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There Are Eight Parts of Speech in Latin, As in English: Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition, Interjection

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There Are Eight Parts of Speech in Latin, As in English: Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition, Interjection PARTS OF SPEECH There are eight parts of speech in Latin, as in English: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, conjunction, preposition, interjection. 1. A NOUN is a word used to express the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. regina queen charta paper, map insula island fabula story Europa Europe sapientia wisdom Nouns have gender: Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter number: Singular or Plural case: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative 2. A PRONOUN is a word used in the place of a noun. is he tu you (sing.) The personal pronoun is not ex- ea she ego I pressed if it is clear from the id it vos you (pl.) context who is the subject of the eam her nos we verb, since the verb ending indicates eum him ei they the subject. 3. An ADJECTIVE is a word used to describe a noun. amicus bonus puella pulchra magnum templum a good friend a beautiful girl a large temple 4. A VERB is a word used to express action or state of being. amant they love, they are loving, they do love sunt they are vocamus we call, we are calling, we do call 5. An ADVERB is a word used to describe a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. ita thus satis enough primum first celeriter quickly plus more tum then 6. A PREPOSITION introduces a phrase which consists of the preposition and its object. in silva in the forest in caelum into the sky cum amicis with friends 7. A CONJUNCTION is a connecting word used to join words, phrases, clauses or sentences. A conjunction can connect equal ideas (coordinate): pueri et puellae boys and girls A conjunction can connect unequal parts (subordinate): Dum lacrimat, Troia ardet, While she weeps, Troy burns. 8. An INTERJECTION is a word showing strong feeling or emotion. o! oh eheu! alas mehercule! by Hercules PARTS OF SPEECH Latin, as English, has eight parts of speech: . NOUN . PRONOUN . ADJECTIVE . VERB . ADVERB . CONJUNCTION . PREPOSITION . INTERJECTION Noun - the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Gender: In English gender has faded for most nouns, except for special uses (e.g., ships). Latin retains gender distinctions for all nouns, some natural (e.g., puella) and some grammatical (terra). Nouns are sometimes called substantives because they were once thought to denote the substantia (essential nature) of a person or thing. Pronoun - a word used in place of a noun. Personal pronoun - I, you, he, she, it, they, etc. Reflexive pronoun - refers to subject of sentence (He saw himself). Interrogative pronoun - Who, whom, whose, what? . Demonstrative pronoun - This, that, these, those. Relative pronoun - Who, etc. (in subordinate clauses). Possessive pronoun - My, your, his, etc. Indefinite pronoun - Some(one), some(thing). Adjective - a word that describes a noun or pronoun. Descriptive - terra pulchra (a beautiful land). Possessive - mater tua (your mother). Interrogative - quae dea . ? (what goddess . ?) . Demonstrative - hoc consilium (this plan). Indefinite - aliqua spes (some hope). Verb - a word that expresses an action or condition. Transitive verb - takes a direct object to complete its meaning. It necessarily affects some person or thing or produces some result. Thus, the statements interficio (I kill) or aedificio (I build) are not complete until it is clear whom I kill or what I build. The person or thing affected or effected by the action of the verb is the direct object and is always in the accusative case. Intransitive verb - does not require a direct object to complete its meaning. The action of the verb does not "pass over" (transire) to another person or thing. Thus, sum (I am), sto (I stand), curro (I run), cado (I am falling), sol lucet (the sun is shining) would all be nonsensical if given a direct object. But many verbs can be both transitive and intransitive: I run/I run the race. I can stand/ I can stand it no longer. As is clear in the last example, this change from intransitive to transitive often is accomplished by a change in basic meaning (stand vs. endure, bear) that seldom corresponds to the Latin usage. Thus, sto means only "I stand" in Latin and is only intransitive. Many verbs which are transitive in English were considered by the Romans to be intransitive in force. Thus, "I spare" is considered by us transitive and to require a direct object: "I spare my enemies". To the Romans, however, the idea was intransitive and the person affected must take an indirect object in the dative case: parco meis inimicis ("I am sparing to my enemies"). Adverbs - a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. He fights well. The fight was very long. He lost too easily. Conjunction - a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses. Coordinate - connects equal words, phrases, and clauses: Over land and sea Good or evil I see but I don't understand. Subordinate - joins dependent clauses to the main idea of a sentence: Although the night was dark, we found our way. We found our way until the sun set. We found our way because there was a full moon. Preposition - a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence (in, on, towards, with, by, etc.). In Latin, as in English, prepositions are almost always placed before (praeposita) the words they define. Many prepositions have become pre-fixed to verbs and modify their original meaning: trans (across) + portare (to carry) = transportare (to carry across). • Often the preposition is modified for ease of pronunciation, as in in + portare = importare = to carry in. This is known as assimilation. Interjection - an expression of emotion, thrown in (interiecta) among, but grammatically independent of, the other words of the sentence. Alas, poor Yorick, I knew him. Of the eight parts of speech in Latin, 5 are inflected (noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb); the other 3 (conjunction, preposition, and interjection) are invariable. THE USE OF CASES Cases in Latin have specific grammatical functions, which must be learned in order to properly understand Latin sentences (which are not dependent, as English sentences are, on word order). The following case uses are fundamental: Nominative: • Subject of a sentence. Iuppiter circumspectat : Jupiter looks around. Iuppiter is the subject (i.e., the actor) of this simple sentence and is in the nominative. • Predicate nominative (with linking verb “to be” “to seem” “to appear,” etc.). Iuppiter est deus : Jupiter is a god. The predicate noun deus further defines the subject and is in the nominative. Iuppiter erat benignus : Jupiter was kind. The predicate adjective benignus further describes the subject and is in the nominative. Genitive: • Genitive of possession: expresses simple possession. Regia reginae magna erat : The palace of the queen was large. • Genitive of description: attributes a quality to a noun. Diana dea magnae sapientiae est : Diana is a goddess of great wisdom. This genitive is normally accompanied by an adjective. • Genitive with certain adjectives: dignus, -a, -um + gen. = worthy (of) Delectamenta sunt pretiosa sed digna pretii : The delights are costly but worth the price. N.B. dignus may also govern the ablative case. plenus, -a, -um + gen. = full (of) Oppidum olim plenum virorum erat : The town was once full of men. peritus, -a, -um + gen. = skilled (in), expert (in) Vir peritus sagittarum est : The man is skilled with arrows. N.B.: peritus may also govern the accusative and ablative case. • Partitive Genitive (Genitive of the Whole) A genitive is used to denote the whole to which a part belongs. Deis partem cibi dederunt : They gave part of the food to the gods. Dative: • Dative of indirect object. Dei dona viris dederunt : The gods gave gifts to the men. • Dative of possession: Nomen mihi Marcus est : My name is Mark. Unus filius Latonae erat : Latona had one son. • Dative with certain adjectives: benignus, -a, -um + dat. = kind (to) Iuppiter erat filio benignus : Jupiter was kind to his son. carus, -a, -um + dat. = dear (to) Terra deo cara erat : The land was dear to the god. gratus, -a, -um + dat. = pleasing (to) Nymphae deis gratae sunt : Nymphs are pleasing to the gods. idoneus, -a, -um + dat. = suitable (for) Tempus idoneum poenis exspectavit : She awaited a suitable time for punishment. • Dative with certain verbs: praesto, -are, -stiti, -stitum + dat. = to surpass Cur Latona mihi praestat : Why does Latona surpass me? impero, -are + dat. = to command, order Accusative: • Direct Object: Poeta fabulas narravit : The poet told stories. • Accusative with prepositions: ad + acc. = to, toward, near per + acc. = through prope + acc. = near, close to trans. + acc. = across propter + acc. = on account of, because of post + acc. = after inter + acc. = between, among in + acc. = into • Subject Accusative in Indirect Speech (with Infinitive): Minerva monstrat se deam esse : Minerva shows that she is a goddess. Deos appropinquare video : I see that the gods are approaching. Ablative: • Ablative of Means: Phoebus liberos eius sagittis necavit : Phoebus killed her children with (by means of) arrows. • Ablative with prepositions: cum + abl. = with sine + abl. = without de + abl. = about, concerning a (ab) + abl. = from, away from, by pro + abl. = in front of, before in + abl. = in, on SUMMARY OF CASE USES Nominative 1. Subject of a verb Puerï currunt. The boys are running. 2. Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement Caesar erat consul. Caesar was consul. Puer appellätur Märcus. The boy is called Marcus. Vocative 1. For direct address Venï, Lücï, ad villam. Come to the farmhouse, Lucius. Genitive 1. Of possession Mätrës puellärum adsunt. The girls' mothers are here. 2. Objective Noster timor bellï est magnus. Our fear of the war is great. 3. Partitive Pars urbis est pulchra. Part of the city is beautiful.
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