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Oral Literature Genres of the Nupe of Central Nigeria

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Oral Literature Genres of the Nupe of Central Nigeria Oral literature genres of the Nupe of Central Nigeria [DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT] Roger Blench Kay Williamson Educational Foundation 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/Ans 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm This printout: July 16, 2010 Roger Blench Nupe oral literature genres Circulated for comment TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND TO NIGERIA.............................................................................. 1 2. THE NUPE PEOPLE ................................................................................................................................. 2 3. THE NUPE LANGUAGE .......................................................................................................................... 3 4. WRITTEN FORMS OF NUPE LITERATURE GENRES..................................................................... 5 4.1 Arabic script literature..........................................................................................................................................5 4.2 Roman script literature .........................................................................................................................................6 5. NUPE ORAL LITERATURE GENRES................................................................................................... 8 5.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................8 5.2 Musical genres........................................................................................................................................................8 5.3 Spoken genres.......................................................................................................................................................26 5.3.1 General ...........................................................................................................................................................26 5.3.2 Proverbs..........................................................................................................................................................26 5.3.3 Riddles............................................................................................................................................................27 5.3.4 Jests and ridicule.............................................................................................................................................27 5.3.5 Tongue-twisters ..............................................................................................................................................28 5.3.6 Folktales .........................................................................................................................................................28 5.3.7 Historical narrative .........................................................................................................................................29 6. NUPE CHILDREN’S SONGS ................................................................................................................. 31 6.1 General..................................................................................................................................................................31 6.2 Songs without games............................................................................................................................................31 6.3 Singing games .......................................................................................................................................................31 6. NUPE TITLES AND PRAISE-NAMES .................................................................................................34 7. CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 35 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................. 35 TABLES Table 1. Ranks and greetings for drummers ................................................................................................... 16 Table 2. Nupe spoken oral literature genres.................................................................................................... 26 Table 3. Nupe ranks and appropriate greetings............................................................................................... 35 FIGURES Figure 1. Nupe-speaking area of Central Nigeria.............................................................................................. 2 Figure 2. Nupe poem in Arabic script............................................................................................................... 6 Figure 3. Nupe song refrain recorded by S.F. Nadel......................................................................................... 7 Figure 4. Kakanda song melody recorded by S.F. Nadel.................................................................................. 7 Figure 5. Praising a girl with the bínakũ̀ clarinet ............................................................................................ 13 Figure 6. Proverb beaten on the enyà drum .................................................................................................... 18 Figure 7. Gidigbo percussion trough text........................................................................................................ 21 Figure 8. The sã̀yì bell-staff illustrated by Nadel (1936) ................................................................................ 24 Figure 9. Thursday night performance for the Etsu Nupe............................................................................... 25 i Roger Blench Nupe oral literature genres Circulated for comment PHOTOS Photo 1. Lisbeth Nadel recording in the field in 1936 ...................................................................................... 7 Photo 2. Banfield learning the Nupe language in the field ............................................................................... 8 Photo 3. Àlìgěta player, Bida 1981 ................................................................................................................... 9 Photo 4. Àngàlé ensemble in Bida, 1980 ........................................................................................................ 10 Photo 5. Women playing the bàbò gourd rattle for a sacrifice........................................................................ 12 Photo 6. Bínakũ̀ cornstalk transverse clarinet ................................................................................................. 12 Photo 7. Domba group, Kolo, 1981 ................................................................................................................ 14 Photo 8. Dùngùrù ensemble performing for the death of a hunter, Patitegi, 1981 ......................................... 15 Photo 9. Woman praise-singer and her group in Bida, 1935 .......................................................................... 17 Photo 10. Women performing Enyà bàpa in 1905.......................................................................................... 18 Photo 11. Èpũ ensemble led by Mama Kolo, Patita, 1981.............................................................................. 20 Photo 12. Gbàndò player, Sallah procession, Bida 1981 ................................................................................ 20 Photo 13. Player of the kpànsã́nã́gi flute, Sallah procession .......................................................................... 22 CURRENCY The currency of Nigeria is the Naira (N) which was divided into 100 kobo. By the time of the fieldwork reported in this paper, the kobo had almost fallen out of use. During the period 1979-1982, the Naira was officially valued at around N1.3 to the British Pound. Since then it has fallen dramatically and in early 2010 there were around N230 to the £. ii Roger Blench Nupe oral literature genres Circulated for comment 1. Introduction: background to Nigeria Nigeria is by far the richest repository of oral traditions and culture in Africa, if only because some 500 languages are spoken there, i.e. nearly 30% of all those in Africa (Lewis 2009). Of these languages, at least 200 are severely endangered (Blench 1998). Existing documentation of these traditions is extremely weak, and shows no sign of improving. Indeed, despite the extensive university system in Nigeria (60 tertiary institutions) and oil wealth, the description and documentation of minority (and even major languages) is both scanty and often unreliable. Current ethnomusicological studies are nearly non-existent. Archiving facilities are rare and conditions for audiovisual materials unacceptable. There is no internet access (or even electricity) except in larger settlements, and power is highly unreliable. Despite the discouraging situation in the universities, there is unparalleled enthusiasm at the community level for language development in conjunction with cultural development. This has passed largely unnoticed by the academic community, despite the amount of concerned brow-furrowing in relation to endangered languages. Religion is undoubtedly the dominant force in developing literacy; the primary motivation is to translate
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