INTERh{AT!ONALf;SM
ANID NATICNALISM
By
Liu Shao-chi
F'OREIGN LAIq GUA(iE Ti PRE S S I'};}TIAY(;. C]I T;\TA CONTENTS Page
The Bourgeois-Natiorialist Concept of the Natlon 2
The Protreta rian-Internationalist Concept of Nation
The Present Conditions of Oppressor Nations and Oppressed Nations ...... 20
The Two Great Canlps in the Worid of Today and the Path of the National Liberation Movement
The Frogressive Character of Bourgeois Nationalism in Given HistoricaL Conditions and the Marxist- Leninist Attitude Toward Such Nationalism ... 42
Conclusion: Genuiqe Patriotisrn I* Intimate]^y Connected With Internationalism ri9
The Arrthor The resolution concerninS the Communist Party of Yugoslavia adopted by the Inlormation Bureau of the Comrnunist and Workers' Parties of Bulgaria' Rumania, Hungary, Poland" the U.S.S.R.' France' Czechoslovakia and Italy conclemned the antiSoviet position of the Tito clique-renegades of the pro" letariat" The resolution pointed out that this auti-Soviet position of the Tito clique proceeds frorn the nationalist programme of the trourgeoisie and is leadin$ to a betrayal of the cause of international tlnity of the work- ing people and to a nationalist position. The resolu- tion statedr "Such a nationalist position can only lead to Yugoslavia's degeneration into an ordinary bour(eois republic, to the loss of its independence and to its transformation into a colony of the imperialist countries." The resolution of the Central Committee of the Comrnunist Party of China on the Yugoslav Party also pointed out that the Tito clique, because oI its betrayal of a series oI the fundamental viewpoints of Marxism' Leninism, had fallen into the rnire of bourgeois nationalism and bourgeois parties. At the same tirne, our Central Committee pointed out that by passing this resolution, the Information Bureau was "fulfilling its So, in orden to understand bourgeois nationalism, obligal.ions to the cause oI preservin$ worlcl peace and we rntest first understarrcl the bourgeoisie as a class. and of defending the people oi Yugoslavia dernocracy, Fhe bourgeois-nationalist concept of the nation-the deception and a(sression of A.rnerican from the bourgeois approach to the nation-and its programfire imperia.lisrn." and policy in dealing with'"the national question, are What, then' is bourSeois nationalism? What is bas,ed upon the class foundation of the bourgeoisie and flows {rorn its narro'.r. class interests. thr: r'elation between lvlarxism-Leninisrn and the national question? Why is it that the anti-Soviet position o{ It is cornnron knowledge that the class interests of '.l.'ito make Yuf,oslavia a prey to tha the clique rvili the bourgeoisie are buiit on the foundation of capitalist imperialisrn, deception and aggiression of American exploitation. It seeks profits and rnore profits and still lrnri forfeit her independence, t[rere-by trarrs{oruring hel more profits. into a colon'y o{ imperialisur? 'fhe purpose of this article is to answer these questiotls. In order to TIee bourSeois ctrass itself is divided into several clariiy these questions, it will be necessary to deal different strata, and each of those into several groups. with some of the basic problerus oI ttre present-day In their pursuit of profits, the capitalists not only un- worlcl situation. scrupulously exptroit the proletariat; even within their own class tire capitalists do not scruple to swaltrow up their rivals in the process of cut-throat competition- X.. T[trtr EC{]P'GEOllS-iriATI(]I'{A{"nST CO}{CEIPII OF' the big fish swallows the little fish, the big bourgeoisie T'HE NATION swallows the petty and middle bourgeoisie, one ElrouP squeez'es out ancl swallows another group' The national question is closely linked with the quesLion o{ classes and the national struS$le is linked The bourgeoisie strives to possess the means ol with the class struSgle. "In different periods"' Com' procluction and the market of its own country. And rade S'calin has stated, '"clifferent classes apPear on the since its greed for profits knows no limits, the bour- arena of strugsie and each class has its own concept'lon geoisie, strives to expand beyond its own country, to of tlte natl'onal question." For this reason, "the seize foreign markets, sources of . raw materials and national e4uestion in different periods serve$ differeret areas for eapital investment, thus subju$atin$ other interests, ancl assurnes dil{erent aspects, depending na.tions and exploiting them. At the same time it upon whrch class poses this question and in what squeezes out the bourgeoisie or rival capitalists of other period." countries. The exploitation of wage labour, cornpetition, the The most vicious manifestations of the develop- squeezinS out, suppressing and swallowing of rivals orent oI bourgeois nationalism include the enslavement among the capitalists themselves, the resorting to war of the colonial and semi-colonial countries by the im- and even world war, the utilisation of all means to perialist powers, the First !(/orld War, the agsression secure a monopoly position in its own country and of Hitler, Mussolini and the Japanese warlords during throu$hout the world-such is the inherent character of the Second Iflorid War, and the schemes for the en- the profit-seekin$ bourgeoisie. This is the class basis slavernent of the whole world trndertaken by the of bourgeois nationalism and of all bourgeois ideologies. international imperialist camp, headed by American imperialism.
Conforming to this class basis, the bourgeois- X7hen a given nation is held in subjugation by nationalist prograrnme and policy concerningi the another nation or when oppressed by the feudalism of national question are as Iollows; its own country, the bour6leoisie, because oi the threat to its interests by such subjugation or oppression, may At home, the bourgeoisie subordinates the interests ioin with the people un.der certain qonditions in con- of the nation as a whole to its own class interests. It ducting a struggle to a certain extent aSainst such sub- places its class interests or the interests of a certain iu$ation or oppression. top stratum o{ society above the interests of the whole people. Moreover, it tries to monopolise the concept Instances of this are, the American bourgeoisie in of the nation, posing as the spokesman oI the nation the War for Independence and in the Arnerican civil and the defender of national interests in order to war; the French bourgeoisie at the tirne of the Freirch deceive the people. Abroad, at the same tirne, it coun- Revolution; the Italian bourgeoisie during the move- terposes the interests oI its own nation (in essence, of ment for the unification of Italy." At the preseut time its bourgeois top stratum) to the interests of other the bourgeoisie in the colonial and semi-colonial coun- nations. The bourgeoisie strives to place its own nation tries are also taking part in national revolutions' But above other nations and, whenever possible, to oppress as soon as the bour$eoisie of any nation obtains Power and exploit other nations, completely disregarding their and becomes capable of subiuSatinS other nations, it interests. It uses part of the loot gathered abroad to immediately makes a volte-face and bepiins to oppress buy ofl certain groups o{ the population within its them. This was the case with the nationalist nnove- country in order to weaken and split the resistance of ments of the bourgeoisie in Great Britain' the United the people in its horneland. States, France, Gernoa:ry, Italy, Japan, etc. In these
4 cases, the bourSeoisie, upon gaining po&,er, changecl its As we have shown, bottrgeois-nationalists in dit' position, and began oppressing other nations and saciri- ferent countries, upon gaining power, do not hesitata ficiug the interests of those nations. to pursue a policy oi a{gression a$ainst other nations. But under certain conditions, they r,vill sell out their When capitalism reaches thie staSe of irnperialisrn" own nation, help the irnperialists and rrrlers of other the ruling group in the capitaiist countries 'becornes rrations to oppress the people of their olu:r country and numericaLly smatrler and smaller. extrernely The sacrifice their own people lor the sake of safe(tlarding srnall clique of big bankers, financial matrinates and their possessioirs and preservlng their political power. autocrats on the one hand turns its o-wn corrntrry into a Such may be thc case when their own nation is sup financial empire, cruelly exploiting and oppressing the pnessed by the -,uighty prcssure cf Ioreign imperialism people, and on the other hand, it coilquers otirer nations when the ctrass interests of the bourgeoisie or of a one by one, convertin$ them into colonies and de- or pendencies of a fe'.q financiatr empires and resdrtins to certain upper strattrm oI the bourgeoisie come into the most brutal rneans of exploitation ancl oppression. sharp conflict with the basic interests of the people of The rnore wealth the predatory bourgeoisie amasses, its own country, or when the people rise in defence o[ the glreater becornes its 6ireed and ambition to absorb their interests and. threaten the power of the bour- and seize new wealth, and the ruore it intensifies its 6ieoisie, or when the bourgeoisie is intimidatecl or bribed oppression of the people within its own co'untry and by rulers of other nations or foreign imperialists. steps up its ag$ression a@ainst r:ther nations. Such A well-known historical instance of this kind is the domestic oppression and foreign agsression will be all the more carried out under the cloak of nationalism, case of the repre"sentative of the French bourSeoisie, Germany the time which even arbitrarily boasts ,of its own nation as a Thiers, who betrayed France to at "superior race" euclowed with the right to dominate of the Paris Comnnune, More recent exarnples are thq other nations and to suppress the "in{erior races.'l betrayals by big bourgeois Chian$ Kai-shek and Wang Ching-wei of semi-colonial China; and during Hitler's When several imperialist polvrlrs seek to plunder invasion, the betrayals by Daladier and Petain of the weaker nations of the worXd, the result is an France, Pilsudski and Eeck of Foland, Hacha ol Cze- imperialist world war for the redis[ribution of colonies. choslovakia, Quisling of Norvray. Furthermore, since And this crirne, the most monstrous in world history, the end o{ the Second World War, owing to the critical is comrnitted by the bourgeoisie under the hanner o{ state of capitalisrn, the reactionaries of Great Britain, "nationalisin." France, Italy and other European countries are
{3 kowtowing even more readily to American imperialism a product oI tbe system oI chss erpk*tatioq it b oaly and acting as its lacheys, natural that the proletariat, which exploits no one and fights for a social system without the exploitation oI Only when it is to its own advantage does the bour- man by man, should be opposed to any oppressioo ot Seoisie use the slo$an of nationalism to arouse the peo- one nation by ancther. The proletariat cannot coun- ple. But when it is against its interests, the bour{eoisie tenance in society any system of oppression of rrau by completely discards the inte_rity oi their nation and man for otherwise it could not achieve its owu turns traitor to their people. emancipatioa.
Such is the bourgeois-nationalist concept of thc For this reason, the proletariat is resolutely nation and the class foundation upon which it is based, opposed to any kind oi national oppression, It fights Sueh is the basic principle and prograrrme of bour" not only against the oppression of its own nation by auy geois nationalisno for dealing with national questions other nation, but a,lso against its own nation oppressing throu$hout the wonld. This bourgeois-nationalist con. anpther, It advocates the cornplete equality of all cept of the nation also tepresents the world outlook oI nations (large or small, strong or weak) both at home the bourgeoisie. and in the family of nations, and it also advocates the voluntary association and voluntary separation of all nations. The gradual movement towards world unity 2. TIIE PROLETA.RIAN.INTERNATXONAT,IST ean be achieved tha'ough different concrete paths such CONCEPT THE OF NATION as voluntary separatiom (the aim o$ which is to smash the oppression and control of the innperialists over the proletarian.internationalist The concept of the vast maiority of the world's nations) and voluntary nation is diametrically opposite to the bourgeois- association (with various nationalities uniting on a com- nationalist concept of the nation, The proletarian- pletely voluntary basis after imperialist oppression has tuternationalist approach to the national question and been eliminated). its basic principles for dealing with the national ques- tion throughout the world proceed from the basic intet- Such is the proletarian-internationalist concept of ests of the masses of the given nation, and at the same the nation and the class, basis on which it is founded, time, frorn the connrnon interests of the masses of the Such is the basic principle and proSramme of prole- people of every nation, which are the comrnon basio tarian internationalism for dealing with the national question intereets of all rnankind. Since national agsressioa is throughout the world. t , Guided by ttre foregoing principles, Communists gives 5ireat aid and impetus to the socialist revolution in all the oppressecl nations have always constituted the of the proletariat throughout the world. etaunchest vanguard fighters leadin$ the anti-imperialist Therefore, it is clear that if the Cornmunists in the national liberation movements o{ the oppressed nations, oppressec{ nations fail to take concrete steps to fight For example, we Chinese Communists are thorou$h, against imperialist oppression and for national libera- proletarian internationalists and are, at the same time' tion, i[ they regard "internationalism" as windout revolutionary patriots and revolutionary national merely dressingf, then they are betraying proletarian interna- fighters, most staunchly opposing atrl imperialist ap$res' tionalisrn, playing into the hands of imperialism, sion against the Chinese nation, defendin$ the freedorn descending to thc level of the rnean and conternptible and independence of our fatherland and opposin$ all Trotskyites and, as a result, becoming faithful agients traitors, oI imperialism. the party of the Chinese pro- In China, it was Furthermore, Cornrnunists will be betrayin$ the letariat, and not the party of the bour$eoisie or the proletariat and Communism and playing the Same of petty-bour$eoisie, that first raised a clear-cut Pro- the imperialists all over the world and will make fightinS a$ainst irnperialism and for Sramrne for themselves pawns oi the imperialists, if, after their independence. Comrnunist Party of national Our own rratiorr has been freed from imperialist oppression, been the leacler and or$aniser o[ the China has always the Coromunists descend to a positiqn oi bourgeois anti-imperialist national united front of the Chinese nationalisrn, carryins out a poliey of national selfisb- people. The scale of this national uniteC front em' ness and sacrificing the comrnorr international interests braces workers, peasants, intellectualsn the petty'bour' of the working people and the proletarian masses of the national bourgeoisie and even the pro$res- Seoisie, all tire nations throrrghorrt the world to fhe interests cf sive gentry" This revoluiiora.ry national liberatio'r {he u.pper slratum of their ourn nationl or if they not only" movement is not in cr:ntradiction to proletarian inter- fail to oppose imperialism but on the contrary rely nationalism, but is entirely consistent with it. It con- on irnperialist aid to carry out aggiression and oppres- stitutes an extremely important inteSral part of the sion against other nations; or if they employ national movement o[ proletarian internationalism, constitutin$ conservatism ancl exclusive ideas to oppose proletarian its broadest direct ally. The victory of this national liberation movement is a (reat step florward alon$ the internationalism, to reject the international unity of path of the proletarian internationalist cause' for it the proletariat and the working people and to oppose
10 the Sosialist Sovfut Union. The Tito clique ia Yry Ioundations of irnperialist domination, it would be goslavia path. , is now takfuig this extremely difficult Ior the proletariat of the imperialist ' countries to achieve victory in the struggle against Guided by the foregoing principles, the Conr" l rnonopoly capital mr.lnists in all oppressor nations, in all irnperialisI and to attain its emancipation. eountries, have always staunchly and unconditionally Hence, aid for the liberation movements o[ the colonial and semi-colonial opposed aggression and oppression against colonial countries is, at the same time, aid for the cause I and semi-colonial countries by the rulers of their own of the emancipation of the proletariat in the imperialis{ nations-the imperialist clique. The Comrnunists oi countries. these couotries have used every means to giive un- Guic{ed by the f oregoing principles, thereforc, conditional aid to national liberation movements in the a{ter overthrowing imperialist rule in their countries colonies and semi-colonies, They advocate cornplete and gaining powe,:, the Communists must immediately I independence and complete emancipation of the put an end to every oppression imposed by "their" colonial and semi-colonial countries from the im- imperialists upon other nationalities, whether inside or perialist control of their own countries, As examples, outside of that country, For example, as soon as the we can refer to the Communists in Czarist Russia, in October Revolution in Russia had overthrown the Great Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Czar and the hourfeois provisional gqvernment and ltaly, Japan, Holland, Belgium, etc. As staunch gained power, Lenin and Stalin, for the first time in nationalists, they resolutely oppose the imperialists r:f the history of mi nkind, immediately proclaimed tht their own eountries who carry out oppression and abrogation of all the unequal treaties which Czariet aSsression aSainst India, Malaya, the Fhilippines, Russia had imposecl upon China and other countries, Indonesia, Viet-Nam, China, Central and South abolished the whole system of enslavement whiclr America, Africa and other colonial and scmi-colonial Russian imperialism had imposed on its colonies and countries. They consistently fight for aud help the semi:colonies and proclaimed the complete equality oi oppressed nations attain independence and liberation. all nationalities within the country. This is the correct application of fhe great principles proletarian The Comrnunists of take this position because they internationalism, fully understand the lamous sayinS o[ Marx that "no nation which oppresses others can itself be lree". Therefore, if there are individuals in the ranks o[ They understand that without such national liberation the proletariat oi oppressor nations who regard "inter movements, which s&p, weaken and tmdermine the nationalism" as windou-dressing or who sink to the r2 13 _l
position o[ bourgecis nationalism, helping the imperial- countriee, guided by the foregoing principles, placed ists o[ their own countries to suppress the colonial, themselves heroically in the very foref ront ol the semi-colonial and backward countries, instead of national resistance in the fight a[ainst the fascist extending support to the national liberation movements aggressors, of the colonies and semi-colonies, they are betraying proletarian internationalism-the cause of Socialism The European countries enslaved by ttre Marshall and Communism-and become agents of imperialism. Plan of Arnerican imperialisrn rnay serve as another For example, the representatives of the labour example, The reactionary bour$eoisie of these coun- same time, contitaues to suppress the aristocracy who have been bought off by imperialism- tries, at the also tha Right-wing o[ the Social-Democratic parties in national revolutionary s.truggle in the colonies with the imperialism. This is France is various cormtries and the Right-wing of the British aid of American what doing in Indo-China, Britain in Malaya and in other Labour Party-belong to this type of proletarian oolonies, and the Netherlands in Indonesia, Guided renegiade, Furthermore, if after cominS into power by the foregoing principles, the Cornmunists of these when imperialist domination has heen overthrown in irnperialist countries, on the one hand, must of fer their own country, the Commuuists do not immediately determined resistance to Arnerican imperialism's en- abolish imperialistic oppression a6lainst other nations slavement and aggression a6iainst their own nations; and do not proclaim the cornplete equality of all they must fight against the capitulation of their bour- peoples country; instead they continue within their i[ geoisie to the United States and aSainst the betrayal oppression and pursue an aggressive policy national of their nations by "the bourSeoisie and defend the people, pro- toward other they too will be betraying independence of their nations; on the other hand, they letarian internationalisrn*the cause of Socialism and must resolutely oppose the imperialist colosial policy "international- Cosrrnunism; it rneans that they regard of the bourgeois rulers of their own country ancl the ism" as window-dressing and hetve de$enerated to the oppression and exploitation of the colonial peoples bv p,osition of bourgeois nationalisrn, their bourSeois rulers, and they must unconditionally support the liberation However, und.er certain historical conditions, movement of the colonial peoples a$ainst the irnperialists of their own countries. oppres$or nations may become oppressed nations, A case in point is when Hitler invaded and conquered In such a situation, the Right-wing of the Sociai- France, Belgiurn and Holiand. Then in contrast to the Democratic parties in the European countri.es and of bourgeois national traitors, the Communists of ttrrose the British T-abour Party continues on the one hand,
14 to pursue an imperialist policy toward the colonies and, the national qu6stion (and especially two different on the other hand, to support the Marshall Plan which world outlooks)." cnslaves their own countries, The Communist parties Thus we can also understand why a sharp line relentlessly fight these renegades. must be drawn between proletarian internationalism and its position on the national question, and bourgeois Such are the varied eoncrete pro$rammes and nationalism. Any Communist who descends to the policies which proletarian internationalism adopts on position of bourgeois nationalism is betrayinS Com' the national question in different nations and under munism. different conditions. These programmes and policies are deternnined by the basic comtnon interests of the Thus we can also understand that, in view of the masses of the people c,f the Siven nations as well as bourgeois-nationalist concept oI the nation and its by the interests oi the masses of the people of all programmes and policies in dealing with the national nations, In other words, they proceed from the basic question, any imperialism, whenever possible, will common interests of all mankind, and at the same time certainly carry out agsression and oppression against they are in full accord with the class interests of the other nations and certainly will not honestly assist proletariat. other nations in achieving independence and liberation, Soraetimes an imperialist country may help an Such is the concrete application of the worid oppressed nation to {ight against another imperialist diflerent outlook oi proletarian internationalism in country; however, the imperialist country does not do historical conditions, this for the sake of the independence and liberation of the oppressed nation-it does this, rather, to make use Having gained a clear idea as to the bourgeois- of the oppressed nation against its rival, to escape from nationalist and proletarian-internationalist concepts of its own disasters and to attempt to establish its own the nation, we can understand that bour$eois national- imperialist ism and proletarian internationalism represent two rule over the oppressed nation after its rival has been squeezed out. clifferent classes, two antaSonistic world outlooks, ideologies and slogans. Lenin said: "Bourgeois na' The purpose of Hitler's plan to establish "the New tionalism and proletarian internationalism are two Order in Europe;" of the Japanese warlords' plans to irreconcilable, mutually anta$onistic sloSans, They establish the "Co-prosperity Sphere in Greater East -Co-existence conform to the two great class camps oI the whole Asia" and "Sino-Japariese and Co- capitalist world, and manifest two difierent policies on prosperity", oI American imperialism's so-called "Mar-
16 the national rninorities within their own shall Plan lor European Recovery'", "Aid lor China's oppressing Economic Reconstruction", "Aid for Korean Indepen' country, uence", and "Aid for Philippine Independence", of Thus we can understand that [here is rrot the Britain's "'Aid for Indian ancl Burnaese Independence", stightest basis lor such derna$ogic propa$anda and and the like-the purpose of all these is not to assist malicious slander of the imperialists as: "Inasrnuch as in the rehabilitation of other nations or to help the the Comrnunists are internationalists, they cannot lead oppressed nations to fight for their independence and the movernents for national liberation and indepen- liberation, but to estabiish or preserve 'their own rule dence, they cannot safe$uard the interests of their over other nations. nation or their fatherland"; '"The Soviet Union is guilty No oppressed nation can achieve real liberation of Red imperialism"; "The Soviet Union Pursucs an and independence through the so'called aid of aggressive policy toward China, Korea, and other irnperialist powers. No imperiaXist country can be countries"l "The Soviet Union pursues an expansionist expected to extend genuine help to the cause of real policy"; etc. independence and liberation, Thus, we can under' pro- stand that it would be extremely erroneous and harm' Only the Communists and the international ful to harbour illusions that American imperialism letariat, only the Soviet Union and the New De' most wo'utrd in good faith help the Chinese people to achieve mocracies led by the Ccimmunist Parties are the real independence, peace and dernocracy. reliable friends oi all oppressed nations fighting for their liberation and national independence' The aid concept Guided by the proletarian-internationalist of the Soviet Union, of the international proletariat its pro$ramme and policy in of the nation, and by and of the Cornmunists is the most important condition the national qu.estion, the Communists dealing with for the victory of all nations in fighting for liberation be the most determined, most reliable and most must from imperialist oppression, for national independence' capable leaders of the movement for the national To harbour mistrttst aild unlriendliness toward the liberation and independence of all oppressed nations' Sovie[ Union and the New Democracies led by the They must be the most deterrnined defenders of the Comrnunist Parties and to re(arcl "the capitalist coun' legitirnate interests of their orvn people and aid un' fries as less danSerous to Yu$oslavia than the Soviet conditionally the liberation movement of all oppressed IJnion", as the Tito-ites are doin$, is extremeiy na-iions the world over. They cannot pursue a policy errtrneous and harmful. of agi5iression against any other nation or a poliey of
t8 To re{ard, as the Tito-ites do, the loreign policy ' permit a single state to remain really neutral. of the Soviet Union and the foreign policies of the And finally, we have not more than a quarter oI a imperialist countries as beinS the same, or to conluse billion inhabitants of countries in which only the Lhem, and to adopt the same attitude to the Soviet upper stratum, of course, only the capitalists, Union and the New Democracies led by the Communist benefited by the partition of the world." Parties as is adopted toward imperialist countries- This is the national question oi the modern world' this is extremely erroneous and harmful, a result oI question imperialists of a small num- the betrayal of the basic principles of Marxism- This is the of the ber of countries (the upper stratum and the capitalists) Leninisrn, the betrayal of proletarian internationalism oppressing and plundering the colonial and and it constitutes a degeneration to the position oi mercilessly semi-colonial countries the world over. This is the bourgieois nationalism. situation in the sphere of the national question, reflect- ing the sharpening of the contradictions in the capitalist ;]. 1I'HE I'RF]SENI] CON.OITIONS OF OPPRESSOR world and the sharpening of the uneven development NATIONS AND OPPRESSED NATIONS of capitalism in dillerent countries in the epoch of im- perialism. This situation, on the one hand, cannot but Imperialist aglression has divided the nations of lead to a sharp struggle of the imperialist countries for the world into two categories-oppressor and colonies; on the other hand, to an up'surge of the world' oppressed. After \florld 'War I, Lenin made an wide national liberation movement of all the oppressed apalysis of these two categories of nations as follows: peoples fighting afainst imperialism and for liberation. "A billion and a quarter oppressed in tire During the latter period oi the First IUflorld \JVar, colonies-countries which are being cut up alive, the Russian proletariat pierced the imperialist front like Persia, Turkey, and China; and countries over one sixth of the earth's surface and carried out which have been vanquished and flung into the the gireat October Socialist Revolution. Thus the position of colonies. Not more than a quarter ot world was divided into two diflerent economic systems. a billion inhabit countries which have retained The First I(/orld War and the Russian October Revolu- their old positions, but.have fallen into economic tion led to the general crisis o{ capitalism. Under the dependence upon America, and all of them dur- conditions of this general crisis, bour$eois nationalism ing the wat, were in a state of military dependence, became even more lop-sided, more cruel and more Ior the war a{Ieeted the whole world and did not agsressive" Fascism in Gerrnany, Italy, Japan and 2l the peoples ol the rnonopoly capital in the period of a ngw acc-:entuation other countries, aimecl at enslavinp most general crisis of eapitalisnn. ;.* the product of the most decadent and of the ;;;ld, of the reactionary monopoly capital under conditions The basic situation of the nations of the world capitalism' sharp contradictions in after the Second World War is roughtry as follows: d**C World War I n-JaPanese anti-fascist On one side, there is the Socialist Soviet Union' fascists were defeated the help n[ the leacler of all the peoptres oI the world in the stru$$tre for"u., headed by the Sovie Eastern Euro- against imperialisnn and fascisrn" After defeating nu Sooiut Union, the peoptres of various -ttrrougt' German-Italian-Japanese fascism, the Soviet Union broke the front o[ imperialism n-rt continuesto aclvance towards eve:'-$reater prosperity' established"r""*ries their New f)ernocratic states' ancl to struggle for the defenee'of world peace, democracy the of peoptres" It has a popula- The Cornmunist Parties in all countries of and thelndepenenence all and the Next is the Mongolian People's *.,.1J provecl to be the rnost heroic leaders tion of 200 million. fatherland dur' R.epubtric which has a population of r:ne nnillion and st'onAest forees in the defence of their their presti$e lib*outr:d long a$o. Then, there are New De- ,'*g in:* great Anti-Fascist !(/ari thereiore **, be' countries in Southeastern Europe-Czeeho- *ri"og ihu p""pl"* *** extrernetv high and they rnocratic powerful' The nationat revotu' slovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, Hun$ary, Rumania, At- a total population of 85 ""*u*.rrrpr"cedentedlyof ihe East are sweeping like wild bania and Ytaf,oslavia-with tionary struSgles countries following their liberation China, Viet-Naur' Indonesia' Burma' miitrion. These iit; inrorgl, Itaiian lascist slavery, are marchin$ countries' 'Ihus' the worlcl situation frorn German and Malaya anJ other under the leadership of their Com- \$ilorld underwent a nerv basic chanSe toward socialisrn, affer War II However, in one of these countries' devetropment of the $en' munist Parties' signiiying a new and sharper the betrayal of the Tito with that which fol' YuSoslavia, as a result of eral crisis of capitalis* a$ainst those "'*pu'udWar' At present' Arnerican clique, the proletariat is wa$in$ a struS$tre io*"a the Firsi Vor,d who have betrayed thern. i*f.tioUt*, reptacing Hitler and the Japanese war- plans for addition, there is liherated Northern Korea lords, has mapped out even more vicious In peoples of the Eastern Germnany, with a population approxi' rlorninatin$ and enslaT in$ the various and 9f policy on a rirately 30 rnillion. Besides these, there are the peoples world uoJ huu lorrnulated its expansionist this is anothen who are still directly ensa$ed in the struSflle afainst world-wide scale' Needtress to sayr reactionary {oreign imperiaiism and a$ainst the betrayers of their p,roduct of the most desadent and mmt
21 countries. These include the Liberated Areas of China This is one side o[ the situation. which have a population of 168 million' who have com- On the other hand, with the defeat of German, pletely shaken off imperialist oppression and are carry- Italian and Japanese fascism, three of the world's six ing on New Democratic construction under the leader- greatest imperialist powers (the United States, Great ship of the Communist Party of China. If we add to Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Japan) have been these the already liberated parts of the population of smashed. Viet-Nam, Indonesia, Greece and other countries, then, At the present time, the imperialist powers still possessinS colonies (of varying sizes and number) com- prise the United States, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Portu$al and others. The num- ber of the imperialist powers has decreased' But the enslavement of the peoples of the world by one im- ' The liberated peoples already exceed one-fourth perialist bountry, American imperialism, has assumed of the population of the globe. This signifies a regene- an unprecedented scale. Even such countries as Great ration of the world and bears testimony to the scope Britain and France have been weakened as a result of and level that mankind has already attained in its the enormous losses sustained in the war, not to men- strugple for emancipation. Undoubtedly the number tion the Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal and others' It of the liberated peoples from now on will grow day by dry. is true that reactionaries of these countries continue to It will not be long before the whole of mankind use violent, sanAuinary and imperialist rnethods to will be freed from imperialist domination. No matter strangle the liberation movement oI the colonial peo- rvhat setbacks the struggle may sustain, its general ples. Nevertheless, since the bour{eoisie of these trend toward liberation is an inevitable and irresistible countries have sold out their own nations, and as a law of history. result of the treasherous policy cf the Right'wing of The prospect of the complete liberation of China,s the Social-Democratic Parties and of the British Labour 475 million population is especially clear, in view o[ Part!, these countries have become dependent nations the series of victories by the gireat people's Liberation and protectorates under the domination of American Army. imperialism. Thus. besides the above-mentioned 500 million n ,uri,tten This article uos in Nouember, 1g4g, uhetr, onlg a pafi of Chi.na was liberdted people already liberated, more than 1,300 million peo'
24 ple throughout the world (exclusive of the United 4. TIIE l'WO GITEAT CA}IPS IN TIIE'iryO&tD OII States) find thernselves dircctly or indirectly under TODAY AND TI{E PATII OF'TIIE I'IA.TIONA'L the single domination of American imperialism. The LIBERA,TION MOVEMENT reactionaries in Great Britain, France, the lrletherlands and other countries have in effect turned traitor to their As inclicated above, the national question in the nations and have become iunior partners of the Ameri. present-day world is essentially a question of the ex" ploitation and oppression, or attempted exploitation and oppression, of the nations the world over hy American innperialism as well as the strugsles of all nations in' the world against the oppression and exploitation by representatives amount to only a handful, only about Arnerican irnperialisrn in order to achieve national libe- one thousand people. ration or to defend national independence.
the Second World War, the Ameri- These eight major financial groups, having one Even during rnade plans for plundering thousand people, on the one hand rule the 140 million can imperialists had their and oppressinS all the nations of the world. After the American people wittrin their country, while on the put Truman Doctrine and the Marshall other hand, on the basis oi the American capitalist war, they the Plan into operation, thus step by step brin$inS many social system, they directly or indirectly enslave all countries and nations of the world under their own the nations of the world, with the exception of the Soviet control and rule, preparinS a network of mitritary bases Union and other liberated nations. If we include the throuShout the world, settinS their foot in all countries American people, the dominatiorr of the eight big Ameri- and interr"ening in the domestic affairs of other coun' can financial groups directly or indirectly extends to tries. All these activities sternmed from their am' ahnost three-quanters s9 States, can rise up and overthrow the rule of their liberation movelnents of thu opprqssed 4ationp in thc monopoly capitalists, abolish the imperialist domestic colonies and semi-coLonies, and every blon' delivered and foreign policies of their countries and carry out to imperialism, constitute the best and most direct proletarian socialist domestic and national policies, help to the proletariat and the peoples in imperialist then they will have completely liberated not only the countries. The proletariat, the Comrnunist Parties and peoples of their countries, but also all the oppressed the people's dernocratic forces in all countries, nations of the world as well. It follows that the especially those in irnperialist cortntries, rnust give still complete victory of the proletariat and the peoples oI more support to the national independence and libera- these countries, as well as every blow they deliver to tion movemepts in colonial and serni-coloniatr countries, the rule of the monopoly capitalists of their countries, and take further steps in building up a united {ront constitutes the best and most direct help to the with them in opposition to the rule of irnperialism' oppressed nations of the world. Therefore, the This is because both are facinf a common enemy, and national liberation movernents oI the oppressed nations the victory of one helps the other to win victory' of the world must endeavour to obtain help from the It can thus be seen that the existence and proletariat and the people in the imperialist countries, prosperity of the anti-imperialist, sosialist Soviet and to form with them a united front in opposition to Union, and the existence and development of the New the rule of imperialism. This is because both are Dernocracies of Eastern Europe, constitute a heavy facing a common enemy, and the victory oi one helps American imperialism and its lackeys-the the other to win victory. blow to reactionaries of other countries--and to the rule oi It can thus be seen that the victories of the world imperialism. All this signiiies and accentuates national independence movements of the oppressect the general crisis of world capitalism, brinSs ever nations of the world over the imperialists of the United nearer the final collapse o[ worlcl capitalism, stren$- States, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands and thens the socialist revolution of the proletariat in all other countries, will deprive these countries of their countries and the carnp of the national liberation colonies, undermine the fbundation on which they movement of all oppressed nations, and brin$s the dominate the greatly world, weaken the rule of the socialist and New Democratic revolutions in all coun- imperialists in their home countries, and will therefore tries ever nearer to victory. lead to the liberation of the proletariat and the peoples of these countries from the rule oI imperialism. Thus In his letter to the Soviet Union iust beiore his the victories gained by the national independence and death in the sprin$ oI 1925, the great Chinese patriot' gt, t'This question Dr. Sun Yat-setl wrote: great union of tree te' coloniesi before they can solve the national puhlics, bequeathed by the intmortal Lenin to the of the world today, i.e., to liberate all oppressed the oppressed nations of the world, is a real inheritance nations and consequently to abolish the rule ol with which sufferers under imperialism will protect monopoly capitalists in their home countries, which is their freedom and free themselves from the inter- the cause of imperialist agfression. slavery, war ancl national system based on ancient That is to say: the Communists anc{ the peoples of is as lresh as ever. This truth selfishness." This truth all countries must base themselves on proletarian inter- a$ainst was borne out once adain in the last world war nationalism, on the prol'etarian-internationalist concept future fascism. It will be borne out aglain in the of the nation and the proletarian-internationalist pro' struggle lor the litreration of mankind. Comrade Mao grammes and policies with re{ard to the question of Tse-tung Eave a similar explanatiore in his New De' the nation, unite with the labouring people and the macracy: anti-imperialist revolutionary forces in all countries of "The choice is between unil"iirg rvith the Soviet the wbrld and unite with the Soviet lInion and the New Union and uniting rvith imperialism. Xt must be one Democracies of Eastern Europe, in a common stru$Sle or the other. That is the line o[ ctremarcation between through rnutual assistanee aird mutual support in order patriotism and the betrayal of one's owtl country, to liberate all oppressed nations and solve the national between revolution and counler-revolution, between question of the world today. progress and retrogression for any natiotr. Opposing That is to say: if one follows the bourgeois-na" thb Soviet Union will surely be servinS the interest of tionalist concept of the nation, and adopts its pro-' irrlperialisrn and betrayinf the interest of one's own and poLicies with regard to the national nation." 6irammes question, opposes the Soviet Union instead of uniting All that which was said above explains one funda- with it, opposes the New Democracies of Eastern mental questioni that is; the oppressed nations, the Europe instead of uniting with them, opposes the Com' proletariat and the penp,le's democratic forces in all munists, the proletariat and the people's democratic countries must unite with each other, unite with the forces in all countries instead of uniting with them, Soviet Union, and unite with the New Democracies of opposes the national liberation rnovements in colonial Eastern Europe before they can defeat the plans o[ and semi-colonial countries instead of uniting with American imperialism lor the enslavement of the them, does the same as the Tito clique is doiog in Yu{o- worl cortcerhing this question, ahd his otrra theories set sion are policies brouSht about by the development of forth in this book analysing in detail the transition of the capitalist system of evploitation, which has as its the Chinese revolution from the period of old final outcome the ianatical attempts of American denrocracy to New Democracy, are absolutely correct. inperialism to achieve world domination, the counter- Only by directing the national liberation movements rerrolutionary policies of American imperialism for the on the basis of these correct theories can we liberate enslavement of the world have, with unprecedented all the oppressed nations in the world and solve the clarity, foined toSether the socialist, revolutionary world's national question today. In China the Com' movements of the proletariat in the capitalist guzerain munists stand at ttre forefront of all those strugglins bountries and the, national liberation movements of the against American imperialist aggiression, aglainst Kuo' oppressed nations. These policies also point out with mintan6i reactionary rule, and against the oppression unprecedented clarity that to gp.root imperialist afgres- of feudalism and brireaucratic capitalisrn. Not only sion, the rule of the monopoly capitalists in capitalist the Communists, but also all democratic parties, suzerain countries must be overthrown. people's organisations and non-palty democratic elements -_ so long as they are really opposing irn- The ultimate Soal of the struSsle of rirankind perialisrn, for liberation will be socialism and Communism. the Kuomintang reactionary rule, feudalism 'fln and bureaucratic capitalism, ancl are not merely payin{ According to the famous saying of Molotov: the iip service to revolution while actually attempting to age we live in, all roads lead to Communism." The sabota$e revolution-should bear the above principles peoples of all nations will reach this destination along paths concrete oppressed in mind and work for their realisation, and should their own of struggle. For the struSgle for national liberation is the path neither think nor act otherwise. If they think or act nations, otherwise, they are heading up a blind alley and will which must be travelled. Only when the system of the replaced by be left behind by the revolutionary army.. exploitation of man by man has been socialism, as in the Soviet Union, can a€fression be There is not the slightest doubt that to regard the completely elirninated. The Socialist Soviet Union has question national as separate from the class question, abolished all fornrs of class exploitation. In the Soviet or to regard the national struggle as separate from thb Union, tLere are unlimited prospects for the develop- class strug{Ie, is absolutely wronli and harmful and ment of her social productive forces. She does not constitutes forrn a oi deception adopted by landlord allow others to wape agsressi-in against her. Nor does and. bourgeois reactionaries. Inasmuch as reactionary she want-to wage aSsression a$ainst others, since, there bourge 40 -t! Thus she has become a bulwark in the light against This variety oI nationalism also has a certain objective the imperialist aggression, she has becorne the most progressive historical significance' reliable and the best friend of the oppressed nations of the world. After socialism has been gradually carried out in all countries, the word "aggression" will be .r strangie archaic word existing only in man's mind. This is the only road leadin[ to the ultimate countries as China. India, Korea, Indonesia, the Philip- liberation of the whole of mankind as well as the piues, Viet-Narn, Burnra, Edypt, etc', bourpeois national- ultimate liberation of all nations of the world. i.* inevitably developecl. This was because the national bourgeoisie in these countries has interests in the first place to those oI imperialisrn' 5. THE PROGRESSIVE CHARA.CTER OF BOUR. anta$onistic of the dornestic back- GEOIS NATIONALISM IN GIVEN IIISTORICAL in the second place to those "nd these leudal forces CONDITIONS AND THE MARXIST.LENINIST ward leudal forces. Moreover, and hamperin[ ATTITUDE TOWABD SUCH NATIONALISM unite with imperialism in restrictin{ the developrnent of the national bourgeoisie' There- is Marxism-Leninism considers all questions in their fore, the national bour$eoisie in these countries historical settings. Marxist-Leninists view bour6leois revolutionary in a certain historical period and to a cnun- nationalism under the given historical conditions. certain degree. .Bourgeois nationalism in these the Drawing a distinction between its different obiective tries has a decidldly progressive significance when roles, they decide what different attitudes the pro- ise the masses in the stru$$le a$ainst letariat should take toward it. the feudal {orces' As Lenin pointed delivered at the Second Congress of In the early period of capitalism, the national the Eastern Peoples), nationalism of this type "has movement led by the bourgeoisie had as its obiective historical iustification". Therefore the proletariat, the struggle against oppression by other nations and with the aim of overthrowing the rule of imperialism the creation of a national state. national move- This and the feudal forces, should collaborate with this ment was historically proliressive, and the proletariat bourgeois nationalisrn which plays a definitely anti- supported it. imperialist and anti-Ieudal role provided, as Lenin said, In the present period, such bour{eois nationalism that these allies do not hinder us in educatin$ and still exists in the colonial and semi:colonial countries. orSanising the peasantry and the broad masses of the 4,1' 43 exploited people in a revolutionary spirit. The clear0st of the three policies of alliance with the Soviet Union. of tt lt type oI collaboration was that which alliance with the Chinese Communist Party and sup- existed"*a*ple between us Chinese Communists and Sun Yat' port for the workers and peasants. He also advocated sen. that "the Chinese nation should strive to liberate itsell" "there be Sun Yat-sen's nationalism was a form oi bourgeois and that should equality for all nbtionalities country" (Declaration the Congiress nati.onalism. The Three People's Principles of Sun Yat- within the of First Thus turned toward New sen, as Comrade Mao Tse-tunS pointed out in his iVero of the Kuornintang). he Democracy and we Communists therefore adopted the Democracy, had ,od"r$one 6ireat chan$es in the two historical'periods before and after the Russian October policy of collaborating with him. This collaboration 'soc.ialist Revolution. In the former pcriod, it carne was absolutely correct and necessary for national was accord the interests of the under the catepiory of old dernocracy, that is, it remain- liberation and in with proletariat even was an un- ed within the scope of bour$eois democratic revolution at the time, thoufh it temporary and unstable alliance which was of the old world and was a'part of the bourgeois ancl reliable, betrayers capitalist world revolution. In the latter period, how- later undermined by the shameless of Dr. Sun's cause. ever, it belonSed to New Democracy, that is, it pertained to the scope of new bourgeois democratic revolution Althou$h Sun Yat-sen's world outlook at the time and was a part ol the proletarian Socialist world re' was still of a bourgeois or petty-bourgeois character, volution. and although his nationalism was still a form of bour- geois nationalism preservin6! some reactionary features Sun Yat-sen's nationalism in the old democratic (for instance, his concepts of so-called "common blood" to the current era had a dual character. His opposition "state and nation" and "Greater Asianism" etc.), never- pro$res- rulers of China, the Manchu Dynasty, had a theless he stood for the doctrine of a national revolu- sive character. Yet the Greater Han'ism he advo- tion which called for "arousing the people and uniting cated had a reactionary character. After the October in a common struSgle with all nations in the world Democtatic Revolution, when China entered the New who treat us as equals." He also put into effect the ,era, fro"9 us he received help from the IJ.S.S.R. and three great policies of alliance with the U.S.S.R., revised his nationalism Chinese Communists. He then alliance with the Chinese Communist Party and sup- toward characterised by Greater Han-ism and turned port for the workers and peasants. This was an ex- his active revolutionary nationalism,' characterised by cellent illustration of the prog[ressive character oI pdoption opposition to imperialist a{[ressipn apd lrig revolutionary bourgeois nationalism in colonial and $'1. ,semicolonial countries during the new era o[ wqrld So- rendered to imperialism. If this were not done, it enorrnous revolutionary cialist revolution. It was o[ would be a Srave rnistake. significance. On the other hand, the Comrnunists in these coun' However, shortly after Sun Yat-sen's death, the tries should enter into an anti-imperialist alliance with brazen betrayers of his cause-the representatives o[ that section of the national bourgeoisie which is still the big bourgeoisie, such as ChianS Kai-shek, Wang opposing inaperialism and which does not oppose the ChinS-wei and other reactionary leaders ol the Kuo- anti-imperiaiist struggle of the masses of the people. mintan$-began to turn Sun Yat-sen's doctrine of Should the Communists fail to do so in earnest, should national revolution toward the opposite and extreme. they to the contrary, oppose or reiecl such an alliance, ly counter-revolutionary direction. They swunpi from it would also constitute a Srave mistake. Such an the anti-imperialist stru6if,le to capitulation to alliauce must be established in all sincerity even if imperialism, from alliance with the Soviet Union to it should be of an unreliable, tenrporary and unstable stru$gling against it, Irom unity with the Chinese nature. Communist Party to attacks on the Party, from The experience of the revolution in other countries supporting the workers and peasants to slau$htering as well as in China fully confirrns the correctness of the them. Moreover, they used the conservative and reac- scientific Marxist-Leninist conclusion that the national tionary features of Sun Yat-sen's nationalism'as their question is closely linked with the class question anti-national banner. It therefore became necessary and the national struSgle with the class strugsle. for the Communist Party, in order to defend the inter- An historical analysis of class relations reveals why ests oi the nation, to adopt a firm poliry of opposition in certain periods, one country is oppressed by another to the Kuomintan6i reactionaries, who were headed by and becomes a cotrony or semi-colony of imperialism; Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Ching-wei. why national traitors may appear in such a country, nol only frorn the ranks of the feudal ctrasses, but also from Of course, the Communists in other Lolonial and the ranks o{ the bourpieoisie--for instance, from the serni-colonial countries such as India, Burma, Siam, the ranks of the compradore, bureaucratic bourgeoisie in Philippines, Indonesia, Indo-China, South Korea, etc., China. Such an analysis also reveals under what con, must for the sake of their national interests similarly ditions, and under the leadership of which class, adopt a firm and irreconcilable policy aSainst national national liberation can be achieved. betrayal by the reactionary section oi the bourgeoisie, An historical analysis o[ the class relations also especially the big bourge,:isie, which has already sur. reveals that although such outstanding national 48 revolutionists as Sun Yat-sen spran{ from China's tempting qflers and enticements held out by the im- petty-bourgeoisie or national bour$eoisier ]et this perialists, and owing to the developin$ class stru$$"le bourSeoisie, Senerally speaking, views the national within the country, there may aPPear within the revolu- question solely in the light oI its own narrow class tionary ranks such people as Chen Tu-hsiu, Chan$ interests and chanSes its position solely in accordance Kuo-tao in China and Tito in Yugoslavia. These peo- with its own class interests. In the same way, only the ple capitulate to reactionary bourSeois nationalism, class interests of the proletariat are really in lull accord betray the common interests of the toilers of all coun- in with the fundamental interests of the people of a $iven tries and place the liberation of their own people country, with the common interests of all nations the serious jeopardy. They are the spokesmen of bour' world over and with the interests r:t all mankind. \tr7hen geois nationalism inside the ranks of the proletariat. the proletariat of an oppressed nation, as in the case of They cynically desert the cause of national liberation China, enters the arena of strugsle and becomes the in mid-path, and they divert their country down the road leader of the national liberation struS$le a$ainst im- leading to its translormation into an imperialist colony. perialism and the saviour of the whole nation, then The Communist Parties of all countries and each in- every glenuinely patriotic class, partl, group or indivi- dividual Communist must be alert to this danSer. dual inevitably forms an alliance with the Communist Patty, as did Sun Yat-sen, (and thus becomes linked 6. CONCLUSION: GENUINE PATRIOTISM IS with the policies oi allianse with the Soviet Union and INTIMATELY CONNECTED WITH support for the workers and peasants). On the other INTERNATIONALISM hand those persons or llroups-like Chiang Kaishek and \(/ang Ching-wei-who oppose the Comrnunist The above represents the point of view and prin- Party fan opposition linked with opposition to thc ciples of Marxists-Leninists-of Communists-on the Soviet Union and to the interests of the workers and national question. These are the point of view anci peasants), inevitably become servile lackeys of im' principles of proletarian internationalism, closely con- perialism and the most vile, contemptible national nected with patriotism. country. traitors who sell out their own It is clear that the genuine patriotism of the masses An historical analysis of class relations fudher of the people in all countries is not in contradiction to discloses that under the new conditions, in the new proletarian internationalism, but is, rather, intimately period oI accentuated international and internal stru$- connected with it. During the period of the Anti- gjle, as a tesult of threats combined with all kinds ol Japanese \flar, Comrade Mao Tse-tung wrote; "For us, I narrow coulines ol their own sta$natiug outlook' We patriotism is intimately connected with internationa' ruust resolutely reject both of these positions' lisn. Our slogan is-Fight afainst a6g[ression, in de- fence of our Fatherland." "Patriotism is the applica' The ioregoiug has presented a brief explanation ol tion of internationalism in the national-revolutionary proletarian internationalism as opposed to bour$eois war." Needless to say, these remarks fullv accord with nationalism. At present, both inside and outside ol our present patriotic revolutionary war. our Party, considerable misunderstandin$ and confusion and bour- Lenin evaluated patriotism as one of the most pro- exist in regard to proletarian internationalism fascist elements are found manifestations of the sentiments of countries in geois nationalism. Moreover, the and dema$o$ic pro- the process of cot'isolidation after having been split up cerrying on extrernely reactionary would be extreme' in the course of many centuries or even millenniums. paganda regarfling this question. It ly harmful to the Chinese people's present liberation Genuine patriotism means fervent love of one's movement iI these rnisunderstandings and confusions own fatherland, and its people, lanSuaSe, culture, lltera- were not cleared up, and if fascist propa$anda were not ture and best traditions, behind which lie thousands oI exposed. This article has been written in the hope years and 6lenerations of historical development. This that it will help to clear up these misunderstandings hind of patriotism has no connection whatsoever with and confusions as well as to expose the fascist pro- self-eentered, selfish and anti-foreign bourgeois nationa- paSanda. lism, nor with such national prejudices as narrow' minded exclusivism, isolationisrn, sectarianisrn and provincialism, which reflect the sentiments of the small peasant and the backward patriarchal system. Genuine patriotism respects the equality of other nationatrities and at the same time cherishes the hope of realising the best ideals of mankind in one's own country lvhile defending the unity of the peoples of all countries, On the other hand, reactionary bourgeois nationalism lans mutual hatred and hostility bet'lueen nations, while the national prejudices of the old bach" ward patriachal systern isolate their own nationals from the rest of the world, causing them to sink within the 6r 50 l THE AUTHOR Liu Shao-chi, Vice-Chairman of the Central Peo' ple's Government of the People's Republic oi China and f,i . membe, of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, is one oI the leaders of the contemporary revolutionary movement and the trade union movement in China' Lilu Shao-chi was born in 1900 in Nin$hsiang County, Hunan Province. In t920, he joined the Socialist Youth Lea$ue of China (the predecessor of the Communist Party of China)' which was founded in the same year. ln 1'927, the Communist Party of China was established and Liu Shao'chi ioined the Party in the same year. In the spring oL 1922, he was appoint- ed to the Secretariat o[ the China Labour Or$anisa- tion, the forerunner of the All-China Federation ot Labour. From that time on to the defeat of the first $reat revolution in 1927 Liu Shao-chi led the revolutionarv trade union movement in China' After the defeat ol the $reat revolution in 1927 Liu Shao-chi went underglround and continued to direct the trade union movemcnt. In the agtumn of 1932, he T' went to the revolutionary base in Kiangsi and took charge of the workers' movement in the Red Areas. From 1936 to 1942, Liu Shao-chi served successive- ly as secretary oI the North Bureau, Central Plains Bureau and Central China Bureau of the Central Com- mittee of the Communist Party of China. Since 1932, Liu Shao-chi has been a member of the E RRATA Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Com- munist Party of China. From 1943 onurards, he has To the last sentence of the quotation from Lenin on been a member of the Secretariat oI the Central Com- Page 20-"And"final1y we have not more than a quarter mittee of the Communist Party of China and Vice- of a billion inhabitants of couatries in which only the Chairman of the Chinese People's Revolutionary Mili- upper stratum, of course, only the capitalists, benefited tary Council. by the partition of the world."-should be aflflsfl the following: \ilflhen the People's Republic of China was in- 1,750,000,000 people, au6iurated on October l, 1949, Liu shao-chi became "The total is constituting the Vice-Chairman of the Central People's Government. entire population of the world." (report delivered in 1920 at the Second Congress of the Communist Interna- In addition Internationalism to and Nationalism, tional on the international situation and the main tasks other works by Shao-chi party, Liu include On the of the Commtrnist International) On Inner-Party Strug{le, How to Be a Good Coni- munist? and other important writings" E4 PUBTIC^ATIONS ON CIIINA STANDARD POPULAB DDITION EDITION On People's Democratic Dictator- ship (By Mao Tse-tung) us$o.15 us$0.10 On The Party (By Liu Shao-chi) 0.50 0.30 China's Youth March Forward . 0.30 0.20 The Chinese People's Liberation Army 0.30 0.20 The Common Program And Other Documents Of The First Plenary Session Of The Chi- nese People's Political Con- sultative Conference 0.15 0.10 The Trade Union Law . 0.10 0.05 The Agrarian Reform Law . .. . 0.15 0.1_0 The Marriage Law 0.10 0.05 The First Year Of Victory ..... 0.30 0.20 Culture And Education In New i China ....i. 0.30 0.20 IN PBEPARATION I I'age tl On Inner-Party Struggle (By Liu Shao-chi) . . . . 80 I{ow To Be A Good Communist? (by Liu Shao:chi) 80 China's Stand On The Korean Question 105 China Accuses ...... 100 Ohina's Railways 35 FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS 26, KUO HUI CHIEH, PEKING, CHINA CAELE ADDRESS: ..FOLAPA,ESS., PEKtrNG OBTAINABLE AT ALL LEADING BOOKSTORES