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An Exploratory Demographic Study of the Nupe of Niger State: the Case of Sakpe Village

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An Exploratory Demographic Study of the Nupe of Niger State: the Case of Sakpe Village AN EXPLORATORY DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE NUPE OF NIGER STATE: THE CASE OF SAKPE VILLAGE by Abubakar Katcha Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the Degree of Master of Arts in Demography in the Australian National University Canberra, January 1978 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my profound thanks to Dr. D.W. Lucas, my supervisor, for the keen interest shown in the study as well as the guidance he has given me so kindly. It is with a sense of deepest gratitude that I acknowledge the encouragement given me by Professor J.C. Caldwell who also placed at my disposal some of his papers on Nigeria. I also wish to thank Dr. P.F. McDonald and Dr. S.K. Jain for sparing some of their valuable time to attend to some of the problems posed in the course of the study. I sincerely appreciate the help of Mr. 1.0. Orubuloye who made valuable comments and suggestions on specific points. Mrs. B. Ballard went through the draft and practically other staff and colleagues of the Department of Demography gave real help of one type or another. I am grateful to all of them. Secretarial assistance by Mrs. P. Ashman is very gratefully acknowledged. I also wish to thank Ms. N. Chin who expertly typed the thesis. Finally, it is a pleasure to express my gratitude to my wife, Fatima, who later joined me thereby making my last stay in Australia so interesting. iii ABSTRACT This pioneer survey, conducted in Sakpe Village in April 1977, obtained data on the basic demographic characteristics of a selected typical Nupe Village. Sakpe village is situated in a remote forest area of Niger State in the North of Nigeria and is predominantly a traditional Moslem, farming community. The village lacks basic socio-economic amenities like pipe-borne water and preventive health services. Prior to this study, little was known about the demographic characteristics of the Nupe people. The only available demographic information was based largely on the Nigerian population censuses and there is no sound basis for estimating demographic parameters from the results of these censuses which have often been defective and unreliable. Thus, the Sakpe study is an attempt to fill the gap in the existing knowledge on the demography of the Nupe people. In this respect, the study has succeeded in deriving various demographic measures such as the Crude Birth Rate, Age-Specific Fertility Rates and Mortality Rates. Related demographic factors such as marriage and breast-feeding practices were examined and basic household data were also collected. Despite the many original contributions of the study, the small number of cases preclude further detailed analysis. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................... ii ABSTRACT .................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES .............................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................ viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................... 1 1.1 Importance of the Study ........................... 1 1.2 Description of Niger State ........................... 2 1.3 Purpose and Scope of the Study ...................... 5 1.4 Data Sources.......................................... 5 1.5 Organization of the Thesis ........................... 6 CHAPTER 2. SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND FIELD ORGANIZATION ...... 7 2.1 The Selection of a Nupe Village ...................... 7 2.2 Interview Schedule ................................ 8 2.3 Administrative Organization ........................... 9 2.4 Recruitment of Field Workers ...................... 10 2.5 Training of Field Staff ........................... 10 2.6 The Enumeration ..................................... 12 2.7 Data Processing ..................................... 14 CHAPTER 3. SOME SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INHABITANTS OF SAKPE ....................... 15 3.1 Social and Economic Conditions in Sakpe ............ 15 3.2 Some Demographic Characteristics of the Sakpe Population ..................................... 19 3.2.1 Age Data ..................................... 19 3.2.2 Reported Age and Sex Structure of the Sakpe Population ................................ 21 V 3.2.3 Sex Composition................................ 26 3.2.4 Age at Marriage and Proportions Marrying....... 30 3.2.5 Marital Stability ........................... 35 3.2.6 The Incidence of Polygyny...................... 37 3.2.7 Household Size ................................ 40 3.2.8 Household T y p e s ................................ 43 3.2.9 Relationship to H e a d ........................... 45 CHAPTER 4. MORTALITY AND FERTILITY ........................... 47 4.1 Mortality .......................................... 47 4.2 Fertility .......................................... 53 CHAPTER 5. BREAST-FEEDING PRACTICES..................... ... 66 5.1 Review of the Breast-Feeding Literature ............. 66 5.2 Mean Length of Breast-Feeding ...................... 67 5.3 Partial Breast-Feeding ................................ 68 5.4 Supplementary Information on Breast-Feeding Taboos ... 71 CHAPTER 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ........................... 81 REFERENCES .................................................... 87 APPENDICES 93 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Reported Percentage Age-Sex Composition of the Population: Sakpe, 1977 ........................... 22 3.2 Results of Applying Myers' "Blended" Method to Age Data for Males and Females: Sakpe, 1977 ................. 27 3.3 Distribution of Sex Ratios by Age Groups: Sakpe and Other Nigerian Rural Areas ........................... 28 3.4 Percentage Distribution of Currently Married Adults by Age Group: Sakpe, 1977 ................................ 31 3.5 Ever Married Female Adults Classified by Mean Age at the Time of First Marriage by Age Group: Sakpe, 1977 ... 32 3.6 Age at First Marriage: Nigerian Rural Females ....... 34 3.7 Percentage Distribution of Currently Married Female Adults by Age Group and Number of Marriages: Sakpe, 1977 36 3.8 Percentage Distribution of Nigerian Currently Married Rural Women by Number of Marriages ................. 38 3.9 Currently Married Females Classified by Age and Present Number of Co-wives: Sakpe, 1977 39 3.10 Percentage Distribution of Rural Nigerian Currently Married Women by Present Number of Co-wives .............. 41 3.11 Distribution of Households by Number of Members: Sakpe, 1977 42 3.12 Distribution of Households by Types: Sakpe, 1977 ... 44 3.13 Percentage Distribution of Household Members by Relation to Head: Sakpe, 1977 .............................. 46 4.1 Summary of Infant Mortality Rates for Rural Areas of Nigeria ............................................... 51 4.2 Measures of Fertility and Reproduction: Rural Nigeria 54 4.3 Age-Specific Fertility Rates for Sakpe and Other Nigerian Rural Females.......................................... 57 vii Table 4.4 Mean Live Births: Sakpe and Other Nigerian Rural bvcr Married Females Aged 15-49 ........................... 61 4.5 Distribution of Lver Married Females by Age-Group and Parity: Sakpe, 1977 ................................ 65 5.1 Actual and Desired Mean Length of Breast-Feeding Children by Age of Women: Sakpe, 1977 ...................... 68 5.2 Age at which Last Children Start Taking Artificial Milk and Food Supplement by Age of Mothers: Sakpe, 1977 ... 70 5.3 Reasons given by Women for Preferred Birth Interval: Sakpe, 1977 72 5.4 Distribution of Sakpe Wives According to Beliefs that Breast-Feeding while the Mother is Pregnant has an Effect on the Current Child ................................ 74 5.5 Distribution of Sakpe Wives According to Reasons why Sex during Breast-Feeding is B a d .......................... 76 5.6 Distribution of Sakpe Wives According to Beliefs that Sexual Intercourse during Breast-feeding Spoils the Milk of the M o t h e r ......................................... 78 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Map of Niger State of Nigeria ...................... 4 3.1 Age Distribution of the Survey Population by Single Years of Age, S a k p e .......................................... 24 3.2 Age Pyramid for the Survey Population by Five Year Age Groups and Sex, Sakpe ................................. 25 3.3 Sex Ratios by Age Groups ........................... 29 4.1 Age-Specific Fertility Rates for Sakpe and Other Rural Nigeria ............................................... 58 4.2 Average Number of Live Births for Sakpe and Other Rural Nigeria ............................................... 63 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Importance of the Study This study represents an effort to carry out a demographic investigation of Sakpe, a Nupe village in the Lavun Local Government Council Area of Niger State of Nigeria. In February, 1976, the Federation of Nigeria was divided into nineteen states and Niger State, which was based on former Niger Province less Zuru, was one of the ten states in the northern part of Nigeria. The Nupe homelands are now within the present Etswan, Gbako and Lavun Local Government Council Areas of Niger State and the Lafiagi-Pategi Divisions of Kwara State. The Nupe population numbers over half a million according to the 1963 Census of Nigeria [Nigeria: Federal Office of Statistics (F.O.S.), 1963] . This represents about one-half of the total population of Niger State which the 1963 Census put at 1,271,767. Prior to this study of Sakpe little was known about the demo­ graphic characteristics of the Nupe tribe, for until now the only available demographic information was based largely on the Nigerian population censuses.
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