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NIGERIA, YEAR 2018: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) compiled by ACCORD, 25 February 2020 Number of reported incidents with at least one fatality Number of reported fatalities National borders: GADM, November 2015a; administrative divisions: GADM, November 2015b; incid- ent data: ACLED, 22 February 2020; coastlines and inland waters: Smith and Wessel, 1 May 2015 NIGERIA, YEAR 2018: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BY ACCORD, 25 FEBRUARY 2020 Contents Conflict incidents by category Number of Number of reported fatalities 1 Number of Number of Category incidents with at incidents fatalities Number of reported incidents with at least one fatality 1 least one fatality Violence against civilians 705 566 2853 Conflict incidents by category 2 Battles 474 373 2470 Development of conflict incidents from 2009 to 2018 2 Protests 427 3 3 Riots 213 61 154 Methodology 3 Strategic developments 117 3 4 Conflict incidents per province 4 Explosions / Remote 100 84 759 violence Localization of conflict incidents 4 Total 2036 1090 6243 Disclaimer 8 This table is based on data from ACLED (datasets used: ACLED, 22 February 2020). Development of conflict incidents from 2009 to 2018 This graph is based on data from ACLED (datasets used: ACLED, 22 February 2020). 2 NIGERIA, YEAR 2018: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BY ACCORD, 25 FEBRUARY 2020 Methodology on what level of detail is reported. Thus, towns may represent the wider region in which an incident occured, or the provincial capital may be used if only the province The data used in this report was collected by the Armed Conflict Location & Event is known. Erroneous location data, especially due to identical place names, cannot Data Project (ACLED). ACLED collects data on reported conflict events in selected be fully excluded. African and Asian countries, Nigeria being among them. ACLED researchers collect event data from a variety of sources and code them by date, location, Incidents comprise the following categories: battles, headquarters or bases es- agent, and event type. tablished, non-violent strategic activities, riots/protests, violence against civilians, non-violent transfer of territory, remote violence. For details on these categories, Most of the data collected by ACLED is gathered based on publicly available, please see secondary reports. It may therefore underestimate the volume of events. Fatality data particularly is vulnerable to bias and inaccurate reporting, and ACLED states • ACLED – Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project: Armed Conflict to use the most conservative estimate available. ACLED uses the reports’ context Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) Codebook (2019), 10 April 2019a to estimate fatalities for events with reported fatalities for which the exact number https://www.acleddata.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2017/10/ is unknown (“10” for plural fatalities, “100” if “hundreds” are mentioned, etc.). ACLED_Codebook_2019FINAL_pbl.pdf For further details on ACLED and for the full data, see www.acleddata.com and Raleigh; Linke; Hegre, and Karlsen, 2010. • ACLED – Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project: Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) User Quick Guide, April 2019b Based on this data, the Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research https://www.acleddata.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2019/04/ and Documentation (ACCORD) compiles updates on conflict incidents and pub- General-User-Guide_FINAL.pdf lishes them on ecoi.net to offer another access point to the ACLED datasets. • ACLED – Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project: FAQs: ACLED Fatality It is advised to employ extreme caution when using fatality numbers. Methodology, 27 January 2020 https://www.acleddata.com/download/17979/ Assessments of the security situation should not be based solely on quantitative analysis of event data. Geographic map data is primarily based on GADM, complemented with other sources if necessary. Incidents are mapped to GADM provinces using the provinces in ACLED data. Province names and borders may differ between ACLED and GADM. Incidents that could not be located are ignored. The numbers included in this overview might therefore differ from the original ACLED data. ACLED uses varying degrees of geographic precision for the individual incidents, depending 3 NIGERIA, YEAR 2018: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BY ACCORD, 25 FEBRUARY 2020 Number of Conflict incidents per province Number of Number of Province incidents with incidents fatalities Number of fatalities Number of Number of Province incidents with Kano 9 2 2 incidents fatalities fatalities Katsina 11 4 14 Abia 26 11 77 Kebbi 5 5 10 Adamawa 76 65 338 Kogi 36 24 129 Akwa Ibom 25 9 47 Kwara 16 4 4 Anambra 41 9 10 Lagos 77 15 32 Bauchi 8 2 8 Nassarawa 87 67 282 Bayelsa 31 12 31 Niger 11 4 11 Benue 143 109 616 Ogun 26 9 13 Borno 378 281 2169 Ondo 53 10 11 Cross River 38 23 74 Osun 19 1 1 Delta 105 36 60 Oyo 40 9 14 Ebonyi 25 13 45 Plateau 126 98 532 Edo 43 16 25 Rivers 56 19 57 Ekiti 47 14 18 Sokoto 19 16 37 Enugu 39 13 20 Taraba 80 57 341 Federal Capital 130 9 56 Yobe 19 9 87 Territory Zamfara 71 57 760 Gombe 4 2 2 Imo 22 5 8 Jigawa 6 3 5 Localization of conflict incidents Kaduna 88 48 297 Note: The following list is an overview of the incident data included in the ACLED dataset. More details are available in the actual dataset (date, location data, event type, involved actors, information sources, etc.). The data’s precision varies among the incidents: a town may represent a region, or the provincial capital may be 4 NIGERIA, YEAR 2018: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BY ACCORD, 25 FEBRUARY 2020 used if the precise location of an incident is unkown. In the following list, the names Yenagoa. of event locations are taken from ACLED, while the administrative region names are taken from GADM data which serves as the basis for the maps above. In Benue, 143 incidents killing 616 people were reported. The following locations In Abia, 26 incidents killing 77 people were reported. The following locations were among the affected: Agagbe, Agasha, Agbaaye, Akor, Aliade, Anyiin, were among the affected: Aba, Arochukwu, Ebem Ohafia, Isu, Obehie, Ayilamo, Chiata, Enger, Gaambetiev, Gbajimba, Gboko, Katsina-Ala, Lessel, Okpuala, Osisioma, Umuahia. Makurdi, Mbalagh, Mbara, Naka, Ngambe-Tiev, Obangedde, Okpoga, Tom-Atar, Tombo, Tor Donga, Tse Agule, Tse Akanga, Tse Akombo, In Adamawa, 76 incidents killing 338 people were reported. The following Tseabenga, Tseaondo, Tseaudu, Tsedyugh, Tsevii, Turan, Ugba, Ugbokpo, locations were among the affected: Aba, Bare, Bolki, Bujum Kasuwa, Bujum Ukum, Umenge, Yogbo, Zaki Biam. Waya, Bujum Yashi, Bujun, Bukuto, Dong, Dowaya, Fufore, Gojefa, Gombi, Gon, Gulak, Guyuk, Gwomba, Hyambula, Jada, Kaya, Kofare, Kokumso, In Borno, 378 incidents killing 2169 people were reported. The following Lafia, Laweru, Libu, Lubu, Madagali, Mayo Lope, Michika, Miltu, Mubi, locations were among the affected: Abadam, Afa, Ajiri, Alau, Alkari, Alkirenik, Ngurore, Numan, Nyanga, Nzumosu, Nzuruwei, Palam, Sabonlayi, Shafaron, Amarwa, Anadawa, Angwa Audu, Arege, Attagara, Auno, Ayaza, Azaya Song, Uba, Ugbakka, Wakka, Yojjin, Yola, Yolde Pate. Kalmari, Azaya Kura, Baga, Bama, Banki, Belle, Benisheikh, Bogum, Bombula Bula-Fali, Buk, Bukar Meram, Bula Dadobe, Bula Korege, Bulabulin, Bulama In Akwa Ibom, 25 incidents killing 47 people were reported. The following Kayiri, Bunari, Burburna, Chibok, Chinine, Cross Kauwa, Dabu Abdullahi, locations were among the affected: Abak, Eket, Ikot Ebak, Ikot Edet, Inyang Dabu Wulkaro, Dalakaleri, Dalori, Damasak, Damboa, Dikwa, Famari, Fuguri, Etim Ekpo, Itu, Iwuo-Ukem, Odot, Okoro Ete, Opobo, Uduk Usung, Ukanafun, Gajiram, Galtimari, Gambaru, Gamboru, Garabula, Garunda, Gashager, Utu Etim Ekpo, Uya Oron, Uyo. Gashigar, Gatamarwa, Gesada, Giwa Barracks, Goni, Gori Jaji, Gozari, Gremari, Gudumbali, Gulumba Gana, Gwoza, Hashime, Hayaba Gana, In Anambra, 41 incidents killing 10 people were reported. The following Hayaba Kura, Jaje, Jakana, Jilli, Jimimi, Kajeri, Kala Balge, Kalamari, Kalari, locations were among the affected: Amawbia, Anaku, Atani, Awka, Ekwulobia, Kalle, Kangarwa, Kantanna, Karetu, Kawuri, Kekeno, Khaddamari, Konduga, Fegge, Igbariam, Igbo-Ukwu, Nkwelle, Nnewi, Nneyi Umuleri, Nteje, Obosi, Korongelen Bula Dun*, Kote, Kukawa, Kumshe, Kushan, Kuwa-Yangewa, Oko, Onitsha, Orkija, Otuocha. Kuwiya, Logomani, Mafa, Magdewerne, Magumeri, Maiduguri, Mainok, Mairami, Mairari, Major Ali, Malam Fatori, Malari, Mallam Kafari, Mallumti, In Bauchi, 8 incidents killing 8 people were reported. The following locations were Mammanti, Mayen, Metele, Mifah, Mijigine, Missini, Moduhum, Modumajiri, among the affected: Bauchi, Bogoro, Burra, Dass, Lushi, Ningi. Molai, Monguno, Muna Dalti, Muna Garage Camp, Munduri, New Marte, Ngala, Ngoromari, Njimtulur, Parisu, Pulka, Rann, Sabon Gari, Sabon In Bayelsa, 31 incidents killing 31 people were reported. The following locations Tumbun, Sambisa Forest Reserve, Surdewala Clan, Takwala, Tokombere, were among the affected: Amassoma, Amatu, Brass, Igbogene, Ikarama, Tongule, Tumbun Allura, Tumbun Gini, Tumbun Rego, Tungushe, Wulgo Ndoro, Nembe, Ogu, Okpoma, Opokuma, Oporoma, Otuogori, Sagbama, Momaduri, Wumbi,
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  • The Use of Nigerian Pidgin in Media Adverts

    The Use of Nigerian Pidgin in Media Adverts

    International Journal of English Linguistics; Vol. 4, No. 2; 2014 ISSN 1923-869X E-ISSN 1923-8703 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Use of Nigerian Pidgin in Media Adverts Joseph Babasola Osoba1 1 Department of English, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria Correspondence: Joseph Babasola Osoba, Department of English, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Received: November 27, 2013 Accepted: February 1, 2014 Online Published: March 26, 2014 doi:10.5539/ijel.v4n2p26 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v4n2p26 Abstract The use of Nigerian Pidgin seems to have gained a wider currency since Nigeria’s independence in 1960. Among the educated and barely educated, the pidgin is used profusely in many spheres of life, especially in informal situations. In the mass media (television, radio, magazines and newspapers), schools, higher institutions of learning, government offices, etc., pidgin discourse abounds. In fact, despite the fact that it is not yet an official lingua franca in the country, it is a daily phenomenon in every day affair of an average Nigerian. The nature of Nigerian Pidgin, its easy mode of acquisition as well as the multilingual background of Nigerians may have been responsible for its present status and functions. In the light of the above, I am interested in how meaning is assigned to a piece of pidgin discourse, especially an advert in Nigerian Pidgin. Thus the goal of this paper is to establish how pidgin adverts communicate the intended meaning of their advertisers and how the audiences perceive them through an application of “Presupposition” and “Implicature” as conceptual or theoretical tools.