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The Print Media As a Tool for Evangelisation in Auchi Diocese, Nigeria

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The Print Media As a Tool for Evangelisation in Auchi Diocese, Nigeria Peter Eshioke Egielewa THE PRINT MEDIA AS A TOOL FOR EVANGELISATION IN AUCHI DIOCESE, NIGERIA: CONTEXTUALISATION AND CHALLENGES Table of Contents Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………...……..i Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………...x Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………..…..xi Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….xii Chapter One GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….…1 1.1 Why this study?...............................................................................................................1 1.2 Area of research………………………………………………………………………..8 1.3 Methodology……………………………………………………………………….…10 1.4 Organisation………………………………………………………………………..…11 1.5 Limitations of Study………………………………………………………………..…16 Part I Chapter Two CONTEXT: AUCHI DIOCESE v 2.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………………...……18 2.1 History……………………………………………………………………………...…18 2.2 Geography, Population and Peoples…………………………………………………..20 2.2.1 Auchi Weltanschauung (Worldview)……………………..…………………………..22 2.2.2 The Person in Auchi…………………………………………………………………..23 2.2.3 The Body……………………………………………………………………………...23 2.2.4 The Soul………………………………………………………………………………24 2.3 Religion……………………………………………………………………………….24 i 2.3.1 Auchi idea of God………………………………………………………………….…25 2.3.2 Monotheistic God of Auchi………………………………………………………...…26 2.3.3 Intermediaries…………………………………………………………………………27 2.3.3.1 Divinities and Spirits………………………………………………………………….27 2.3.3.2 Ancestors…………………………………………………………………………...…28 2.4 Social Life………………………………………………………………………….…29 2.4.1 The Individual……………………………………………………………………...…30 2.4.2 Family-centred Conception…………………………………………………………...30 2.4.3 Communitarian Living………………………………………………………………..31 2.4.4 Respect for Life…………………………………………………………………….…33 2.4.5 Value System: Hospitality and Respect………………………………………………34 2.5 Life after Death: Auchi Eschatology………………………………………………….34 2.6 Traditional Educational Methods……………………………………………………..36 2.6.1 Initiation Rites………………………………………………………………………...36 2.6.2 Informal learning (story telling) ……………………………………………………...37 2.7 Auchi Political Structures……………………………………………………………..38 2.7.1 The Chieftaincyship………………………………………………………………..…40 2.8 Traditional Forms of Communication in Auchi…….………………………………...41 2.8.1 Town Crier (Otsabo) …………………………………………………………………41 2.8.2 Village square gong (Okonga) …………………………………………………….…42 2.8.3 Interpersonal communication…………………………………………………………42 Chapter Three MASS MEDIA-CONCEPT, DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIO-CULTURAL DYNAMICS 3.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...44 3.1 Defining Communication………………………………………………………………...44 3.2 Models of Communication……………………………………………………………….46 3.3 Principles of communication……………………………………………………………53 3.4 Variables in Communication……………………………………………………………57 3.4.1 Non-verbal communication…………………………………………………………...57 3.4.1.1 Kinds of non-verbal communication……………………………………...………59 3.4.1.2 Signs and Symbols as non-verbal communication……………………………….70 ii 3.4.2 Verbal Communication……………………………………………………………….71 3.4.2.1 Language in culture and society………………………………………………..…72 3.4.2.2 Language as communicative happening in culture……………………………….73 3.4.2.3 Elements of Intercultural verbal communication…………………………………75 3.5 Two Major contemporary means of Mass Communication…………………………...78 3.5.1 Modern Invention of Newspaper……………………………………………………..78 3.5.2 Internet……………………………………………………………………………..…82 3.6 Critique of Western Media……………………………………………………………85 3.6.1 Monologue……………………………………………………………………………85 3.6.2 Variation in value appreciation…………………………………………………….…87 3.6.3 Mutual suspicion…………………………………………………………………...…88 3.6.4 Consequences…………………………………………………………………………88 3.7 Critique of African Media………………………………………………………….…89 3.7.1 Lack of qualified Professionals…………………………………………………….…89 3.7.2 Lack of Adequate Funding & Necessary Infrastructure…………………………...…90 3.7.3 Censorship………………………………………………………………………….…92 Part II Chapter Four THE PRACTICE OF COMMUNICATIVE THEOLOGY 4.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………...…93 4.1 Origins and Definition of Communicative Theology………………………………...93 4.1.1 Theology as Communicative………………………………………………………….97 4.1.2 Communication as Theology…………………………………………………………98 4.1.3 Habermas’ Communicative Theory………………….…………………………..….100 4.2 Trinity as Communion of Love……………………………………………………...101 4.3 The Holy Spirit as a Communicative Agent………………………………………...103 4.4 Communicative Theology in the World…………………………………………..…104 4.4.1 The Human Person as Communicative……………………………………………...106 4.4.2 God and Man Relationship in Communicative Theology…………………………...107 4.5 Communion and Communication…………………………………………………...107 4.6 Communication in the Church………………………………………………………108 iii 4.6.1 Church as Communion………………………………………………………………108 4.6.2 Communication in Church Structures……………………………………………….110 4.6.3 Communicative Model of the Church before Vatican II…………………………….111 4.6.4 Communicative Model of the Church after Vatican II……………………………...112 4.7 The “Theme-Centred-Interaction (TCI)”: A new model of Communication……….113 4.7.1. The TCI Axioms…………………………………………………………………..…115 4.7.2 The TCI Postulates………………………………………………………………..…118 4.7.3 The Triangle within the Sphere: Communicative Theology of Matthias Scharer and Bernd Hilberath………………..………………………………………..………...…121 4.7.3.1 The “I” identity………………………………………………………………………123 4.7.3.2 The “We” as gift-given…………………………………………………………...…124 4.7.3.3 The “It” as the Faith content……………………………………………………...…125 4.7.3.4 The “Globe” as the Context for Theology…………………………………………..128 4.7.3.5 Structure……………………………………………………………………………..129 4.8 The Search for a New Model of Church Communication…………………………..129 4.8.1 The Triangle within Two Spheres…………………………………………………...130 4.9 Liberation as a Theme in African Context………………………………………..…132 4.9.1 Biblical horizon……………………………………………………………………...132 4.9.2 The Exodus story…………………………………………………………………….133 4.9.3 God and the Poor…………………………………………………………………….134 4.9.4 Liberation Theology: Beginnings in Latin America………………………………...136 4.9.5 Method of Liberation Theology……………………………………………………..137 4.9.6 Jesus Christ in Liberation Theology…………………………………………………138 4.9.7 Liberation Theology in Africa……………………………………………………….141 4.9.7.1 Genre 1: The Warrior Tradition in Africa…………………………………………...143 4.9.7.2 Genre 2: African Independent Churches…………………………………………….143 4.9.8 The African Condition………………………………………………………………144 4.9.9 Africa: 50 years after……………………………………………………………...…145 Chapter Five EVANGELIZATION VIS-A-VIS COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES 5.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..151 5.1 The Concept of Evangelisation……………………………………………………...151 iv 5.2 Theology and the Message of Jesus…………………………………………………152 5.2.1 The Old Testament Era…………………………………………………………...…152 5.2.2 The New Testament Era……………………………………………………………..154 5.2.3 The Central message of the Gospel………………………………………………….155 5.3 Evangelisation and Globalisation……………………………………………………156 5.3.1 Challenges of Globalisation in Auchi……………………………………………….159 5.3.2 Evangelisation as Communication…………………………………………………..161 5.3.3 Communicative Evangelisation in Christian history………………………………...162 5.3.4 From Personal to Mass communication……………………………………………..163 5.3.5 Evangelising in Mass Media……………………………………………………...…165 5.4 Review of Some Church Documents on Evangelisation & Communication…….…166 5.4.1 Vigilanti Cura(1936)…………………………………………………………………166 5.4.2 Inter mirifica(1963)…………………………………………………………………..169 5.4.3 Communio et Progressio(1971)……………………………………………………..173 5.4.4 Evangeli Nuntiandi(1975)…………………………………………………………...175 5.4.5 Redemptoris Missio(1990)………………………………………………………..…179 5.4.6 Ecclesia in Africa (1994)……………………...…………………………………….186 5.4.7 Africae Munus(2009)……………………………………………………………...…190 5.5 Some Pastoral-Communication Efforts in Africa………………………………...…195 5.5.1 The Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM)....196 5.5.2 Regional Episcopal Conference of West Africa (RECOWA)..………………….….197 5.5.3 Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians (EATWOT)…………………198 5.6. Communication in the Nigerian Church…………………………………………...…199 5.6.1 Nigerian Bishops’ Pastoral Letter(2010): Nigeria at 50…………………………...…200 5.7 Communication in the Diocese of Auchi…………………………………………...…201 5.7.1 Auchi Diocesan Bishop’s Pastoral Letter (2006)…………..…………………………202 Chapter Six COMMUNICATIVE EVANGELISATION AND CULTURAL INTERPLAY IN AUCHI DIOCESE 6.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………206 6.1 Arrival of Early Missionaries and their Communication Tools…………………..…206 v 6.1.1 Interpreters………………………………………………………………………..…206 6.1.2 Trade strategy……………………………………………………………………..…207 6.1.3 The Elementary school system…………………………………………………...…207 6.2 Theology in Dialogue: Between God, Man and Nature……………………………..208 6.2.1 Argument of Theology as Primarily Human……………………………………...…209 6.3 Perspectives of Human Liberation in Auchi Diocese………………………….....…210 6.3.1 Justice, Peace & Development………………………………………………………210 6.3.2 Democratization of governance…………………………………………………..…219 6.3.3 Media and the promotion of democratic Governance……………………………….222 6.3.4 Education……………………………………………………………………………223 6.4 Communication and human rights: Dialogical Communication…………………….224 6.4.1 Human Rights in Africa……………………………………………………………..225 6.4.2 Poverty………………………………………………………………………………226 6.4.3 Consequences of poverty……………………………………………………………228 6.4.4 Media Intervention & poverty reduction……………………………………………229 6.5 Religious Proliferation: Faulty Communication?………………………………..….231 6.5.1 Two Trends in the Pentecostal movements……………………………………….....232 6.5.2 Two Examples
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