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The Project Gutenberg Ebook of New Latin Grammar, by Charles E. Bennett This Ebook Is for the Use of Anyone Anywhere at No Cost The Project Gutenberg EBook of New Latin Grammar, by Charles E. Bennett This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: New Latin Grammar Author: Charles E. Bennett Release Date: April 20, 2005 [EBook #15665] Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW LATIN GRAMMAR *** Produced by Nathan Gibson, Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. NEW LATIN GRAMMAR BY CHARLES E. BENNETT Goldwin Smith Professor of Latin in Cornell University /Quicquid praecipies, esto brevis, ut cito dicta/ /Percipiant animi dociles teneantque fideles:/ /Omne supervacuum pleno de pectore manat./ ?HORACE, /Ars Poetica/. COPYRIGHT, 1895; 1908; 1918 BY CHARLES E. BENNETT ------------------------------------------------------------------------ PREFACE. The present work is a revision of that published in 1908. No radical alterations have been introduced, although a number of minor changes will be noted. I have added an Introduction on the origin and development of the Latin language, which it is hoped will prove interesting and instructive to the more ambitious pupil. At the end of the book will be found an Index to the Sources of the Illustrative Examples cited in the Syntax. C.E.B. ITHACA, NEW YORK, May 4, 1918 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. The present book is a revision of my /Latin Grammar/ originally published in 1895. Wherever greater accuracy or precision of statement seemed possible, I have endeavored to secure this. The rules for syllable division have been changed and made to conform to the prevailing practice of the Romans themselves. In the Perfect Subjunctive Active, the endings /-?s/, /-?mus/, /-?tis/ are now marked long. The theory of vowel length before the suffixes *-gnus*, *-gna*, *-gnum*, and also before *j*, has been discarded. In the Syntax I have recognized a special category of Ablative of Association, and have abandoned the original doctrine as to the force of tenses in the Prohibitive. Apart from the foregoing, only minor and unessential modifications have been introduced. In its main lines the work remains unchanged. ITHACA, NEW YORK, October 16, 1907. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ FROM THE PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. The object of this book is to present /the essential facts/ of Latin grammar in a direct and simple manner, and within the smallest compass consistent with scholarly standards. While intended primarily for the secondary school, it has not neglected the needs of the college student, and aims to furnish such grammatical information as is ordinarily required in undergraduate courses. The experience of foreign educators in recent years has tended to restrict the size of school-grammars of Latin, and has demanded an incorporation of the main principles of the language in compact manuals of 250 pages. Within the past decade, several grammars of this scope have appeared abroad which have amply met the most exacting demands. The publication in this country of a grammar of similar plan and scope seems fully justified at the present time, as all recent editions of classic texts summarize in introductions the special idioms of grammar and style peculiar to individual authors. This makes it feasible to dispense with the enumeration of many /minutiae/ of usage which would otherwise demand consideration in a student's grammar. In the chapter on Prosody, I have designedly omitted all special treatment of the lyric metres of Horace and Catullus, as well as of the measures of the comic poets. Our standard editions of these authors all give such thorough consideration to versification that repetition in a separate place seems superfluous. ITHACA, NEW YORK, December 15, 1894. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Introduction?The Latin language <#intro> PART I. SOUNDS, ACCENT, QUANTITY, ETC. The Alphabet <#sect1> Classification of Sounds <#sect2> Sounds of the Letters <#sect3> Syllables <#sect4> Quantity <#sect5> Accent <#sect6> Vowel Changes <#sect7> Consonant Changes <#sect8> Peculiarities of Orthography <#sect9> PART II. INFLECTIONS. CHAPTER I.?/Declension./ /A/. NOUNS. <#sect10> Gender of Nouns <#sect13> Number <#sect16> Cases <#sect17> The Five Declensions <#sect18> First Declension <#sect20> Second Declension <#sect23> Third Declension <#sect28> Fourth Declension <#sect48> Fifth Declension <#sect51> Defective Nouns <#sect54> /B/. ADJECTIVES. <#sect62> Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions <#sect63> Adjectives of the Third Declension <#sect67> Comparison of Adjectives <#sect71> Formation and Comparison of Adverbs <#sect76> Numerals <#sect78> /C/. PRONOUNS. <#sect82> Personal Pronouns <#sect84> Reflexive Pronouns <#sect85> Possessive Pronouns <#sect86> Demonstrative Pronouns <#sect87> The Intensive Pronoun <#sect88> The Relative Pronoun <#sect89> Interrogative Pronouns <#sect90> Indefinite Pronouns <#sect91> Pronominal Adjectives <#sect92> CHAPTER II.?/Conjugation./ <#sect93> Verb Stems <#sect97> The Four Conjugations <#sect98> Conjugation of /Sum/ <#sect100> First Conjugation <#sect101> Second Conjugation <#sect103> Third Conjugation <#sect105> Fourth Conjugation <#sect107> Verbs in /-i?/ of the Third Conjugation <#sect109> Deponent Verbs <#sect112> Semi-Deponents <#sect114> Periphrastic Conjugation <#sect115> Peculiarities of Conjugation <#sect116> Formation of the Verb Stems <#sect117> List of the Most Important Verbs with Principal Parts <#sect120> Irregular Verbs <#sect124> Defective Verbs <#sect133> Impersonal Verbs <#sect138> PART III. PARTICLES. <#sect139> Adverbs <#sect140> Prepositions <#sect141> Interjections <#sect145> PART IV. WORD FORMATION. I. DERIVATIVES. <#sect146> Nouns <#sect147> Adjectives <#sect150> Verbs <#sect155> Adverbs <#sect157> II. COMPOUNDS. <#sect158> Examples of Compounds <#sect159> PART V. SYNTAX. CHAPTER I.?/Sentences./ Classification of Sentences <#sect161> Form of Interrogative Sentences <#sect162> Subject and Predicate <#sect163> Simple and Compound Sentences <#sect164> CHAPTER II.?/Syntax of Nouns./ Subject <#sect166> Predicate Nouns <#sect167> Appositives <#sect169> The Nominative <#sect170> The Accusative <#sect172> The Dative <#sect186> The Genitive <#sect194> The Ablative <#sect213> The Locative <#sect232> CHAPTER III.?/Syntax of Adjectives./ Agreement of Adjectives <#sect234> Adjectives used Substantively <#sect236> Adjectives with the Force of Adverbs <#sect239> Comparatives and Superlatives <#sect240> Other Peculiarities <#sect241> CHAPTER IV.?/Syntax of Pronouns./ Personal Pronouns <#sect242> Possessive Pronouns <#sect243> Reflexive Pronouns <#sect244> Reciprocal Pronouns <#sect245> Demonstrative Pronouns <#sect246> Relative Pronouns <#sect250> Indefinite Pronouns <#sect252> Pronominal Adjectives <#sect253> CHAPTER V.?/Syntax of Verbs./ Agreement of Verbs <#sect254> Voices <#sect256> Tenses ? Of the Indicative <#sect257> ? Of the Subjunctive <#sect266> ? Of the Infinitive <#sect270> Moods ? In Independent Sentences <#sect271> ? ? Volitive Subjunctive <#sect273> ? ? Optative Subjunctive <#sect279> ? ? Potential Subjunctive <#sect280> ? ? Imperative <#sect281> ? In Dependent Clauses ? ? Clauses of Purpose <#sect282> ? ? Clauses of Characteristic <#sect283> ? ? Clauses of Result <#sect284> ? ? Causal Clauses <#sect285> ? ? Temporal Clauses ? ? ? Introduced by /Postquam/, /Ut/, /Ubi/, /etc./ <#sect287> ? ? ? /Cum/-Clauses <#sect288> ? ? ? Introduced by /Antequam/ and /Priusquam/ <#sect291> ? ? ? Introduced by /Dum/, /D?nec/, /Quoad/ <#sect293> ? ? Substantive Clauses <#sect294> ? ? ? Developed from the Volitive <#sect295> ? ? ? Developed from the Optative <#sect296> ? ? ? Of Result <#sect297> ? ? ? After /n?n dubito/, /etc./ <#sect298> ? ? ? Introduced by /Quod/ <#sect299> ? ? ? Indirect Questions <#sect300> ? ? Conditional Sentences <#sect301> ? ? Use of /S?/, /Nisi/, /S?n/ <#sect306> ? ? Conditional Clauses of Comparison <#sect307> ? ? Concessive Clauses <#sect308> ? ? Adversative Clauses with /Quamv?s/, /Quamquam/, /etc./ <#sect309> ? ? Clauses of Wish and Proviso <#sect310> ? ? Relative Clauses <#sect311> ? ? Indirect Discourse <#sect313> ? ? ? Moods in Indirect Discourse <#sect314> ? ? ? Tenses in Indirect Discourse <#sect317> ? ? ? Conditional Sentences in Indirect Discourse <#sect319> ? ? Implied Indirect Discourse <#sect323> ? ? Subjunctive by Attraction <#sect324> Noun and Adjective Forms of the Verb <#sect325> ? Infinitive <#sect326> ? Participles <#sect336> ? Gerund <#sect338> ? Supine <#sect340> CHAPTER VI.?/Particles./ Coördinate Conjunctions <#sect341> Adverbs <#sect347> CHAPTER VII.?/Word-Order and Sentence-Structure./ Word-Order <#sect348> Sentence-Structure <#sect351> CHAPTER VIII.?/Hints on Latin Style./ <#sect352> Nouns <#sect353> Adjectives <#sect354> Pronouns <#sect355> Verbs <#sect356> The Cases <#sect357> PART VI. PROSODY. <#sect360> Quantity of Vowels and Syllables <#sect362> Verse-Structure <#sect366> The Dactylic Hexameter <#sect368> The Dactylic Pentameter <#sect369> Iambic Measures <#sect370> SUPPLEMENTS TO THE GRAMMAR. I. Roman Calendar <#sect371> II. Roman Names <#sect373> III. Figures of Syntax and Rhetoric <#sect374> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Index to the Illustrative Examples Cited in the Syntax <#ind1> Index to the Principal Parts
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