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Hydro-Geochemical Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Akoko North West Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria

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Hydro-Geochemical Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Akoko North West Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria ISSN = 1980-993X – doi:10.4136/1980-993X www.ambi-agua.net E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (12) 3625-4212 Hydro-geochemical evaluation of groundwater quality in Akoko North West local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria (http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.851) Temitope D. T. Oyedotun1; Opeyemi Obatoyinbo2 1Department of Geography and Planning Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, P. M. B. 001, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria. e-mail: [email protected]; 2Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Adekunle Ajasin University, P. M. B. 001, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria. e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT A sudden geometric increase in population of Akoko North West Local Government Area of Ondo State has led to an increase in demand for water and harnessing of subsurface water reserve. A total of twenty six water samples obtained from both boreholes and hand-dug wells were analyzed for their physico-chemical characteristics with the aim of assessing their quality, usability and also to determine the level of their contamination in the local government which is dominated by granite gneisses, charnockites, and augen gneisses as the main rock types. The following physico-chemical properties were analyzed for in the samples collected: electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total alkalinity (TA), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) with major cations (Na+, 2+ 2+ 3- - 3- 2+ 2+ + + Mg , Ca ), anions (PO4 , HCO3 , SO4 ) and several heavy metals (Zn , Fe , As , Ni , Pb2+, Cd+, Cu2+). The following results were obtained from the analysis: Zn2+ (0.109 – 0.437 ppm), Fe2+ (0.216 – 0.726 ppm), As+ (0.01 – 0.03 ppm), Ni+ (0.036 – 0.074), Pb2+ (0.003 – + 2+ 3- + 0.010), Cd (0.002 – 0.007), Cu (0.086 – 0.241) with appreciable abundances of PO4 , Cd , Fe2+and Ni+ some exceeding while some others are below the WHO acceptable level for drinking water, thereby making it a serious source of concern as it indicates varying levels of faecal contamination (from leaky septic tanks, interception with pit latrines) and heavy metal liberation into the water consumed by the residents. It was also noticed that the water was fresh based on the analysis of the Total Dissolved Solids and the Pb2+ concentrations almost exceeded the standard permissible limit. Generally, it was concluded that the overall quality of the ground water is averagely good physico-chemically. Keywords: water samples; physico-chemical properties; water quality. Avaliação hydrogeoquímica da qualidade da água subterrânea na área Akoko North West do governo local do estado Ondo, Nigéria RESUMO Um aumento geométrico e repentino da população da área de Akoko North West do Governo Local do Estado de Ondo levou a um aumento pela procura de água e aproveitamento de reserva de água subterrânea. As características físico-químicas de vinte e seis amostras de água obtidas de poços perfurados e cavados à mão foram analisadas com a Revista Ambiente & Água - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science: v. 7, n. 1, 2012. OYEDOTUN, T. D. T.; OBATOYINBO, O. Hydro-geochemical evaluation of groundwater quality in Akoko North West local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Ambi-Agua, Taubaté, v. 7, n. 1, p. 67-80, 2012. (http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.851) finalidade de avaliar sua qualidade, usabilidade e determinação de seu nível de contaminação na área do governo local, que é dominado principalmente pelas rochas de granito, gnaisses, charnockitos e augen gnaisse. As seguintes propriedades físico-químicas das amostras coletadas foram analisadas: condutividade elétrica (CE), pH, alcalinidade total (AT), sólidos totais dissolvidos (TDS), sólidos suspensos totais (SST), a capacidade de neutralização de + 2+ 2+ 3- 3 ácido (CNA), com os principais cátions (Na , Mg , Ca ), ânions (PO4 , HCO3-, SO4 -) e vários metais pesados (Zn2+, Fe2+, As+, Ni+, Pb2+, Cd+, Cu2+). Os seguintes resultados foram obtidos: Zn2+ (0,109 – 0,437 ppm), Fe2+ (0,216 – 0,726 ppm), As+ (0.01 – 0.03 ppm), Ni+ (0,036 – 0,074), Pb2+ (0,003 – 0,010), Cd+ (0,002 – 0,007), Cu2+ (0,086 – 0,241), com 3- + 2+ + concentrações apreciáveis de PO4 , Cd , Fe e Ni algumas superiores, enquanto outras abaixo do nível aceitável da WHO para água potável, fato que se constitui em grande preocupação, pois indica níveis variáveis de contaminação fecal (de vazamento de fossas sépticas e de latrinas) e contaminação de metais pesados na água consumida pelos moradores. Também foi observado que a água era doce com base na análise dos sólidos totais dissolvidos e que as concentrações de Pb2+quase ultrapassaram o limite padrão estabelecido. Observou-se que a qualidade físico-química global da água do solo é medianamente boa. Palavras-chave: amostras de água; propriedades físico-químicas; qualidade da água. 1. INTRODUCTION Water is a very important component of the earthly environment. Throughout the history of man, water has always been sustaining life and serving communities. The importance of the quality of available water cannot, however, be over-emphasised. As far as Nigeria is concerned, there is abundant of surface and groundwater resources, particularly in the South- Western region which is entirely within the tropical rainforest zone (Obatoyinbo and Oyedotun, 2011). Rijswijk (1981) estimated the groundwater resources at 0 – 50m depth in Nigeria to be 6 x 106 km3 (6 x 106 m3). However, from the eight mega regional aquifers in Nigeria which Akujieze et al., (2003) estimated, the deposit of the total groundwater yields additional groundwater resources of 7.2 times Rijswijk’s figure, the total of which is estimated to be 50 million trillion l/year (Akujieze et al., 2003). Earlier, Hanidu (1990) has estimated the surface water resources in Nigeria to be 224 trillion l/year. Hence, with the available surface water resources of 224 trillion litre per year (l/year) and about 50 million trillion l/year as groundwater resources, there is an assured water abundance in Nigeria. Any shortfall in meeting the rising population needs is principally due to harnessing, distribution, delivery and quality (Hanidu, 1990; Akujieze et al., 2003). Through the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1980 – 1990), the NPC (2006) recommended and proposed water for all by the year 2000. For this to be achieved, Nigeria launched a National Borehole Programme, which included 760 boreholes with only 228 (30%) being productive (Akujieze et al., 2003). The failure of this project may be due to poor knowledge of groundwater disposition in Nigeria, the bureaucratic nature of government projects or the attitude of new political government officials to discard their predecessors initiated projects, resulting in those ventures to be white-elephant projects. With the view and understanding that groundwater is much more of high quality than surface water (which are exposed to all sorts of pollution), individuals have been embarking on digging wells in their neighbourhood and apartments to meet their growing water needs for their multifarious purposes. However, the quality of groundwater depends upon several factors such as lithology and conditions prevailing within formation, quantum of water available in the aquifer and its rate of circulation. Apart from these factors, the activities of microorganisms, temperature and pressure are also responsible for the chemical characteristic of groundwater (Ramanathan, 68 OYEDOTUN, T. D. T.; OBATOYINBO, O. Hydro-geochemical evaluation of groundwater quality in Akoko North West local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Ambi-Agua, Taubaté, v. 7, n. 1, p. 67-80, 2012. (http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.851) 2004). Therefore, groundwater is not entirely pure water because it usually contains dissolved mineral ions (Okagbue, 1988). The type and concentration of these dissolved minerals can affect the usefulness of groundwater for different purposes (Boyle, 1988). If certain mineral constituent are present in excessive amounts, some type of treatment may be necessary to either change or remove the dissolved mineral before the water can be used for the intended purpose. The major cations found in groundwater include calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), + + - 2- sodium (Na ), potassium (K ) and anions such as bicarbonate (HCO3 ), sulphates (SO4 ), chloride (Cl-) with non-ionic constituents like oxides, phenols, synthetic detergents, dissolved gases e.g. oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) (Tijani, 1994). These constituents result in the good quality of groundwater when they are present in optimum concentrations. A sudden geometric increase in the population of Akoko North West Local Government of Ondo State, Nigeria which has reached 213,792 (UN, 2006) has led to an increase in the demand for water and harnessing of subsurface water reserve. This paper investigates the possible infiltration of dissolved mineral (either from weathered rock or anthropogenic sources) into subsurface water in the area (basement complex rocks), and comparing the mineral level with the set standard for quality water by the World Health Organization (WHO). The main objectives of this study are: to determine the suitability of the water in the study area for human consumption from WHO established standard, and to determine the level as well as source of contaminants where applicable. Physical tests and chemical tests for several parameters were also carried out using specific set of scientific experimental standard (Omotoyinbo and Okafor, 2008). 1.1.The Study Area The study area (Akoko North West) is one of the eighteen Local Governments that made up Ondo State in the South-Western Region of Nigeria. It falls within latitudes 7°30′ and 7°35′N and longitudes 5°43′ and 5°49′E. The area is accessible by roads and footpaths and it occupies about 0.83km2 in aerial extent (Figure 1). Topographically, the area is characterised by a relatively rugged, undulating, topography with outcrops of charnockites, migmatite gneiss with other gneissic rocks as highlands which range between 600 and 1500feet above sea level.
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