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The Grammar of Imitation The Grammar of Imitation A Corpus Linguistic Investigation of Morpho-Syntactic Phenomena in Fifteenth-Century Italian Neo-Latin PhD dissertation Camilla Plesner Hor er Supervisors: George Hinge Marianne Pade Aarhus University 2013 Frontpage illustration: Vincenzo Foppa, Il Fanciullo che legge Cicerone, 1464 The Grammar of Imitation: a Corpus Linguistic Investigation of Morpho-Syntactic Phenomena in Fifteenth-Century Italian Neo-Latin Imitation og grammatik: en korpuslingvistisk undersøgelse af morfosyntaktiske fænomener på italiensk nylatin fra 1400-tallet PhD dissertation by: Camilla Plesner Horster Principal supervisor: George Hinge Aarhus University Classical Studies Department of Culture and Society December 2013 Abbreviations AT Actualization Theory (see p. 41) C# Reference to search results, common (see Appendix F) H0 The null hypothesis (see p. 104) HA The alternative hypothesis (see p. 104) L1 First language (see p. 35) L2 Second language (see p. 35) (m) Marked (see p. 43) M1, M2 etc. The four measures of natural language use (see pp. 39–44) MOS Moment of speech (see p. 261) PMA Principle of Markedness Agreement (see p. 43) POS tag Part-of-Speech tag (see p. 96) R Relative time (see p. 262) SLA Second language acquisition (see p. 57) TL Target language (see p. 35) TSP The Transfer to Somewhere Principle (see p. 36) (u) Unmarked (see p. 43) V# Reference to search results, Valla (see Appendix F) χ2 Result of chi-squared test (see p. 105) iii Contents Abbreviations iii 1 Introduction: the Study of Neo-Latin 1 1.1 An Overview of the Neo-Latin Language . 4 1.2 A Modified View on the Neo-Latin Language . 9 Part I: A Language Between Grammar and Imitation 15 2 A Living Language in Change 17 2.1 Language Change and Language Formation . 19 2.1.1 What is Change? . 20 2.1.2 Linguistic Change in Progress . 21 2.1.3 Different Views on the Formation of Neo-Latin . 25 2.2 Two Languages in Contact . 31 2.2.1 Language Contact Forming the Language . 35 2.3 Measures of Natural Language Use . 37 2.3.1 Individual or Collective Language Use . 38 2.3.2 Complexity and Variation . 39 2.3.3 Linguistic Universals . 40 2.3.4 Patterns of Actualization . 41 3 On Will and Ability 47 3.1 Deliberate Language Change . 48 3.1.1 Social Factors . 49 3.2 Grammatical Knowledge and Language Proficiency . 57 v Contents 3.2.1 Teaching Latin . 58 3.2.2 Grammatical Tradition . 63 4 Humanist Style 69 4.1 Imitatio ..................................... 71 4.1.1 Ciceronians and Eclectics . 73 4.2 Linguistic Intertextuality . 75 4.2.1 Differences between Literary and Linguistic Intertextuality . 77 4.2.2 Criteria for Specific Linguistic Intertextuality . 78 4.3 Errors . 80 4.4 Norm and Ideals . 83 4.5 Genres . 86 Part II: Methods and Corpora 93 5 Quantitative Methods 95 5.1 A Corpus Based Method . 96 5.1.1 Manual and Automatic Data Handling . 97 5.2 Presentation of Quantitative Information . 102 5.2.1 Tests Statistics . 104 5.2.2 Some Thoughts on Statistic Representativity . 109 6 Corpora and Data 111 6.1 Corpora . 111 6.1.1 Neo-Latin Corpora . 111 6.1.2 The L.A.S.L.A. Project . 113 6.1.3 The Perseus Dependency Treebank . 116 6.2 Handling of Data . 118 6.2.1 Data Model . 118 6.2.2 Storing Data . 123 6.2.3 Extracting Data . 124 6.2.4 Particulars in the Construction of Information . 126 vi Contents Part III: Mood and Time in Subordinate Clauses 131 7 Mood Variations According to Genre and Author 133 7.1 The Finite Moods in Latin . 135 7.2 Genres . 137 7.3 Authors . 142 7.3.1 Individual ‘Genre Sensitivity’ . 142 8 Mood in Various Clause Types 147 8.1 Valla’s Language and Renaissance Grammars . 149 8.1.1 On Etsi, Quamquam, Quamvis, and Licet . 150 8.1.2 On Interrogative Clauses . 153 8.1.3 On Cum, Dum, Quia, and Quoniam . 157 8.2 Clause Types in Neo-Latin . 160 8.2.1 Quia ...................................161 8.2.2 Interrogative Clauses . 163 8.2.3 Variation due to Genres and Authors . 166 9 Some Other Factors Affecting Mood 169 9.1 Person . 170 9.2 Voice . 174 9.3 Negations . 175 9.4 Time in the Context . 177 9.4.1 When there is Future in the Context . 181 9.4.2 Future in the Dialogues . 182 9.4.3 The Individual Authors . 185 9.5 Finite Moods in the Context . 188 9.6 Degree of Subordination . 193 9.6.1 The Frequency of Second Degree Clauses . 195 9.6.2 The Relation between Mood and Degree of Subordination . 198 9.7 On Markedness Agreement . 204 10 Constructing Indirect Discourse 209 vii Contents 10.1 Quia, Quod, and The Accusative with Infinitive . 214 10.2 Mood and Clause Types Subordinate to Infinite Constructions . 219 10.2.1 Some Examples from the Most Common Combinations . 223 10.3 Mood in Indirect Discourse . 226 10.4 Clause Types and First Person Expressions . 228 10.4.1 An Overview of Four Clause Types . 230 10.5 Defining the Value of The Subjunctive in Neo-Latin Indirect Discourse . 233 10.5.1 The Subjunctive in 1st Person Indirect Discourse . 234 10.5.2 The Subjunctive in Indirect Discourse of 2nd and 3rd person . 238 10.5.3 A Concluding Characterization . 244 11 The Nature of Tenses 251 11.1 Uncovering ‘The Sequence Of Tenses’ . 254 11.1.1 Three Basic Times . 256 11.1.2 Relative and Absolute Time . 258 11.1.3 The Nature of Tenses in Different Moods . 259 11.2 Modern Views on Grammatical Time . 261 11.2.1 Considering the Sequence of Tenses . 264 12 A Fundamental Characterization of the Neo-Latin Tenses 267 12.1 A Fundamental Difference Between Indicative and Subjunctive Tenses . 267 12.1.1 Stability and Variation across Genres and Authors . 271 12.2 The Tenses in Various Clause Types . 279 12.2.1 Clause Types Compared to Classical Latin . 283 12.3 The Future Tenses . 286 12.3.1 Future as a Zeitsphäre . 288 12.3.2 The Form Amavero . 291 12.3.3 The Periphrastic Future Subjunctive . 295 12.3.4 Explicit Expression of Future . 296 12.4 The Present Perfect and the Historical Present . 301 12.4.1 The Historical Tenses as Linguistic Intertextuality . 305 viii Contents 13 The Value of Neo-Latin Time Reference 311 13.1 The Imperfect Subjunctive in Primary Contexts . 312 13.2 Aspectual Variation of Indicative Tenses . 315 13.2.1 The Perfect Indicative . 316 13.2.2 The Imperfect Indicative . 319 13.2.3 The Pluperfect Indicative . 321 13.3 Relative Time in Subjunctive Tenses . 322 13.3.1 The Perfect in the Future . 322 13.3.2 The Imperfect in the Present or the Future . 324 13.3.3 The Present Subjunctive . 327 13.4 The Origin of the Neo-Latin Tense System . 330 13.4.1 The Classical Latin Tense System . 330 13.4.2 The Medieval Italian Tense System . 339 14 Conclusions: the Nature of Neo-Latin 345 14.1 A Language of Natural Linguistic Mechanisms . 345 14.2 Stability and Change . 348 14.3 Deliberate Imitation and Unconscious Grammar . 351 14.4 Classical Latin, Volgare, and Medieval Latin . 354 References 359 Bibliography . 359 List of Figures . 375 List of Tables . 379 Summaries 381 English Summary . 381 Dansk Resumé . 387 Appendices 395 A Texts and Editions . 395 ix Contents B Timeline of Authors . 401 C Corpus Details . 403 D L.A.S.L.A. Corpus Details . ..
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