The Revolution Will Not Be Theorized Item Type Book Authors Henderson, Errol A. DOI 10.1353/book.67098 Publisher SUNY Press Rights Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Download date 26/09/2021 16:50:36 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Link to Item https://www.sunypress.edu/p-6800-the-revolution-will-not-be- theo.aspx THE REVOLUTION WILL NOT BE THEORIZED SUNY series in African American Studies ————— John R. Howard and Robert C. Smith, editors THE REVOLUTION WILL NOT BE THEORIZED Cultural Revolution in the Black Power Era ERROL A. HENDERSON This book is freely available in an open access edition thanks to TOME (Toward an Open Monograph Ecosystem)—a collaboration of the Association of American Universities, the Association of University Presses, and the Association of Research Libraries—and the generous support of The Pennsylvania State University. Learn more at the TOME website, available at: openmonographs.org. DOI: 10.26209/eh19rwnbt The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 Cover art: iStock by Getty Images. Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 2019 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY www.sunypress.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Henderson, Errol Anthony, author. Title: The Revolution Will Not Be Theorized : Cultural Revolution in the Black Power Era / Errol A. Henderson. Description: Albany : State University of New York Press, 2019. | Series: SUNY Series in African American Studies | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018040337 | ISBN 9781438475431 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781438475448 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Black Panther Party—History—20th century. | Black power— United States—History—20th century. | African American political activists— History—20th century. | African Americans—Politics and government—20th century. | United States—Race relations—History—20th century. Classification: LCC E185.615 .H3625 2019 | DDC 322.4/20973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018040337 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction: The Revolution Will Not Be Theorized ix Chapter 1 Malcolm X and the Revolutionary Turn in the Civil Rights Movement 1 Chapter 2 Black Nationalism: Civilizationism and Reverse Civilizationism 43 Chapter 3 The General Strike and the Slave Revolution of the U.S. Civil War 95 Chapter 4 Cultural Revolution and Cultural Evolution 135 Chapter 5 Theorizing Cultural Revolution in the Black Power Era 177 Chapter 6 RAM, Us, the Black Panther Party 233 Chapter 7 Republic of New Africa, League of Revolutionary Black Workers 309 Chapter 8 CAP, Shrine of the Black Madonna/Pan-African Orthodox Christian Church 373 Conclusion: Black Revolutionary Theory in the BPM 423 vi / Contents Notes 439 References 457 Index 473 Acknowledgments I appreciate the people and institutions that assisted in this project. This book would not have been possible without the encouragement, support and cooperation of many of the activists and intellectuals from the Black Power Movement that I discuss in these pages—some of whom have passed on; and, most importantly, Harold Cruse, whose work, more than any other from that era motivated this study. I want to thank Bishop Nkenge Abi, Muhammad Ahmad, Chris Alston, General Baker, Amiri Baraka, David Barber, Clementine Barfield, James Boggs, Grace Lee Boggs, Teferi Brent, Scott Brown, Cruz Caridad Bueno, Safiya Bukhari, Kathleen Cleaver, Sarah Fila-Bakabadio, Keith Gilyard, Tommy (Halifu) Jacquette, Rickey Hill, “Reparations Ray” Jenkins, Mack Jones, Wesley Kabaila, Anthony Kaye, Marian Kramer, Cicero Love, Chokwe Lumumba, Haki Madhubuti, Wilson Moses, Queen Mother Audley Moore, Akua Njeri, Imari Obadele, Robert Packer, Mrs. Rosa Parks, Geronimo Ji Jaga Pratt, Bishop Frank Reid, Cedric Robinson, Clovis ( Jabulani) Semmes, Robert Smith, Robert Starks, James Taylor, Ronald Walters, Hanes Walton, Alvin Williamson, Andrew Zim- merman for their comments, suggestions, and/or discussions over the years about the substantive arguments and analyses in this work. Thanks for the encouragement and example of UNIA Division 407 members Ruth Smith, Leroy Jackson, and Arthur Thomas. Thanks also to Bishop Reid and the congregants of Bethel AME Church in Baltimore, Rev. Wendell Anthony and the congregants of Fellowship Chapel in Detroit, and the Liberation Film Series at Charles Wright Museum of African American History in Detroit for providing venues to present aspects of this work and inspiration to carry it out. Parts of this work were presented at several conferences and symposia, including the 50th Anniversary of The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual at the University of San Francisco; the Civil Rights Conference at University of Tennessee-Martin; the Race, Roots & Resistance: Revisiting the Legacies vii viii / Acknowledgments of Black Power conference at the University of Illinois; the Transatlantic Roundtable on Religion and Race at Howard University; The Cost of Freedom, Debt and Slavery conference at Brooklyn College; the Millennium Conference at the London School of Economics; the Scholar Activism in the 21st Century conference at the British Library in London; the European Conference on African Studies at Université Sorbonne Nouvelle in Paris; the National Conference of Black Political Scientists in Chicago; the National Council for Black Studies in San Diego; and the 80th Anniversary Malcolm X Commemoration conference in Harlem, New York. I appreciate the com- ments, critiques, and suggestions of participants at each of these programs. Parts of chapter 2 draw on my essay “Unintended Consequences of Cosmopolitanism: Malcolm X, Africa and Revolutionary Theorizing in the Black Power Movement in the US,” African Identities 16, no. 2 (2018): pp. 161–175, reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd (http://www. tandfonline.com). Chapter 3 draws on my essay “Slave Religion, Slave Hiring, and the Incipient Proletarianization of Enslaved Black Labor: Developing Du Bois’ Thesis on Black Participation in the Civil War as a Revolution” Journal of African American Studies 19, no. 2 (2015): pp. 192–213; and chapter 4 draws from “Missing the Revolution Beneath Their Feet: The Significance of the Slave Revolution in the Civil War to the Black Power Movement,” Journal of African American Studies 22, no. 2–3 (2018): pp. 174–190. I acknowledge Nature/Springer/Palgrave for granting permission for their use. Parts of chapter 4 also draw from “The Revolution Will Not Be Theorised: The ‘Howard School’s Challenge to White Supremacist IR Theory,” Millennium 45, no. 3 ( June 2017): pp. 492–510. I acknowledge SAGE Publications for granting permission for their use. Finally, I’m grateful for the encouragement of family, friends, and colleagues over the more than a decade of writing this book. I am especially thankful to my son, Errol. I also hope the work is indicative of the potential of those of us who arose from poverty and were not among those for whom many viewed an academic career as an option; thus, I am grateful for my family and friends from the Brewster Douglass Housing Projects, Detroit, Michigan, especially my big sister, Patricia Delores. I dedicate this book to one of my former professors at the University of Michigan who challenged me to develop meaningful black social theory, which, given my often-strident critiques of some of his work at the time, would probably surprise him greatly to find that the result reflected in this book heavily draws on his own: Professor Harold Cruse. Errol Anthony Henderson University Park, Pennsylvania Introduction The Revolution Will Not Be Theorized This study critically examines some of the influential theories of black revolu- tion in the United States devised by prominent black revolutionists and their organizations during the Black Power Movement (BPM) of the mid-1960s to mid-1970s through an engagement of their African American intellectual and activist precursors. Although their revolutionary theses informed and guided their programs, practices, and pronouncements, BPM revolutionists are typically acknowledged for their activism, but rarely for their acumen as revolutionary theorists. In fact, they put forth some of the most incisive, timely, and enduring theses of black radical change in the twentieth century; and influenced their own and subsequent generations seeking to transform U.S. society in fundamental ways. Although a wellspring of research has emerged on the BPM—especially in the last decade or so, much of it has been narra- tive/historical, providing detailed insights and discussions of individuals and organizations, rather than analytical, focusing on the revolutionists’ actual theories, especially as they were informed by their revolutionary—as opposed to reformist—antecedents in the United States.1 As a result, these works are often limited in their ability to assess, much less develop, the theoretical