DOCSLIB.ORG

Nuclear Program of IRAN Plans and Development

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nuclear Program of IRAN Plans and Development Nuclear Program of IRAN Plans and Development International Nuclear Conference Bulgarian Nuclear Energy-National, Regional and World Energy Security 15-17 June 2016 Riviera Holiday Club, Varna 1 History of Nuclear Energy in IRAN Contracts and agreements between AEOI and Int. contractors to build NPP before the Islamic Revolution in IRAN No. Name of NPP Nominal Capacity, MW name of Contractors 1 Con. 1293 Bushehr NPP-1 KWU - Germany 2 Con. 1293 Bushehr NPP-2 KWU - Germany 3 Con. 953 Karun NPP-1 Framatom - France 4 Con. 953 Karun NPP-2 Framatom - France 5 Agr. 1293 Esfahan NPP-1 KWU - Germany 6 Agr. 1293 Esfahan NPP-2 KWU - Germany 7 Agr. 1293 Saveh NPP-1 KWU - Germany 8 Agr. 1293 Saveh NPP-2 KWU - Germany 9 Agr. 1300 Azerbaijan NPP-1 BBC - Germany 10 Agr. 1300 Azerbaijan NPP-2 BBC - Germany History of Nuclear Energy in IRAN Energy Planning in IRAN • Studies of AEOI and the Council of Nuclear Energy of Iran o Planning period: 2001-2021 o Forecasting for electricity demand: 47000-60000 MW o Forecasting for nuclear power sharing: 4000-10000MW (%6-%13) • Studies of Power Ministry Research Institute o Planning period : 2006-2026 o Forecasting for electricity demand: 123000MW o Forecasting for nuclear power sharing: 15000MW (%12) History of Nuclear Energy in IRAN Nuclear Power Production and Development Company (NPPD) Background • Nuclear Power Plant Division was part of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI) since 1974, • Since Nov. 2004 this division has been transferred to Nuclear Power Production & Development Co. of Iran (NPPD). Subject of Activity as per the Articles of Association o Management of and supervision on the company's capital to perform any types of activities in the field of production and development of nuclear power. o Management of and supervision on studies of site selection, design, construction, supply of nuclear fuel, safe operation, decommissioning of nuclear power plants and their installations. o Conduction of all transactions related to nuclear power. Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP-1) o Construction started in 1974, KWU design, 2 PWR units each 1293 MWe, o Construction stopped in 1980, o In Jan. 1996 contract was effective with RF to complete the unit-1 based on VVER-1000 type 446 (modified version of V-320) with most utilization of KWU available buildings & equipment. Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP-1) o First criticality achieved in May 2011 o Unit connected to the grid on Sep. 2011 o Unit provisional acceptance in Sep. 2013 o First refueling conducted, Feb. 2013 o Second refueling, Sep. 2015 Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP-1) What was gained in BNPP-1 project: • Updating national nuclear standards, • Competency building in National Companies for suitable contribution in the program, • Engineering experience in Project Management, • Sufficient training in new generation for Operation, • Participation of trained operators in commissioning phase which enabled them prepared for proper repair & maintenance activities and refueling, • Planning for development suitable Technical infrastructure, • Involvement of universities and research institutes in appropriate subjects, • Upgrading nuclear safety infrastructure including Regulatory Body, and; • Public awareness and acceptance Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP-1) Development of BNPP-1 Capabilities: • Qualified man power, • Updated Management system in line with GS-R-3, • Offsite Environmental Monitoring Center, Laboratories and monitoring stations, • Comprehensive Training system, including: Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant Training Center (BTC), Full Scope Simulator (FSS), Computer Based Training (CBT) and competence instructors. • Establishment of specialized companies in the field of TS, M&R. Nuclear Power Plant Infrastructure Atomic Energy Organization Of IRAN (AEOI) Nuclear Power Production & Development Co. 9 Nuclear New Units- BNPP 2&3 Technical requirements related to the construction of the new units Technical requirements • GEN 3+, PWR reactors, 60 years life-time • Standardization ⇒ shorter licensing and construction time • Shorter maintenance period • Longer fuel cycles (extend to 18 months) • Less radioactive waste • More than 90 % LF (in base load operation mode) • Combined with the desalination plant Nuclear New Units- BNPP 2&3 Main Technical Specification o Reactor type: AES-92 (According to feedback & Operation Experiences of KudanKulam NPP as well as Post Fukushima requirements ) o Thermal power, 3012 MWe o Electric power, 1057 MWe o Efficiency , > 35 % o Power consumption, 83 MWe o Total availability factor, 93 % o Plant design service life, 60 years Technical Support Organization NPPs Safety Development & Improvement Company(TAVANA) NPP’s Safety Development & Improvement Company (TAVANA) is responsible for Scientific and Technical Support of the BNPP-1. The company was established by the NPPD in 2013. 12 Organizational Structure Board of Directorate NPPs Safety Development General Director & Improvement Co. Office of General Legal & Contractual Director Management Quality & Permits Management of Management Technological Processes Technical & Administrative, Fuel Management Nuclear Engineering Planning & Projects Technical Coordination Engineering Financial & Supporting Department Department Department Department at BNPP-1 Department Department In-Core Fuel Probabilistic Safety Electrical & I&C Planning & Project Management & Reactor Analysis Management Electrical Management Administrative Section Management Control Management Physic Management (PSA) Thermal Hydraulic & Documents & Material & Corrosion Fuel Procurement Instrumentation & Accident Analysis Information Technology Financial Section Management Management Control Management Management Management(IT) Fuel Engineering Radiation Protection Civil & Structures knowledge Mechanical Services & Accounting and Emergency Supporting Section Management Management Management Management Planning Management Mechanical & Piping Management Waste Management Nuclear Management Chemical & Process Management OPEX Management 13 Nuclear Engineering Department Thermal Hydraulic and Accident Analysis Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA) 14 Current Activities of Nuclear Engineering Department . Development of PSA . Design solution for implementation of mobile Diesel Generator and mobile Pump for Stress Test of BNPP-1. Development of the Comprehensive TH model for Deterministic Safety Analysis of BNPP-1. Design of Radioactive Waste Container. Establishment of Configuration Management for BNPP-1. 15 Nuclear Fuel Department In-Core Fuel Management and Reactor Physics 16 Current Activities of Nuclear Fuel Department . Calculation of Neutron Physics Parameters for the Third Fuel Cycle of BNPP-1; . Calculation of Residual Heat Released from the Spent Fuel Assemblies; . Software Design for Analyzing of Physical Operational Data; . Software Design for Annual Refueling Process; . Providing Consultancy Services to Equip the Refueling Machine of BNPP-1 by Sipping System. 17 Engineering and Technical Department Mechanical and Piping engineering Material and corrosion Chemical and Process Electrical and Instrumentation/control 18 Current Activities of Engineering and Technical Department . Development of an effective ageing management program for BNPP-1. Feasibility study for establishing the laboratory for the reactor surveillance specimens test . Development of a software program for Corrosion/Erosion management /prediction for BNPP-1. Development of a software model for vibration analysis of BNPP-1 generator. 19 In order to enhance technical support services to BNPP1 and also to use capabilities of other companies in the international arena and in line with safe and reliable operation of Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant, NPPD/TAVANA Company has attempted to make contact with many companies. Some of them are as follows: . RosEnergoAtom Consortium(REA) -----Russia . Risk Engineering Company-----Bulgaria . AREVA Company-----France . NINE Company-----Italy . VUJE Company-----Slovakia . Spain Nuclear Group Consortium-----Spain 20 21.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iran Nuclear Programme: Revisiting the Nuclear Debate
    Journal of Power, Politics & Governance June 2014, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 223-227 ISSN: 2372-4919 (Print), 2372-4927 (Online) Copyright © The Author(s). 2014. All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development Iran Nuclear Programme: Revisiting the Nuclear Debate Khurshid Ahmad Mir1 The trajectory of the nuclear program of Iran dates back to the 1950s. The nuclear programme of Iran was assisted by the west in general and the United States of America in particular as part of the Atoms for Peace program (Roe, 2007). The United States and Western European governments continued to support the Iran's nuclear program continued until the 1979 Iranian Revolution. The revolution of 1979 toppled the Shah of Iran (Iran Affairs, 2006). It was 1957 when Iran and The United States of America signed a civil nuclear co-operation agreement. The agreement was signed as a part of the U.S. Atoms for Peace program. As a confidence building measure Iran signed the Partial nuclear test ban treaty (PTBT) on August 9, 1963: and ratified it on December 23, 1963. And more importantly, in July 1968 Iran signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and latter ratified it. Therefore, there was a marriage between the West and Iran and under the Shah regime, Iran initiated a series of motivated nuclear projects that relied on assistance and backing from the United States of America and Europe. The support from the west made it possible for Iran to launch a nuclear programme which presently seems a global concern. The revolution of 1979 in Iran brought a tremendous change in the policies of the Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • The Threat of Nuclear Proliferation: Perception and Reality Jacques E
    ROUNDTABLE: NONPROLIFERATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY The Threat of Nuclear Proliferation: Perception and Reality Jacques E. C. Hymans* uclear weapons proliferation is at the top of the news these days. Most recent reports have focused on the nuclear efforts of Iran and North N Korea, but they also typically warn that those two acute diplomatic headaches may merely be the harbingers of a much darker future. Indeed, foreign policy sages often claim that what worries them most is not the small arsenals that Tehran and Pyongyang could build for themselves, but rather the potential that their reckless behavior could catalyze a process of runaway nuclear proliferation, international disorder, and, ultimately, nuclear war. The United States is right to be vigilant against the threat of nuclear prolifer- ation. But such vigilance can all too easily lend itself to exaggeration and overreac- tion, as the invasion of Iraq painfully demonstrates. In this essay, I critique two intellectual assumptions that have contributed mightily to Washington’s puffed-up perceptions of the proliferation threat. I then spell out the policy impli- cations of a more appropriate analysis of that threat. The first standard assumption undergirding the anticipation of rampant pro- liferation is that states that abstain from nuclear weapons are resisting the dictates of their narrow self-interest—and that while this may be a laudable policy, it is also an unsustainable one. According to this line of thinking, sooner or later some external shock, such as an Iranian dash for the bomb, can be expected to jolt many states out of their nuclear self-restraint.
    [Show full text]
  • The Israeli Strategy Vis-À-Vis the Us Foreign Policy in the Iran Nuclear Deal
    ULB- LUISS Double Degree Master’s Degree in International Relations, Major in: Political violence and Security Practices ( ULB) Geopolitical Scenarios and Political risk (LUISS) Master’s dissertation: THE ISRAELI STRATEGY VIS-À-VIS THE US FOREIGN POLICY IN THE IRAN NUCLEAR DEAL SUPERVISORS Prof. Christian Olsson (ULB) Prof. Giuseppe Scognamiglio (LUISS) CANDIDATE Michela Muscau (638382) CO-SUPERVISOR Prof. Gregory Alegi (LUISS) 0 1 Alla mia famiglia, A Davide e a mio Padre, a chi non smette di credere. 2 TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGMENT .......................................................................................................................................................... II ACRONYMS/ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. ........................................................................................................................... III SUMMARY. ............................................................................................................................................................................. I INTRODUCTION. .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: PREMISES AND THEORY. .......................................................................................... 5 METHODOLOGY. ................................................................................................................................................................. 8 OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS.
    [Show full text]
  • Highlights of Iran's Perilous Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons
    INSTITUTE FOR SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY REPORT Highlights of Iran’s Perilous Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons By David Albright with Sarah Burkhard and the Good ISIS Team August 25, 2021 Iran’s Perilous Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons chronicles the Islamic Republic of Iran’s effort to acquire nuclear weapons. It started slowly, building to a crash nuclear weapons program in the early 2000s to create five nuclear weapons and an industrial complex to produce many more. Under international pressure, fearful of military attack, the program was driven to downsize and deeper secrecy. Nonetheless, Iran remains on the brink of becoming a nuclear weapons power; its nuclear material production capabilities stronger than ever, its weaponization capabilities lurking under the surface. But just how close did Iran get to nuclear weapons during its crash program and how close is it today? Up until the events of a cold, clear night in January 2018, the world could only guess. In a dramatic nighttime raid, the Israeli Foreign Intelligence Service Mossad broke into a warehouse in Tehran and seized a large cache of documents detailing Iran’s darkest and long- denied secret. The Amad Plan, the codename for its crash nuclear weapons program, was far larger and made much more progress than previously known. Containing many top secret details, the seized documents offer unprecedented insights into Iran’s progress—and the hurdles it faced in building nuclear weapons. With what Iran learned about building nuclear weapons during the Amad Plan, combined with its subsequent accomplishments, the Islamic Republic has developed a sophisticated capability to make nuclear weapons.
    [Show full text]
  • Masaryk University, Brno
    MASARYK UNIVERSITY, BRNO Faculty of Social Studies Department of International Relations and European Studies Political influence of Iran in the Middle East after 2003 Bachelor‟s thesis Author: Oleg Kuznetsov (UČO 330969) MVZ-EVS 2013 Supervisor: PhDr. Pavel Pšeja, Ph.D. Brno 2013 I hereby declare that this thesis I submit for assessment is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others save to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Date: Signature 2 Acknowledgment: As the author of this thesis, first of all I would like to thank my supervisor PhDr. Pavel Pšeja Ph.D. for his patience, help, and advices during writing this work. I would like to acknowledge my family for giving me moral support during writing the thesis. I also would like to acknowledge Ms. Shahira Amin and Rohit Jobanputra for their support, kindness and friendship. 3 Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 I) Iran’s overview ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Iran’s political system and overview of the country ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesian Government Policy on the Iranian Nuclear Program for Energy
    INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT POLICY ON THE IRANIAN NUCLEAR PROGRAM FOR ENERGY By YAYAN FIRMANSYAH ID No. 016201000071 A thesis presented to the Faculty of International Relations, Communication and Law President University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor’s Degree in International Relations Specialization in Diplomacy 2014 THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER This thesis entitled “Indonesian Government Policy on the Iranian Nuclear Program for Energy” prepared and submitted by Yayan Firmansyah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in International Relations in the School of International Relations, Communications and Law, President University, has been reviewed and found to have satisfied the requirements for a thesis fit to be examined. I therefore recommend this thesis for Oral Defense. Jakarta, Indonesia, January 25th, 2014 Thesis Adviser _______________________________ Dr. Muhammad A.S. Hikam, M.A DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I declare that this thesis entitled “Indonesian Government Policy on the Iranian Nuclear Program for Energy” is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, an original piece of work that has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, to another university to obtain a degree. Jakarta, Indonesia, January 23th 2014. _____________________________ Yayan Firmansyah PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET The panel of examiners declare that the thesis entitled “Indonesian Policy on Iranian Nuclear Program for Energy” that was submitted by Yayan Firmansyah majoring in International Relations from the Faculty of Business and International Relations was assessed and approved to have passed the Oral Examinations on (February 17th 2014) Hendra Manurung, MA. Chair – Panel of Examiners Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Sayı / Issue: 17 TÜRKİYE NEDEN BAŞARILI? Why Turkey Is Thriving
    İSTANBUL AYDIN ÜNİVERSİTESİ UYGULAMA GAZETESİ / ISTANBUL AYDIN UNIVERSITY PERIODICAL JOURNAL 1 Mayıs-1 Haziran 2013 / 1st May – 1st June 2013 nobel Barış AlmAn mucizesinin AmerikA’nın Geleceği tahrip olAn cepheyi darAlTmAk sosyAl Doku Ödüllü Tevekkül sırrı: ArGe Dini ve ToplumsAl YahuDi sorunu, KarmAn istanbul krizler ve bunlArın orta sınıfın krizi Nasıl filisTin AyDın üniversiTesi sonuçlArı ve AmerikAn Gücü sorunu’nA DönüşTü KadrosunA KatılDı The fuTure THE DESTRUCTION OF NarrowInG DoWn THE WINNER OF NOBEL The secreT of The of USA THE SOCIAl TeXTu The fronT PEACE PRIZE, TEVEKKÜL GermAn mırAcle: relIgIous AnD THE CRISIS OF THE hoW The jewIsh kARMAn hAs JOINED r&D THE TeACHING sTAFF socIal crısıs MIDDLE CLASS AnD problem TurneD OF ISTANBUL AyDIN AnD Theır THE POWER OF ınTo The problem of UNIVERSITy consequence s AMERICA PalestIne Klaus Deuser James Petras George Friedman Celal Tahir 02 03 04 06 10 Sayı / Issue: 17 TÜRKİYE NEDEN BAŞARILI? Why Turkey is Thriving Jeffrey D. Sachs EW YORK – Türkiye’ye yaptığım son ziyaret, EW YORK – A recent visit to Turkey reminded son on yıldaki büyük ekonomik başarıyı bana me of its enormous economic successes during the hatırlattı. Ekonomi hızlı bir şekilde büyümüş, last decade. The economy has grown rapidly, in- eşitsizlikN azalıyor ve innovasyon yükselişte. equalityN is declining, and innovation is on the rise. Türkiye’nin başarıları, komşuları düşünüldüğünde, Turkey’s achievements are all the more remarkable when daha fazla dikkate değerdir. Batı komşuları Kıbrıs ve Yu- one considers its neighborhood. Its neighbors to the west, nanistan, euro bölge krizinin merkezindedir. Güneydo- Cyprus and Greece, are at the epicenter of the eurozone cri- ğusunda, neredeyse 400000 mülteciyi Türkiye’ye sü- sis.
    [Show full text]
  • Solving the Iranian Nuclear Puzzle
    An Arms Control Association Briefing Book Solving the Iranian Nuclear Puzzle February 2013 ACA Research Staff An Arms Control Association Briefing Book Solving the Iranian Nuclear Puzzle February 2013 ACA Research Staff Arms Control Association Research Staff Tom Z. Collina is ACA’s Research Director. He previously served as Director of the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists and Executive Director of the Institute for Science and International Security. Kelsey Davenport is the Nonproliferation Research Analyst at ACA. She first joined ACA in 2011 as the Herbert Scoville Jr. Peace Fellow. She has worked for a think tank in Jerusalem researching regional security issues and track II diplomatic negotiations and holds a masters degree in peace studies from the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame. Daryl G. Kimball has been Executive Director of ACA since 2001. Previously, he was Executive Director of the Coalition to Reduce Nuclear Dangers, a consortium of 17 of the largest U.S. nongovernmental organizations working on nonproliferation and disarmament, and was Director of Security Programs for Physicians for Social Responsibility. Greg Thielmann joined ACA as Senior Fellow in 2009. He served more than three decades in the executive and legislative branches of government, specializing in political-military and intelligence issues, including as a senior professional staffer of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Director of the Strategic, Proliferation and Military Affairs Office in the Department of State’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Acknowledgements The Arms Control Association is grateful for the generous support of our members and donors, without which this report would not have been possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Possible US Return to Iran Nuclear Agreement
    Possible U.S. Return to Iran Nuclear Agreement: Frequently Asked Questions January 29, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46663 SUMMARY R46663 Possible U.S. Return to Iran Nuclear January 29, 2021 Agreement: Frequently Asked Questions Kenneth Katzman President Joseph Biden and members of his Administration have expressed an intention to Specialist in Middle reverse various Trump Administration policies toward Iran, particularly the Trump Eastern Affairs Administration’s decision to end its participation in the 2015 multilateral nuclear agreement known as the “Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action” (JCPOA). This report provides background Paul K. Kerr and analysis on the agreement, the conditions under which the United States might re-enter it, Specialist in and potential legal, congressional, and regional implications. Nonproliferation The JCPOA, which was finalized on July 14, 2015, by Iran and the United States and five other powers (Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany), exchanged relief from Jennifer K. Elsea international sanctions for restrictions on Iran’s nuclear program. The Obama Administration Legislative Attorney called the JCPOA a significant diplomatic achievement that would accomplish the core U.S. national security goal of preventing Iran from developing a nuclear weapon. The Trump Dianne E. Rennack Administration asserted that the JCPOA did not address the broad range of Iran’s objectionable Specialist in Foreign Policy behaviors and that JCPOA-mandated limitations on Iranian nuclear activities did not justify the Legislation sanctions relief provided. In May 2018, the Trump Administration announced that the United States would exit the JCPOA and would instead apply “maximum pressure” on Iran’s economy Clayton Thomas in an attempt to change its behavior more broadly, centered on enforcement and imposition of Analyst in Middle Eastern comprehensive economic sanctions on Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptualizing Financial Loses As a Result of Advanced Persistent Threats Christopher Levine Honors College, Pace University
    Pace University DigitalCommons@Pace Honors College Theses Pforzheimer Honors College 5-1-2013 Conceptualizing Financial Loses as a Result of Advanced Persistent Threats Christopher Levine Honors College, Pace University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/honorscollege_theses Part of the Computer Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Levine, Christopher, "Conceptualizing Financial Loses as a Result of Advanced Persistent Threats" (2013). Honors College Theses. Paper 122. http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/honorscollege_theses/122 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Pforzheimer Honors College at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Conceptualizing financial losses as a result of Advanced Persistent Threats Pace University – Seidenberg School of Computing Science One Pace Plaza, New York, NY By Christopher Levine Graduation date: May 15, 2013 Advisor Dr. Darren Hayes Abstract Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attacks are the biggest threat in the computing world. Currently, there is ample information available on how these attacks occur and who supports these attacks. However, there is dearth of information available that adequately describes the potentiality for financial losses. These losses are a direct result of the attacks themselves, however these attacks could only operate with the support of well-funded groups, such as nation states. Therefore, it is important to understand this relationship to conceptualize how these losses occur. In exploring the results of both Operation Aurora and Stuxnet, two famous APT attacks, it is evident that there are considerable financial losses that go along with APT attacks, thus making them a threat.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran Versus Saudi Arabia. Geopolitical Struggle in the Middle East
    Vereniging voor de Verenigde Naties Model United Nations - Flanders, 15th Edition SIMULATION EXERCISE EEYYEESS 5 - 8 December 2019 OONNLLYY Iran versus Saudi Arabia. Geopolitical struggle in the Middle East. Prof. dr. David Criekemans, University of Antwerp (Belgium) Introduction In the Middle East, a ‘shadow war’ is currently raging between two regional powers; the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The fight is bitter. It is waged on many fronts; in Syria, in Yemen, in Iraq, across the strategically important Strait of Hormuz since June 2019, but recently also directly. On 15 September 2019, an oil refinery of Saudi Arabia was hit by more than twenty allegedly Iranian drones. The situation has become tense and the conflict potential is so high that a direct conflict between both nations cannot be ruled out. But if this were to happen the ramifications for the whole region would be dire. The geopolitical struggle between Saudi Arabia and Iran can be seen through many looking glasses; the regional component of Shia versus Sunni, the political component of a kingdom against a theocratic republic, the energy dimension of an oil economy at the summit of its power or in potential decline versus a country endowed with natural gas – a probable ‘bridge fuel’ towards a renewable energy future, the regional aspirations of both countries in the region, the question of the potential usage of the nuclear program of Iran for military, non-civilian purposes and the havoc this would create in terms of skewed power balances and a potential tsunami of new nuclear weapon states, the security destabilization since twenty years in the region – which has led to both countries supporting their proxies (in)directly in regional wars, the humanitarian and civilian cost which the proxy conflict between both powers have caused in such countries as Iraq, Syria and Yemen, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • The U.S. Nuclear Disarmament Policy Imposed Towards Iran During Obama’S Presidency with a Focus on the Reasons, Procedures and Implications of This Policy
    People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research جامعة 8 ماي 5491 قالمة University of 8 May 1945 / GUELMA كلية اﻵداب واللغات Faculty of Letters and Languages قسم اﻵداب واللغة اﻻنجليزية Department of Letters and English language Option: Civilization The U.S. Nuclear Disarmament Policy Imposed towards Iran during Obama’s Presidency. A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Letters and English Language in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master Degree of Philosophy in Anglophone Language, Literature and Civilizations Submitted by Supervisor: LABROUKI Yaakoub Mrs. BARES Meryem Board of Examiners Chairwoman: Mrs. ZIYAYA Rima (M/B) (University of 8 May 1945/ Guelma) Supervisor: Mrs. BARES Meryem (M/B) (University of 8 May 1945/ Guelma) Examiner: Mrs. SADAOUI Lamia (M/B) (University of 8 May 1945/ Guelma) Septembre 2016 I Dedication I dedicate this work to my family, my beloved mother, who stayed up all nights with me when I was sick during last few months. I would like to thank her for encouraging me to carry on my academic career and finish university when I was about to leave it for a job opportunity I have received in 2013. Special thanks for my father who really inspired me to love politics and chose civilization because of his discussions which turn around daily political issues. Also this work is dedicated to my brother Ryan who tried hard to reach any congress man in the United States and conduct a short interview with him even though he failed to do so. Big thanks go to my friends and classmates who supported me during the whole year, Houssem, Safwan, Rabeh, and special thanks for Besma, Halima, and Fatma.
    [Show full text]