Problems of Cross-Cultural Communication in Translation Process

Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 5, 2020

Review Article

PROBLEMS OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN TRANSLATION PROCESS

1Tukhtasinov Ilkhomjon Madaminovich

1Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages, Samarkand, Uzbekistan. E-mail address: [email protected]

Received: 21.01.2020 Revised: 15.02.2020 Accepted: 17.03.2020

Abstract The present article is devoted to investigation of culture-related words / expressions and ways of their translation from Uzbek into English. Such words are often met in the process of cross-cultural communication, so the translator should be ready to render their meaning by effective methods. The most popular method is descriptive method which is used in case when Uzbek words / expressions with national-cultural specifics don’t have English equivalents or analogues.

Key words: translation process, national specifics, cross-cultural communication, word, expression, culture, descriptive method, calque.

INTRODUCTION important definitions by prominent scholars about the The necessity for this work is to investigate and to create new translation. and easy ways of translation of words denoting culture. As we know, in today`s globalization process we cannot imagine any If we take a close glance to translation, there are two country separate from the countries of it lie in neighborhood competing theories of translation. In one, the predominant and even countries that are exist in remote distance. Indeed, purpose is to express as exactly as possible the full force and they have close relationship with each other in any case, such meaning of every word and turn the phrase in the original, and as cultural, political, economical and etc. The successful in the other predominant purpose is to produce a result that completion of the making good relation with other countries does not read like a translation at all, but rather moves in its depends on the correct organization cultural interrelation new dress with the same ease as in its native rendering. Faced between each other. The demand for this investigation is to with such task, a good translator neither of these two analyze the proper ways rendering Uzbek works into English. approaches can ever be entirely ignored. Conventionally, it is The more Uzbek literature will be translated into English the suggested that in order to perform their job successfully, more the world community will be acquainted with our translators should meet three important requirements; they culture. There is a growing need for specialists who bear the should be familiar with. The first one is the source language, the expierence of understanding our culture deeply and bear the second one is the target language and the third one is the talent convey in target language reader. All in all, taking the subject matter. facts stated above into consideration, this is one of the topical Based on this premise, the translator discovers the meaning issues of making the world’s population close to each other between the forms in the source language and does his best to and making obstacle before the tendencies of any produce the same meaning in the target language using the misunderstanding between globe countries. Actuality of the forms and the structures of the target language. Consequently, present work is explained by the deep interest to the problem what is supposed to change is the form and the code and what of translation of lexica-semantic and lingual-cultural should remain unchanged is the meaning and the message [1]. peculiarity of words denoting culture and by the absence of literature based on the translation of Uzbek national colored In practice, there is also considerable variation in the types of words into English or vice versa. translations produced by translators. Some translators work only in two languages and arecompetent in both. Others work MATERIAL AND METHODS from their first language to their second language, and still We used descriptive, comparative-contrastive and others from their second language to their first language. observational methods in order to reveal particular features of Observation of many years in translation proved that two translation of cultural words. translators may be translating from the same source text and Translation theory is the study of the proper principles of into the same target language; however the results may be translation. Based on a solid foundation of understanding of very different. There is not one correct translation of a given how languages work, translation theory recognizes that text. Reasons for this variation include in the primary step different languages encode meaning in different forms, yet purpose of the translation, and the next is the translation guides translators to find appropriate ways of preserving teams itself and the last the target language audience for meaning, while using the most appropriate forms of each whom the translation is intended. language. Translation theory includes principles for translating figurative language, dealing with lexical RESULTS AND DISCUSSION mismatches, rhetorical questions, inclusion of cohesion The Uzbek language is one of the languages that have great markers, and many other topics crucial to good translation. history, many words that borrowed from Arab, Persian, Tajik, Russian and other languages. Its culture also differs The academic discipline of translation study became a concept throughout the region to region, village to village. Yet, there is in the 1950s, however translation activity is rather an old term such diversity in culture that the problem of rendering its text and its history dates back from antiquity centuries. Up to now to target text will be somehow arduous. As either literal there are given hundreds of distinctive definitions by many translation or cultural translation is associated with two scholars concerning this discipline. Before analyzing cultural contexts in which their cultural content is conveyed in systematically this matter we should cast an eye over some two different languages. Undoubtedly, one of the basic principles of translation is to be faithful to the original.

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PROBLEMS OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN TRANSLATION PROCESS

According to this principle, translation should first of all be – Darbozadan ichkariga kirilgach, saroy kabi bir havli, faithful to the content of the original, with literal translation on ayvonda o‘n beshka yaqin yarog‘liq yigitlar to‘nkalardan how to convey in a precise way the original cultural gulxan solib, isinib o‘lturmakda edilar. connotation and how to interpret it on the basis of the native – Inside there was a yard like a palace, about fifteen young cultural perspective. men were sitting on the veranda making fire and getting warmed around it. While we come across with the problem of rendering colored – In this example the word palace is translated into Uzbek words we solve these problems in this way. The first way is by calque. transliteration (translate on the level of graphemes). Basically – O‘zbek oyim hasharchi xotindan biriga tandirga o‘t names of people and placed will be rendered in this way. qo‘yishni buyurdi-da, o‘zi Zaynabning oldig‘a keldi: The second way is transcription (transference on the level of – Dasturxoning bitdimi, bolam? – deb so‘radi. Uzbek-oyim phonemes) this way in translation of colored word is not as told one of the coming to hashar women to set fire in the important. tandir (earthenware stove for baking flat cake or bread), came up to Zaynab asking: The third method is calque (word for word translation). This – “Is the dasturhon ready, dear?” method is the most important method that we use while – In this example the word tandir is translated into Uzbek rendering Uzbek colored words. by borrowing. – Finally, in the middle of that night he was found stained The descriptive or explanatory translation method of with his blood in the manger of the barn next to hall for translation of colored words is also one of effective method ablutions of the bathhouse… When the poor man had used in foreground level. entered the barn in order to wash himself for a prayer, at One of the other important way is approximate translation that time somebody pulled a knife on him and put him in (with the help of “analogue”) the manger. – Nihoyat, yarim kechada hammomning tahoratxonasi The last way of rendering colored word is transformative yonidag‘i bir og‘ilning oxiridan qonig‘a belashib yotqani (contextual) translation. holda topqanlar. Bechora tahorat uchun og‘ilg‘a kirganda tovush chiqarmasliq eriga xanjar urib, oxirg‘a tiqib Now taking into consideration the basic importance of these ketkan ekanlar. methods we try to observe some of them. Transcription – Putting on his chopon (national robe or coat) over his (transliteration) is often used in the cases, when the question shirt, Hasanali got out of his sleeping place, left his room is about proper names, the names of governmental and sat down in front of Otabek’s room. institutions, educational establishments and so on. The serious drawback of this method leads to the appearance of unusual Ko‘ynakchan egniga choponini yopinib o‘rnidan turdi, and loss clear words in translation. hujradan chiqib Otabek darichasi ostig‘a yana kelib o‘lturdi. • Qandog‘dir bir hayol ichida o‘lturg‘uchi bu yigit Toshkandning mashhur a’yonlaridan bo‘lg‘an Yusufbek In this example the word chopon is translated into Uzbek by hojining o‘g‘li – Otabek. calque. • This young man who sat thinking about something – was This rumor took a different view on the second day, Otabek, a son of Yusufbek Khoji, a famous aristocrat in "Musulmonqul sent troops of five thousand people to Tashkent. Normuhammad qushbegi to lead a riot against Tashkent!”. • Here the names of person and place Yusufbek hoji – Yusufbek Khoji, Otabek – Otabek and Toshkand – Ikkinchi kun bu xabar tag‘i ham boshqacha to‘n kiydi: Tashkent is rendered in above mentioned method. «Musulmonqul Normuhammad qushbegiga besh ming sipoh Calquing is literal translation of the word or word qo‘shib, Toshkand ustiga jo‘natqan!» combinations and it is widely used for rendering realities into another language. Assimilation of the calque is very In this example the word qushbegi is translated into Uzbek by complicated phenomenon being subject to consideration transliteration. within diachronic plan and is stipulated not only with He was sunk into deep thoughts when Hasanali entered the intralinguistic but the whole range of cultural and social room with a letter in his hand. factors. Colored words can be widely spread in the language, but at the Shunday qayg‘ular ichida bo‘kib o‘lturar ekan, Hasanali qo‘lida same time it remains as “exotizm” for the denotant correspond bir maktub bilan hujraga kirdi. to it is alien to culture. In this example the word room is translated into Uzbek by In connection with considerable divergence of lexical – calque. As we see great many words of national colored are semantic systems calques are sometimes perceived as unusual rendered by calque, however there many words that are or even destroying the norms of the language by the bearers of translated by descriptive way. Here we give list of some words the language of translation. that are translated by calque and descriptive way. In creating translation of colored words, it is necessary to take into account the cultural component of the initial word, it As we know, translation is a set of actions performed by the mustn’t be eliminated or substituted with the components of translator while rendering the source text into another another culture [3]. language. Translation is a means interlingual communication [2]. The translator makes possible an exchange of information Descriptive or explanatory translation has the advantage that between the users of different languages by producing in the it includes incomplete understanding which is characteristic to target language a text which has an identical communicative transliteration or calquing, but the drawback is that realia is value with the source text. This target text is not fully identical translated not with analogous unit by its structure of another with source as to its form or content due to the limitations language but with diffuse description. imposed by the formal and semantic differences between the – Ertalabki choy hozirlang‘an. Otabek xomush o‘lturub, source text and target language. Nevertheless, the users of Hasanali ersa uning holini ta’qib etmakda edi. Oradag‘i target text identify it, to all intents and purposes, source text- so‘zsizlik bir piyoladan choy ichkuncha buzilmadi. functionally, structurally and semantically. We give some – Morning breakfast was prepared. Otabek was in the grip examples of colored words that are appeared in rendering of sadness, and Hasanali got convinced in his suspicions. from Uzbek into English. Palpable silence was not been interrupted while having a Beshik (a small bed for a baby, especially one that swings cup of tea. from side to side) – In this example the word a cup of tea is translated into Uzbek by calque.

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Kumushning oy-kuni yaqin edi. Nabiralik bo‘ladirg‘an O‘zbek Quroq (Pieces of cloth that intended to use for anything by oyimning ishi boshidan oshqan, Kumushning oyi sewing small pieces of clothes.) tug‘masdanoq ul beshik yasatish bilan mashg‘ul edi. – The day of childbirth was coming up. Uzbek-oyim who was going to O‘rtaga novcha qiziqchi chiqadi. Choponi qizil, ko‘k, yashil, sariq quroq have a grandchild had a lot of work to do; she had already a lattalardan yamalgan. (T. Obidov, Yusufjon qiziq). A slim mocker cradle made long before the month of childbirth. came to the center. His robe was stitched with blue, green and yellow pieces of clothes. Baxshi (A person who treats patients by act of worship or superstition.) Tumor (A rolled letter, writing. According to the imagination of people and religious people. It defends its owner from Sotiboldining xotini og‘rib qoldi. Baxshi o‘qidi. Allaqanday bir misfortune, disaster and magic. A triangle shaped paper that is xotin kelib, tolning xipchini bilan savaladi (A. Kahhor, Bemor). written praying (usually wore in arms, neck, hair or inner side Wife of Sotiboldi became ill and bakhshi acted a worship. A of cloth.)) woman came and beat her with a stick of willow. Nima bu, Qanday tumor, Do‘ppi ichra chatilgan? (G‘. G‘ulom). What is Arslon (Powerful, brave, courageous person. Figurative this, what kind of tumor is this, sewed in the duppi? meaning.) Supurgi ko‘rmagan (Untidy and dirty place, basically inside Mash’um Kalon minorasidan o‘limga itarilgan el arslonlarining and outside parts of house) na’rasi qal’a osmonini xamon larzaga keltirmoqda. (Sh. Toshmatov, Erk qushi.) – The roar of courageous people who … havli yuzi turlik axlatlar bilan bulg‘anch, go‘yo yillardan beri were thrown out of Mash’um Kalon minaret still shaking the tozalanmag‘an, supurgi ko‘rmagandek edi (A.Qodiriy, O‘tkan castle sky. kunlar). – … the court-yard was in a bad condition, it was filled up with dust and garbage. Qo‘chqor (Figurative meaning. To describe person. Great, hero, brave, athlete.) Belida belbog‘i bor (Figurative meaning. Someone who is courageous, brave) Chambilning quchqori o‘zim bo‘laman, Chambil eltib, seni loyga solaman. I am the hero of Chambil, When I reach Chambil Erta indin qo‘chqordek o‘g‘il tug‘ib beradigan xotiniga bitta I’ll level you into mud. “Malikai ayyor”. Ikki qo’yning boshi ko‘ylak oberolmaydigan er qanaqa! Belida belbog‘i bormi? bitta qozonda qaynamas – Two arrogant people can’t live in a (O‘.Hoshimov, Dunyoning ishlari). – What kind of man is one place. who his wife recently will have a strong baby but he does not present a cloth! Is he a real man? Chilla (forty days, the most hot or cold forty days of a year. The hottest or the coldest forty days of a year.) CONCLUSION Translating literary works the translator recreate the work of Chilla kirdi. Chilla chiqdi. – The hottest or the coldest days begun. art sensitively and seamlessly in such a way that it is true to The hottest or the coldest days ended. Xali barvaqt bo‘lishiga the original, as well as being equally enchanting, poetic and qaramay, chilla emasmi, quyosh yonib bosh ko‘tarmoqda edi. (Sharq perceptive. Grace, beauty, color and flavor must be captured yulduzi). – In case of being early in hottest days, the sun rise and the resulting work must be capable of being understood burning. Hali barvaqt bo‘lishiga qaramay, chilla emasmi, quyosh yonib by its new audience, and make sense on every level. A bosh ko‘tarmoqda edi. «Sharq yulduzi». Forty days of summer translation should have the same virtues as the original, and lasts from 25th of June to fifth of August the hottest days. Avgust inspire the same response in its readers. It must reflect - yoz chillasi. Mening shahrimning o‘tkir quyoshi yallig‘i naq yondiryapti. cultural differences, while drawing parallels that make it (H. Nazir, Maftuningman, Ozarbayjon.) August, the hottest accessible and it must achieve a fine balance between the days. The flame of my town’s sun exactly man-burning. literal and the suggestive, the story and its melody. Readers in its new language with the same enthusiasm should read it and Chilla (The time continuing forty days after the birth of baby, understanding as it was in the old. marriage of girls and boys, funeral of dead. The most dangerous, hard or responsible period.) Artifacts and manuscripts that dating from ancient times or exact time explicate the events occurred in that time. Historical Yo‘q, – dedi O‘zbek oyim, – chillalik uyga kechasi ko‘chadan works thoroughly describes the life of past. Surely, works like kelib kirish yaxshi emas... Ichkari kirsang to‘g‘ri Zaynabning this contain mass of archaic and historical linguistic terms oldig‘a bor. – “No, you can’t”, – Uzbek-oyim said, – “It is not according to the need of writer to illustrate the time and place proper to enter the room within chillah, especially from of occurrence. So, while translating the literary fictions outside… Go straight to Zaynab’s room. translator should pay attention to lexical and semantic Chaqaloqning chillasi chiqqach, yangi uyga ko‘chib bordilar (Yoshlik). – peculiarities word denoting mentality and archaic words that After the finishing of chillah, they relocated. had another meaning in the past and as well as nowadays is used with the other meaning. Moreover, not being fully aware Kokil (A wisp of hair, crown.) of target language owner’s culture and tradition translator may face problems that may bring misunderstanding for the Ana husn, ana malohat! Hisobsiz kokil, qo‘ng‘ir sochlariga nima deysan? reader. In this chapter we gave thorough explanation of Taqimini o‘padi-ya, taqimini! (Hamza, Boy ila xizmatchi). – What integration of language, culture and translation, problems of beauty, what fascination. What do you say to uncountable the translation of cultural words from Uzbek into English, braids; it is long worthier to sweep the land. translation and transformations of Uzbek cultural words into Xatna (Circumcision party, to cut. The traditional events that English in literary works. Muslims and some other nations cut off the skin at the end of Having analyzed the sentences which have culture their son’s sex organ.) connotations in Uzbek literature and its translated versions we Xatna marosimlari o‘zbeklar va bir qancha xalqlarda to‘y shaklida can give such statistics on using translation techniques such o‘tkaziladi (O‘zME). – Circumcision party in Uzbeks and some as, calque, borrowing, transliteration and others. other nations is celebrated as a feast.

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Translation techniques

Calque Transliteration Borrowing

As a result we identified that calque translation technique is used for translating 8 sentences and borrowing and transliteration was used for two sentences. These techniques were used according the context of sentences which have culture connotation. The tasks of cultural studies, philosophy and cultural theory, it seems to us, are to make sense of culture in its real integrity and fullness of various forms of existence, in its structure, functioning and development, and also to answer questions about the vitality of a particular culture. What kind of common human values each culture contains, what is the national specificity of cultures of different nations, how the personality culture behaves in interaction with the cultures of other personalities, etc.

REFERENCES 1. Larson M.L. Meaning-based translation: guide to cross- language equivalence. Lanham, M.D.: University Press of America, 1984. 2. Mo’minov O., History of Translation (Europe and Central Asia) “Mexridaryo” nashriyoti, Toshkent, 2008. 3. Newmark P. Text Book of Translation. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall International Ltd., 1988. 4. A.Qodiriy. O’tkan kunlar. “Sharq”. –T.: 2009. 209 p. 5. I.Tukhtasinov, O.Muminov, A.Khamidov. The Days Gone by. “Mashhur Press” – T. 2017. 385 p.

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