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Trio (Marzo-Aprile 1942)

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Trio (Marzo-Aprile 1942) XXXIX ICMH CONGRESS, TORINO, 2013 “JOINT AND COMBINED OPERATIONS IN THE HISTORY OF WARFARE” ABSTRACT PhD Alberto BECHERELLI (Italy) Trio (marzo-aprile 1942). L’operazione congiunta italo-tedesco-croata contro i partigiani di Tito Operation Trio (1942). The joint German-Italian-Croatian counterinsurgency operation against Tito’s partisans. On April 1941, the Independent State of Croatia (including Bosnia-Herzegovina) was established under the rule of the Poglavnik Ante Pavelić, leader of the Ustasha ultra- nationalist and separatist movement. The State was formally included in the Italian sphere of interest, but de facto it was divided between the German and Italian military occupation forces and Italy exercised a significant influence only in the part of the State directly occupied by the troops of the Italian 2nd Army. Trio was a large-scale joint German-Italian-Croatian military operation against Tito’s partisans in Bosnia-Herzegovina. From April to May 1942 the operation was carried out in two phases, Trio I and Trio II. The aim of the operation was to target all insurgents between Sarajevo and the Drina river in Eastern Bosnia. For the first time during the WWII the Germans entrusted an Italian officer, the commander of the 2nd Army general Mario Roatta, to lead a large-scale military operation. General Paul Bader, commander of the German troops in Belgrade, led the joint German-Italian-Croatian forces involved: three Italian divisions (1st Mountain Division Taurinense, 22 th Infantry Division Cacciatori delle Alpi and 5th Mountain Division Pusteria) one German division (718th Infantry Division) and ten Croatian Home Guards and Ustasha battalions. The Historical Archive of the Italian Army General Staff provides a valuable record of the events and allows a detailed analysis. The operation was of limited effectiveness due to several factors, including Italian delays and pre-emptive action by German troops and Ustasha militia. As a consequence, Operation Trio led to mutual suspicion and lack of coordination between Italian and German High Commands. The Yugoslav Partisan (1st and 2nd Proletarian Brigades) and its leader Josip Broz Tito had the possibility to withdraw from their base around Foča and, after briefly reorganising, to move their operations to Western Bosnia. Trio (marzo-aprile 1942). L’operazione congiunta italo-tedesco-croata contro i partigiani di Tito Durante l’occupazione della Jugoslavia nella Seconda guerra mondiale, il 2 e 3 marzo 1942 ad Abbazia viene raggiunto un accordo italo-tedesco-croato per la coordinazione nel triangolo Drina-Sava-Adriatico di una vasta operazione anti-partigiana congiunta successivamente denominata Trio. A nord-est della linea di demarcazione tra l’occupazione italiana e quella tedesca esistono infatti due centri di ribellione: uno verso la Drina (Bosnia orientale), a est e nord-est di Sarajevo, l’altro nella zona tra Banja Luka ed il Petrova Gora. L’operazione Trio si concentra sulla prima area e viene svolta tra aprile e maggio divisa in due fasi: Trio I per la regione di Rogatica, Trio II per l’ansa della Drina in corrispondenza di Vlasenica-Srebrenica. L’obiettivo principale è colpire i partigiani nell’alta valle della Drina, attorno alla cittadina di Foča. Il comando dell’operazione viene affidato al generale Mario Roatta, comandante della 2ª Armata italiana, mentre il generale Paul Bader, comandante delle truppe tedesche a Belgrado, guiderà le forze congiunte italo- tedesche-croate operanti: per la prima volta i tedeschi affidano un’operazione militare di grandi proporzioni ad un generale italiano. Gli italiani impiegano tre divisioni (1ª Divisione Alpina Taurinense, 22ª Div. Fanteria Cacciatori delle Alpi e 5ª Divisione Alpina Pusteria) con il concorso dell’aviazione, i tedeschi una divisione (718ª Divisione Fanteria più un reggimento della 737ª) e i croati una decina di battaglioni tra domobranci e ustaša, per chiudere la via di fuga alle formazioni partigiane verso nord-ovest. Viene stabilito che, avviate le operazioni, la linea di demarcazione tra occupazione italiana e tedesca potrà essere superata indifferentemente dalle truppe in base alle necessità operative, mentre i poteri nelle varie località occupate, in attesa che gendarmeria e autorità civili croate siano pronte a subentrare, saranno tenuti dalle truppe ivi giunte. Le due fasi operative Trio I e II, dal 15 aprile al 15 maggio, saranno mal coordinate di proposito da croati e tedeschi, che si muoveranno anticipando i piani italiani. I reparti ustaša della Crna Legija agli ordini del colonnello Juraj Francetić, (circa tremilacinquecento uomini tra cui volontari musulmani), occuperanno gran parte del territorio (a maggioranza ortodossa). Con l’operazione Trio lo Stato Maggiore italiano sperava di estendere l’occupazione oltre la linea di demarcazione con quella tedesca – temporaneamente decaduta per assicurare l’efficace svolgimento del ciclo operativo – ponendo un saldo piede nella Bosnia: il comando tedesco tuttavia, anticipa l’attacco proprio con l’intenzione di escludere la penetrazione italiana, spingendo i partigiani verso sud-est. Il timore principale di Bader è che gli italiani riescano infine a subentrare ai tedeschi nell’occupazione di Sarajevo, così da estendere progressivamente la zona da loro controllata fino alla Sava. Le operazioni si concluderanno con un parziale successo e la rioccupazione di Foča, che era diventato il quartier generale di Tito. Per i tedeschi, che riprendono il controllo della zona d’occupazione e allontanano i partigiani da Sarajevo, il risultato è sicuramente positivo, come del resto per i croati, che ottengono nuovamente il controllo dei poteri civili su una parte importante del territorio dello Stato Indipendente Croato (i funzionari amministrativi e la gendarmeria croata seguono le colonne avanzanti per prendere subito servizio). Gli italiani, invece, si ritroveranno a dover affrontare le conseguenze della campagna militare, ovvero fare i conti con la presenza dei partigiani tra l’Erzegovina e il Montenegro e costatare l’ulteriore deterioramento dei rapporti con l’alleato ustaša croato. Anche se il nucleo principale delle bande di Tito riuscirà ad evitare l’accerchiamento, gli italo- tedeschi, comunque, infliggeranno severe perdite ai partigiani jugoslavi, valutate in circa 3000 uomini. Le truppe italiane, e le alpine in particolare, sosterranno il peso principale delle operazioni, precedendo la divisione tedesca nella conquista di Foča. Documenti d’archivio: AUSSME, Archivio dell’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, M-3, Documenti italiani. Breve bibliografia: - Bambara G., La guerra di Liberazione nazionale in Jugoslavia (1941-1943), Milano, Mursia, 1988; - Becherelli A., Italia e Stato Indipendente Croato (1941-1943), Roma, Nuova Cultura, 2012; - Biagini A., Frattolillo F. (a cura di), Verbali delle Riunioni tenute dal Capo di S.M. Generale, voll. I-IV, Roma, Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito Ufficio Storico, 1983-85; - Biagini A., Frattolillo F. (a cura di), Diario Storico del Comando Supremo, voll. I, III, VII, VIII, Tomi I-II (Diari e Allegati), Roma, Stato Maggiore Esercito Ufficio Storico, 1986-1999; - Caccamo F., Monzali L., L’occupazione italiana della Jugoslavia (1941-1943), Firenze, Le lettere, 2008; - Dassovich M., Fronte jugoslavo 1941-42. Aspetti e momenti della presenza militare italiana sull’opposta sponda adriatica durante la seconda guerra mondiale, Udine, Del Bianco editore, 1999. - Liddell Hart B.H., Storia militare della seconda guerra mondiale, Milano, Mondadori, 1996. - Loi S., Le operazioni delle unità italiane in Jugoslavia (1941-1943), Roma, Stato Maggiore Esercito Ufficio Storico, 1978; - Talpo O., Dalmazia. Una cronaca per la storia (1941-1944), I-III, Roma, Stato Maggiore Esercito Ufficio Storico, 1985-94; .
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