SPARTAC) T NUMBER 52 ENGLISH EDITION AUTUMN 1995 , "the Struggle for Wor,l,d,"So,cialist Revolution" " ' I Sparlacist League Debates I Ernest Mandel I SEE PAGE 9 :, . ..... :.: "': ":." ..::. '," .:,', Ernest Mandel, 1923-1995 SEE PAGE 2 Wohlforth: Who Is This Road Kill? .. 24 Letter to the Workers Organisation for Socialist Action For a Bolshevik Workers Party in South Africa!. .. 33 Declaration of Fraternal Relations Between Luta Metalurgica (Brazil) and the International Communist League ... 43 National Chauvinism Is Poison to Class Struggle Independence for Quebec! ... 56 -AUSTRALIA ... A$2 BRITAIN ... £1 CANADA ... Cdn$2 IRELAND ... IR£1 SOUTH AFRICA ... R3 USA ... US$1.50 2 SPARTACIST Ernest Mandel 1923-1995 Ernest Mandel, longtime leader of the United Secretariat of the Fourth International (USee), died in Brussels, Bel­ gium in July 1995 at the age of 72. Mandel was one of the last of those who could claim membership in the revolu­ tionary Fourth International of Leon Trotsky. He joined its Belgian section in 1939, on the eve of World War II. After the war, Mandel became one of the principal leaders of the revisionist current led by Michel Pablo which destroyed Trotsky's Fourth International in 1951-53. This Pabloist current repudiated the core of revolutionary Trotskyism­ the insistence that only the working class under the lead­ ership of a revolutionary party can smash capitalism and open the road to socialism-in favor of impressionistically tailing Stalinist reformist and petty-bourgeois nationalist forces. From the time of its formation in 1963 until his death, Mandel was chief ideologue and spokesman for the Pabloite USec. In this capacity, in November 1994 he debated Joseph Seymour of the International Communist League in New York City (see page 9). During his decades as USec leader, Mandel's lack of programmatic confidence in the capacity of the proletariat to fight for power in its own name and under its own revolutionary party led him to broker every manner of political bloc, from hailing Mao's Red Guards to Khomeini 's "Islamic revolution." After counterrevolution swept across East Europe in 1989-90, Mandel began to speak of the "crisis of credibility" of socialism. That the crisis of credibility referred to the USec itself was shown at the July 1995 World Congress where debate centered on outright liquidation of their organization, i.e., seeking to Ernest Mandel in 1977. dissolve into a broader formation. It was the politics of Mandel, a consummate centrist, which brought the organ­ by Abram Leon, author of the brilliant work The J('wish ization to this dead end. Trotsky's classic definition of cen­ Question, a Marxist Interpretatiof/ (1942). At the start trism fits Mandel like a glove: of WWII, Leon led about a dozen militants from the "A centrist always remains in spiritual dependence on right­ Stalinist-influenced, socialist-Zionist group Hashomer ist groupings and is inclined to cringe before those who Hatzair into the Belgian Trotskyist group. even as the sec­ arc more moderate, to remain silent on their opportunist tion lost its leading cadre through defections and demoral­ sins and to cover up their actions before the workers .... "The centrist frequently covers up his dawdling by re­ ization. Leon became an animating force in the group and ferring to the danger of 'sectarianism,' by which he under­ edited the paper La Voic de [jninc (Lenin's Road). As party stands not abstract propagandist passivity (of the Bordigist secretary, he oversaw every aspect of the work, including. type) but an active concern for purity of principles, according to Mandel, internationalist agitation "among the clarity of position, political consistency, organizational completeness. " proletarian soldiers of the Wehrmacht" and propaganda - "Centrism and the Fourth International," work aimed at the workers in Nazi-occupied Europe. February 1934 In seeking to build revolutionary cells in thc occupying German army and to intersect the working class insidc World War II: Revolutionary Caldron Germany, the Trotskyist work was flatly counterposed to the nationalist, popular-front Rcsistancc movemcnts Icd by Mandel grew up in Antwerp in a Communist family of Stalinists and bourgeois figures like de C;aulle. Groups like Jewish origin. His father had participated in the German the small Dutch Committee of Rl'voilitionary MarAists Revolution of 1918-1919 as a member of the Spartakus­ (CRM) cmbodied Trotskyist internationalism. The CRM, bund/Gennan Communist Party. Many obituaries have told entirely isolated from thc h-encll and Belgian comrades, of Mandel'~ courageous activities a~ a young Trotskyist sent somc of its members to work in (,nman), ulldn the militant in occupied Belgium during WW II. Nazi forccd labor program ill tile hopc of participating As a young revolutionist. Mandel was greatly influenccd in revolutiollary dcvl'lopllll'llts there at war's l'lltl. (I·or IIIIIIIIIIIIIII!II AUTUMN 1995 3 more on this history see "Documents on the 'Proletarian tion of Japan resulted in a stable, bourgeois-democratic Military Policy' ," Promethcus Research Series No.2.) Obit­ regime. U.S. imperialism turned its attention toward re­ uaries which have associated the young Mandel with the versing the Soviet victory in WW II and taking back that official Resistance have done him and the Trotskyists a area of the world in which capitalism had been destroyed. disservice. Later, a key anti-Pabloist document laid out the crux of the Mandel wrote a tribute to Leon, who was killed at Ausch­ problem-revolutionary leadership: witz in October 1944 at thc age of 26, which became the "Thc history of the last 40 years has driven home the lesson introduction to the posthumous publication, in 1946, of so often repeated by Lenin and Trotsky, that there are no impossible situations for the bourgeoisie .... Even the most Leon's book on the Jewish 4uestion. Mandel's account of desperate situations can be overcome if only the active the wartime activities of the Belgian Trotskyists in this intervention of thc workcrs as a class for themselves, with essay (written under his pseudonym Ernest Germain) ,tands a party and leadership with a perspcctive of overthrowing at great variance with the political positions he later pro­ capitalism, is not prepared in time." moted as a leader of the USec. Mandel credited Leon with ~ Th(' World Prosp('cI.filr Socialism, 1961 Resolution of the Socialist Labour Lcague pulling together the dispersed Trotskyist cadre and begin­ ning the "incessant, stubborn and unyielding work" of The Trotskyist movement had great problems explaining building an underground, internationalist vanguard party the fact that various capitalist regimes had been overturned because he had the "courage to think, and to think correctly." by the Stalinists. Some at first initially responded with This courage of the intellect-nccessary to follow Lenin \ wooden orthodoxy, denying that any sort of social overturn road-was not to characterize Mandel \ subse4uent political had occurred. Pablo, however-impressionistically viewing career. the expansion of world Stalinism as evidence of some kind of revolutionary potential-abandoned the historic program The Fourth International at this time confronted formi­ of Trotskyism by the early 19S0s. He projected the immi­ dable difficulties of both an internal and external character. nent outbreak of a new world war in which the Sino-Soviet The effcct of Trotsky's assassination hy a Stalinist agent states, supported by the colonial masses and much of the in 1940 was compounded hy the decimation of the European West European working class, would emerge victorious Trotskyist leadership at the hands of the Nazis-and the over capitalist imperialism and bring "several centuries" of Stalinists. Thus internally the movemcnt sutfered a sharp deformed workers states. According to his schema, the mass break in historic continuity. Only the American Socialist reformist parties (Stalinist, and in some countries, Social Workers Party (SWP), which had collahorated closely with Democratic) would be in the forefront of the new revolu­ Trotsky before the war, emerged with its cadre and organ­ tionary wave. The Trotskyist parties would thus lose their ization intact. But the SWP failed to rise to its responsibility independent purpose, relegated to the task of entering the to playa decisive political role in the International. reformist parties and pushing them to the left. The leadership of the Fourth International in Europe then In projecting the Stalinist bureaucracy as the vehicle for fell in large measure to a group of young men who had anti-capitalist social transformation, Pablo was influenced not been centrally involved in the revolutionary movement by the Trotskyist-flavored author, Isaac Deutscher. As a during Trotsky's lifetime. Chief among these was Michel member of the Polish Trotskyist movement in 193X, Pablo (Raptis), a product of the Greek Trotskyist movement, Deutscher opposed the formation of the Fourth Interna­ whose formative political experience was as an underground tional. Having won prominence as a bourgeois journalist cadre in Nazi-occupied Europe. Mandel's fluent pen and in Britain during the war, he published a biography of Stalin intellectual capacities, including a rare gift for languages, in 1949 which was widely publicized in Britain and the propelled him also into the front ranks of the world Trot­ U.S. Deutscher minimized the frame-up~:, murders and skyist movement. The postwar world could not be understood