Between Sets 0.84 2 0.42 6 0.02 Pressure Within Sets 1000.93 42 23.83 Diastolic Blood Between Sets 2.31 2 1.16 7 0.28 Pressure Within Sets 175.33 42 4.18 Breath Holding Between Sets 6.71 2 3.36 8 0.29 Time Within Sets 472.40 42 11.25 Cognitive Between Sets 1.20 2 0.60 9 0.04 Anxiety Within Sets 564.80 42 13.45 Somatic Between Sets 12.98 2 6.49 10 0.96 Anxiety Within Sets 283.33 42 6.75 Between Sets 2.53 2 1.27 11 Self Confidence 0.19 Within Sets 276.27 42 6.58 Between Sets 0.13 2 0.07 12 Hand Touch 0.09 Within Sets 30.67 42 0.73 Between Sets 0.04 2 0.02 13 Leg Touch 0.04 Within Sets 24.93 42 0.59 Between Sets 0.40 2 0.20 14 Ankle Hold 0.26 Within Sets 32.80 42 0.78 Between Sets 0.84 2 0.42 15 Blocking 0.49 Within Sets 36.13 42 0.86 Table value for df 2 and 42 was 3.21

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RESULTS OF INITIAL MEANS The F-value obtained from testing the initial means among the three groups on the criterion measures were shown in table III, the corresponding ‘F’ values needed for significance at 0.05 level of confidence was 3.21. The calculated ‘F’ values are explosive power (0.20), muscular endurance (1.42), speed (0.26), agility (0.32), heart rate (0.54), systolic blood pressure (0.02), diastolic blood pressure (0.28), breath holding time (0.29), cognitive anxiety (0.04), somatic anxiety (0.96), self confidence (0.19), hand touch (0.09), leg touch (0.04), ankle hold (0.26) and blocking (0.49). Since the observed F-values of these were found lesser than the required table value of 3.21 at 0.05 level of confidence, the observed mean difference among the physical exercises, combined physical cum yogic practices and control group on criterion measures was statistically not significant. Thus the obtained results confirm the random assignment of subjects to three groups was successful.

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Table - IV

SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE FINAL MEANS AMONG PHYSICAL COMBINED PHYSICAL CUM YOGIC PRACTICES AND CONTROL GROUP ON CRITERION VARIABLES

Source of Sum of Mean Sl. No Variables df F-value Variation Squares Squares Explosive Between Sets 0.45 2 0.23 1 10.78* Power Within Sets 0.88 42 0.02 Muscular Between Sets 372.93 2 186.47 2 28.18* Endurance Within Sets 277.87 42 6.62 Between Sets 0.94 2 0.47 3 Speed 15.82* Within Sets 1.25 42 0.03 Between Sets 31.44 2 15.72 4 Agility 36.25* Within Sets 18.22 42 0.43 Between Sets 418.84 2 209.42 5 Heart Rate 24.42* Within Sets 360.13 42 8.575 Systolic Blood Between Sets 170.18 2 85.09 6 18.33* Pressure Within Sets 194.93 42 4.64 Diastolic Blood Between Sets 181.11 2 90.56 7 15.39* Pressure Within Sets 247.20 42 5.89 Breath Holding Between Sets 117.91 2 58.96 8 12.36* Time Within Sets 200.40 42 4.77 Cognitive Between Sets 121.91 2 60.96 9 6.69* Anxiety Within Sets 382.67 42 9.11 Somatic Between Sets 74.44 2 37.22 10 5.29* Anxiety Within Sets 295.47 42 7.04 Between Sets 108.93 2 54.47 11 Self Confidence 8.66* Within Sets 264.27 42 6.29 Between Sets 145.60 2 72.80 12 Hand Touch 103.30* Within Sets 29.60 42 0.71 Between Sets 151.81 2 75.91 13 Leg Touch 128.38* Within Sets 24.83 42 0.59 Between Sets 175.24 2 87.62 14 Ankle Hold 111.30* Within Sets 33.07 42 0.79 Between Sets 197.38 2 98.69 15 Blocking 208.64* Within Sets 19.87 42 0.47 * Significant at 0.05 level Table value for df 2 and 42 was 3.21

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RESULTS OF FINAL MEANS The F-value obtained from testing the final means among the three groups on the criterion measures were shown in table IV, the corresponding ‘F’ values needed for significance at 0.05 level of confidence was 3.21. The calculated ‘F’ values are explosive power (10.78), muscular endurance (28.18), speed (15.82), agility (36.25), heart rate (24.42), systolic blood pressure (18.33), diastolic blood pressure (15.39), breath holding time (12.36), cognitive anxiety (6.69), somatic anxiety (5.29), self confidence (8.66), hand touch (103.30), leg touch (128.38), ankle hold (111.30) and blocking (208.64). Since the observed F-values of these were found greater than the required table value of 3.21 at 0.05 level of confidence, the observed mean difference among the physical exercises, combined physical cum yogic practices and control group on criterion measures was statistically significant.

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Table - V SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE ADJUSTED MEANS AMONG PHYSICAL COMBINED PHYSICAL CUM YOGIC PRACTICES AND CONTROL GROUP ON CRITERION VARIABLES

Source of Sum of Mean Sl. No Variables df F-value Variation Squares Squares Explosive Between Sets 0.45 2 0.22 1 10.38* Power Within Sets 0.88 41 0.022 Muscular Between Sets 393.20 2 196.60 2 31.29* Endurance Within Sets 257.60 41 6.28 Between Sets 0.93 2 0.46 3 Speed 21.08* Within Sets 0.90 41 0.02 Between Sets 33.33 2 16.66 4 Agility 44.53* Within Sets 15.34 41 0.37 Between Sets 407.56 2 203.78 5 Heart Rate 23.29* Within Sets 358.70 41 8.75 Systolic Blood Between Sets 169.08 2 84.54 6 18.14* Pressure Within Sets 191.06 41 4.66 Diastolic Blood Between Sets 186.06 2 93.03 7 16.34* Pressure Within Sets 233.43 41 5.69 Breath Holding Between Sets 133.30 2 66.65 8 20.65* Time Within Sets 132.32 41 3.23 Cognitive Between Sets 110.79 2 55.39 9 9.22* Anxiety Within Sets 246.23 41 6.01 Somatic Between Sets 49.83 2 24.92 10 5.54* Anxiety Within Sets 184.39 41 4.50 Between Sets 106.34 2 53.17 11 Self Confidence 21.06* Within Sets 103.52 41 2.53 Between Sets 145.72 2 72.86 12 Hand Touch 103.55* Within Sets 28.85 41 0.70 Between Sets 151.67 2 75.84 13 Leg Touch 125.24* Within Sets 24.83 41 0.61 Between Sets 176.41 2 88.21 14 Ankle Hold 113.76* Within Sets 31.79 41 0.78 Between Sets 196.96 2 98.48 15 Blocking 204.62* Within Sets 19.73 41 0.48 * Significant at 0.05 level Table value for df 2 and 41 was 3.22

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RESULTS OF ADJUSTED MEANS The F-value obtained from testing the adjusted means among the three groups on the criterion measures were shown in table V, the corresponding ‘F’ values needed for significance at 0.05 level of confidence was 3.22. The calculated ‘F’ values are explosive power (10.38), muscular endurance (31.29), speed (21.08), agility (44.53), heart rate (23.29), systolic blood pressure (18.14), diastolic blood pressure (16.34), breath holding time (20.65), cognitive anxiety (9.22), somatic anxiety (5.54), self confidence (21.06), hand touch (103.55), leg touch (125.24), ankle hold (113.76) and blocking (204.62). Since the observed F-values of these were found greater than the required table value of 3.22 at 0.05 level of confidence, the observed mean difference among the physical exercises, combined physical cum yogic practices and control group on criterion measures was statistically significant. It is evident that the criterion measures are influenced by interventions used in the study. Since the observed mean difference among the three groups was statistically significant. In order to find out which of the pairs of group grown up for the significant difference the Scheffe post-hoc test was applied. The results of the same were given in table – VI.

RESULTS OF SCHEFFE’S TEST Significant F ratios were obtained in all the selected variables. In order to find out the significance of the difference of all possible pairs of adjusted final group means scheffe’s post hoc test was applied. The results of the scheffe’s post hoc test were presented in the following tables.

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Table – VI SCHEFFE’S TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE BETWEEN PAIRED FINAL ADJUSTED MEANS FOR PHYSICAL VARIABLES Adjusted Means Physical Combined Mean Sl.No Physical Physical CI Value Variables Control Differences Exercises cum Yogic Practices 2.13 2.10 ------0.03 Explosive 1 2.13 ----- 1.90 0.23* 0.13 Power ------2.10 1.90 0.20* 37.48 37.33 ------0.15 Muscular 2 37.48 ----- 30.97 6.51* 2.31 Endurance ------37.33 30.97 6.36* 7.05 7.10 ------0.05 3 Speed 7.05 ------7.38 0.33* 0.13 ------7.10 7.38 0.28* 14.09 14.20 ------0.11 4 Agility 14.09 ------15.99 1.90* 0.49 ------14.20 15.99 1.79*

As per the results of the table -VI, since the mean difference for explosive power, muscular endurance, speed and agility between physical exercise and control group were 0.23, 6.51, 0.33 and 1.90 respectively, combined physical cum yogic practices and control group were 0.20, 6.36, 0.28 and 1.79 respectively are higher than the CI value of 0.13, 2.31, 0.13 and 0.49 respectively. It was concluded that the observed adjusted mean difference is statistically significant. Since the mean difference for explosive power, muscular endurance, speed and agility between physical exercise and combined physical cum yogic practices groups were 0.03, 0.15, 0.05 and 0.11 are lesser than the CI value of 0.13, 2.31, 0.13 and 0.49 respectively. It was concluded that the observed adjusted mean difference is statistically not significant.

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Fig-I Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined physical cum yogic practices and control group on explosive power

Fig-II Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined physical cum yogic practices and control group on muscular endurance

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Fig-III Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined physical cum yogic practices and control group on speed

Fig-IV Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined physical cum yogic practices and control group on agility

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Table – VII SCHEFFE’S TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE BETWEEN PAIRED FINAL ADJUSTED MEANS FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES

Adjusted Means Physiological Combined Mean Sl.No Physical Physical CI Value Variables Control Differences Exercises cum Yogic Practices 63.84 62.04 ------1.80 1 Heart Rate 63.84 ------69.17 5.33* 2.73 ------62.04 69.17 7.13* 117.61 116.80 ------0.81 Systolic Blood 2 117.61 ------121.26 3.65* 2.19 Pressure ------116.80 121.26 4.46* 79.52 78.37 ------1.15 Diastolic 3 79.52 ------83.15 3.63* 1.47 Blood Pressure ------78.37 83.15 4.78* 32.09 33.50 ------1.41 Breath Holding 4 32.09 ------29.33 2.76* 1.66 Time ------33.50 29.33 4.17*

As per the results of the table -VII, since the mean difference for heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and breath holding time between physical exercise and control group were 5.33, 3.65, 3.63 and 2.76 respectively, combined physical cum yogic practices and control group were 7.13, 4.46, 4.78 and 4.17 respectively are higher than the CI value of 2.73, 2.19, 1.47 and 1.66 respectively. It was concluded that the observed adjusted mean difference is statistically significant. Since the mean difference for heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and breath holding time between physical exercise and combined physical cum yogic practices groups were 1.80, 0.81, 1.15 and 1.41 are lesser than the CI value of 2.73, 2.19, 1.47 and 1.66 respectively. It was concluded that the observed adjusted mean difference is statistically not significant. 86

Fig-V Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups on heart rate

Fig-VI Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups on systolic blood pressure

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Fig-VII Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups on diastolic blood pressure

Fig-VIII Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups on breath holding time

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Table – VIII SCHEFFE’S TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE BETWEEN PAIRED FINAL ADJUSTED MEANS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES

Adjusted Means Psychological Combined Mean Sl. No Physical Physical CI Value Variables Control Differences Exercises cum Yogic Practices 20.40 19.76 ------0.64 Cognitive 1 20.40 ------23.36 2.96* 2.26 Anxiety ------19.76 23.36 3.60* 19.20 19.20 ------0.00 Somatic 2 19.20 ------21.45 2.25* 1.96 Anxiety ------19.20 21.45 2.25* 29.87 31.21 ------1.34 Self 3 29.87 ------27.50 2.37* 1.47 Confidence ------31.21 27.50 3.71*

As per the results of the table -VIII, since the mean difference for cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence between physical exercise and control group were 2.96, 2.25 and 2.37 respectively, combined physical cum yogic practices and control group were 3.60, 2.25 and 3.71 respectively are higher than the CI value of 2.26, 1.96 and 1.47 respectively. It was concluded that the observed adjusted mean difference is statistically significant. Since the mean difference for cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence between physical exercise and combined physical cum yogic practices groups were 0.64, 0.00 and 1.34 are lesser than the CI value of 2.26, 1.96 and 1.47 respectively. It was concluded that the observed adjusted mean difference is statistically not significant.

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Fig-IX Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups on cognitive anxiety

Fig-X Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups on somatic anxiety

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Fig-XI Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups on self confidence 91

Table – IX SCHEFFE’S TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE BETWEEN PAIRED FINAL ADJUSTED MEANS FOR PERFORMANCE VARIABLES

Adjusted Means

Performance Combined Mean Sl.No Physical Physical CI Value Variables Control Differences Exercises cum Yogic Practices 6.92 7.34 ------0.42 1 Hand Touch 6.92 ------3.33 3.59* 0.77 ------7.34 3.33 4.01* 7.30 7.66 ------0.36 2 Leg Touch 7.30 ------3.60 3.70* 0.57 ------7.66 3.60 4.06* 7.41 7.88 ------0.47 3 Ankle Hold 7.41 ------3.44 3.93* 0.81 ------7.88 3.44 4.44* 7.60 7.92 ------0.32 4 Blocking 7.60 ------3.33 4.27* 0.67 ------7.92 3.33 4.59*

As per the results of the table -IX, since the mean difference for hand touch, leg touch, ankle hold and blocking between physical exercise and control group were 3.59, 3.70, 3.93 and 4.27 respectively, combined physical cum yogic practices and control group were 4.01, 4.06, 4.44 and 4.59 respectively are higher than the CI value of 0.77, 0.57. 0.81 and 0.67 respectively. It was concluded that the observed adjusted mean difference is statistically significant. Since the mean difference for hand touch, leg touch, ankle hold and blocking between physical exercise and combined physical cum yogic practices groups were 0.42, 0.36, 0.47 and 0.32 are lesser than the CI value of 0.77, 0.57. 0.81 and 0.67 respectively. It was concluded that the observed adjusted mean difference is statistically not significant. 92

Fig-XII Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups on hand touch

Fig-XIII Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups on leg touch

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Fig-XIV Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups on ankle hold

Fig-XV Bar diagram showing the mean values of physical, combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups on blocking

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DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS The results of analysis of covariance on comparative effects revealed that the mean difference existing among the three groups physical exercises, combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups on explosive power, muscular endurance, speed, agility, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, breath holding time, cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, self confidence, hand touch, leg touch, ankle hold and blocking was statistically significant.

In the comparison of mean value of physical exercises with the combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups, the mean differences on selected criterion measures namely explosive power, muscular endurance, speed and agility were found as statistically higher than the required CI value. It was also observed that in the comparison of mean value of combined physical cum yogic practices with the physical exercises and control group, the mean differences on selected criterion measures namely heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, breath holding time, somatic anxiety, hand touch, leg touch, ankle hold and blocking were found as statistically higher than the required CI value.

Further when testing the source for such a significance, it was observed from the results of post-hoc test that the combined physical cum yogic practices group significantly performed better than the other groups. It explains that both combination of physical and yogic practices group and physical exercises group alone performed well on these components.

Further when analyzing the performance of combined physical cum yogic practices and physical exercises groups with the control group, the post-hoc results in connection with this exhibits that the performance of players belong to combined physical cum yogic practices group and physical exercises was 95 positively a significant one. The root causes for such a dominance of combined physical cum yogic practices group can be attributed to it scientific structure and imbibe of yoga. The observed facts of above said factors are discussed here with the earlier studies and the nature of the game in the following aspects.

Yoga postures are the physical positions that co-ordinate breath with movement and with holding the position to stretch and strengthen different parts of body. Yogic practicess are the ideal complement to other forms of physical exercises such as running, cycling, and swimming. Yogic postures systematically work on all the major muscle groups, including the back, neck and shoulders, deep abdominal, hip and even ankles, feet wrists and hands. By their very nature, yogic practicess affect all the muscles groups and organs as they simultaneously impart strength, increase flexibility and bring nourishment to internal organs. Although most poses are not aerobic in nature, they do in fact send oxygen to the cell by way of conscious deep breathing and sustained stretching and contraction of different muscle groups. Yoga can help to check any imbalance in muscular development and enable individual both mind and body to function more efficiently. Practicing yogasanas strengthens the muscles release physical tension and improves concentration and poise. Yoga makes limbs balanced, strong and relaxed. The standing poses improve balance and muscle flexibility. Yogic practice can help players to relax and replenish their energy after strenuous games. It also promotes calm, clear thinking even in situations that call for fast reactions. Yoga stretches and strengthens all muscles of the body and brings peace and calm to the mind and spirit.

Physical training is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health. Physical fitness is the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, and muscles to function at optimum efficiency. In previous years, fitness was defined as the capacity to carry out the day’s activities without undue fatigue. It is performed for many different reasons. 96

These include: strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, and weight loss or maintenance. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune system, and helps prevent disease. A moderate to high level of fitness reduces the incidence of "hypo kinetic" diseases. Hypo kinetic basically means a lack of movement or too little movement. When the body doesn't move enough, it slowly deteriorates and becomes vulnerable to disease. In essence, a sedentary lifestyle can contribute to or increase the severity of such problems as hypertension (high blood pressure), obesity (excess fat), adult-onset diabetes, osteoporosis (brittle bones), depression, and low back pain. Individuals who are poorly fit often end up with one or more of these conditions, which impairs the individual's quality of life.

Today, there is a growing emphasis on looking good, feeling good and living longer. Increasingly, scientific evidence tells us that one of the keys to achieving these ideals is fitness and exercise. But if you spend your days at a sedentary job and pass your evenings as a "couch potato," it may require some determination and commitment to make regular activity a part of your daily routine. Exercise is not just for Olympic hopefuls or supermodels. In fact, you're never too unfit, too young or too old to get started. Regardless of your age, gender or role in life, you can benefit from regular physical activity. If you're committed, exercise in combination with a sensible diet can help provide an overall sense of well-being and can even help prevent chronic illness, disability and premature death.

DIUSCUSSION ON HYPOTHESES

1. In the performance of physical fitness variables physical exercises group would have better performance than that of combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups among kabaddi players. The result reveals that the physical exercises group was shown significantly better 97

performance than combined physical cum yogic practices and control groups on physical variables namely explosive power, muscular strength, speed and agility. Hence the formulated hypothesis No. 1 related to these factors was accepted.

2. In the performance of physiological variables combined physical cum yogic practices group would have better performance than that of physical and control group among kabaddi players. The result reveals that the combined physical cum yogic practices group was shown significantly better performance than physical exercises group and control group on physiological variables namely heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and breath holding time. Hence the formulated hypothesis No. 2 related to these factors was accepted.

3. In the performance of psychological variables combined physical cum yogic practices group would have better performance than that of physical and control groups among kabaddi players. The result reveals that the combined physical cum yogic practices group was shown significantly better performance than physical exercises group and control group on psychological variables namely cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence. Hence the formulated hypothesis No. 3 related to these factors was accepted.

4. In the kabaddi performance factors combined physical cum yogic practices and physical exercises groups would have better performance than that of control group among kabaddi players. The result reveals that the combined physical cum yogic practices and physical exercises groups were shown significantly better performance than the control group on offensive and defensive skills namely hand touch, leg touch, ankle hold and blocking. Hence the formulated hypothesis No. 4 related to these factors was accepted. Chapter – V

Summary Conclusions and Recommendations

98

CHAPTER - V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY The purpose of the present study was to find out the effect of physical combined physical cum yogic practices on selected physical, physiological, psychological and performance factors of kabaddi players. The methodology adopted in the present study are as follows:

To achieve the purpose of the present study, forty five inter-collegiate level players were selected as subjects at random and their ages ranged from 18 to 24 years. The selected variables were explosive power, muscular endurance, speed, agility, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, breath holding time, cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, self confidence, hand touch, leg touch, ankle hold and blocking. The subjects were divided into three equal groups. The study was formulated as a true random group design, consisting of a pre-test and post-test. The subjects (N=45) were randomly assigned to three equal groups of fifteen men students each. The groups were assigned as Physical Exercises Group (PEG), Combined Physical cum Yogic Practices Group (PCYPG) and Control Group (CG) in an equivalent manner.

With the guidance of supervisor and experts in the field of physical education and coaching, the investigator had designed two training programmes namely combined physical cum yogic practices and physical exercises. The subjects belong to combined physical and yogic practices training and physical exercises was treated on them for about 12 weeks in their respective training programme. The training programme was scheduled at 6.30 to 7.30 am for alternate three days in a week for both the groups. The subjects belonging to control group were not treated with any training program. After completion of the treatment the subjects belong to all the three groups were again tested on 99 criterion measures as measured during the initial test. The collected data on criterion measures were treated by analysis of covariance to test the significance of mean difference among the three groups on performance and performance related factors. Further if its significance was observed, as post-hoc test, scheffe test was applied.

FINDINGS The findings of the present study were as follows:

1. Mean difference between the physical exercises group (PEG) and combined physical cum yogic practices group (PCYPG) on physical variables namely explosive power, muscular endurance, speed and agility, physiological variables namely heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and breath holding time, psychological variables namely cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence, performance factors namely hand touch, leg touch, ankle holding and blocking was statistically significant.

2. Mean difference between physical exercises (PEG) and control groups (CG) on physical variables namely explosive power, muscular endurance, speed and agility, physiological variables namely heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and breath holding time, psychological variables namely cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence, performance factors namely hand touch, leg touch, ankle holding and blocking were statistically significant.

3. Mean difference between combined physical cum yogic practices (PCYPG) and control groups (CG) on criterion measures such as physical variables namely explosive power, muscular endurance, speed and agility, physiological variables namely heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and breath holding time, psychological variables 100

namely cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence, performance factors namely hand touch, leg touch, ankle holding and blocking were statistically significant.

4. Physical exercises group (PEG) showed better performance on the selected physical variables namely explosive power, muscular endurance, speed and agility than combined physical cum yogic practices (PCYPG) and control groups (CG).

5. Combined physical cum yogic practices group (PCYPG) showed better performance on the selected physiological variables namely heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and breath holding time, psychological variables namely cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence, performance factors namely hand touch, leg touch, ankle holding and blocking than physical exercises group (PEG) and control groups (CG).

CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions have been made in the light of the findings of the present study,

1. Findings on physical variables (explosive power, muscular strength, speed and agility) physical exercises group influences more than the combined physical cum yogic practices group. From this it was concluded that due to resemblances in physical training are having chances to develop the physical factors.

2. Findings on physiological (heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and breath holding time), psychological (cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence) and performance variables (hand touch, leg touch, ankle hold and blocking) positively confirm the influence of combined physical cum yogic practices more than that of 101

physical exercises and control group. Since the factors of these above are having significant influences of mind related aspects, it was concluded that the incorporation of yogic practices with the physical exercises is the prime source for such significant mean difference.

RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations have been made from the results of the study.

1. The same study may be conducted in other sports and games.

2. The same study may be extended to other performance related factors and fundamental skills.

3. The present study was mainly focused on men only. The same study may be done on women.

4. To find out the improvement on criterion measures periodically, the same study may be designed with repetitive measures.

Bibliography 102

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Publications EFFECT OF COMBINED PHYSICAL CUM YOGIC EXERCISES ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AMONG KABADDI PLAYERS K.Senthil Kumar* & Dr.K.Chandrasekaran† Abstract To achieve the purpose of the present study, forty Kabaddi players of various colleges from Karur district were selected as subjects at random and their ages ranged from 18 to 24 years. The subjects (n=40) were randomly assigned to two equal groups as physical cum yogic exercises and (PCYEG) and control group (CG) in an equivalent manner. The physical cum yogic exercises group participated for a period of six weeks for alternate three days in a week and the post-tests were taken. The competitive sport anxiety inventory – 2 was used to measure cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence. A sphygmomanometer was used to measure the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. A biomoniter was used to measure the heart rate of the subjects. A digital stop watch was used to measure the breath holding time. To find out the difference between the two groups analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used. The results reveal that the physical cum yogic exercise group showed a decreased level of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure and heart rate than the control group due to the training effects. Similarly, the physical cum yogic exercise group showed an increased level of self confidence and breath holding time than the control group due to the training effects.

* Director of Physical Education, Valluvar College of Science and Management, karur-03. † Professor, Dept. of Physical Education, Madurai Kamarajar University, Madurai. 1

Introduction Yoga is an ancient Indian practice, first described in Vedic scriptures around 2500 B.C., which utilizes mental and physical exercises to attain samadhi, or the union of the individual self with the infinite (Lidell, 1983). According to the first comprehensive textual description of yoga, the Yoga Sutras, written in the third century B.C., yoga is the cessation of thought waves in the mind (Dass, 1981). Yogic techniques are known to improve one’s overall performance and work capacity. It may be said that the goal of yoga is to bring about a complete harmony within the individual. It is necessary to note that the nature of all Yogic practices mostly influences the psychological and physiological characteristics. Yoga is a science practiced in India over thousands of years. It produces consistent physiological changes and have sound scientific basis (Iyengar, 1968). Health is promoted by seeking balance between the physical, spiritual, psychological, and social aspects (Engebretson, 2002). Physical training is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health. Physical exercise is good for us in so many ways that it is almost like a magic tonic. It not only strengthens your heart and lungs if also help burn off fat. Gives you mere energy improves your muscle tone and even helps you to concentrate and think better. Kabaddi is aptly known as the "GAME OF THE MASSES" due to its popularity, simple, easy to comprehend rules, and public appeal. The game calls for no sophisticated equipment what so ever, which makes it a very popular sport in the developing countries. Now everyone is aware of the importance of yoga and its contribution towards sports. Yogic exercises are less economic as compared to physical and other techniques. Still the author combines both physical and yogic exercises for gaining more advantage to develop the physiological and psychological variables of Kabaddi players. Keeping this objective in mind the investigators formulated the present study.

2

Methodology

To achieve the purpose of the present study, forty Kabaddi players of various colleges from Karur district were selected as subjects at random and their ages ranged from 18 to 24 years. The study was formulated as a true random group design, consisting of a pre-test and post-test. The subjects (n=40) were randomly assigned to two equal groups as physical cum yogic exercises and (PCYEG) and control group (CG) in an equivalent manner. The physical cum yogic exercises group participated for a period of six weeks for alternate three days in a week and the post-tests were taken. The competitive sport anxiety inventory – 2 was used to measure cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence. The unit of measurement was in total scores. A sphygmomanometer was used to measure the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. The unit of measurement was in mm Hg. A biomoniter was used to measure the heart rate of the subjects. The unit of measurement was in total beats per minute. A digital stop watch was used to measure the breath holding time. The unit of measurement was in seconds. To find out the difference between the two groups analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used.

Results and Discussion The detailed procedure of analysis of data and interpretation were given below,

Table-I Computation of Analysis of Covariance of Selected Physiological Variables of both Control and Physical cum Yogic Exercises Groups

Sum of Sum of Mean Sl.No Variables Variance CG PCYEG df F Variance Squares Square Pre Test BG 5.62 1 5.62 71.60 70.85 0.60 Mean WG 353.35 38 9.29 Heart Rate 1 Post Test BG 189.22 1 189.22 66.45 62.10 31.16* Mean WG 230.75 38 6.07 Adjusted 66.51 62.03 BG 197.90 1 197.90 33.36*

3

Mean WG 219.48 37 5.93 Pre Test BG 10.00 1 10.00 131.90 131.00 2.97 Systolic Mean WG 127.60 38 3.35 Blood Post Test BG 216.22 1 216.22 2 131.40 121.20 23.62* Pressure Mean WG 347.75 38 9.15 Adjusted BG 213.62 1 213.62 125.92 121.12 22.91* Mean WG 344.89 37 9.32 Pre Test BG 2.50 1 2.50 85.30 84.80 0.48 Diastolic Mean WG 195.40 38 5.14 Blood Post Test BG 34.22 1 34.22 3 81.40 79.55 12.78* Pressure Mean WG 101.75 38 2.67 Adjusted BG 32.88 1 32.88 81.38 79.56 12.01* Mean WG 101.25 37 2.73 Pre Test BG 7.22 1 7.22 26.55 25.70 0.69 Mean WG 397.15 38 10.45 Breath Post Test BG 67.60 1 67.60 4 Holding 29.10 31.70 11.67* Mean WG 220.00 38 5.78 Time Adjusted BG 96.28 1 96.28 28.83 31.96 54.79* Mean WG 65.01 37 1.75 * P < 0.05 Table F, df (1,38) (0.05) = 4.09; (1,37) (0.05) = 4.10

An examination of table - I indicated that the obtained pre-test F-ratio for heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and breath holding time was 0.60,

2.97, 0.48 and 0.69 respectively. The table F-ratio was 4.09; hence the pre-test means of all physiological variables was insignificant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 38.

The obtained post-test F-ratio for heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and breath holding time was 31.16, 23.62, 12.78 and 11.69 respectively.

The table F-ratio was 4.09; hence the post-test means of all physiological variables was significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 38.

The obtained adjusted post-test F-ratio for heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and breath holding time was 33.36, 22.91, 12.01 and 11.60 respectively. The table F-ratio was 4.10; hence the post-test adjusted means of all

4

physiological variables was at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and

37.

Table-II Computation of Analysis of Covariance of Selected Psychological Variables of both Control and Physical cum Yogic Exercises Groups

Sum of Sum of Mean Sl.No Variables Variance CG PCYEG df F Variance Squares Square Pre test BG 0.62 1 0.62 24.10 23.85 0.04 Mean WG 592.35 38 15.58 Cognitive Post test BG 67.60 1 67.60 1 Anxiety 23.00 20.40 4.54* Mean WG 564.80 38 14.86

Adjusted BG 57.85 1 57.85 22.90 20.49 10.17* Mean WG 210.36 37 5.68 Pre test BG 0.10 1 0.10 22.15 22.05 0.01 Mean WG 269.50 38 7.09 Somatic Post test BG 62.50 1 62.50 2 Anxiety 21.65 19.15 9.69* Mean WG 245.10 38 6.45

Adjusted BG 58.35 1 58.35 21.60 19.12 38.73* Mean WG 55.74 37 1.50 Pre test BG 0.40 1 0.40 27.75 27.55 0.05 Mean WG 282.70 38 7.43 Self Post test BG 87.02 1 87.02 3 27.20 30.15 14.52* Confidence Mean WG 227.75 38 5.99 Adjusted BG 96.15 1 96.15 27.12 30.22 57.21* Mean WG 62.17 37 1.68 * P < 0.05 Table F, df (1,38) (0.05) = 4.09; (1,37) (0.05) = 4.10

An examination of table - II indicated that the obtained pre-test F-ratio for cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence was 0.04, 0.01, and 0.05 respectively. The table F-ratio was 4.09; hence the pre-test means of all psychological variables was insignificant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 38.

The obtained post-test F-ratio for cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence was 4.54, 9.69 and 14.52 respectively. The table F-ratio was 4.09; hence the

5

post-test means of all psychological variables was significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 38.

The obtained adjusted post-test F-ratio for cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence was 10.17, 38.73 and 57.21 respectively. The table F-ratio was 4.10; hence the post-test adjusted means of all psychological variables was at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 37.

Figure-I Shows the Mean Values of Selected Physiological Variables of both Control Physical and Cum Yogic Exercises Groups

6

Figure-II Shows the Mean Values of Selected Psychological Variables of both Control and Physical cum Yogic Exercises Groups

Blood pressure and heart rate is an index of the physiological strain incurred by the players during play and it was reduced significantly for experimental group. Anxiety is viewed as feelings of nervousness and tension, which is linearly associated with levels of arousal and it, was also reduced to a significant level for experimental group. Self confidence is an important psychological factor that influences the performance and it was increased significantly for experimental group. The results of the study support the findings of Nidhi Gupta et al. (2006) and Virginia et al. (2005).

Conclusions Within the limitation of the present study, the following conclusions were drawn.

 The physical cum yogic exercise group showed a decreased level of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure and heart rate than the control group due to the training effects.

7

 Similarly, the physical cum yogic exercise group showed an increased level of self confidence and breath holding time than the control group due to the training effects.

References

Barrow, H. M. and McGee, R. (1971). A Practical Approach to Measurement in Physical Education, Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. Chakrabathi, Ghosh and Sahanas (1984). Human Physiology. Calcutta: The New Book Stall. Dass, B.H. (1981). Ashtanga Yoga Primer. Sri Rama Publishing: Santa Cruz. Engebretson, J., (2002). Culture and complementary therapies. Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery 8, 177–184. Iyengar, B.,K.,S. (1968). Light on Yoga. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. Lidell, L. (1983). The Sivananda Companion to Yoga. New York: Simon & Schuster. Martens, R., Vealey, R.S. and Burton, D. (1990). Competitive Anxiety in Sport. Illinois: Human Kinetics. Nidhi Gupta, Shveta Khera, R. P. Vempati, Ratna Sharma & R. L. Bijlani (2006). Effect of yoga based lifestyle intervention on state and trait anxiety. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol; 50 (1): 41–47 Richard N. Suinn, (1982). Psychology in Sports Methods and Applications. Delhi: Surjeet Publications. Virginia S. Cowen, Troy B. Adams (2005). Physical and perceptual benefits of yoga asana practice: results of a pilot study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 9, 211–219.

8

EFFECT OF PHYSICAL EXERCISES ON SELECTED PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AMONG KABADDI PLAYERS K.Senthil Kumar* & Dr.K.Chandrasekaran† Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of physical exercises on selected physical and psychological variables among kabaddi players. To achieve the purpose of the present study, forty Kabaddi players of various colleges from Karur district were selected as subjects at random and their ages ranged from 18 to 24 years. The study was formulated as a true random group design, consisting of a pre-test and post-test. The subjects (n=40) were randomly assigned to two equal groups as physical exercises (PEG) and control group (CG) in an equivalent manner. The physical exercises group participated for a period of six weeks for alternate three days in a week and the post-tests were taken. Explosive power, muscular endurance, speed and agility were measured by standing broad jump, sit ups, 50 metres run and shuttle run respectively. The competitive sport anxiety inventory – 2 was used to measure cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence. To find out the difference between the two groups analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used. The results shows that the physical exercise group showed a decreased level of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, speed and agility than the control group due to the training effects.Similarly, the physical exercise group showed an increased level of self confidence, explosive power and muscular endurance than the control group due to the training effects.

Key words: Physical exercises, Kabaddi.

Introduction

* Director of Physical Education, Valluvar College of Science and Management, Karur-03. † Professor, Dept. of Physical Education, Madurai Kamarajar University, Madurai. Physical training is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health. Physical exercise has effects counter those of age on many body structures and functions (Shephard, 1997). Exercise is not just for Olympic hopefuls or supermodels. In fact, you're never too unfit, too young or too old to get started. Regardless of your age, gender or role in life, you can benefit from regular physical activity. If you're committed, exercise in combination with a sensible diet can help provide an overall sense of well-being and can even help prevent chronic illness, disability and premature death. Exercise test- results may further have prognostic value with respect to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality as well as all-cause mortality (Sandvik, 1993). Health is promoted by seeking balance between the physical, spiritual, psychological, and social aspects (Engebretson, 2002).

Kabaddi is aptly known as the "GAME OF THE MASSES" due to its popularity, simple, easy to comprehend rules, and public appeal. The game calls for no sophisticated equipment what so ever, which makes it a very popular sport in the developing countries. Now everyone is aware of the importance of physical exercises and its contribution towards sports. The investigator used physical exercises for gaining more advantage to develop the physical and psychological variables of Kabaddi players. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of physical exercises on selected physical and psychological variables among kabaddi players.

Methodology

To achieve the purpose of the present study, forty Kabaddi players of various colleges from Karur district were selected as subjects at random and their ages ranged from 18 to 24 years. The study was formulated as a true random group design, consisting of a pre-test and post-test. The subjects (n=40) were randomly assigned to two equal groups as physical exercises (PEG) and control group (CG) in an equivalent manner. The physical exercises group participated for a period of six weeks for alternate three days in a week and the post-tests were taken. Explosive power, muscular endurance, speed and 2

agility were measured by standing broad jump, sit ups, 50 metres run and shuttle run respectively. The competitive sport anxiety inventory – 2 was used to measure cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence. To find out the difference between the two groups analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used.

Results and Discussion The detailed procedure of analysis of data and interpretation were given below,

Table-I Computation of Analysis of Covariance of Selected Physical Variables of both Physical Exercises and Control Groups Source of Sum of Mean Sl.No Variables Variance PEG CG df F Variance Squares Square Pre Test BG 0.00 1 0.00 1.88 1.88 0.001 Mean WG 0.57 38 0.01 Explosive Post Test BG 0.48 1 0.48 1 2.11 1.89 19.53* Power Mean WG 0.94 38 0.02 Adjusted BG 0.48 1 0.48 2.11 1.89 19.02* Mean WG 0.94 37 0.02 Pre Test BG 3.60 1 3.60 29.80 30.40 0.37 Mean WG 370.00 38 9.73 Muscular Post Test BG 435.60 1 435.60 2 37.35 30.75 53.69* Endurance Mean WG 308.30 38 8.11 Adjusted BG 464.31 1 464.31 37.47 30.62 69.97* Mean WG 245.52 37 6.63 Pre Test BG 0.08 1 0.08 6.97 6.88 0.50 Mean WG 6.25 38 0.16 Post Test BG 2.08 1 2.08 3 Speed 6.52 6.98 13.26* Mean WG 5.98 38 0.15 Adjusted BG 2.25 1 2.25 6.51 6.99 14.82* Mean WG 5.63 37 0.15 Pre Test BG 0.42 1 0.42 16.16 15.95 0.75 Mean WG 21.49 38 0.56 Post Test BG 6.06 1 6.06 4 Agility 15.38 16.16 16.29* Mean WG 14.13 38 0.37 Adjusted BG 7.77 1 7.77 15.32 16.22 36.81* Mean WG 7.81 37 0.21 * P < 0.05 Table F, df (1,38) (0.05) = 4.09; (1,37) (0.05) = 4.10

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An examination of table - I indicated that the obtained pre-test F-ratio for explosive power, muscular endurance, speed and agility was 0.001, 0.37, 0.50 and 0.75 respectively. The table F-ratio was 4.09; hence the pre-test means of all physical variables was insignificant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 38.

The obtained post-test F-ratio for explosive power, muscular endurance, speed and agility was 19.53, 53.69, 13.26 and 16.29 respectively. The table F-ratio was 4.09; hence the post-test means of all physical variables was significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 38.

The obtained adjusted post-test F-ratio for explosive power, muscular endurance, speed and agility was 19.02, 69.97, 14.82 and 36.81 respectively. The table F-ratio was

4.10; hence the post-test adjusted means of all physical variables was at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 37.

Table-II Computation of Analysis of Covariance of Selected Psychological Variables of both Physical Exercises and Control Groups

Source of Sum of Mean Sl.No Variables Variance PEG CG df F Variance Squares Square Pre test BG 0.90 1 0.90 25.00 24.70 0.23 Mean WG 144.20 38 3.79 Cognitive Post test BG 60.02 1 60.02 1 Anxiety 22.00 24.45 4.70* Mean WG 484.95 38 12.76

Adjusted BG 69.96 1 69.96 21.89 24.55 6.18* Mean WG 418.75 37 11.31 Pre test BG 1.22 1 1.22 24.00 23.65 0.24 Mean WG 190.55 38 5.01 Somatic Post test BG 24.02 1 24.02 2 Anxiety 21.95 23.50 3.86 Mean WG 235.95 38 6.20

Adjusted BG 30.02 1 30.02 21.85 23.59 6.14* Mean WG 180.81 37 4.88 Self Pre test BG 6.40 1 6.40 3 24.10 24.90 0.70 Confidence Mean WG 343.60 38 9.04 4

Post test BG 122.50 1 122.50 28.00 24.50 13.33* Mean WG 349.00 38 9.18 Adjusted BG 138.67 1 138.67 28.12 24.37 16.38* Mean WG 313.14 37 8.46 * P < 0.05 Table F, df (1,38) (0.05) = 4.09; (1,37) (0.05) = 4.10

An examination of table - II indicated that the obtained pre-test F-ratio for cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence was 0.23, 0.24, and 0.70 respectively. The table F-ratio was 4.09; hence the pre-test means of all psychological variables was insignificant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 38.

The obtained post-test F-ratio for cognitive anxiety and self confidence was 4.70, and 13.33 respectively. The table F-ratio was 4.09; hence the post-test means of all psychological variables was significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 38. In case of somatic anxiety the obtained post-test F-ratio was 3.86 which was not significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 38.

The obtained adjusted post-test F-ratio for cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence was 6.18, 6.14 and 16.38 respectively. The table F-ratio was 4.10; hence the post-test adjusted means of all psychological variables was at 0.05 level of confidence for the degree of freedom 1 and 37.

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Figure-I Shows the Mean Values of Selected Physical Variables of both Physical Exercises and Control Groups

Figure-II Shows the Mean Values of Selected Psychological Variables of both Physical Exercises and Control Groups

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Conclusions Within the limitation of the present study, the following conclusions were drawn.

 The physical exercise group showed a decreased level of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, speed and agility than the control group due to the training effects.

 Similarly, the physical exercise group showed an increased level of self confidence, explosive power and muscular endurance than the control group due to the training effects.

References

Barrow, H. M. and McGee, R. (1971). A Practical Approach to Measurement in Physical Education, Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. Engebretson, J., (2002). Culture and complementary therapies. Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery 8, 177–184. Richard N. Suinn, (1982). Psychology in Sports Methods and Applications. Delhi: Surjeet Publications. Shephard, R.J. (1997) Impact of aging on major physiological systems at rest and during Exercise in elderly people. J Sports Sci & Med. Sandvik, L., Erikssen, J., Thaulow, E., Erikssen, G.,Mundal, R. and Rodahl, K. (1993) Physical fitness as a predictor of mortality among healthy, middleaged Norwegian men. The New England Journal of Medicine 328, 533-537.

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