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Cultural Gaps on the Light of Translation

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Cultural Gaps on the Light of Translation A Special Issue for Cihan University-Erbil Second International Conference on Linguistics and Arts (CIC-LITART’18), June 27-28, 2018 Cultural Gaps on the Light of Translation Translators Chief Assistant: Zaid Muhammod Saeed Alquraishy Abstract This study sheds light on the relationship of translation with culture and the cultural problems within translation. It tackles the role of translation in culture and how to solve its translation problems. Moreover, English and Arabic are the core subject of the study. Since there are two different languages, differences between them appear vividly, forming problematic gaps which must be solved by the translator. Depending on the importance of culture, language can be affected and influenced to the fact that language develops its aspect according to the development of environment we live in. Thus, language represents the way of interaction and communication with others. Many questions are raised here and discussed, showing up some perspectives of the linguistic theorists on this field. In this study, a broad analysis focuses on the cultural gaps, problems of culture in translation and the ways of solution the translator produces to the text. At last, this study aims to show the relationship between language and culture and how culture can affect language. On the long run, language and culture are strongly correlated. Keywords: translation, culture, gaps, problems, English, Arabic 1. Introduction Language is the main way to communicate and interact among the people and human beings. It has witnessed a great development in studying it and analyzing its aspect in the societies. Many theorists and scientists study language as an important element in our life because it is the medium we can deliver the message to others. This development has led to study translation as a separate field and shed light on its interaction with other cultures and societies. Theorists, in fact, have put certain+ rules and theories in the field of translation, which paved the way to tackle the problems of translation and all related issues. DOI: 10.24086/cuesj.si.2018.n1a12 166 University-Erbil Scientific Journal Special Issue No. 1, August 2018 Different languages with different cultures result in appearing many difficulties in the process of translating because every language has its own aspects and features. Thus, the translator strives to restrict these problems and finds out certain solutions. Cultural problems are one of the most difficult tasks which the translator may face. The process of translating between the two languages always tries to restrict difficulties until it can reach to the best choices of equivalents. But the problem of the cultural translation lies on the gaps between the two languages. As a matter of fact, these gaps are resulted from the differences of the two languages. The translator sometimes finds out that there is no equivalent in target language at all or seeks out a partial equivalent. In the process of translating, the translator resorts to certain strategies when he faces a cultural problem or a translation problem. But not all these strategies are adequate to solve the problem because it may lose its connotation and its cultural meaning. In every language, gaps are found when the process of translation begins because of the different elements between the source language and the target language. Finally, the process of translating is performed to make the two languages closer. It is the only way to communicate and interact in a world full of rapid development in the era of information technology. Thus, the need of translation makes us to take care of it, analyze its problems and solve its cultural problems. 2. Translation and Culture 2.1 What is Culture? The concept of culture anthropologically refers to different ways of acquired behavior through teaching which is resulted from the social interaction to the individuals. As a matter of fact, culture meets their sociological, psychological and biological needs. Moreover, culture is reflected to the life of human beings to the fact that these ways make human to adopt it according to its desires and expectations, gaining new behavior in order to foster a suitable life in the society 4. The emerging culture is the result of the human activity expressed by communication and mutual interaction through language, gestures, signs and moves which simplify certain things and determine the form of the society. 4 Muhammad Aljohari, Entrance into Anthropology, Dar Almaarafa publishing house, Alexandria, 1990, p.8 167 A Special Issue for Cihan University-Erbil Second International Conference on Linguistics and Arts (CIC-LITART’18), June 27-28, 2018 According to the climate, situation and linguistic ethnical traits, every society can be distinguished by its art, traditions, music, singing and the modes of communication 5. It is noticed that culture and society are correlated necessarily. Society is a number of people who live in an enough period and regulate their living. In broad, they consider themselves as a human entity which is different from other units where different behavioral modes control their living in the society as a whole 6. 2.2 Definitions of Culture In fact, there are more than four hundred definitions for culture. These definitions are illustrated the importance of studying culture by distinguished scientists. Taylor (1974), an anthropologist, sees that “culture is a compound which consists of all knowledge, beliefs, arts, customs, morals, laws, traditions, abilities and all customs acquired by man as a member in the society 7. This definition is considered as the most widespread and comprehensive until this moment. Rocher (1972, 2004), an anthropologist, believes that “Culture is a connection of ideas and feelings accepted by the majority of people in a society” (p.142). Edward Sapir (1956) also says that “culture is a system of behaviours and modes which depend on unconsciousness”. John Diwi, the American philosopher, defines culture as it is a result of interaction between the human and environment. Malinowski defines culture as it is an integrated entity which is set up of human ideas, beliefs, traditions and crafts 8. He gathered all the components of culture which are formed from ideas, beliefs and customs. According to structuralism, Levi Strauss defines culture as “it is a number of a sign system which contains on the first rank language, the laws of marriage, economic relationships, science, religion and arts. All these systems aim to express about some traits in the social and material reality 9”. In fact, culture is determined by these four following elements: 5 Muhammad Abd Almaaboud Mursi, the social interpretation to culture, Dar Almaarafah publishing house, Alexandria, 1990, p.8 6 Faris Khalil, the cultural development in our socialistic society, Modern Cairo Library, 1960, p.19 7 Primitive culture 1871 cite' par: Pemeau Pascal, op. Cit., pp. 946 -968... 8 Malinowski, Bronislav: A Scientific Theory of Culture, New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, p.32. 9 Bassan Baraka (2012), the role of translation to consolidate culture and identity building, Tabbayun magazine, Arab Center for Researches and Political Studies (90-96) 168 University-Erbil Scientific Journal Special Issue No. 1, August 2018 1- Acquired culture like language. 2- Culture is as multi-forms; it is a complete system which includes the mother tongue as being the essential element in this system. 3- Culture connected with identity correlatively. 4- Culture shared by a number of one entity. 2.3 What is Translation? Translation is the main way to the process of communicating and cultural exchange between the people and civilization. It is considered as the essential medium between cultures and divergent languages. Translation, as a matter of fact, is a process of exchanging in all fields, and it has a great importance to achieve progress and development. It represents a necessary way to deepen the relationship of communication among the people and nations (Salah, 2005, p.21). Moreover, the value of progress is measured by the flourishing of translation movement in any nation. Thus, the movement of translation becomes more active when every culture comes closer to another one. It is seen that the cultures of the world are become closer to each other, and it contributes greatly consolidate the civilized interaction. The importance of translation has consolidated the role of civilizations through exchanging cultures and knowledge among the people. This development happened due to trade or war. This interaction has led to increase the effect of translation on the people. In fact, translation has played a great role to develop the human resources and exchange technology 10 . 2.4 Definitions of Translation The concept of translation is still a matter of debate among the scientists who see that translation is a human need to transform ideas and languages among different languages in order to make cultural changes among the people, trying to make the concepts and cultures closer among nations. In brief, translation embodies its connection with culture. 10 C.Levi Strauss, « Introduction à l’oeuvre de M.Mauss, » in : M.Mauss, sociologie et Anthropologie Structurale( Paris : Plon, 1958) p78 169 A Special Issue for Cihan University-Erbil Second International Conference on Linguistics and Arts (CIC-LITART’18), June 27-28, 2018 Edmond Kari defines translation as it is a process which endeavors to find out equivalences between the two texts expressed by two different languages. These equivalences must always adhere to the nature of the two texts 11 . Maurice Pergnier defines translation as it is a process of replacing a message or a part of a pronounced message in certain language by a pronounced one in another one. Edwards sees that translation needs approximate real honesty, and all what is needed is more honest and sensitive which harmonizes with the source text. Edwards adds that traits, stances, reflections must be rendered as similar as to the author’s mind and heart.
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