sign in sign up
<<
Home , Cultural translation

A Special Issue for Cihan University-Erbil Second International Conference on and Arts (CIC-LITART’18), June 27-28, 2018

Cultural Gaps on the Light of

Translators Chief Assistant: Zaid Muhammod Saeed Alquraishy

Abstract

This study sheds light on the relationship of translation with and the cultural problems within translation. It tackles the role of translation in culture and how to solve its translation problems. Moreover, English and Arabic are the core subject of the study. Since there are two different , differences between them appear vividly, forming problematic gaps which must be solved by the translator.

Depending on the importance of culture, can be affected and influenced to the fact that language develops its aspect according to the development of environment we live in. Thus, language represents the way of interaction and communication with others. Many questions are raised here and discussed, showing up some perspectives of the linguistic theorists on this field.

In this study, a broad analysis focuses on the cultural gaps, problems of culture in translation and the ways of solution the translator produces to the text. At last, this study aims to show the relationship between language and culture and how culture can affect language. On the long run, language and culture are strongly correlated.

Keywords: translation, culture, gaps, problems, English, Arabic

1. Introduction

Language is the main way to communicate and interact among the people and human beings. It has witnessed a great development in studying it and analyzing its aspect in the societies. Many theorists and scientists study language as an important element in our life because it is the medium we can deliver the message to others. This development has led to study translation as a separate field and shed light on its interaction with other and societies. Theorists, in fact, have put certain+ rules and theories in the field of translation, which paved the way to tackle the problems of translation and all related issues.

DOI: 10.24086/cuesj.si.2018.n1a12 166

University-Erbil Scientific Journal Special Issue No. 1, August 2018

Different languages with different cultures result in appearing many difficulties in the process of translating because every language has its own aspects and features. Thus, the translator strives to restrict these problems and finds out certain solutions. Cultural problems are one of the most difficult tasks which the translator may face. The process of translating between the two languages always tries to restrict difficulties until it can reach to the best choices of equivalents. But the problem of the cultural translation lies on the gaps between the two languages. As a matter of fact, these gaps are resulted from the differences of the two languages. The translator sometimes finds out that there is no equivalent in target language at all or seeks out a partial equivalent.

In the process of translating, the translator resorts to certain strategies when he faces a cultural problem or a translation problem. But not all these strategies are adequate to solve the problem because it may lose its connotation and its cultural meaning. In every language, gaps are found when the process of translation begins because of the different elements between the source language and the target language.

Finally, the process of translating is performed to make the two languages closer. It is the only way to communicate and interact in a world full of rapid development in the era of information technology. Thus, the need of translation makes us to take care of it, analyze its problems and solve its cultural problems.

2. Translation and Culture

2.1 What is Culture?

The of culture anthropologically refers to different ways of acquired behavior through teaching which is resulted from the social interaction to the individuals. As a matter of fact, culture meets their sociological, psychological and biological needs. Moreover, culture is reflected to the life of human beings to the fact that these ways make human to adopt it according to its desires and expectations, gaining new behavior in order to foster a suitable life in the society 4. The emerging culture is the result of the human activity expressed by communication and mutual interaction through language, gestures, signs and moves which simplify certain things and determine the form of the society.

4 Muhammad Aljohari, Entrance into , Dar Almaarafa publishing house, Alexandria, 1990, p.8

167

A Special Issue for Cihan University-Erbil Second International Conference on Linguistics and Arts (CIC-LITART’18), June 27-28, 2018

According to the climate, situation and linguistic ethnical traits, every society can be distinguished by its art, traditions, music, singing and the modes of communication 5. It is noticed that culture and society are correlated necessarily. Society is a number of people who live in an enough period and regulate their living. In broad, they consider themselves as a human entity which is different from other units where different behavioral modes control their living in the society as a whole 6.

2.2 Definitions of Culture

In fact, there are more than four hundred definitions for culture. These definitions are illustrated the importance of studying culture by distinguished scientists. Taylor (1974), an anthropologist, sees that “culture is a compound which consists of all knowledge, beliefs, arts, customs, morals, laws, traditions, abilities and all customs acquired by man as a member in the society 7. This definition is considered as the most widespread and comprehensive until this moment. Rocher (1972, 2004), an anthropologist, that “Culture is a connection of ideas and feelings accepted by the majority of people in a society” (p.142). (1956) also says that “culture is a system of behaviours and modes which depend on unconsciousness”. John Diwi, the American philosopher, defines culture as it is a result of interaction between the human and environment. Malinowski defines culture as it is an integrated entity which is set up of human ideas, beliefs, traditions and crafts 8. He gathered all the components of culture which are formed from ideas, beliefs and customs.

According to structuralism, Levi Strauss defines culture as “it is a number of a sign system which contains on the first rank language, the laws of marriage, economic relationships, science, religion and arts. All these systems aim to express about some traits in the social and material reality 9”. In fact, culture is determined by these four following elements:

5 Muhammad Abd Almaaboud Mursi, the social interpretation to culture, Dar Almaarafah publishing house, Alexandria, 1990, p.8 6 Faris Khalil, the cultural development in our socialistic society, Modern Cairo Library, 1960, p.19 7 1871 cite' par: Pemeau Pascal, op. Cit., pp. 946 -968... 8 Malinowski, Bronislav: A Scientific Theory of Culture, New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, p.32. 9 Bassan Baraka (2012), the role of translation to consolidate culture and identity building, Tabbayun magazine, Arab Center for and Political Studies (90-96)

168

University-Erbil Scientific Journal Special Issue No. 1, August 2018

1- Acquired culture like language.

2- Culture is as multi-forms; it is a complete system which includes the mother tongue as being the essential element in this system.

3- Culture connected with identity correlatively.

4- Culture shared by a number of one entity.

2.3 What is Translation?

Translation is the main way to the process of communicating and cultural exchange between the people and . It is considered as the essential medium between cultures and divergent languages. Translation, as a matter of fact, is a process of exchanging in all fields, and it has a great importance to achieve progress and development. It represents a necessary way to deepen the relationship of communication among the people and nations (Salah, 2005, p.21). Moreover, the of progress is measured by the flourishing of translation movement in any nation. Thus, the movement of translation becomes more active when every culture comes closer to another one. It is seen that the cultures of the world are become closer to each other, and it contributes greatly consolidate the civilized interaction.

The importance of translation has consolidated the role of through exchanging cultures and knowledge among the people. This development happened due to trade or war. This interaction has led to increase the effect of translation on the people. In fact, translation has played a great role to develop the human resources and exchange technology 10 .

2.4 Definitions of Translation

The concept of translation is still a matter of debate among the scientists who see that translation is a human need to transform ideas and languages among different languages in order to make cultural changes among the people, trying to make the and cultures closer among nations. In brief, translation embodies its connection with culture.

10 C.Levi Strauss, « Introduction à l’oeuvre de M.Mauss, » in : M.Mauss, sociologie et Anthropologie Structurale( Paris : Plon, 1958) p78

169

A Special Issue for Cihan University-Erbil Second International Conference on Linguistics and Arts (CIC-LITART’18), June 27-28, 2018

Edmond Kari defines translation as it is a process which endeavors to find out equivalences between the two texts expressed by two different languages. These equivalences must always adhere to the nature of the two texts 11 . Maurice Pergnier defines translation as it is a process of replacing a message or a part of a pronounced message in certain language by a pronounced one in another one. Edwards sees that translation needs approximate real honesty, and all what is needed is more honest and sensitive which harmonizes with the . Edwards adds that traits, stances, reflections must be rendered as similar as to the author’s mind and heart. Goodspeed points out the best translation is when the text makes you forget that it is not translation. The text makes you contemplate into the old author’s mind as much as the contemporary author’s mind. As a matter of fact, this is not an easy job to be carried out, but any serious translator must adopt it indeed.

Prochanzka affirms that translation must instigate in the reader’s mind the same impression which happens in the source text 12 . He confirms on the gist of the previous definitions which refer that good translation is correlated with the necessity of adhering to the gist of the translated text semantically.

2.5 Translation in the Era of

The concept of globalization has not a comprehensive definition; it is an ambiguous idiom to many people. The reason beyond this fact is that this concept is very comprehensive because it penetrates into economic phenomenon, historical era and the social and technological revolution. Walter 13 defines globalization as “it is a result of updates and developments which endeavor to mingle the population of the world in one international society. This world is provided by one culture connected with the devices of technology and information, making the role of the cultural translation ineffective under the shadow of prevailing one language and culture”.

On one hand, translation always endeavors to find out global cultural communicating equivalences, adhering to the cultural aspects. Indeed, translation forms a motive towards human creativity. On the other hand, the aim of globalization is to achieve global , but it does not ensure the cultural aspects because

11 Jean René Ladmiral: Traduire, théorèmes pour la traduction, Payot, Paris 1979, pp. 13 - 146. 12 Muhammad Hassan Yousif, How to Translate? Without publishing house and country. Second edition, 2006, p.24. 13 Malcom Walters, Confronting of Globalization, Amman, Jordan, 2000, p.5

170

University-Erbil Scientific Journal Special Issue No. 1, August 2018

it endeavors to unite the concepts, values and plurality within the international cultural context. The concept of globalization confirms that the cultural dialogue may be supported by those who see globalization it does not threaten to wipe out identity or the . On the contrary, it works on forming it again and developing it to adapt with the era 14 .

Some people see that globalization steals culture and destroys the national identity because they believe that globalization disguises nonwestern cultures and contradict to progress and science. Beginning from this point, this distortion runs counter to the aim of translation which endeavors to rise up the principle of the linguistic plurality relied on the cultural aspects and achieving mutual respect among all. In brief, translation aims to make languages closer. In fact, the results of globalization form a real challenge to globalization itself because it aims to thaw the cultural and linguistic aspects.

2.6 Impact of on Translation

It is a number of phenomenon resulted from direct and continuous interaction to the individuals who belong to different cultures, leading to changes in the cultural modes 15 .

The importance of acculturation has formed a positive phenomenon known by the human societies through long history. In fact, it is the best way to make closer, communicate and exchange knowledge. It has played a magnificent role to flourish the human civilizations. Acculturation is different from the intellectual invasion to the fact that acculturation stands on the principle of communicating and enriching others, generating an interactive relationship among all.

Translation is the most important channel to acculturation. Literary translation, as a matter of fact, contributes directly establish the cultural identity. Hence, the importance of acculturation emerged from translation allows the text to be transformed from culture into another. Jacques Derrida states that the literary text needs translation on one condition of decomposing the translation and creating creativity. Thus, creativity must be built on the freedom of words.

14 Zakaria Imam, Confronting of Globalization, Amman, Jordan, 2000, p.4. 15 Munir Baalabakki, Almawrid Dictionary, Dar Alilim, 1994, p.24

171

A Special Issue for Cihan University-Erbil Second International Conference on Linguistics and Arts (CIC-LITART’18), June 27-28, 2018

2.7 Theories of the Cultural Translation

Theories of translation have magnificent importance in this field. But there are two theories which are the most distinguished; they are Socio-cultural Translation Theories and Functional theories.

2.7.1 Socio-Cultural Translation Theories

Peter Newmark established Socio-cultural Translation Theory. This theory paid a great attention to the cultural meaning, considering language is a culture, and translation expresses language based on Sapir and Whorf’s linguistic relativity theory. Sapir and Whorf’s theory 16 states that every language does not produce way of communicating to its speakers only, but it imposes on them a different perspective about the world”. Newmark pointed out that one of the most important difficulties is how to make close between the original and foreign culture.

2.7.2 Functional Theories

The functional theories are the most important which were developed at the beginning of seventies in the last century. These theories have transformed the concept of translation from a mere linguistic phenomenon into a cultural one concerns with the cultural communication. 17 is considered as the most effective one because it adopts the strategy of translating as a target text in the target culture. The theory of target is a part of translational action suggested by Holz-Mänttäri who puts the institutional commercial translation within the social and cultural context. He states that translation is a communication deal which includes manufacturing, producers, users and the receivers of the target text (Catford, 1965, p.100).

3. Problems of Cultural Translation

The process of translating has always two elements which are represented by source language S.L. and target language T.L. Since there are two different languages,

16 Newmark, Peter, A Textbook of Translation , 8th ed., Edinburgh, Longman, 2003. 17 Vermeer, H. Skopos and Commission in Translational Activity. In: L. Venuti. The Reader. London: Routledge, 1989.

172

University-Erbil Scientific Journal Special Issue No. 1, August 2018

there are inevitably different translation problems. The main problems and difficulties that the translator is expected to face (Nida, 1969, p.120):

1- Lexical Problems.

2- Grammatical and Structural Problems.

3- Textual Problems.

4- Cultural Problems.

3.1 Cultural Translation

It is an idiom connected with anthropology and human issues. The cultural translation is based on the cultural differences among the people in spite of the disparity of these cultures.

Translation is one of the most cultural characteristic phenomena; it is a bridge which connects between the people and culture. Lotman (1968) affirms that there is no language without mingling with the context of culture, and there is no culture without basing on the structure of the language” (Lotman, 2009, p.70). Basnett (1980) confirms that “translation is based mainly on culture and language, and language is the gist of culture. Each one depends on the other. Thus, the linguistic concepts are part of translating process”.

3.2 The Elements of Cultural Translation

The translation of the cultural element has huge difficulties and can affect the path of translating process greatly. The translator may not find out a way to render some words in a certain society because every nation has its own different culture. This may lead the translator to rely on what he gains entirely from his culture, society and environment. These problems can be classified into linguistic difficulties, structural difficulties, contextual difficulties, stylistic difficulties, vocal difficulties and cultural difficulties. Regarding to the cultural difficulties faced by the translator, it can be illustrated as the following 18 :

18 Ghazalah, H. (2006), Translation as Problems and Solutions: A Course book for University Students and Trainee Translators, (Valletta, Malta).

173

A Special Issue for Cihan University-Erbil Second International Conference on Linguistics and Arts (CIC-LITART’18), June 27-28, 2018

1- Difficulties connected with creed.

2- Difficulties with environment and its relation to society

3- Difficulties connected with language and law

4- Difficulties connected with customs, traditions and habits

5- Difficulties connected with the technological progress

3.3 Cultural Differences in Translation

Culture, as a matter of fact, is a reflected mirror of the society behavior (Bennet 1968). Thus, language has different elements of words and vocabularies which are employed in the process of translating. The task of choosing an appropriate equivalence needs a deep knowledge and background to the source language and target language. These words may be divided into religious, aesthetic, social, ritual, religious, etc. thus, since the root of Arabic language is different from the root of English language, equivalent is not always found.

4. Cultural Gaps between Arabic and English

Baker (1992:31) states that cultural equivalent has a great effect which makes the reader familiar with things. In fact, equivalence has the same meaning in a specific linguistic medium in another. Hence, these two units are considered to be equivalent. Sometimes, equivalence is not found, resulting in translation problems.

4.1 Identical Cultural Equivalent

Finding an equivalent in the process of translating facilitates the task of translator to render the text from the source language into target language. This issue depends on the knowledge and background of the translator to make the equivalent identical in both .has an identical equivalent in English ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺝ S.L. and T.L. The Arabic sentence The general meaning to this sentence is “Willing to marry her”, but the accurate translation in English which stands as an equivalent is “To ask her hand”. Another It is translated . "ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﺣﻴﻠﺔ" expression which is translated identically and culturally is into English “Out of control”.

174

University-Erbil Scientific Journal Special Issue No. 1, August 2018

4.2 Partial equivalent

One of the most important difficulties that are expected to face the translator is when there is partial equivalent to the source language. This means that there is loss in form but with the same meaning. In other words, it consists of dissimilar lexical item. The English idiom “a pain in the neck” has an equivalent in Arabic but with different form: Both idioms have the same meaning but they have different form . "ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺮﺓ" lexically. Take these examples:

ﻗﻠﺒﺎ ً ﻭﻗﺎﻟﺒﺎ ً:Heart and soul

ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺪ:The core point

4.3 Borrowing the Source Language

Some translators commence on translating the source language S.L. into target language T.L. with the same meaning because so many Arabic expressions are able to be as a genuine term in the target language T.L. Take this example:

.”can be translated into English as “The man of hour ﺭﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ

4.4 Compensating Equivalent

The translators use another strategy to find out an appropriate cultural equivalent the text rendered. In fact, cultural gaps as equivalents in this context may be found. Thus, the translator endeavors to find a similar cultural equivalent to the source text. The word ow, for an example, refers in English as wisdom or good omen; in Arabic it refers bad omen, and it has bad connotation (Newmark, 1991, p.121). Moreover, this cultural gap represents a great challenge to the translator when he tries to bridge the gap between the two cultures. One of these choices is to opt a cultural equivalent in Arabic refers to . "ﻫﺪﻫﺪ" ”wisdom and good omen as English language. The choice can be “hoopoe

Another example can be taken is Shakespeare’s line as the following:

ﻣﻦ ﺫﺍ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺣﺴﻨﻚ ﺍﻷﺑﻬﻰ ﺑﻔﺠﺮ ﻗﺪ Shall compare thee to a Summer’s day” can be translated“ But this translation . "ﻳﻮﻡ ﺻﻴﻒ" It is noted that “Breaking dawn” is used instead of . ﺗﺠﻠﻰ" is not adequate and does not render the cultural meaning. Another translation to this line

175

A Special Issue for Cihan University-Erbil Second International Conference on Linguistics and Arts (CIC-LITART’18), June 27-28, 2018

In fact, there is a big difference between ." ﻣﻦ ﺫﺍ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺣﺴﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﻯ ﺑﺼﻴﻒ 19 ﻗﺪ ﺗﺠﻠﻰ" is as England environment which represents coldness and the Arabic culture which represents hotness. Nevertheless, it is not enough to render it as it is since there discrepancy in climate between the two cultures and there is still cultural gap in between.

4.5 Cultural Social Equivalent Problems

Languages are different from each other because it depends on certain social On the other . ﺧﺎﻟﺔ is different from ﻋﻤﺔ ,features. On one hand, in Arabic for an example hand, there is one word in English which represents this equivalent; it is aunt. Another example is the word cousin. This word is problematic since Arabic draws a distinction the son of , ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺔ the son of a mother’s sister , ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺔ between the son of a father’s sister the daughter of a father’s ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﺔ,the son of a mother’s sister , ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻝ a mother’s brother and the daughter of a mother’s ﺑﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻝthe daughter of a mother’s brother , ﺑﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺔ sister Ilyas, 1988, p.125). Thus, kinship relationships in Arabic represent of the) ﺑﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﺔ sister deepest problematic feature in translating because the translator have to choose one of these eight options of the word cousin.

In English, there are five meals whereas there are three meals in Arabic. The meals whereas in English breakfast, lunch, dinner, dinner, tea and , ﻋﺸﺎء , ﻏﺪﺍء , ﻓﻄﻮﺭ:in Arabic are supper. The meals “tea” and “supper” are problematic when it is translated into Arabic.

Some expressions are used socially in Arabic after finishing the meal by saying It can be translated into English as “enjoy” or “I hope you . ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻓﻴﺔ or in the Iraqi slang ﻫﻨﻴﺌﺎ ً like it”. As a matter of fact, it is seen that some cultural expressions are found in the source language S.L. and the translator endeavors to find out a cultural equivalent which is near to the meaning itself.

the ﺃﺑﻮ ﻋﻠﻲ In Arabic, we call the name of the father by using his older son like father of Ali to show respect. This cultural usage is found in the Arab homeland whereas it is not found in the English culture. In this respect, the married woman in English uses her husband’s name like Mrs. David, whereas an Arab married lady keeps her first name (Ilyas, 1989, p.126).

19 Dr. Safaa Khallousi, Art of Translation, Babylon Publishing house, 1986

176

University-Erbil Scientific Journal Special Issue No. 1, August 2018

5. Fields of the Cultural Gaps between English and Arabic

The differences in culture between the two languages generate many various translation gaps. Thus, the translator tries hard to overcome these difficulties when he renders. The fields of these gaps are varied according the nature of the texts.

5.1 Ecological Culture

Gaps are found when there are two different environments between the two languages. As a matter of fact, Arabic language belongs to an environment of hot climate, whereas English belongs to an environment of cold climate (Xiao, 2013, p.5). This difference may result in problematic solutions to the translated text. The literal meaning for an example, is “news that freezes the heart”. But the correct , ﺧﺒﺮ ﻳﺜﻠﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻭﺭ of translation to this expression in English is “news that warms the cockles of heart”. It is is “warm” because Arabs are people who live in desert ﺛﻠﺞ noted that the translation of and snow is something everybody likes.

5.2 The Religious Culture

This is one of the most difficult problems that the translator may face. Religion represents one of challenges which stands as a deep gap between the cultures. As a matter of fact, the Islamic religion consolidated this culture and contribute reshape it. Larson (1984:180) stated that terms which deal with the religious aspects are the most difficult. for an example, is an Islamic religious word which means literally “the ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﻡ is a term used in ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺎﺋﺚ .”Forbidden home”. But the correct translation is “The Ka’aba Holy Quran which means literally the mother of the correct all vice. But the correct translation is wine.

These two examples, in fact, are used to refer to a cultural connotation. Through this translation, especially in the religious terms, the translator faces loss in translation due to the gaps between the two languages 20 .

20 See Gazala (95:196)

177

A Special Issue for Cihan University-Erbil Second International Conference on Linguistics and Arts (CIC-LITART’18), June 27-28, 2018

5.3 Color Variety

Color represents another filed of divergence among all languages. The variety can generate difficulties and cultural gaps during the process of translating. In fact, some colors in English has a positive connotation, whereas the same color in Arabic has a negative color. The color blue has a good connotation in English, whereas it has negative connotation in French (Ilyas, 1988, p.130). “black-faced” in English represents fury; but it signifies disgrace in Arabic. Take these examples with its translation:

ﺷﺨﺺ ﺷﺮﻳﺮ = Yellow dog

ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻮﻱ = White plague

ﺣﺴﻮﺩ = Green-eyed

Finally, English has wider variety of colors than Arabic. So, the translator must be careful to the culture-specific color expressions which represents as gaps to the T.L. (Ilyas, 1988, p.131).

5.4 Political Cultural Terms

It is another important field where the translators strive to found out accurate term which is considered as one of the cultural differences among languages. Some terms, as a matter of fact, have similar usage in the source language and target language, but its situational aspects are different according to the variety of the word. A real example is the word “democracy” (Ilyas, 1989, p.129).

The translators sometimes need to paraphrase, define the meaning of the words or it is explained in separate footnotes. In fact, these are some strategies which can be used for an example, represents one of terminological , ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ in this context. The term difficulties. Thus, it is supposed to explain it in a footnote to make clear the whole is rendered as “Intifadha” because it has a great impact on ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ meaning of it. The word the Arab audience, and the strategies of acculturation, footnotes and definition are used to indicate the importance of this word. The translating of this word as “Uprising” is not enough to render its connotation.

178

University-Erbil Scientific Journal Special Issue No. 1, August 2018

5.5

Customs and dresses form another problematic type of translation since there are no two cultures are similar to each other. This difference generates translation gaps which compel the translator to strive some strategies to make the meaning clear. As a matter of fact, Arabs wear “dishdasha” and “iqal”. These two customs are not found in the English culture. Thus, the translator must explain and defines these two words as footnotes. is used here in this example because there is no equivalent in the English language. Dishdasha is a white traditional dress the Arabs wear it, whereas iqal is put on the head.

can be naturalized and translated into English as “air ﺑﺨﻮﺭ Some Arabic words like freshener”. This is another strategy to translate some terms which have problematic gaps.

In English, there are many types of chairs; some of them are armchairs or stools, etc. In These differences in the . ﻛﺮﺳﻲ Arabic, there is one word which refers to chair; it is materials form a difficult problem which the translator may face. The translator, as a matter of fact, endeavors to bridge the gap between the Arabic and English language by using different strategies (Ilyas, 1989, p. 132).

Conclusion

The relationship of language and culture are correlated strongly because language is a main element in any society where the cultural aspects play a great role in the process of translating. Thus, cultural problems in translation must be found because there are two different languages, and this difference is resulted in gaps between them. These problems extend to religion, ecology, environment, material and all different aspects of the language. In this case, the translator resorts to certain strategies like footnote, definition or transliteration in order to unveil these problems. These strategies used by the translator are some ways and methods to facilitate the task of rendering and bridging the gap between the two languages.

References

Aziz, Y. and Muftah, S. (2000): Principles of Translation , Benghazi: Dar Al-Kutub Al- Wataniyya. Libya

179

A Special Issue for Cihan University-Erbil Second International Conference on Linguistics and Arts (CIC-LITART’18), June 27-28, 2018

Bassan Baraka (2012), The Role of Translation to Consolidate Culture and Identity Building , Tabbayun magazine, Arab Center for Researches and Political Studies. Lebanon

C.Levi Strauss, « Introduction à l’oeuvre de M.Mauss, » in : M.Mauss, sociologie et Anthropologie Structurale( Paris : Plon, 1958) p78

Catford, J. (1965): A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press. UK.

Dr. Safaa Khallousi , (1986): Art of Translation , Babylon Publishing house. Iraq

Faris Khalil (1960): The Cultural Development in our Socialistic Society , Modern Cairo Library. Egypt

Geng, Xiao (2013): Techniques of the Translation of Culture . Qingdao University Press. China

Ghazalah, H. (2006), Translation as Problems and Solutions: A Course book for University Students and Trainee Translators , (Valletta, Malta).

Ilyas, A. I. (1989): Theories of Translation , Mosul: Mosul. University Press.

Jean René Ladmiral: Traduire, théorèmes pour la traduction, Payot , Paris 1979

Malcom Walters, Confronting of Globalization , Amman, Jordan, 2000, p.5

Malinowiski, B. (1862): Sex, Culture, and Myth , London: Rubert Hart- Davis.

Muhammad Hassan Yousif, How to Translate? Without publishing house and country. Second edition. 2006

Muhammad, Abd Almaaboud Mursi (1990): The social Interpretation to Culture, Dar Almaarafah publishing house , Alexandria. Egypt

Muhammad, Aljohari (1990): Entrance into Anthropology , Dar Almaarafa publishing house, Alexandria. Egypt

Muhammad, I.R. (1986): Some Cultural Problems in English –Arabic Translation (Unpublished MA Thesis) University of Mosul.

Munir Baalabakki, Almawrid Dictionary , Dar Alilim, 1994

Newmark, P. (1991): About translation . Multilingual Matters. UK.

Newmark, Peter, A Textbook of Translation , 8th ed., Edinburgh, Longman, 2003.

180

University-Erbil Scientific Journal Special Issue No. 1, August 2018

Nida, E. (1964b): Linguistics and ethnology in translation problems . In Language and culture and society. Dell, H. (ed.). Harper and Row. UK.

Nida, E. and Taber, R. (1969): The theory and practice of translation . Brill. Leiden

Primitive culture 1871 cite' par: Pemeau Pascal, op. Cit

Saleh, Salah (2005): Culture and the Problematics of Arabic Translation . Kuwait University Press. Kuwait

Sapir, E. (1949): Language and environment . In Selected writings of Edward Sapir in language, culture and personality. University of California Press. USA.

Vermeer, H. Skopos and Commission in Translational Activity. In: L. Venuti. The Translation Studies Reader . London: Routledge, 1989

Zakaria Imam, Confronting of Globalization , Amman, Jordan, 2000

181